Article(id=1321511497331749856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730649600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-04, onlineDate=1793002493460, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793002493460, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793002493459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793002493459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250, endPage=255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321511497575019489, articleId=1321511497331749856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of substrate material on stress of electroplated copper film, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of substrate roughness, crystal type, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) on the stress of electroplated copper films, an experiment is conducted utilizing four distinct substrate types: smooth sapphire, rough sapphire, amorphous sintered alumina, and pure copper. The copper films are electroplated onto the substrate surfaces and subsequently annealed. Pre- and post-annealing measurements are taken to assess warp and a stress. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is employed to study the microstructural transformation of the copper films. The experimental results reveal that annealing transforms the copper film stress from compressive to tensile, with stress levels decreasing in the order of sintered alumina, smooth sapphire, rough sapphire, and pure copper substrates. Additionally, annealing leads to significant grain growth. Analysis indicates that post-annealing copper film stress arises from CTE mismatch and volume shrinkage. Stress reduction in copper films can be achieved by selecting rough single-crystal substrates and materials with CTEs close to that of copper. These experimental findings contribute valuable insights to the study of electroplating stress and the selection of appropriate electroplating.

, authors=Yingyu JIANG1, 2, Guanghua SHI2, 3, Da XU2, Zhen WANG2, 3, authorsList=Yingyu JIANG, Guanghua SHI, Da XU, Zhen WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingyu JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321511498686510060, articleId=1321511497331749856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=衬底材质对电镀铜膜应力影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究衬底粗糙度、晶体类型与热膨胀系数(CTE)等因素对电镀铜膜应力的影响,选用4种不同类型衬底进行实验:蓝宝石衬底光滑面、蓝宝石衬底粗糙面、非晶烧结氧化铝衬底、纯铜衬底。在衬底表面电镀铜薄膜并进行退火处理,退火前后测量晶圆翘曲,计算应力,借助背向散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)研究了铜薄膜的微观结构的转变。实验结果表明:经过退火,铜膜应力由压应力转变为拉应力,退火后,铜膜应力按烧结氧化铝衬底、光滑蓝宝石衬底、粗糙蓝宝石衬底、纯铜衬底依次减小;同时退火导致晶粒明显生长。分析得出退火后铜膜应力有CTE不匹配和铜膜体积收缩两个来源,选择粗糙单晶衬底且CTE接近铜可使铜膜应力减小。实验结果对电镀应力的研究与电镀衬底的选择有参考意义。

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姜映宇(1999—),男,硕士,研究方向为电镀应力,联系地址:河北省石家庄市鹿泉区昌盛大街21号中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所(050051),E-mail:
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before and after anneal(a)EBSD pattern of Cu film before anneal;(b)EBSD pattern of Cu film after anneal;(c)statistics of gain size before anneal;(d)statistics of gain size after anneal, figureFileSmall=80zBzv3EI7hAJkm0I2XSSw==, figureFileBig=poDyMw7HNdG2tx+8QwwNxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926726226129418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511497331749856, language=CN, label=图4, caption=退火前后铜膜EBSD图和晶粒尺寸统计(a)退火前铜膜EBSD图;(b)退火后铜膜EBSD图;(c)退火前晶粒尺寸统计;(d)退火后晶粒尺寸统计, figureFileSmall=80zBzv3EI7hAJkm0I2XSSw==, figureFileBig=poDyMw7HNdG2tx+8QwwNxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926726305821195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511497331749856, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of relative position change generated by anneal of Cu film and substrate, figureFileSmall=tTxUH2qEqExZ/7SVHjECtA==, figureFileBig=fP8a6ydfI8/XvSOhXbCo8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926726385512972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511497331749856, language=CN, label=图5, caption=退火导致铜膜与衬底相对位置变动示意图, figureFileSmall=tTxUH2qEqExZ/7SVHjECtA==, figureFileBig=fP8a6ydfI8/XvSOhXbCo8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926726494564877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511497331749856, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and physical property parameters of substrates

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Sample numberType of substratesSurface roughness,Ra/nmElasticity modulus/GPaPoisson’s ratioThermal expansion/(10-6 ℃-1)
1Smooth surface of sapphire8-104350.275.8
2Rough surface of sapphire6004350.275.8
3Sintered alumina8-103720.205.9
4Pure Cu8-101100.3516.6
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样品衬底类型与物性参数

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Sample numberType of substratesSurface roughness,Ra/nmElasticity modulus/GPaPoisson’s ratioThermal expansion/(10-6 ℃-1)
1Smooth surface of sapphire8-104350.275.8
2Rough surface of sapphire6004350.275.8
3Sintered alumina8-103720.205.9
4Pure Cu8-101100.3516.6
), ArticleFig(id=1321926726666531343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511497331749856, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Change of stress of samples before and after anneal

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Sample numberWarping/μmStress/MPa
Before annealAfter annealBefore annealAfter anneal
1-14+182-5.36+69.61
2-25+175-9.56+66.92
3-20+244-6.00+72.81
4-53+110-6.26+13.24
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样品退火前后样品应力变化

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Sample numberWarping/μmStress/MPa
Before annealAfter annealBefore annealAfter anneal
1-14+182-5.36+69.61
2-25+175-9.56+66.92
3-20+244-6.00+72.81
4-53+110-6.26+13.24
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衬底材质对电镀铜膜应力影响
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姜映宇 1, 2 , 史光华 2, 3 , 徐达 2 , 王真 2, 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(12): 250-255
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材料工程 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (12) : 250 -255
衬底材质对电镀铜膜应力影响
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姜映宇1, 2 , 史光华2, 3, 徐达2, 王真2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山东大学 集成电路学院,济南 250101
  • 2.中国电子科技集团公司 第十三研究所,石家庄 050051
  • 3.西安交通大学 信息与 通信工程学院,西安 710049
通讯作者:
姜映宇(1999—),男,硕士,研究方向为电镀应力,联系地址:河北省石家庄市鹿泉区昌盛大街21号中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所(050051),E-mail:
Effect of substrate material on stress of electroplated copper film
Yingyu JIANG1, 2 , Guanghua SHI2, 3, Da XU2, Zhen WANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Integrated Circuits,Shandong University,Jinan 250101,China
  • 2.The 13th Research Institute of CETC,Shijiazhuang 050051,China
  • 3.School of Information and Communication Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658
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为探究衬底粗糙度、晶体类型与热膨胀系数(CTE)等因素对电镀铜膜应力的影响,选用4种不同类型衬底进行实验:蓝宝石衬底光滑面、蓝宝石衬底粗糙面、非晶烧结氧化铝衬底、纯铜衬底。在衬底表面电镀铜薄膜并进行退火处理,退火前后测量晶圆翘曲,计算应力,借助背向散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)研究了铜薄膜的微观结构的转变。实验结果表明:经过退火,铜膜应力由压应力转变为拉应力,退火后,铜膜应力按烧结氧化铝衬底、光滑蓝宝石衬底、粗糙蓝宝石衬底、纯铜衬底依次减小;同时退火导致晶粒明显生长。分析得出退火后铜膜应力有CTE不匹配和铜膜体积收缩两个来源,选择粗糙单晶衬底且CTE接近铜可使铜膜应力减小。实验结果对电镀应力的研究与电镀衬底的选择有参考意义。

电镀铜膜  /  薄膜应力  /  应力来源  /  热膨胀系数

To investigate the impact of substrate roughness, crystal type, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) on the stress of electroplated copper films, an experiment is conducted utilizing four distinct substrate types: smooth sapphire, rough sapphire, amorphous sintered alumina, and pure copper. The copper films are electroplated onto the substrate surfaces and subsequently annealed. Pre- and post-annealing measurements are taken to assess warp and a stress. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is employed to study the microstructural transformation of the copper films. The experimental results reveal that annealing transforms the copper film stress from compressive to tensile, with stress levels decreasing in the order of sintered alumina, smooth sapphire, rough sapphire, and pure copper substrates. Additionally, annealing leads to significant grain growth. Analysis indicates that post-annealing copper film stress arises from CTE mismatch and volume shrinkage. Stress reduction in copper films can be achieved by selecting rough single-crystal substrates and materials with CTEs close to that of copper. These experimental findings contribute valuable insights to the study of electroplating stress and the selection of appropriate electroplating.

electroplated Cu film  /  membrane stress  /  stress source  /  thermal expansion coefficient
姜映宇, 史光华, 徐达, 王真. 衬底材质对电镀铜膜应力影响. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 250 -255 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658
Yingyu JIANG, Guanghua SHI, Da XU, Zhen WANG. Effect of substrate material on stress of electroplated copper film[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 250 -255 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658
微波通信领域对高频、小型化、低损耗、高功率、高可靠微系统有迫切需求,铜基空气微同轴集成工艺是构建小型化、高性能毫米波/太赫兹微系统的最佳实现形式[1-2]。微同轴器件由悬空中心铜导体、封闭外铜导体组成,周期性分布的介质条用于支撑中心导体[3-4]。采用微电子工艺将微同轴结构进行片上集成,从而同时实现高性能信号互连、高密度立体集成。微同轴器件制备过程中需要在衬底上电镀多层铜膜。通过涂胶曝光显影定义铜的图形,电镀沉积铜,重复多次,得到微同轴器件[5-6]。由于微同轴0.5~1 mm厚度的铜主体结构晶圆,晶圆翘曲控制是影响工艺成功的关键因素。铜膜受到应力,衬底翘曲变形,挤压破坏光刻胶,影响下一步化学机械抛光过程的均匀性,影响后续涂胶曝光过程的精准度。同时,拉应力会引起电镀铜膜开裂或者限制铜有效厚度,压应力会造成电镀铜的褶皱、起泡和脱落现象[7-10]。
目前,温度对于电镀薄膜中残余应力的影响已经得到较多研究[11-14],热循环与低温处理等方法已经被采用,普遍认为温度是影响薄膜应力的最主要因素。已经有众多学者对于镀液体系、电镀电流大小、多种有机添加剂对于电镀应力以及织构的影响进行了探索[15-17]。Kim等[18]研究了退火时薄膜中孔洞的形成与移动,验证了退火过程中铜膜体积缩小的机理。Harper等[19]提出,晶粒的生长与吞并过程中,原子之间的间距减小,铜膜宏观体积略有减小。此外直流电退火[20]、种子层厚度[21]、铜膜厚度[22]等因素对于铜膜应力的影响也已经得到研究。但是鲜见衬底材质与表面状态等因素对电镀应力影响的报道。因此,本实验以电镀铜膜的衬底为研究对象,对比不同衬底上铜膜退火前后的翘曲变化,计算得到铜膜应力,探究衬底粗糙度、晶体类型与热膨胀系数对铜膜应力的影响,通过探究退火前后铜膜微观结构的变化,分析电镀应力的来源。
实验选用直径100 mm、厚度380 μm的衬底,材质分别为抛光蓝宝石(0001)片、研磨(粗糙)蓝宝石(0001)片、烧结氧化铝、纯铜。4个样品的衬底类型与物性参数如表1所示,其中1、2号样品表面粗糙度不同,1、3号样品晶体类型不同,1、4号样品热膨胀系数不同。
实验前用乙醇超声清洗衬底基片15 min,氮气烘箱中烘干水汽,在衬底表面依次溅射沉积Ti和Au作为种子层,二者厚度均为50 nm,电镀形成30 μm厚铜膜,电流密度为2.5 A/dm2。镀液采用硫酸铜体系,其中添加加速剂与整平剂改善电镀效果,样品种子层与电镀铜层位置关系如图1(a)所示。
退火是保证晶粒尺寸和晶圆翘曲处于稳态的必要手段,电镀完成后,将样品置于150 ℃加热平台退火处理80 min,自然冷却后衬底翘曲呈碗状,铜薄膜因翘曲效应而受到应力,如图1(b)所示。
退火前,晶粒尺寸与晶圆翘曲数值处于缓慢变化阶段,退火后自然冷却至室温,此时晶圆翘曲加剧,薄膜受到拉应力。薄膜应力的测量方式有多种[7,23],本工作选用基底曲率法。在退火前后,通过光学轮廓仪测量样品中心最高点与边缘8个点的高度差,取平均值作为翘曲值。通过Stoney公式计算其应力大小:
σf=Ets26tf1-ν1R2-1R1
式中:σf为铜膜应力,数字绝对值越大,代表应力越大;E为衬底弹性模量,在相同的翘曲下,衬底的弹性模量越大,代表应力越大;ts为衬底厚度,本实验选用衬底为380 μm厚;ν为衬底泊松比;tf为铜膜厚度,实验中电镀铜膜厚度为30 μm;R1、R2分别是退火处理前后的晶圆曲率半径。衬底弹性模量与泊松比数据如表1所示。由于晶圆初始状态平整无翘曲,所以认为R1无穷大,1/R1一项可以忽略。Ti/Au种子层的厚度远小于铜膜厚度,为简化计算忽略其影响。
为探究铜膜退火前后的微观结构变化,通过EBSD对样品进行观察,统计分析晶粒直径大小分布。
表2为4个样品退火前后的应力变化,正值表示拉应力,负值表示压应力。可以发现,退火前各样品受到大小不一压应力,经过退火,铜膜的应力由轻微的压应力变为明显的拉应力。退火后3号、1号、2号样品拉应力依次减小,4号样品所受应力远小于前者。退火前后样品应力变化如图2所示。
2号样品表面粗糙度远大于其他样品,其退火前铜膜所受压应力比其他样品高约60%,退火后拉应力比1、3号样品略微减小,说明在粗糙的衬底表面电镀铜膜,退火后铜膜受到的压应力更大,拉应力更小。这种应力变化特点来源于两个方面:有机添加剂掺杂与镀铜晶粒大小变化。
衬底表面粗糙度的差异影响添加剂的分布,进而影响镀层中的杂质分布。整平剂主要成分为含氮有机大分子,带正电,扩散系数较小,比较容易聚集在过高电势区域,抑制该区域铜离子的沉积[24-25]。对于粗糙面,表面凹处电势较高整平剂更易聚集,镀层中添加剂含量更高,大分子导致的晶格膨胀。退火后有机添加剂分解,晶格膨胀程度减轻,因此退火后压应力减小,拉应力增大。
图3为1号和2号样品退火前EBSD图,可以发现2号样品于粗糙衬底上电镀得到的铜膜晶粒更大,说明衬底表面粗糙度影响了铜的结晶生长过程,电镀过程中,粗糙表面上形核被抑制,铜膜倾向于晶粒的生长,因此粗糙表面上较大的晶粒受退火的影响更小,其退火后拉应力增长较小。
3号样品采用烧结氧化铝作为衬底,区别于其他样品,其衬底状态为非晶。退火后,其晶圆翘曲额外增大,拉应力也大于1号和2号样品。原因一方面在于烧结氧化铝的弹性模量较小,在一定力的作用下更容易形成翘曲,另一方面,衬底的晶体类型对铜膜应力也有重要影响。
借助EBSD对于样品退火前后分别进行测试,并对大量晶粒的尺寸分布进行统计分析,观察样品的晶粒晶界变化,结果如图4所示。可以发现,退火后晶粒明显变大,退火前晶粒平均尺寸为1.5 μm,退火之后变为1.8 μm。依据Harper等的研究成果[19]:退火后,晶粒生长,铜膜宏观体积略有减小,使铜膜受到拉应力。这与Tseng等[13]晶界消失导致压应力减小的学说相对应,也与Kim等[18]的孔洞逸出理论相符:原子规则排列、间距减小导致孔洞形成,孔洞逸出导致铜膜宏观体积减小。说明实验中的晶粒生长对铜膜的应力变化有所贡献。
在非晶衬底上溅射得到Ti/Au种子层晶格有序程度更低,导致电镀铜的晶格有序度更低。退火前,铜膜中晶粒较小,不同晶粒取向各异,晶界处晶格更不完整。经过退火,晶粒生长吞并,部分晶界消失,原晶界处杂乱原子重新规则排列,铜膜宏观体积略有减小,带动衬底翘曲,铜膜受到拉应力。
这一部分应力来源于晶粒生长以及缺陷消失,与铜膜内微观结构变化有关,与衬底类型有关,在所有样品中均存在,但非晶衬底上电镀的铜的晶格有序度更低,因此其受退火影响更明显,退火后铜膜拉应力更大。
4号样品采用纯铜作为衬底,对比前三种样品,退火前后其应力均为最小,但不为零,考虑到4号样品衬底与表面铜膜材质相同,说明衬底的热膨胀系数与铜膜相近时产生的应力较小。
对于1、2、3号样品,退火过程中,由于铜的热膨胀系数远大于单晶蓝宝石与烧结氧化铝,加热时,铜膜大量膨胀导致其与蓝宝石衬底产生相对滑动,发生塑性变形,冷却时,铜膜收缩受阻带动衬底弯曲变形,此过程中衬底对铜膜施加拉应力。铜膜与衬底的相对位置变动如图5所示。衬底材料热膨胀系数如表1所示。
综合上述分析,可以认为,退火后的铜膜应力产生主要来源于两个因素,一个是晶粒的生长,一个是衬底的物性参数,主要是热膨胀系数。铜衬底上的铜膜应力主要是退火过程中晶粒生长所致,而蓝宝石衬底,烧结氧化铝衬底上,应力主要是热膨胀系数差异导致。
(1)更大的衬底表面粗糙度会加速铜膜中的添加剂掺杂,增大退火之前的铜膜所受压应力,减小退火后铜膜所受拉应力。同时粗糙的衬底表面铜膜晶粒更大,使铜膜受退火的影响减小,退火后受到的拉应力减小。
(2)退火过程中,晶粒长大吞并,部分晶界消失,铜膜整体体积缩小,带动衬底翘曲,衬底对铜膜施加拉应力。非晶衬底上电镀铜的晶格有序度降低,晶格生长吞并更明显,铜膜所受拉应力更大。
(3)退火后铜膜中拉应力来源于两部分:一部分为退火后,过度膨胀的铜膜收缩受阻,带动衬底弯曲变形,衬底对铜膜施加拉应力;另一部分为退火加速晶粒生长,铜膜体积收缩带动衬底收缩,衬底对铜膜施加拉应力。蓝宝石衬底与烧结氧化铝衬底上的铜膜应力中,前者占主要部分,纯铜衬底上铜膜应力的来源只包含后者。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0709200)
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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000658
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 录用日期:2024-11-04
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0709200)
作者信息
    1.山东大学 集成电路学院,济南 250101
    2.中国电子科技集团公司 第十三研究所,石家庄 050051
    3.西安交通大学 信息与 通信工程学院,西安 710049

通讯作者:

姜映宇(1999—),男,硕士,研究方向为电镀应力,联系地址:河北省石家庄市鹿泉区昌盛大街21号中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所(050051),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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