Article(id=1321511462913290937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000668, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000668, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1726675200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-19, onlineDate=1793002485253, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793002485253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793002485253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793002485253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=200, endPage=207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321511463102034618, articleId=1321511462913290937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic calculation of phase diagrams for Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V） systems are studied by CALPHAD （calculation of phase diagrams） coupled with first-principles calculations. Two ternary phases，Ta₅Al₃C and Ta₂AlC are identified in the Al-C-Ta system. All of the other three systems exist only one stable ternary phase， Mo₃Al₂C for Al-C-Mo， Nb₂AlC for Al-C-Nb， and V₂AlC for Al-C-V， respectively. The enthalpies of formation of these compounds are obtained by First-principles calculations， and their Gibbs free energies are presented by stoichiometric models. Finally， a series of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters are derived by CALPHAD method. The optimized isothermal sections and thermodynamic properties are in good agreement with experimental and computational results. The Al-C-X （X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V） systems assessed in this work can help to establish a thermodynamic database of hard alloys with precipitation strengthening bonding phases， which will be used to guide the design of new materials with excellent properties.

, authors=Chuang SHI, Xin XIA, Weibin ZHANG, Weili WANG, Guifang HAN, Hongyu GONG, Jingde ZHANG, authorsList=Chuang SHI, Xin XIA, Weibin ZHANG, Weili WANG, Guifang HAN, Hongyu GONG, Jingde ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weibin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321511464561652425, articleId=1321511462913290937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）的相图热力学计算, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用相图计算（calculation of phase diagrams， CALPHAD）耦合第一性原理计算对Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）体系进行了热力学研究。Al-C-Mo、Al-C-Nb和Al-C-V体系都只存在一个三元热力学稳定相，分别是Mo₃Al₂C、Nb₂AlC和V₂AlC。Al-C-Ta体系中的三元化合物为Ta₅Al₃C和Ta₂AlC。通过第一性原理计算得到了这些化合物的生成焓，采用线性化合物模型描述其吉布斯自由能，最终由CALPHAD方法得到了一系列自洽的热力学参数。研究表明：优化得到的等温截面图和热力学数据与实验和计算结果均十分吻合。Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）体系的热力学参数能够帮助建立起析出强化黏结相的硬质合金数据库，指导设计具有优异性能的新型材料。

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds， 2016， 666：279-286., articleTitle=Stability of V₂AlC with Al in 800-1000 ℃ temperature range and in situ synthesis of V₂AlC/Al composites, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321926677261832288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, awardId=2023YFB3712600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3712600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321926677337329761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, awardId=52171009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52171009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321926662665654299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926662686625820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, companyId=1321926662665654299, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials （Ministry of Education），Shandong University，Jinan 250061，China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926662703403037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, companyId=1321926662665654299, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学 材料液固结构演化与加工重点 实验室（教育部），济南 250061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321926673558261837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Calculated standard enthalpies of formation for the Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V） ternary compounds along with the literature data^［31］, figureFileSmall=1tl67C64jF4n4ZOW5dU+OQ==, figureFileBig=j4I4snzV5CgREEvC/9mDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926673856057422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图1, caption=计算的Al-C-X （X=Mo， Nb， Ta， V）体系中三元化合物的标准生成焓和文献对比^［31］, figureFileSmall=1tl67C64jF4n4ZOW5dU+OQ==, figureFileBig=j4I4snzV5CgREEvC/9mDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926673956720719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Calculated isothermal section of Al-C-Mo system at 1450 ℃（a） and 1000 ℃（b）, figureFileSmall=mukCeQFTIQgf1oPMBmuOug==, figureFileBig=o6Yu0zPWVxSYruTMEPsK+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926674246127696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Al-C-Mo体系在1450 ℃（a）及1000 ℃（b）的等温截面图, figureFileSmall=mukCeQFTIQgf1oPMBmuOug==, figureFileBig=o6Yu0zPWVxSYruTMEPsK+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926675911266386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Calculated isothermal section of the Al-C-Nb system at 700 ℃（a） and 1000 ℃（b）, figureFileSmall=mM5uCDsAmSZkRl+RwAnjcg==, figureFileBig=APUacsBPpL2oOCq2yXzMnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676020318291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Al-C-Nb体系在700 ℃ （a）及1000 ℃ （b）的等温截面图, figureFileSmall=mM5uCDsAmSZkRl+RwAnjcg==, figureFileBig=APUacsBPpL2oOCq2yXzMnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676095815764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Calculated heat capacity of Ta₂AlC compound along with the literature data^［30］, figureFileSmall=BCH3TfBesXy1skg89NSruA==, figureFileBig=0LLWtxPEe/8qZQmtpN6u5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676175507541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图4, caption=计算的化合物Ta₂AlC的热容和文献数据^［30］, figureFileSmall=BCH3TfBesXy1skg89NSruA==, figureFileBig=0LLWtxPEe/8qZQmtpN6u5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676234227798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Calculated isothermal section of the Al-C-Ta system at 700 ℃（a） and 1000 ℃（b）, figureFileSmall=26PT53IS5SJtYQf2QbaYYw==, figureFileBig=8njzPkOXhgDALK3fHQdVvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676318113879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Al-C-Ta体系在700 ℃（a）和1000 ℃（b）的等温截面图, figureFileSmall=26PT53IS5SJtYQf2QbaYYw==, figureFileBig=8njzPkOXhgDALK3fHQdVvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676410388568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Calculated heat capacity of V₂AlC compound along with the literature data^［31］, figureFileSmall=JYsIDDHvK5RTKFNfDnWMkA==, figureFileBig=2790jLROYBNuRiQcZQZAKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676469108825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图6, caption=计算的化合物V₂AlC的热容和文献数据^［31］, figureFileSmall=JYsIDDHvK5RTKFNfDnWMkA==, figureFileBig=2790jLROYBNuRiQcZQZAKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676544606298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Calculated isothermal section of the Al-C-V system at 800 ℃（a） and 1000 ℃（b）^［45］, figureFileSmall=W61Q9dGB3c/4SUEtNjsEng==, figureFileBig=CVOI5gWvNa2Vpq//uDK0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676636880987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Al-C-V体系在800 ℃（a）和1000 ℃（b）的等温截面图^［45］, figureFileSmall=W61Q9dGB3c/4SUEtNjsEng==, figureFileBig=CVOI5gWvNa2Vpq//uDK0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926676750127196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Crystal information and formation enthalpy of ternary phases in the Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V） systems^{［27-29，31］}

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

System	Phase	Pearson symbol	Space group	Prototype	Lattice parameter			\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_{\mathrm{f}}^{}/ （kJ∙mol-1∙atom-1）	Ref.
					a/nm	b/nm	c/nm
Al-C-Mo	Mo3Al2C	cP24	P4132	β-Mn	0.6860	0.6860	0.6860		［27］
					0.6876	0.6876	0.6876	-24.132	This work
Al-C-Nb	Nb2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.3105	0.3105	1.3890		［28］
					0.3109	0.3109	1.3920	-61.168	This work
Al-C-Ta	Ta2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.3075	0.3075	1.3830		［28］
					0.3090	0.3090	1.3962	-56.071	This work
	Ta5Al3C	hP16	P63/mcm	β-Mn5Si3	0.5245	0.5245	0.7734		［28］
					0.5331	0.5331	0.7792	-38.484	This work
Al-C-V	V2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.2911	0.2911	1.3140		［29］
								-47.08±3.53	［31］
					0.2892	0.2892	1.3176	-51.750	This work

), ArticleFig(id=1321926676825624669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）体系中三元化合物的晶体信息和生成焓^{［27-29，31］}

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

System	Phase	Pearson symbol	Space group	Prototype	Lattice parameter			\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_{\mathrm{f}}^{}/ （kJ∙mol-1∙atom-1）	Ref.
					a/nm	b/nm	c/nm
Al-C-Mo	Mo3Al2C	cP24	P4132	β-Mn	0.6860	0.6860	0.6860		［27］
					0.6876	0.6876	0.6876	-24.132	This work
Al-C-Nb	Nb2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.3105	0.3105	1.3890		［28］
					0.3109	0.3109	1.3920	-61.168	This work
Al-C-Ta	Ta2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.3075	0.3075	1.3830		［28］
					0.3090	0.3090	1.3962	-56.071	This work
	Ta5Al3C	hP16	P63/mcm	β-Mn5Si3	0.5245	0.5245	0.7734		［28］
					0.5331	0.5331	0.7792	-38.484	This work
Al-C-V	V2AlC	hP8	P63/mmc	Cr2AlC	0.2911	0.2911	1.3140		［29］
								-47.08±3.53	［31］
					0.2892	0.2892	1.3176	-51.750	This work

), ArticleFig(id=1321926676926287966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Thermodynamic parameters for the optimized Al-C-X（X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V） systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

System	Phase	Thermodynamic parameters a
Al-C-Mo	Mo3Al2C （Mo）3（Al）2（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_3\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_2\mathrm{C}}=-144792.62+3G_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+2G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-Nb	Nb2AlC （Nb）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-249672.37+15T+2G_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-Ta	Ta2AlC （Ta）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-256000+515T-90.69T\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(T) -0.009502T^2+\frac{112791.75}{T}-0.0000006148T^2
	Ta5Al3C （Ta）5（Al）3（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{a}}_5\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_3\mathrm{C}}=-346356.93+20T+5G_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+3G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-V	V2AlC （V）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{V}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{{\mathrm{V}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-237000+515T-90.54T\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(T) -0.01079T^2+\frac{792349.45}{T}-0.0000008552T^3

), ArticleFig(id=1321926677047922783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511462913290937, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化的Al-C-X （X=Mo，Nb，Ta，V）体系的热力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

System	Phase	Thermodynamic parameters a
Al-C-Mo	Mo3Al2C （Mo）3（Al）2（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_3\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_2\mathrm{C}}=-144792.62+3G_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+2G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-Nb	Nb2AlC （Nb）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-249672.37+15T+2G_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-Ta	Ta2AlC （Ta）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-256000+515T-90.69T\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(T) -0.009502T^2+\frac{112791.75}{T}-0.0000006148T^2
	Ta5Al3C （Ta）5（Al）3（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{a}}_5\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_3\mathrm{C}}=-346356.93+20T+5G_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+3G_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}+G_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}
Al-C-V	V2AlC （V）2（Al）（C）	{}^0{G}_{\mathrm{V}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}:\mathrm{C}}^{{\mathrm{V}}_2\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{C}}=-237000+515T-90.54T\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(T) -0.01079T^2+\frac{792349.45}{T}-0.0000008552T^3

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