Article(id=1321508777820532809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708876800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-26, onlineDate=1793001845077, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793001845077, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793001845077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793001845077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321508778021859402, articleId=1321508777820532809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in microwave absorbing materials based on chopped fiber absorbers, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fiber absorbent has been applied in the field of stealth and electromagnetic compatibility due to its advantages of broadband absorption,light weight,and corrosion resistance. Analyzing the research progress in this field is of great significance for the design of broadband and efficient absorbing materials. This paper discusses the action mechanism,numerical simulation method,factors affecting electrical properties,and preparation technology of fiber absorbents. Both the dielectric loss mechanism based on dielectric constant and the ohmic loss mechanism based on impedance are used to explain the microwave absorption mechanism of this kind of material,which is verified by theory and experiment. Through the full-wave theoretical simulation,the electrical properties of complex structure and high concentration fiber absorbers can be better analyzed. The parameters such as fiber type,content,and length have a great impact on their electrical properties,which are widely used in the preparation process. It is particularly important to select appropriate ultrasonic dispersion parameters and dispersants. In the future,further research can focus on the distribution of current and electric field distribution in fiber absorbers to clarify the interaction and coupling mechanisms between fibers. Under the same conditions (such as fiber content and length),the effects of fiber type and electrical conductivity on electrical performance should be compared,along with the differences between carbon fibers of different specifications. These efforts aim to achieve optimal performance in terms of broadband response,high efficiency,and thickness. This review holds great significance for the design of broadband and high-efficiency microwave-absorbing materials.

, authors=Yongzhi LIU1, 2, Yuhua SONG1, Zidong ZHANG3, Chaojie WANG1, Ning LI1, Shibing PAN1, Mingxun YU1, Yongping BAI2, authorsList=Yongzhi LIU, Yuhua SONG, Zidong ZHANG, Chaojie WANG, Ning LI, Shibing PAN, Mingxun YU, Yongping BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongzhi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321508779556974681, articleId=1321508777820532809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纤维吸收剂由于宽频吸波、轻质、耐腐蚀等优点,在隐身、电磁兼容领域具有广泛应用。本文从纤维吸收剂的作用机制、数值仿真方法、影响电性能的因素以及制备工艺等方面进行了论述。基于介电常数的介电损耗机制和基于阻抗的欧姆损耗机制都被用于解释该类材料的吸波机制,并得到理论和实验的验证,通过全波理论模拟可以较好地分析复杂结构和高体积浓度纤维吸收剂的电性能。纤维种类、含量、长度等参数对其电性能有较大影响,在制备工艺中选择合适的超声分散参数及分散剂尤其重要。未来可进一步研究纤维吸收剂中的电流与电场分布,明确纤维之间相互作用与耦合机制,在含量、长度等相同条件下对比纤维种类及电导率对电性能的影响,以及不同规格碳纤维之间的差异性,以期在宽频、高效、厚度等方面获得最优的性能。本综述对于设计宽频、高效吸波材料具有重要意义。

, authors=刘永峙1, 2, 宋宇华1, 张子栋3, 王超杰1, 厉宁1, 潘士兵1, 于名讯1, 白永平2, authorsList=刘永峙, 宋宇华, 张子栋, 王超杰, 厉宁, 潘士兵, 于名讯, 白永平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘永峙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘永峙(1980—),男,研究员,硕士,主要从事隐身材料方面的研究,联系地址:山东济南天桥区田家庄东路3号第五三研究所(250031),E-mail:
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Carbon, 2019, 143:475-480., articleTitle=Electric permittivity of carbon fiber, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321926825375289364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825387872277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825375289364, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials,Jinan 250031,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825396260886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825375289364, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东非金属材料研究所,济南 250031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321926825496924183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825509507096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825496924183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150006,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825517895705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825496924183, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.哈尔滨工业大学 化工与化学学院,哈尔滨 150006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321926825639530522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825647919131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825639530522, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926825656307740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, companyId=1321926825639530522, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.山东大学 材料科学 与工程学院,济南 250061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321926831314423897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Permittivity of epoxy foam filled with carbon fiber[2](a)real part of relative permittivity;(b)tangent of dielectric loss, figureFileSmall=iOcbw4x05HHvxhoGve2n5g==, figureFileBig=7qd4kf5YuvWpY1hq+tXhgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926831373144154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=图1, caption=添加碳纤维环氧泡沫的介电常数[2](a)相对介电常数实部;(b)介电损耗正切, figureFileSmall=iOcbw4x05HHvxhoGve2n5g==, figureFileBig=7qd4kf5YuvWpY1hq+tXhgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926831452835931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Periodic structure truncated carbon fiber absorbing structure[1](a)structure of wave absorber;(b)estimated surface impedance, figureFileSmall=RQoOBpTV3Yga15PgrPrJww==, figureFileBig=Do7wbU3jP5/jlp2LUtXZcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926831503167581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=图2, caption=周期结构短切碳纤维吸波结构[1](a)吸波体结构图;(b)估计表面阻抗, figureFileSmall=RQoOBpTV3Yga15PgrPrJww==, figureFileBig=Do7wbU3jP5/jlp2LUtXZcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926831578665054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Real part of effective permittivity of RAM with conductive fiber[5], figureFileSmall=b9FUF6zLBvJ52uV2DUZWcQ==, figureFileBig=/U0mw7Z6KV7SUMVvFE/9dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926831649968223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=图3, caption=导电纤维吸波材料的介电常数实部[5](a)完全随机分布模型实部;(b)平行排列模型实部

(a)real part for uniform random model;(b)real part for aligned model

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(c)C fiber composite with length of 14.51 mm at different concentration

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Properties of absorbing materials based on chopped fiber absorbers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RAM structureFiber absorberThickness/mmAbsorbing propertyRef.
Salisbury shielding wave-absorbing materialCarbon fiber11-20 dB(4-7 GHz)[1]
Multilayer epoxy foamCarbon fiber125-20 dB(2.6-18 GHz)[2]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing foamCarbon fiber5.5-20 dB(9-18 GHz)[3]
Long carbon fiber doped epoxy foam wedgeCarbon fiber115-12 dB(1-15 GHz)[11]
Orthogonal arrangement of muli-copper fibersCopper fiber15-10 dB(1-11.9 GHz)[23]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing materialCarbon fiber5.6-10 dB(6.4-18 GHz)[25]
Multilayer epoxy foamCarbon fiber98-20 dB(3-18 GHz)[33]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing wave fiberglass reinforced plasticCarbon fiber3.7-10 dB(8-18 GHz)[34]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing materialNickel-plated fiberglass3.58-10 dB(8-12 GHz)[35]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing wave fiberglass reinforced plasticCarbon fiber4-10 dB(8-18 GHz)[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926832480440427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RAM structureFiber absorberThickness/mmAbsorbing propertyRef.
Salisbury shielding wave-absorbing materialCarbon fiber11-20 dB(4-7 GHz)[1]
Multilayer epoxy foamCarbon fiber125-20 dB(2.6-18 GHz)[2]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing foamCarbon fiber5.5-20 dB(9-18 GHz)[3]
Long carbon fiber doped epoxy foam wedgeCarbon fiber115-12 dB(1-15 GHz)[11]
Orthogonal arrangement of muli-copper fibersCopper fiber15-10 dB(1-11.9 GHz)[23]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing materialCarbon fiber5.6-10 dB(6.4-18 GHz)[25]
Multilayer epoxy foamCarbon fiber98-20 dB(3-18 GHz)[33]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing wave fiberglass reinforced plasticCarbon fiber3.7-10 dB(8-18 GHz)[34]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing materialNickel-plated fiberglass3.58-10 dB(8-12 GHz)[35]
Multilayer Jaumann absorbing wave fiberglass reinforced plasticCarbon fiber4-10 dB(8-18 GHz)[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926832564326508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Electrical properties and mechanical strength of fiber based absorbing composite materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Texture-10 dB absorption frequency bandThicknessMechanical strengthRef.
Silicon carbide epoxy system8-12 GHz1.2 mm

Tensile strength 631 MPa

Tensile modulus 58.1 GPa

[24]
Silver-plated glass fiber4-18 GHz3.69 mmInterlaminar shear strength 64.96 MPa[30]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+chemical

nickel plating on the surface of fibers

8-12 GHz3.58 mm

Tensile strength 275.6 MPa

Tensile modulus 29.3 GPa

Compression strength 280.3 MPa

Compression modulus 27.5 GPa

[35]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+printing cycle

structure

6-18 GHz5 mm

Tensile strength 320 MPa

Bending strength 479 MPa

[37]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+carbon

nanomaterials

8.2-12.4 GHz2.87 mm

Tensile strength 387 MPa

Young’s modulus 27.1 GPa

[38]

Glass fiber epoxy composite material+multilayer

frequency-selective surface

8-18 GHz3.5 mm

Tensile strength 295 MPa

Bending strength 83 MPa

[39]
Nickel plated glass fiber cloth10 GHz single peak2.02 mmInterlaminar shear strength 80.34 MPa[40]
Nickel plated glass fiber cloth10 GHz single peak2.51 mmInterlaminar shear strength 66.85 MPa[41]

Nickel-plated glass fiber cloth with periodic

patterns

6.3-13 GHz3.464 mm

Interlaminar shear strength 67.9 MPa(reduce 0.1%)

Tensile strength 286.5 MPa(residue 89.3%)

Tensile modulus 25.8 GPa(unchanged)

[41]
Glass fiber+short carbon fiber10.3-12.4 GHz2 mm

Tensile strength 104.0 MPa

Tensile modulus 2.98 GPa

[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926834283991150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纤维基吸波复合材料的电性能与力学强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Texture-10 dB absorption frequency bandThicknessMechanical strengthRef.
Silicon carbide epoxy system8-12 GHz1.2 mm

Tensile strength 631 MPa

Tensile modulus 58.1 GPa

[24]
Silver-plated glass fiber4-18 GHz3.69 mmInterlaminar shear strength 64.96 MPa[30]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+chemical

nickel plating on the surface of fibers

8-12 GHz3.58 mm

Tensile strength 275.6 MPa

Tensile modulus 29.3 GPa

Compression strength 280.3 MPa

Compression modulus 27.5 GPa

[35]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+printing cycle

structure

6-18 GHz5 mm

Tensile strength 320 MPa

Bending strength 479 MPa

[37]

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin+carbon

nanomaterials

8.2-12.4 GHz2.87 mm

Tensile strength 387 MPa

Young’s modulus 27.1 GPa

[38]

Glass fiber epoxy composite material+multilayer

frequency-selective surface

8-18 GHz3.5 mm

Tensile strength 295 MPa

Bending strength 83 MPa

[39]
Nickel plated glass fiber cloth10 GHz single peak2.02 mmInterlaminar shear strength 80.34 MPa[40]
Nickel plated glass fiber cloth10 GHz single peak2.51 mmInterlaminar shear strength 66.85 MPa[41]

Nickel-plated glass fiber cloth with periodic

patterns

6.3-13 GHz3.464 mm

Interlaminar shear strength 67.9 MPa(reduce 0.1%)

Tensile strength 286.5 MPa(residue 89.3%)

Tensile modulus 25.8 GPa(unchanged)

[41]
Glass fiber+short carbon fiber10.3-12.4 GHz2 mm

Tensile strength 104.0 MPa

Tensile modulus 2.98 GPa

[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926834418208879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Electrical conductivity of different fibers/(Ω·cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T300 carbon fiberT700 carbon fiberM40 carbon fiber

Ni(0.25 μm)/

C composite fiber

Silicon carbide fiber

(KD-I)

Silicon carbide fiber

(SLF)

1.7×10-31.6×10-30.8×10-31.7×10-50.23-0.56[48]142-200[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926834539843696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508777820532809, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同纤维的电导率/(Ω·cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T300 carbon fiberT700 carbon fiberM40 carbon fiber

Ni(0.25 μm)/

C composite fiber

Silicon carbide fiber

(KD-I)

Silicon carbide fiber

(SLF)

1.7×10-31.6×10-30.8×10-31.7×10-50.23-0.56[48]142-200[48]
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基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料研究进展
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刘永峙 1, 2 , 宋宇华 1 , 张子栋 3 , 王超杰 1 , 厉宁 1 , 潘士兵 1 , 于名讯 1 , 白永平 2
材料工程 | 综述 2025,53(12): 99-108
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材料工程 |综述 2025 , 53 (12) : 99 -108
基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料研究进展
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刘永峙1, 2 , 宋宇华1, 张子栋3, 王超杰1, 厉宁1, 潘士兵1, 于名讯1, 白永平2
作者信息
  • 1.山东非金属材料研究所,济南 250031
  • 2.哈尔滨工业大学 化工与化学学院,哈尔滨 150006
  • 3.山东大学 材料科学 与工程学院,济南 250061
通讯作者:
刘永峙(1980—),男,研究员,硕士,主要从事隐身材料方面的研究,联系地址:山东济南天桥区田家庄东路3号第五三研究所(250031),E-mail:
Research progress in microwave absorbing materials based on chopped fiber absorbers
Yongzhi LIU1, 2 , Yuhua SONG1, Zidong ZHANG3, Chaojie WANG1, Ning LI1, Shibing PAN1, Mingxun YU1, Yongping BAI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials,Jinan 250031,China
  • 2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150006,China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081
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纤维吸收剂由于宽频吸波、轻质、耐腐蚀等优点,在隐身、电磁兼容领域具有广泛应用。本文从纤维吸收剂的作用机制、数值仿真方法、影响电性能的因素以及制备工艺等方面进行了论述。基于介电常数的介电损耗机制和基于阻抗的欧姆损耗机制都被用于解释该类材料的吸波机制,并得到理论和实验的验证,通过全波理论模拟可以较好地分析复杂结构和高体积浓度纤维吸收剂的电性能。纤维种类、含量、长度等参数对其电性能有较大影响,在制备工艺中选择合适的超声分散参数及分散剂尤其重要。未来可进一步研究纤维吸收剂中的电流与电场分布,明确纤维之间相互作用与耦合机制,在含量、长度等相同条件下对比纤维种类及电导率对电性能的影响,以及不同规格碳纤维之间的差异性,以期在宽频、高效、厚度等方面获得最优的性能。本综述对于设计宽频、高效吸波材料具有重要意义。

短切纤维  /  吸收剂  /  电性能  /  吸波  /  雷达反射率

Fiber absorbent has been applied in the field of stealth and electromagnetic compatibility due to its advantages of broadband absorption,light weight,and corrosion resistance. Analyzing the research progress in this field is of great significance for the design of broadband and efficient absorbing materials. This paper discusses the action mechanism,numerical simulation method,factors affecting electrical properties,and preparation technology of fiber absorbents. Both the dielectric loss mechanism based on dielectric constant and the ohmic loss mechanism based on impedance are used to explain the microwave absorption mechanism of this kind of material,which is verified by theory and experiment. Through the full-wave theoretical simulation,the electrical properties of complex structure and high concentration fiber absorbers can be better analyzed. The parameters such as fiber type,content,and length have a great impact on their electrical properties,which are widely used in the preparation process. It is particularly important to select appropriate ultrasonic dispersion parameters and dispersants. In the future,further research can focus on the distribution of current and electric field distribution in fiber absorbers to clarify the interaction and coupling mechanisms between fibers. Under the same conditions (such as fiber content and length),the effects of fiber type and electrical conductivity on electrical performance should be compared,along with the differences between carbon fibers of different specifications. These efforts aim to achieve optimal performance in terms of broadband response,high efficiency,and thickness. This review holds great significance for the design of broadband and high-efficiency microwave-absorbing materials.

chopped fiber  /  absorber  /  electrical property  /  microwave absorbing  /  radar reflectivity
刘永峙, 宋宇华, 张子栋, 王超杰, 厉宁, 潘士兵, 于名讯, 白永平. 基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料研究进展. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081
Yongzhi LIU, Yuhua SONG, Zidong ZHANG, Chaojie WANG, Ning LI, Shibing PAN, Mingxun YU, Yongping BAI. Research progress in microwave absorbing materials based on chopped fiber absorbers[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081
随着现代侦察技术、精确制导武器的发展,隐身技术在现代军事对抗中作用越来越重要,低雷达散射截面(radar cross section,RCS)飞行器、导弹、舰船、装甲车辆等装备发展迅速,在雷达隐身武器设计中,除外形设计、有源对消等隐身技术外,吸波材料是最重要的技术手段,特别是在全向低RCS武器设计中,通过吸收入射雷达波从而降低回波信号,达到缩减被探测距离的目的。除军用领域的应用之外,吸波材料还大量应用于电子设备、仪器内部,可吸收电磁噪声,避免元器件之间的相互干扰,从而达到电磁兼容的目的。
在吸波材料中,吸收剂是最重要的功能性组分,如铁氧体、羰基铁、磁性合金、碳材料、多晶铁等都是重要的吸收剂,短切纤维吸收剂由连续纤维经过剪切而成,常用的有碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、不锈钢纤维等导电纤维和半导体纤维,具有微米量级直径和毫米量级长度,由于这一类吸收剂同时具备轻质、宽频、力学强度以及优异的耐腐蚀性能,成为本领域研究的热点,在该类材料的损耗机制[1-4]、数值仿真方法[5-9]、制备工艺[1-2,6,8,10-22]等方面都进行了大量研究,研究重点包括铜纤维[10,23]、不锈钢纤维[23]、碳纤维[1,10]、碳化硅纤维[24-25]、羰基铁纤维[26]以及复合纤维[27]等。在具有宽频吸波功能的同时,由于导电纤维、半导体纤维及其他增强纤维构成的复合材料,具有较高的强度,具有电磁与力学协同作用,这种特性为轻量化、多功能集成化提供了设计思路。Gunwant等[28]对包括碳纤维增强复合材料在内的4种碳纤维吸波材料进行系统研究,认为通过控制几何结构、形态、浓度和表面处理等参数可获得碳纤维吸波材料的最佳特性,在纤维吸波材料的机制、制备工艺与仿真技术等方面对比性研究还未开展。
本文综述了短切纤维吸收剂及其吸波材料的最新研究进展,不仅分析了短切纤维吸收剂的作用机制,对极化损耗与欧姆损耗两种机制和分析方法进行了综述;而且对包括等效媒质、矩量法、有限元方法在内的数值仿真方面的研究进行了论述;还论述了短切纤维吸波材料的影响因素,重点对长度、电导率、含量等因素进行分析;最后论述了以短切纤维作为吸收剂的吸波材料制备方法,重点论述了提高分散均匀性的方法。本综述有助于理解纤维吸收剂的作用机制,对该类材料的设计与制造具有重要意义。
吸波材料主要有Dallenbach、Salisbury、Jaumann、FSS等类型,其中最重要的是Dallenbach、Jaumann吸波材料[29-32],传输线方法是最为常用的吸波材料分析方法,电磁波吸收机制可归结为材料的介电常数(ε)和磁导率(μ),在表示介电常数和磁导率时,一般除以真空的值ε0和μ0,使用相对介电常数(εr)和相对磁导率(μr)表达,如式(1),(2)所示:
ε=ε'-jε″=ε0(εr'-jεr″)
μ=μ'-jμ″=μ0(μr'-jμr″)
式中:ε0(εr'-jεr″)是真空介电常数;μ0(μr'-jμr″)是真空磁导率。通过传输线方程可以计算Dallenbach型吸波材料的输入阻抗,通过输入阻抗可以计算得到反射系数,如式(3),(4)所示:
Zin=μ0μrε0εrtan(-jk0tμrεr)
Γ=Zin-Z0Zin+Z0
式中:εr=εr'-jεr″是吸波材料相对介电常数;μr=μr'-jμr″是吸波材料相对磁导率;k0=2πfε0εr是真空中电磁波矢;t是吸波材料的厚度;Z0=μ0/ε0是真空中波阻抗。
为达到与空气阻抗匹配的目的,吸波材料要求高磁导率、高损耗、低介电常数,对于短切纤维吸收剂,其磁性较弱,一般仅考虑其介电常数,电磁波在入射并进入吸波材料内后,由于介电弛豫作用将电磁能转化为热能,基于短切纤维介电损耗的吸波机制研究较为深入,重点研究吸收剂的电磁参数,当介电常数实部较小时,匹配性较好,虚部较高时损耗较大,其中碳纤维的研究最为全面,基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料性能如表1[1-3,11,23,25,33-36]所示,基于短切纤维吸收剂的吸波材料可以实现宽频段、高效吸波,但相对于磁性吸收剂的吸波材料厚度较大。
在具有宽频吸波功能的同时,由于导电纤维、半导体纤维及其他增强纤维构成的复合材料,具有较高的强度,具有电磁与力学协同作用,这种特性为轻量化、多功能集成化提供了设计思路,该类材料的力学性能如表2[24,30,35,37-42]所示。
王祖鹏等[4]认为短切碳纤维在复合材料中随机分布,在电磁场中没有形成连续的传导电流,与雷达波作用时作为电偶极子而形成谐振子,与入射电磁波产生谐振形成耗散电流,在周围基体的作用下,耗散电流被逐渐衰减,从而具有较好的吸波效果。赵宏杰等[36]认为碳纤维在电场作用下起到偶极子的作用,通过极化损耗使电磁能转变为热能,并通过仿真研究了功率损耗密度的分布,当导电短纤维随机分布在基体中时,其电磁损耗主要来自平行于纤维的电场分量极化的贡献,损耗功率密度主要集中在短纤维的两端。Breiss等[2]制备的碳纤维填充环氧泡沫复合材料,测试获得的介电常数如图1所示,介电常数实部在1~3之间,损耗正切在0.5~1左右,该材料是一种低介电、高损耗的吸波材料,通过低介电常数更容易获得宽频段内的阻抗匹配。
另外还可以将碳纤维层等效为具有一定阻抗的二维无厚度结构,将碳纤维吸波材料设计为Salisbury屏或Jaumann多层吸波材料,电磁波损耗机制为欧姆损耗,在电场激励下,沿纤维方向形成电流,电流在传输过程中转变为热能,De Rosa等[3]测试了碳纤维增强聚合物的等效电导率,在8~12 GHz频率范围内,其电导率为4~5 S/m,体现出明显的半导体性质,按Salisbury屏吸波机制设计的吸波材料,根据电导率计算得到的雷达反射率与实验值吻合,在6~18 GHz具有宽频吸波性能。
将在二维表面内分布的纤维吸收剂作为电阻膜,对其阻抗特性的测试结果表明,除了具有电阻成分外,还具有电抗成分,如果合理利用其在某频段内的容性电抗成分,可以实现宽频吸波性能[43-44]。Doi等[1]将长度为λ/2或λ/4的碳纤维排列为不同间隔的二维周期结构,研究了周期结构的等效表面阻抗,如图2所示。
该结构在1~6 GHz频段范围内表现出容性阻抗特性,在4~7 GHz范围内雷达反射率低于-20 dB,相同带宽条件下相对于纯电阻性吸波材料厚度降低34%,说明容性阻抗膜可以降低吸波结构厚度,验证了碳纤维的非功电抗特性,但对非功电抗的作用机制没有进一步分析。
通过介电损耗、欧姆损耗只是针对不同结构形式吸波材料的理论分析,介电常数和电导率都是短切纤维电性能的具体体现,两者之间存在一定的联系[34-45],如式(5)所示:
σac=2πfε0ε″
在吸波材料设计过程中,对电性能参数的选择依赖于材料形式,在以低长度短切纤维为主的吸波材料中,由于其各向同性较好,倾向于使用介电常数表征;在以长纤维和二维分布的吸波材料中,由于存在明显的各向异性,特别是在纤维平面内和垂直于纤维方向,差异极为明显,倾向于使用阻抗进行分析。
对短切纤维吸波材料的理论研究可以更深入地进行吸波材料设计,正如纤维吸收剂的作用机制一样,在该领域的研究也集中于电磁参数的理论分析和阻抗特性的分析,等效媒质理论(effective medium theory)[46]是最直接的分析方法,最常用的是Maxwell-Garnett方程,可以分析复合材料的等效电磁特性(介电常数和磁导率),De Rosa等[3]在分析碳纤维复合材料的吸波性能时,在满足一定渗透阈值前提下计算其介电常数,如式(6)所示:
εeff=εb+θ(εf-εb)[(4εb/(εb+εf))+(α2εb)/(α2εb+lnα(εf-εb))]3-θ(εf-εb)[(2/(εb+εf))+lnα/(α2εb)+lnα(εf-εb))]
该理论对于球形颗粒具有较高的符合性,而在高体积含量、强散射、大长径比纤维方面与实验结果存在较大的差异性,针对这一类复合材料,需要考虑多次散射效应。Nisanci等[9]提出了一种推导等效Debye模型的方法,该模型与随机分布圆柱体的Maxwell-Garnett模型具有高度的一致性,使等效介电常数材料适用于如FDTD等时域电磁模拟方法。在用EMT模拟纤维填充复合材料时,选择合适的去极化常数至关重要。为了模拟更高浓度的复合材料。Lagarkov等[47]提出了一种尺度相关EMT(SDEMT),假设有效介质的介电常数在纤维附近随纤维距离的变化而变化,并引入了2个拟合参数,这2个参数通过将理论结果与实验进行拟合来确定,但其值随样本的不同而变化。
Seo等[5]使用广义等效导体(GEC算法)获得了纤维填充复合材料的等效介电常数。将得到的等效介电常数拟合到洛伦兹模型,通过单根纤维的电磁散射以及浓度、纤维方向分布(fiber orientation distribution,FOD)获得其电磁参数,研究了3种典型FOD模型下的介电色散特性,即谐振频率、品质因数(Q)和有效介电常数曲线的谐振峰值,图3[5]显示了完全随机分布纤维、平行排列两种状态下的介电常数实部,两者在12 GHz处出现明显的谐振效应,平行排列纤维出现方向选择性,在平行于纤维方向相较于其他两种分布类型具有更高的介电常数,而在垂直于纤维方向则接近于空气,而半随机模型则处于两者中间。说明这一类长纤维吸收剂电磁损耗主要发生在平行于电场方向,与赵宏杰等[36]研究结果一致。
通过透射系数可以反演出吸波材料的等效阻抗特征,对于具有复杂结构的纤维掺杂复合材料来说,数值解析是一种更为精确的方法,Xu等[7]基于矩量法对纤维填充复合材料电性能进行了分析,基于构型平均技术、矩量法和蒙特卡罗方法,提出了一种简单的半解析数值方法,以获得一般复合材料薄板的等效性能。在有限的平板结构中生成具有所需浓度的随机分布纤维,所有纤维上的表面感应电流由矩量法(MOM)计算,计算出薄板的透射系数,根据透射系数解析出电磁参数。
由于纤维吸收剂的半径远小于波长和导线长度,Liu等[6,8]在采用MOM模型计算纤维的电性能时,真实纤维的导电体被等效为细线结构,这种近似具有计算速度快的优点,当纤维之间的距离较大时有效,而当距离与纤维半径处于同一数量级时,这种近似是无效的。有限元法(FEM)在处理复杂几何结构和各向异性材料特性方面更加灵活,基于纤维的真实建模和各向异性基体,FEM比MOM更适合于模拟掺杂导电纤维的复合材料,其计算模型如图4[8]所示,通过对透射系数的计算,显示铜纤维吸收剂的谐振特性,而谐振频率与直径密切相关,随着直径的增大,其谐振频率向低频移动,两种数值方法表现出相同的趋势,FEM较MOM更接近实测值。
在电磁参数、透过系数等基本电性能仿真设计的基础上,通过多层结构设计实现宽频、高效吸波,主要设计方法包括传输线理论[3,11,33]、全波算法[33]等。El Assal等[33]测试了不同碳纤维含量环氧泡沫的电磁参数,并应用传输线理论,计算了多层结构的雷达反射率,计算模型如图5和式(7)~(10)所示,实现0.75~18 GHz频段范围内的宽频吸波。在计算过程中,忽略了吸波材料层间二次反射,通过遗传算法对每层的厚度与组成进行了优化,并采用积分方程法(CST软件)进行了雷达反射率的验证,与实验结果保持高度一致性。
Γ=Γ0+Γ1e-j2β1d1+Γ2e-j2(β1d1+β2d2)+…+ΓNe-j2(β1d1+β2d2+…+βNdN)
βN=2πfcεrNμrN
ΓN=ηN+1-ηNηN+1+ηN
ηN=Z0μrNεrN=Z0μrN'-jμrN″εrN'-jεrN″
对短切纤维吸波材料的数值仿真方法的研究,重点是对其电磁参数、等效阻抗的设计,通过对电导率、含量、长度等参数的优化,获得低介电、高损耗特征的材料体系,采用的方法主要有等效媒质理论和全波仿真两类,这两类方法与实验数据初步获得了一致,并指导了实验的开展。在等效电磁参数和阻抗的基础上,通过传输线理论以及积分方程等全波算法进行吸波材料微波吸收性能的计算。
在实际设计过程,由于短切纤维在电导率、直径、长度以及在吸波材料中分布状态等参数的偏差,以及计算过程的复杂程度,仍然没有一种方法能够适应所有条件,在拓展吸波带宽、提高吸波性能方面,鲜有从仿真设计到数据验证一致性的成功经验,因此需进一步加强理论研究的系统性,特别是设计参数确定方法方面的研究。
在均匀分布介质中,由短切导电纤维与树脂等基体材料构成介电损耗型吸波材料,其电性能决定于介电常数及介电损耗正切,介电常数虚部是分子极化与电子极化共同作用的结果,其中与电导率相关的电子极化起主要作用,因此短切纤维吸波材料电性能与纤维的电导率直接相关。一般来说碳纤维的电导率变化范围较小,通过如镀镍等工艺可以大幅度提高其电导率,而碳化硅纤维电导率变化范围较大,可以从10-3 Ω·cm变化到104 Ω·cm[27,48],当电阻率较大时基本不具备吸波性能,研究较多的纤维电导率如表3[48]所示。
无论是将纤维吸收剂等效为偶极子,还是等效为导电网络,电导率都是电磁响应特性的重要参数。Xu等[10]对比了铜纤维与碳纤维的电磁响应特性,如图6所示,对于低导电性的碳纤维,其透过率为平滑的曲线,没有频率选择特性;而对于高导电性的铜纤维,形成了明显的谐振吸收,在谐振频率处透过率急剧下降。
短切纤维分布在基体材料中,作为偶极子天线对电磁波实现谐振损耗,其长度与谐振波长密切相关,Xu等[10]研究了纤维长度对电磁响应特性的影响规律,如图6[10]所示,在1.25根/cm2铜纤维条件下,长度为9.98 mm铜纤维在14 GHz处产生谐振吸收,15.20 mm铜纤维在9.3 GHz处产生谐振吸收,这两个频点对应电磁波长分别为21.428 mm和32.258 mm,考虑到介质的介电常数影响,近似在半波长处发生谐振,因此对高导电性的纤维,谐振波长约为纤维长度的两倍。同时在相同数量密度条件下,增加长度会使透过率下降,但该文中没有对比相同数量铜纤维与碳纤维的响应特性,同时由于长度的增加而导致的透过率下降也有可能是由于导电纤维体积密度的增加而导致。
Breiss等[11]研究了不同碳纤维长度(3、6、12 mm)的环氧泡沫的电磁响应特性(图7),相同质量含量条件下,纤维长度对介电常数实部影响较小,而对于损耗正切有较大的影响,3 mm纤维损耗正切较小,而6 mm和12 mm长度纤维相比,12 mm长度纤维在低频具有更高的损耗(tanδmax=1.12(2 GHz)),而6 mm长度纤维高频损耗正切更高(tanδmax=0.89(8 GHz))。采用混合长度的纤维吸收剂更易获得宽频吸波效果。
El Assal[33]、Jin[34]、CHEN[42]等分别对掺杂碳纤维的泡沫、玻璃钢进行研究,表明在相同长度下,随着碳纤维含量的增加,介电常数和介电损耗正切都呈现增加趋势,介电常数实部在低频增加明显,而在高频则变化幅度相对较小,而损耗正切在整个频段都随着含量的增加而大幅度增加。在短切碳纤维与玻璃纤维构成的复合材料中[42],碳纤维质量分数从2%增至4%,X波段介电常数实部从6.2~5.9增至15.2~14.3,虚部从1.4~1.2增至7.4~5.9,质量分数为6%的混合复合材料,在2 mm厚度时具有2.1 GHz的带宽,最低反射率达到-31.8 dB。
短切纤维的长度、导电性、含量都对电磁响应特性构成影响,高导电性金属纤维长度直接影响谐振频率,低导电性碳纤维主要影响介电损耗正切,不管是理论研究,还是实验研究,仅对单一纤维进行较为深入的研究,对混杂纤维的研究还不系统。
基于短切纤维的吸波材料主要有玻璃钢、泡沫两种形式,其成型制造工艺主要采用模压、热压罐、发泡等工艺,在制造工艺过程中最为关键的是短切纤维的分散技术,由于极性、密度差异、长纤维之间的缠绕等因素,相比于粉体吸收剂,短切纤维吸收剂的分散以及均匀性控制是该类型吸波材料制备的关键,理论与实验均表明,分散均匀性对吸波性能有极大的影响,实现单纤维的分散对工艺提出挑战,为此发展了多种制备工艺方法[1,6,8,10-14,23],考虑到制造数量、可重复性以及纤维适应性等方面的限制,机械搅拌和超声是较为常用的分散工艺,机械分散技术是用于碳纤维分散的技术之一。
Wang[13]、Song[12]等通过机械搅拌工艺实现了碳纤维在液态树脂中的分散。Benzerga等[15]研究表明,在制备掺杂碳纤维复合材料时,使用机械分散方法容易对碳纤维造成破坏,分散后因折断而形成长度更短纤维,如前所述,纤维长度对短切纤维吸波材料的谐振频率、电磁参数有较大的影响。减小这种破坏作用的方式之一是采用低黏度、低含量的液态分散工艺。Jin等[34]将3 mm长度的碳纤维分散在乙醇中,通过磁力搅拌分散,并通过过滤将碳纤维均匀分布在过滤网上,干燥使乙醇完全挥发,在加热状态下将玻璃纤维预浸料与带有碳纤维的滤网复合,制备得到均匀分散的短切碳纤维层。
超声波也被用于短切纤维的分散工艺研究[16,49-50]。Wang等[49]研究表明,通过超声振动将碳纤维预分散在水中15 min,可以极大地改善最终的碳纤维掺杂材料的均匀性。在Nanni等[16]的工作中,碳纳米纤维在超声波作用下预分散到不同的溶剂中1 h,以获得均匀的碳纳米纤维/环氧树脂复合材料。这两项研究都没有提到超声分散后碳纤维的损伤[11]。Breiss等[11]制备了碳纤维吸波泡沫,将选择的碳纤维按质量分数添加到环氧树脂中,并分别采用抹刀、机械搅拌、超声三种不同的工艺进行分散,结果表明超声分散在均匀性、分散度等方面具有一定的优势。在纤维分散过程中,分散剂是一个重要因素,可以起到润湿、分散、防团聚的作用,常用的分散剂要有十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TTAB)、胆酸钠(SC)、纤维素醚等[2,17-18,51]。Breiss等[2]对超声分散工艺进行了深入的研究,在选择确定的碳纤维和SDS质量比后,首先在超声波辅助下分散在丙酮中均匀分散,然后将该分散液添加到环氧树脂中,并将其置于烘箱中以蒸发多余的丙酮,最后,将固化剂添加到环氧树脂/丙酮/碳纤维混合物中,进行发泡和聚合。
虽然机械分散工艺会对纤维造成一定的破坏,但从工业制造的角度来说仍是一种有前途的技术手段,通过低黏度、低浓度、水流分散等工艺可降低纤维的折断,无纺布的工艺技术发展也为纤维的均匀分散提供一种可能。
综上所述,短切纤维吸收剂是一类重要的宽频、高效吸收剂,特别是在结构复合材料中广泛应用,本工作通过对国内外该领域研究方法以及最新进展的分析,从纤维吸收剂的作用机制、数值仿真方法、制备方法以及影响电性能的因素等方面进行了研究:
(1)吸波材料常用的短切纤维有铜纤维、不锈钢纤维、镍纤维、碳纤维、碳化硅纤维及复合纤维,三维空间内均匀分布短切纤维可以通过等效电磁参数表征,二维平面内均匀分布的短切纤维可以使用等效阻抗描述电磁特征。
(2)由于短切纤维各向异性的特点,其电性能数值模拟较颗粒状吸收剂更为复杂,通过等效媒质理论或全波算法可以对电磁性能进行仿真计算,在此基础上通过传输线理论等方法可以计算复合结构的雷达反射率。
(3)短切纤维的电性能与其电导率、长度、含量等因素有关,高电导率纤维形成谐振特性,谐振频率与长度呈负相关关系,而低电导率纤维频率选择性较差,更易形成宽频吸波,随着含量的增加,介电常数与介电损耗正切都增加。
(4)短切纤维的分散是制备吸波材料的关键技术,超声分散适合于小批量样品的制备研究,而机械分散更适应于工业化制造,纤维的团聚或缠绕影响吸波性能,需要重点解决单纤维均匀分散技术,并防止分散过程中对纤维的损伤。
纤维吸收剂的作用机理及其性能计算仍需要进一步的研究,特别是低频隐身、宽频隐身方面需要相对更明确的理论支撑,对短切纤维吸波材料中电抗性成分产生的原因及其调控机制需采用新的方法进行研究。目前的研究仍然集中于碳纤维、铜纤维等,对其他纤维的报道仍然较少,而且缺乏相互之间的对比研究。未来需进一步明确纤维之间相互作用与耦合机制,在含量、长度等相同条件下对比纤维种类及电导率对电性能的影响,以及不同规格纤维之间的差异性。

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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000081
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 录用日期:2024-02-26
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    1.山东非金属材料研究所,济南 250031
    2.哈尔滨工业大学 化工与化学学院,哈尔滨 150006
    3.山东大学 材料科学 与工程学院,济南 250061

通讯作者:

刘永峙(1980—),男,研究员,硕士,主要从事隐身材料方面的研究,联系地址:山东济南天桥区田家庄东路3号第五三研究所(250031),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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