Article(id=1321508755028685711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747152000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-14, onlineDate=1793001839643, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793001839643, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793001839643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793001839643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321508755259372432, articleId=1321508755028685711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure,mechanical property and fretting wear performance of cold sprayed CuNiIn coatings, columnId=1321508708505473096, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=ADVANCED COLD SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the connection between aero-engine blades and disk tenon grooves, CuNiIn alloy is frequently applied as an anti-fretting wear coating. To investigate the effects of heat treatment processes on the microstructure and properties of the coating, this study employs the cold spraying technology to prepare CuNiIn coatings on TC4 alloy. The influences of two process parameters(heat treatment temperature and holding time) on the coating’s microstructure, microhardness, bonding strength, and fretting wear perfor-mance are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that after heat treatment, the pores in the coating undergo healing, and the porosity of the coatings decreases from 7.4% in the as-sprayed state to 0.8%(700 ℃),resulting in a more uniform distribution of microhardness. Considering overall performance, the coating exhibits optimal properties after being held at 500 ℃ for 3 h. At this stage, the porosity is 1.1%, the bonding strength reaches 54 MPa, and the coating microhardness remains at 131HV. The wear rate significantly reduces, with the dominant wear mechanism shifting from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.

, authors=Zeshi LIU1, Jilin FAN2, Yuanying ZHANG3, Zhuoqing XU3, Xin MA3, Ruoyu LIU3, Chunjie HUANG1, Yaxin XU1, Wenya LI1, authorsList=Zeshi LIU, Jilin FAN, Yuanying ZHANG, Zhuoqing XU, Xin MA, Ruoyu LIU, Chunjie HUANG, Yaxin XU, Wenya LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenya LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321508759692751793, articleId=1321508755028685711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=热处理工艺对冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层显微组织、力学性能及微动磨损特性的影响, columnId=1321508708664856650, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=先进冷喷涂技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

航空发动机叶片与叶盘榫槽连接处经常采用CuNiIn合金作为抗微动磨损涂层。为了研究热处理工艺对涂层组织与性能的改善情况,采用冷喷涂技术在TC4合金上制备CuNiIn涂层,分析比较热处理温度和保温时间两种工艺参数对涂层微观组织、显微硬度、结合强度及微动磨损特性的影响。结果表明:热处理后涂层中的孔隙发生愈合,孔隙率从喷涂态的7.4%降低至0.8%(700 ℃),硬度分布更均匀。综合考虑涂层在500 ℃下保温3 h后性能较好,此时孔隙率为1.1%,结合强度为54 MPa,涂层硬度保持在131HV,涂层磨损率较低,磨损过程由喷涂态涂层的磨粒磨损为主转变为以黏着磨损为主的形式。

, authors=刘泽石1, 范吉林2, 张远应3, 徐濯清3, 马鑫3, 刘若愚3, 黄春杰1, 徐雅欣1, 李文亚1, authorsList=刘泽石, 范吉林, 张远应, 徐濯清, 马鑫, 刘若愚, 黄春杰, 徐雅欣, 李文亚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李文亚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李文亚(1976—),男,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为冷喷涂及摩擦焊接技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市友谊西路127号西北工业大学材料学院(710072),E-mail:
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(a)300 ℃;(b)500 ℃;(c)700 ℃

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热处理工艺对冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层显微组织、力学性能及微动磨损特性的影响
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刘泽石 1 , 范吉林 2 , 张远应 3 , 徐濯清 3 , 马鑫 3 , 刘若愚 3 , 黄春杰 1 , 徐雅欣 1 , 李文亚 1
材料工程 | 先进冷喷涂技术专栏 2025,53(12): 32-42
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材料工程 |先进冷喷涂技术专栏 2025 , 53 (12) : 32 -42
热处理工艺对冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层显微组织、力学性能及微动磨损特性的影响
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刘泽石1, 范吉林2, 张远应3, 徐濯清3, 马鑫3, 刘若愚3, 黄春杰1, 徐雅欣1, 李文亚1
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学 材料学院 陕西省摩擦焊接工程技术重点实验室,西安 710072
  • 2.中航工业长沙五七一二飞机工业有限责任公司,长沙 410113
  • 3.中国航发南方工业有限公司,湖南 株洲 410000
通讯作者:
李文亚(1976—),男,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为冷喷涂及摩擦焊接技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市友谊西路127号西北工业大学材料学院(710072),E-mail:
Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure,mechanical property and fretting wear performance of cold sprayed CuNiIn coatings
Zeshi LIU1, Jilin FAN2, Yuanying ZHANG3, Zhuoqing XU3, Xin MA3, Ruoyu LIU3, Chunjie HUANG1, Yaxin XU1, Wenya LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
  • 2.AVIC Changsha 5712 Aircraft Industry Co. ,Ltd. ,Changsha 410113,China
  • 3.AECC South Industry Company Limited,Zhuzhou 410000,Hunan,China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059
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航空发动机叶片与叶盘榫槽连接处经常采用CuNiIn合金作为抗微动磨损涂层。为了研究热处理工艺对涂层组织与性能的改善情况,采用冷喷涂技术在TC4合金上制备CuNiIn涂层,分析比较热处理温度和保温时间两种工艺参数对涂层微观组织、显微硬度、结合强度及微动磨损特性的影响。结果表明:热处理后涂层中的孔隙发生愈合,孔隙率从喷涂态的7.4%降低至0.8%(700 ℃),硬度分布更均匀。综合考虑涂层在500 ℃下保温3 h后性能较好,此时孔隙率为1.1%,结合强度为54 MPa,涂层硬度保持在131HV,涂层磨损率较低,磨损过程由喷涂态涂层的磨粒磨损为主转变为以黏着磨损为主的形式。

冷喷涂  /  热处理  /  CuNiIn涂层  /  微观组织  /  结合强度  /  显微硬度  /  微动磨损

In the connection between aero-engine blades and disk tenon grooves, CuNiIn alloy is frequently applied as an anti-fretting wear coating. To investigate the effects of heat treatment processes on the microstructure and properties of the coating, this study employs the cold spraying technology to prepare CuNiIn coatings on TC4 alloy. The influences of two process parameters(heat treatment temperature and holding time) on the coating’s microstructure, microhardness, bonding strength, and fretting wear perfor-mance are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that after heat treatment, the pores in the coating undergo healing, and the porosity of the coatings decreases from 7.4% in the as-sprayed state to 0.8%(700 ℃),resulting in a more uniform distribution of microhardness. Considering overall performance, the coating exhibits optimal properties after being held at 500 ℃ for 3 h. At this stage, the porosity is 1.1%, the bonding strength reaches 54 MPa, and the coating microhardness remains at 131HV. The wear rate significantly reduces, with the dominant wear mechanism shifting from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.

cold spraying  /  heat treatment  /  CuNiIn coating  /  microstructure  /  bonding strength  /  microhardness  /  fretting wear
刘泽石, 范吉林, 张远应, 徐濯清, 马鑫, 刘若愚, 黄春杰, 徐雅欣, 李文亚. 热处理工艺对冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层显微组织、力学性能及微动磨损特性的影响. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 32 -42 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059
Zeshi LIU, Jilin FAN, Yuanying ZHANG, Zhuoqing XU, Xin MA, Ruoyu LIU, Chunjie HUANG, Yaxin XU, Wenya LI. Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure,mechanical property and fretting wear performance of cold sprayed CuNiIn coatings[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 32 -42 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059
航空结构失效大多数涉及构件连接处的微动损伤[1-2]。由于飞行器启动、关闭等飞行状态的连续变化造成叶片榫头在连接处发生相对滑动,引发两者剧烈摩擦,导致磨损和裂纹等微动损伤,最终使叶片提前断裂失效[3-4]。微动磨损发生的位移尺度往往较小(一般是200 μm以内),损伤无明显征兆,但会极大程度地削弱钛合金结构的抗疲劳性[5],容易引发严重后果。因此,解决钛合金微动损伤威胁已成为发展高性能航空发动机的一个重要研究课题。Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)钛合金由于其高比强度、优异的焊接性能成为航空发动机叶片的首选材料[6-7],但钛合金自身摩擦因数高、导热性差、抗微动磨损能力低。解决微动磨损失效问题,一般需要在其表面涂覆一层抗磨涂层[8-9]。CuNiIn合金具有耐腐蚀、抗磨性能和抗高温性能好等特点,可以制成综合性能优异的固体润滑层,常用于航空发动机各接触面的抗微动磨损涂层[10-11]。抗磨涂层的常用制备方法有大气等离子喷涂(air plasma spraying,APS)[12-13]、超音速火焰喷涂(high velocity oxygen fuel spraying,HVOF)[14-16]、电弧喷涂(arc spraying,AS)[17-18]等。但是这些热喷涂方法在制造过程中存在喷涂材料熔化、对叶片本身产生较高热输入、影响叶片固有性能等,而且喷涂前需要对叶片进行封胶等保护措施及喷涂后处理。因此,探索一种经济、高效的制备CuNiIn涂层的方法对于航空行业的发展大有裨益。
冷喷涂(cold spraying,CS)是一种固态沉积技术,其利用拉瓦尔喷管产生的高速气流加速粉末粒子,经加速后粉末在完全固态下撞击基体发生塑性变形而沉积于基体表面形成涂层。粒子在整个冷喷涂过程中不发生熔化,避免热输入过高、发生相变氧化和其他化学反应等不利影响,并且具有较高的沉积效率。冷喷涂技术经过30多年的发展,在涂层制备、设备维修、增材制造等领域得到重要的应用[19-22]。但目前关于冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层的研究报道较少。Li等[23]在TC4合金上冷喷涂CuNiIn粉末,进行显微组织观察,验证了冷喷涂制造CuNiIn涂层的可行性。李海升等[24]在初步摸索的参数下进行了冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层的制备,并表征了涂层的微动磨损性能,结果表明冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层具有低孔隙率和较好的抗微动磨损性能,但是冷喷涂后涂层硬度不均匀,进而导致磨损时材料流动不协调,削弱了涂层的抗微动磨损性能。文献[25-27]研究表明,热处理可以缓解涂层硬度分布不均匀的问题。本工作针对不同热处理温度和热处理时间两种样品,通过微观组织形貌观察、涂层性能测试等手段开展研究,探究热处理工艺对冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层组织与性能的影响,以期为冷喷涂技术在钛合金微动磨损涂层制备方面的应用提供参考与支撑。
实验所用粉末为Amdry 500F CuNiIn,其微观形貌及粒径分布如图1所示。可知,粉末呈球形。冷喷涂所用基体材料为2 mm厚的TC4钛合金板材。冷喷涂实验采用西北工业大学自主研发的高压冷喷涂设备,喷涂气体参数为:氮气为工作气体、预热温度500 ℃、喷涂压力3 MPa。
热处理实验在真空钎焊炉中完成。将准备好的不同类别(用于组织分析、结合强度和微动磨损)试样放入炉腔内,进行抽真空,当真空度达到6×10-3 MPa时,开启加热,加热炉以15 ℃/min的速度升至热处理要求温度后开始保温,保温结束后待炉腔温度降至100 ℃,打开炉腔取出样品。本工作采用两种实验模式:(1) 固定保温时间为2 h,研究300、500、700 ℃不同热处理温度对涂层组织性能的影响; (2) 固定热处理温度为500 ℃,研究2、3、5 h不同保温时间对涂层组织性能的影响。
使用不同粗细的金相砂纸打磨线切割获得的截面样品,再用1.5 μm的金刚石抛光膏进行抛光,将抛光后的试样用5 mL FeCl3+10 mL HCl+100 mL H2O腐蚀液腐蚀,采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察涂层组织形貌和结合情况。使用Image-Pro图像处理软件对涂层的孔隙率进行统计分析,采用显微硬度计对涂层的硬度进行测量,所用载荷为4.9 N,保压时间为15 s,在适当位置取3条间距为100 μm的平行直线,均匀选取10个点进行硬度测量,最后取平均值作为涂层硬度。
涂层与基体的结合强度测试按GB/T 8642—2002标准,将基体试样加工成尾部带有内螺纹的短棒状,在基体块前端表面完成涂层制备。使用E-7高温胶粘接对偶试样,在120 ℃温度下保温120 min完成固化,之后使用万能电子拉伸试验机进行拉伸,试验机的拉伸速率设置为0.5 mm/min,通过观察拉伸试样断裂后位置判断涂层的结合强度,最终取测量平均值作为涂层与基体的结合强度。
微动磨损实验在MFC-01多功能微动磨损试验机上完成,测试所用微动磨损试样为圆盘状,尺寸为Φ24 mm×7.6 mm。采用球/平面的接触方式,摩擦副为直径10 mm的TC4球体,实验在室温下进行,实验参数为:径向载荷100 N,频率10 Hz。涂层在150 μm行程下磨损120 min,磨损完成后使用酒精超声清洗5 min,以去掉表面磨屑,使用激光共聚焦显微镜对磨痕轮廓形貌及深度进行观察测量。
图2,3分别为不同温度热处理后CuNiIn涂层截面OM形貌及孔隙率变化,涂层热处理保温时间均为2 h。由图3可知,与未经热处理的涂层孔隙率7.4%相对,300 ℃热处理后的涂层孔隙率降低至2.1%,图2中显示300 ℃热处理后涂层仍然存在尺寸较大的孔隙,而经过500 ℃热处理的涂层孔隙率降低至1.2%,残留孔隙尺寸显著减小。当热处理温度为700 ℃时,涂层孔隙率降低至0.8%,涂层中只存在尺寸较小的孔隙。可以看出,随着热处理温度的升高,孔隙数量明显减少,同时孔隙尺寸也不断减小,提高热处理温度能够有效控制涂层中的孔隙缺陷,从而对涂层性能产生积极影响。
图4为不同温度热处理涂层腐蚀后的截面SEM形貌。从图4(b)可以发现,300 ℃下涂层中颗粒接触的界面有条状组织形成,而涂层内部组织倾向于保留粒子的原始组织,这是颗粒之间以及晶粒之间应力释放的结果,并且颗粒之间形成一定程度的冶金结合,与未经过热处理的涂层相比,热处理后涂层颗粒间的微小裂纹(未结合)大部分发生愈合。如图4(c)所示,500 ℃条件下的涂层内部晶粒发生明显长大,细小的树枝晶之间发生不同程度的合并,颗粒之间的微小裂纹进一步愈合。图4(d)是700 ℃条件下的涂层截面形貌,其中枝晶形貌完全消失,具有孪晶取向关系的相邻晶粒长大过程中形成典型的退火孪晶组织,该条件下颗粒边界未发生融合,这是因为粉末颗粒表面存在的氧化膜阻碍了相邻颗粒之间的晶粒接触和晶界融合。
图5为不同温度热处理后涂层的显微硬度和硬度分布。可知随着热处理温度的升高,涂层显微硬度逐渐降低,300 ℃时涂层显微硬度由喷涂态的309HV降低至260HV,500 ℃时为155HV,700 ℃时只有130HV。在热处理过程中,涂层内部晶粒发生回复和再结晶,冷喷涂过程中累积的应力得到释放。从硬度分布图中可以看出热处理温度越高,涂层硬度分布越均匀。
图6为不同温度热处理后涂层的结合强度测试结果。可知,热处理后的涂层结合强度由喷涂态的35 MPa分别提升至48(300 ℃)、47 MPa(500 ℃)和42 MPa(700 ℃)。由于热处理过程中发生元素扩散,不同温度下涂层和基体形成不同程度的冶金结合,因此热处理后的涂层结合强度相较喷涂态都有所提升,但是700 ℃热处理后涂层的结合强度相较其他热处理温度略有降低,推测是由于涂层与基体结合界面有所弱化所致(见图2(d))。
图7为不同温度热处理后CuNiIn涂层拉伸试样断口形貌。由图7(b)500 ℃热处理涂层试样断口的宏观和微观断口形貌可知,基体侧和涂层侧均发现有大量微孔聚集形成的韧窝,而300 ℃和700 ℃热处理后的涂层试样断口并未发现明显的韧性断裂特征,证明涂层和基体结合相对较弱,500 ℃热处理后涂层与基体之间发生了较大程度的冶金结合。
图8为不同热处理温度涂层微动过程中摩擦因数(coefficient of friction,COF)的变化曲线以及各涂层的磨损率。摩擦因数曲线前期不断增加的过程,实际上是氧化膜在微动摩擦中被破坏露出金属表面的过程。露出的金属表面使黏着点增加,黏着点达到饱和时COF达到峰值。随后黏着点处金属在持续的摩擦作用下发生加工硬化,当黏着点被破坏,COF开始降低。黏着点处金属硬化形成的硬化层在微动载荷作用下破碎形成磨屑,改变摩擦副的接触形式,使COF急剧降低。同时磨屑自身在持续的摩擦下也发生破碎,不断细化,最终溢出磨损区域,硬度更高的涂层产生的磨屑也更硬,使涂层在此阶段发生更严重的磨粒磨损。之后磨损区域由中心向四周蔓延,直至磨屑的产生和溢出达到动态平衡,涂层磨损的区域覆盖整个位移所能覆盖的区域,磨损才开始向深度方向进行,COF变化也进入动态稳定阶段。涂层摩擦因数波动时间越长,说明涂层对变形的协调能力越强,进入磨屑动态稳定阶段的时间越长,抵抗磨损的能力越强,涂层的磨损区域需要更长时间才能蔓延至整个位移覆盖区域。对比摩擦因数变化曲线可以发现,不同温度热处理后涂层的COF峰值比较接近,500 ℃涂层从峰值降低的过程较其他两个温度缓慢,说明该条件下磨屑在摩擦副之间的时间较长,对微动磨损的抵抗能力较强,因此500 ℃涂层的磨损率较低。
图9为不同CuNiIn涂层的XRD谱图。可以看到所有的涂层均保持原有的CuNiIn面心立方结构,没有产生新的物相。图10为CuNiIn涂层经过微动磨损后的磨痕三维形貌。与未热处理的涂层磨损形貌相比,热处理后的涂层磨损区域更加均匀,磨屑堆积形成的凸起均匀分布在磨痕的轮廓周围,磨损形成的凹坑位于磨损区域的中心位置。这是因为,经过热处理的涂层塑性、变形协调能力都有所提高,同时硬度和孔隙率降低且硬度分布变得均匀,疲劳裂纹在涂层中扩展的阻力较大,涂层在微动磨损过程中能够更长时间地抵抗微动载荷造成的疲劳损伤,产生的磨屑相较喷涂态也更柔软和均匀,不会集中在某一区域引发严重的磨粒磨损,反而改变摩擦副接触方式,起到一定的润滑作用。但是700 ℃的热处理后涂层中会产生较多的氧化物,这些氧化物容易成为疲劳裂纹扩展的源头,且氧化物破碎后形成的磨屑硬度较高,会加剧磨粒磨损,因此该条件热处理后的涂层磨损率反而上升。
图11为CuNiIn涂层500 ℃保温3 h和5 h后截面OM和SEM形貌。与500 ℃热处理2 h的涂层OM形貌相比,孔隙率由2 h热处理后的1.2%分别降低至1.1%(3 h)和0.8%(5 h),保温时间延长对孔隙率的降低作用并不明显。与2 h热处理的涂层SEM形貌相比,3 h和5 h涂层内部组织发生明显长大,少量的柱状晶组织完全融合消失。值得注意的是,5 h热处理涂层中的腐蚀痕迹比3 h热处理涂层的明显,通过EDS对涂层元素进行分析发现,O元素质量分数从3 h热处理后的0.7%上升到5 h热处理后的4.2%,因此,认为该网状腐蚀痕迹的增加可能与氧化物的出现有关。
CuNiIn涂层500 ℃不同保温时长热处理后的显微硬度如图12所示。可以发现,保温时间由2 h延长至3 h后,涂层显微硬度由155HV降低至131HV,而当保温时间增加至5 h后,涂层的显微硬度几乎没有变化,这可能是因为在保温3 h后涂层中基本没有应力释放发生。
500 ℃不同保温时长热处理的涂层与基体结合强度测试结果如图13所示。可知,保温时间为3 h的涂层与基体结合强度最高,达到54 MPa。而当时间延长至5 h后,结合强度又有降低的趋势,该条件下涂层结合强度与保温2 h的试样几乎同一水平。
图14为500 ℃不同保温时长热处理的涂层结合强度试样断口的SEM形貌。从3 h保温后基体侧SEM形貌可以发现,涂层侧和基体侧都有明显的韧窝,证明涂层与基体之间发生了冶金结合,断裂韧窝附近恰好是涂层颗粒机械结合断裂形成的光滑表面,该条件下的涂层脱落面积极少,说明涂层整体的冶金结合比例较高。相比而言,5 h热处理后的涂层断口虽然也有较多的韧窝存在,但是断口区域发现氧化物,从图14(b)基体侧的SEM形貌可以看出,涂层断裂的韧窝附近由于氧化物形成了疏松多孔的结构。5 h涂层侧韧窝的比例小于3 h保温条件的涂层,同时韧窝附近的孔隙明显较多,这也是造成该条件下涂层结合强度下降的原因。
图15为500 ℃不同保温时间的涂层微动磨损过程中摩擦因数变化曲线和磨损率。3 h热处理后的涂层黏着性较强,具有较高的COF,对摩擦副的移动产生一定的阻力,涂层在此状态下发生黏着磨损,随后发生短暂的磨屑产生和转移过程,较早地进入动态平衡阶段。从随后的COF波动状态来看,涂层在磨损过程中产生的磨屑尺寸较小,并且黏性不大,因此COF波动较小。对于经过5 h热处理的涂层,在微动过程中COF发生较为激烈波动,说明涂层在微动载荷作用下产生的磨屑较多,磨损区域在较长时间的微动循环下难以达到磨屑形成和溢出的平衡,这与涂层中析出的不均匀硬质氧化物有关,同时微动磨损时涂层内颗粒之间的孔隙和硬质氧化物会成为产生疲劳裂纹的源头,加剧疲劳损伤,使涂层发生分层磨损。结合以上分析可以得出,经过3 h热处理的涂层表现出更高效的润滑性能,有利于减轻微动过程中的磨损,涂层磨损率在3 h热处理条件下最低也可以印证这一观点。图16是不同保温时间涂层的XRD谱图。可以看出,涂层依旧是典型的CuNiIn面心立方结构,并无新物相产生。
(1)冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层经过热处理后,孔隙率从喷涂态的7.4%降低至0.8%(700 ℃),硬度分布的均匀性得以提升,表明热处理能够有效促进涂层中孔隙愈合和微观组织均匀化。
(2)涂层性能在500 ℃保温3 h的热处理工艺下达到最佳,涂层孔隙率降至1.1%,结合强度提升至54 MPa,硬度均匀化的同时仍保持在131HV。
(3)热处理后COF波动幅度减小,涂层磨损率显著降低,涂层磨损机制发生转变,由喷涂态的磨粒磨损转变为黏着磨损,证明热处理工艺能够改善冷喷涂CuNiIn涂层的抗微动磨损性能。
  • 中国航空发动机集团产学研合作项目(HFZL2023CXY023)
  • 凝固技术国家重点实验室(西北工业大学)自主研究课题资助项目(2021-TZ-01)
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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000059
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
  • 录用日期:2025-05-14
基金
中国航空发动机集团产学研合作项目(HFZL2023CXY023)
凝固技术国家重点实验室(西北工业大学)自主研究课题资助项目(2021-TZ-01)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学 材料学院 陕西省摩擦焊接工程技术重点实验室,西安 710072
    2.中航工业长沙五七一二飞机工业有限责任公司,长沙 410113
    3.中国航发南方工业有限公司,湖南 株洲 410000

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李文亚(1976—),男,教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向为冷喷涂及摩擦焊接技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市友谊西路127号西北工业大学材料学院(710072),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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