Article(id=1321490261671268931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321490128967675980, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758384000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-21, onlineDate=1792997430483, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1768838400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792997430483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792997430483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792997430483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321490128967675980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='259', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768838400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792997398845, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792997398845, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321490261885178437, articleId=1321490261671268931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in interfacial microstructure,defect evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al/steel dissimilar materials based on synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization, columnId=1321490130871898811, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=APPLICATION OF NEUTRON AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Revealing the evolution and deformation mechanisms of interfacial microstructures and defects plays a crucial role in regulating the interfacial microstructures and properties of Al/steel dissimilar joints. However,conventional characterization methods are often inadequate for effectively elucidating the dynamic evolution mechanisms at the interface. This paper reviews the breakthrough progress of synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization techniques in elucidating the interfacial metallurgical reactions and strengthening-toughening mechanisms of Al/steel joints. By utilizing synchrotron radiation X-ray two-dimensional imaging,micro-tomography,and diffraction techniques,in-situ observations are achieved for the heterogeneous dissolution of steel,interfacial diffusion reactions,solidification behavior during Al/steel-liquid/solid interfacial reactions,as well as the deformation behavior of joints under load. These studies have provided deep insights into the growth kinetics and three-dimensional morphological evolution mechanisms of tongue-shaped Fe2Al5,irregular FeAl3,and faceted Si phases at Al/steel interfaces. Furthermore,the geometric morphology and spatial distribution characteristics of pores are remodelled,the evolution of residual stress distribution in components is characterized in-situ,and the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous components under loading conditions are clarified. Synchrotron radiation techniques overcome the limitations of traditional two-dimensional static characterization,providing dynamic experimental data for understanding the dissolution-diffusion-solidification processes and damage behavior under load at Al/steel interfaces. Future work should focus on in-situ studies of the metallurgical and mechanical behaviors at Al/steel interfaces under multi-field coupling or complex extreme conditions,as well as the development of intelligent in-situ characterization platforms.

, authors=Guan HUANG1, Junchao YANG1, Zongye DING2, 3, Haibing LI1, Wenbo ZHU1, Yongtao JIU4, Quanbin LU2, Weimin LONG2, Qiaodan HU3, authorsList=Guan HUANG, Junchao YANG, Zongye DING, Haibing LI, Wenbo ZHU, Yongtao JIU, Quanbin LU, Weimin LONG, Qiaodan HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zongye DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321490265278370386, articleId=1321490261671268931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于同步辐射原位表征的铝/钢异质材料界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制研究进展, columnId=1321490131127751357, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=中子和同步辐射大科学装置在材料研究中的应用专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深入揭示界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制对于调控铝/钢异质材料接头界面组织与性能具有至关重要的作用,但传统的表征手段难以有效阐明界面的动态演化机制。本文综述了同步辐射原位表征技术在解析铝/钢界面冶金反应与强韧化机制中的突破性进展。通过使用同步辐射X射线二维成像、微观断层扫描和衍射技术,实现了对铝/钢-液/固界面冶金反应过程中钢材非均质溶解、界面扩散反应与凝固行为及荷载条件下接头变形行为的原位观测,深入揭示了铝/钢界面舌状Fe2Al5、非规则FeAl3与小平面Si相的生长动力学和三维形态演变机制,重构了气孔的几何形态与空间分布特征,原位表征了构件中残余应力分布演化,阐明了荷载条件下异质构件中裂纹萌生与扩展机制。同步辐射技术突破了传统二维静态表征局限,为铝/钢界面溶解-扩散-凝固及荷载下损伤行为提供了动态实验数据。未来工作应聚焦于多场耦合或复杂极端工况下铝/钢界面冶金与力学行为的原位研究及智能原位表征平台研制。

, authors=黄冠1, 杨俊朝1, 丁宗业2, 3, 黎海兵1, 朱文博1, 纠永涛4, 路全彬2, 龙伟民2, 胡侨丹3, authorsList=黄冠, 杨俊朝, 丁宗业, 黎海兵, 朱文博, 纠永涛, 路全彬, 龙伟民, 胡侨丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁宗业, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丁宗业(1987—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进材料凝固、钎焊、增材制造、同步辐射原位表征等方面的研究,联系地址:河南省郑州市高新技术产业开发区科学大道149号郑州机械研究所(450001),E-mail:
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基于同步辐射原位表征的铝/钢异质材料界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制研究进展
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黄冠 1 , 杨俊朝 1 , 丁宗业 2, 3 , 黎海兵 1 , 朱文博 1 , 纠永涛 4 , 路全彬 2 , 龙伟民 2 , 胡侨丹 3
材料工程 | 中子和同步辐射大科学装置在材料研究中的应用专栏 2026,54(1): 30-45
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材料工程 |中子和同步辐射大科学装置在材料研究中的应用专栏 2026 , 54 (1) : 30 -45
基于同步辐射原位表征的铝/钢异质材料界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制研究进展
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黄冠1, 杨俊朝1, 丁宗业2, 3 , 黎海兵1, 朱文博1, 纠永涛4, 路全彬2, 龙伟民2, 胡侨丹3
作者信息
  • 1.佛山大学 机电工程与自动化学院,广东 佛山 528225
  • 2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司 高性能新型焊接材料全国重点实验室,郑州 450001
  • 3.上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
  • 4.宁波中机松兰刀具科技有限公司,浙江 宁波 315700
通讯作者:
丁宗业(1987—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进材料凝固、钎焊、增材制造、同步辐射原位表征等方面的研究,联系地址:河南省郑州市高新技术产业开发区科学大道149号郑州机械研究所(450001),E-mail:
Research progress in interfacial microstructure,defect evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al/steel dissimilar materials based on synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization
Guan HUANG1, Junchao YANG1, Zongye DING2, 3 , Haibing LI1, Wenbo ZHU1, Yongtao JIU4, Quanbin LU2, Weimin LONG2, Qiaodan HU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation,Foshan University,Foshan 528225,Guangdong,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of High Performance & Advanced Welding Materials,China Academy of Machinery Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co. ,Ltd. ,Zhengzhou 450001,China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
  • 4.Ningbo Songlan Cutting Tools Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Ningbo 315700,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2026-01-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435
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深入揭示界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制对于调控铝/钢异质材料接头界面组织与性能具有至关重要的作用,但传统的表征手段难以有效阐明界面的动态演化机制。本文综述了同步辐射原位表征技术在解析铝/钢界面冶金反应与强韧化机制中的突破性进展。通过使用同步辐射X射线二维成像、微观断层扫描和衍射技术,实现了对铝/钢-液/固界面冶金反应过程中钢材非均质溶解、界面扩散反应与凝固行为及荷载条件下接头变形行为的原位观测,深入揭示了铝/钢界面舌状Fe2Al5、非规则FeAl3与小平面Si相的生长动力学和三维形态演变机制,重构了气孔的几何形态与空间分布特征,原位表征了构件中残余应力分布演化,阐明了荷载条件下异质构件中裂纹萌生与扩展机制。同步辐射技术突破了传统二维静态表征局限,为铝/钢界面溶解-扩散-凝固及荷载下损伤行为提供了动态实验数据。未来工作应聚焦于多场耦合或复杂极端工况下铝/钢界面冶金与力学行为的原位研究及智能原位表征平台研制。

铝/钢异质材料  /  同步辐射原位表征  /  组织与缺陷  /  残余应力  /  变形行为

Revealing the evolution and deformation mechanisms of interfacial microstructures and defects plays a crucial role in regulating the interfacial microstructures and properties of Al/steel dissimilar joints. However,conventional characterization methods are often inadequate for effectively elucidating the dynamic evolution mechanisms at the interface. This paper reviews the breakthrough progress of synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization techniques in elucidating the interfacial metallurgical reactions and strengthening-toughening mechanisms of Al/steel joints. By utilizing synchrotron radiation X-ray two-dimensional imaging,micro-tomography,and diffraction techniques,in-situ observations are achieved for the heterogeneous dissolution of steel,interfacial diffusion reactions,solidification behavior during Al/steel-liquid/solid interfacial reactions,as well as the deformation behavior of joints under load. These studies have provided deep insights into the growth kinetics and three-dimensional morphological evolution mechanisms of tongue-shaped Fe2Al5,irregular FeAl3,and faceted Si phases at Al/steel interfaces. Furthermore,the geometric morphology and spatial distribution characteristics of pores are remodelled,the evolution of residual stress distribution in components is characterized in-situ,and the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous components under loading conditions are clarified. Synchrotron radiation techniques overcome the limitations of traditional two-dimensional static characterization,providing dynamic experimental data for understanding the dissolution-diffusion-solidification processes and damage behavior under load at Al/steel interfaces. Future work should focus on in-situ studies of the metallurgical and mechanical behaviors at Al/steel interfaces under multi-field coupling or complex extreme conditions,as well as the development of intelligent in-situ characterization platforms.

Al/steel dissimilar material  /  synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization  /  microstructure and defect  /  residual stress  /  deformation behavior
黄冠, 杨俊朝, 丁宗业, 黎海兵, 朱文博, 纠永涛, 路全彬, 龙伟民, 胡侨丹. 基于同步辐射原位表征的铝/钢异质材料界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (1) : 30 -45 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435
Guan HUANG, Junchao YANG, Zongye DING, Haibing LI, Wenbo ZHU, Yongtao JIU, Quanbin LU, Weimin LONG, Qiaodan HU. Research progress in interfacial microstructure,defect evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al/steel dissimilar materials based on synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (1) : 30 -45 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435
铝合金因其优异的比强度,良好的延展性、耐腐蚀性以及导热性能,在航空航天和汽车工业中得到广泛应用[1]。钢材则具有高强度、高韧性、优异的耐疲劳性和高温性能,常被用作建筑、交通运输及工业装备等领域的核心结构材料。铝/钢复合结构兼具高比强度、高刚度和轻量化优势,同时保持了良好的导热性能,在汽车工业与航空领域展现出广阔的应用前景[2]。铝/钢复合方式主要包括机械连接(如铆接和螺栓连接)、胶接以及冶金连接(如焊接)等。其中,液/固复合技术因具有生产效率高、热影响区小、接头强度高等优点,已成为铝/钢异质材料连接研究的重点方向。该技术涵盖钎焊、激光焊、钨极惰性气体保护焊(tungsten inert gas welding,TIG welding)、熔化极惰性气体保护焊(metal inert gas welding,MIG welding)、堆焊、电弧增材制造以及铸渗等多种工艺[3]。
铝/钢-液/固复合过程主要包括低熔点金属熔化、高熔点金属溶解、界面扩散反应与凝固行为。溶解行为对界面扩散与凝固组织具有显著影响,而溶解过程中液态铝/钢界面形状、扩散反应过程中界面金属间化合物(intermetallic compounds,IMCs)的形成以及冷却过程中凝固组织的析出,共同决定了铝/钢异质材料界面的结合性能[4]。因此,研究加热过程中的溶解与扩散反应以及冷却过程中的凝固行为,揭示界面化合物与凝固组织的形成与演化机制,对调控铝/钢界面组织与性能至关重要。
以往研究多采用快淬截断和二维静态微结构表征方法对铝/钢-液/固复合界面反应与微观组织进行分析。然而,由于缺乏溶解、扩散反应与冷却过程的动态演变信息,且二维形貌无法真实反映三维空间结构,限制了人们对界面化合物与凝固组织演化机制的深入理解[5]。近年来,同步辐射(synchrotron radiation,SR)X射线成像、衍射与微观断层扫描技术凭借高分辨率、高穿透力和无损检测等优势,适用于金属材料内部结构演化的观察,已成为研究金属凝固、焊接、增材制造与变形过程的有效表征手段。Feng等[6]利用同步辐射X射线原位观察了铝合金凝固过程中初生相Fe4Al13晶体的生长过程,发现Fe4Al13晶体中经常出现生长孪晶。重复形成的孪晶面促进了晶体沿优先方向的各向异性生长,形成了高长宽比的片状结构;当Fe4Al13以垂直于优先方向的层状孪晶生长时,长宽比降低。Vitoshkin等[7]利用同步辐射X射线衍射(synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction,SRXRD)精确分析了通过CO2激光焊接技术连接的Ti-6Al-V和Al-Cu-Li异种合金接头各区域的相组成以及这些相在不同焊接条件下的分布情况,识别出了常规X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)难以识别的轻元素相(含Li相)和低浓度相。激光束偏移1.0 mm时,界面处形成的1 μm厚TiAl3金属间化合物层提升了接头力学性能。Zhao等[8]利用同步辐射高能X射线成像和衍射技术对激光粉末床熔融(laser powder bed fusion,LPBF)过程进行实时监测,实现了对LPBF过程中多物理场(熔池流体动力学、颗粒运动、凝固、相变)的原位定量解析,为阐明缺陷形成机制和工艺优化提供了直接实验依据。Zhu等[9]通过原位数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)和同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术(synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography,SR-μCT)对镍基高温合金在不同热处理条件下的拉伸变形和断裂行为进行分析,并进行了三维孔隙缺陷表征、应变与孔隙分布的关联性验证以及断裂机制的微观解析,为镍基高温合金的损伤机理研究提供了关键实验依据。因此,利用同步辐射X射线成像、衍射与微观断层扫描技术原位研究铝/钢-液/固复合过程中的溶解、扩散反应与凝固行为,是深入揭示铝/钢界面组织演化机制的重要途径和前沿方向。
为提升铝/钢异质构件的使用性能,还需建立材料成分-工艺-组织-性能之间的关联。合理选用焊接材料[10]和中间层[11]可抑制铝/钢界面Fe-Al金属间化合物的过度生长,从而提高接头抗拉强度;此外,优化焊接工艺参数有助于降低焊缝脆性、减少气孔与残余应力等缺陷[12],改善焊缝与母材的结合质量[13],进而提高接头强度。随着铝/钢异质构件服役工况趋于苛刻与环境极端化,深入揭示荷载条件下铝/钢异质结构的强韧化机制,进一步提升其强度与韧性,已成为当前面临的重要挑战。目前,同步辐射X射线衍射与微观断层扫描技术为研究金属材料变形过程中的力学行为与裂纹形成、扩展提供了有效手段。Da Silva等[14]利用高能同步辐射X射线技术,实时监测了珠光体钢在剪切应变作用下的晶格应变、织构演变及相分数变化。通过Rietveld精修方法,对Debye-Scherrer衍射环所反映的物相演化进行了定量分析,确认了在高应变条件下渗碳体发生的非晶化/分解现象。此外,采用Stokes-Wilson方法计算了晶格微应变,揭示了BCC-α相和正交θ相在变形过程中的各向异性特征。Xue等[15]通过同步辐射X射线二维成像实现了对β钛合金内部裂纹萌生与扩展全过程的多尺度动态监测,发现裂纹前端呈非自然的线性形态。此外,借助微观断层扫描技术重构了裂纹扩展的三维形貌,观察到不均匀及多面扩展现象,确定了其三阶段扩展模式。因此,同步辐射原位表征技术已成为探究金属材料塑性变形与断裂机制的有效方法,亟须在铝/钢异质结构界面力学特性与强韧化机制研究中加以应用。
综上所述,借助同步辐射X射线二维成像、微观断层扫描及衍射技术,能够获取成型过程中微观组织、缺陷以及变形过程中应力-应变的动态演变信息。通过三维渲染技术重构组织缺陷与裂纹的复杂形态,从而深入揭示界面组织演化机制、金属材料塑性变形及断裂机制。本文围绕同步辐射大科学装置在铝/钢异质材料连接中的应用,阐述同步辐射X射线二维成像、微观断层扫描与衍射技术的工作原理,重点综述该技术在原位揭示铝/钢-液/固复合过程中钢材非均匀溶解、界面扩散反应与凝固组织演变方面的研究进展,总结荷载条件下铝/钢异质结构力学行为与裂纹形成和扩展的机制,并对同步辐射原位表征辅助铝/钢异质材料连接研究的未来发展方向进行了展望。
同步辐射是指接近光速的带电粒子在磁场作用下沿环形轨迹运动时,沿切线方向发射出的高强度电磁辐射[16]。其产生依赖于大型加速器装置:电子首先在直线加速器中被初步加速,随后进入增强器提升至额定能量,最终注入存储环。当这些接近光速的高能电子在存储环中受到弯转磁铁或插入件(如波荡器或扭摆器)的磁场作用时,运动轨迹发生偏转。电子在加速(包括曲线运动)过程中会沿切线方向辐射出宽谱电磁波[17]。图1(a)为同步辐射光源的结构示意图[18]。与常规光源相比,同步辐射具有以下显著优势:(1)高亮度,其亮度可比常规光源高数个数量级;(2)宽谱范围,辐射光谱覆盖从红外到硬X射线的宽广区域,为多种谱学与成像技术提供理想光源;(3)高度偏振,为研究样品的各向异性提供有力手段;(4)脉冲时间结构,有助于开展物质的动态过程研究[19]。这些独特性能使同步辐射能够原位、实时地探测材料的微观结构动态演变过程,可在原子/纳米尺度揭示传统破坏性表征方法(如金相分析、熔融液体倾倒法)难以捕捉的瞬态信息。例如,在金属凝固研究中,同步辐射可实现熔体结构演化及固/液界面动力学的直接动态观测,克服了常规方法仅能提供过程终点静态快照的局限性[20]。非原位观察方法虽可通过对同一样品进行序列化增量处理,并在各阶段中断后实施观察,从而在一定程度上模拟连续演变过程,但仍存在难以避免的定位误差与样品损伤问题。图1(b),(c)展示了非原位与原位观察过程的示意图[21]。相比之下,基于同步辐射的原位表征技术能够有效保持样品在连续演变过程中的完整性,显著减少因过程中断而导致的数据偏差。
同步辐射X射线二维成像技术利用高亮度、高相干性的X射线穿透样品,由于样品内部不同区域对X射线的吸收系数或引起的相位移动存在差异,通过探测器记录透射光束的强度或波前畸变分布,从而生成反映样品内部结构的二维图像[22-23]。该成像方法主要涵盖吸收成像和相衬成像两种类型[24]。吸收成像通过不同物质对X射线吸收能力的差异来实现成像。X射线穿透物体后的光束强度(I)可用Beer-Lambert定律描述[25]:
I=I0∙e-μρd
式中:I0为初始入射X射线的强度;μ为元素的吸收系数;ρ为物体的密度;d为物体的厚度。另外,μ与X射线的波长λ以及元素的原子序数Z有关,其关系式如下[26]:
μ=Kλ3Z4
相衬成像技术基于X射线穿过样品后所引发的折射效应,使得平面波前发生畸变,从而形成图像。不同物质会导致不同的相位衬度,X射线的相位变化φ可表示为[27]:
φ=-reλ∫Mρdz
式中:re为电子半径;λ为X射线波长;ρ为电子密度。重元素对X射线的吸收系数较大,常利用吸收衬度成像。而轻元素吸收系数较小,常用相位衬度成像[28]。近年来,科研人员将同步辐射X射线二维成像技术应用于动态过程(如温度、磁场变化等)的实时分析,对金属材料或异质金属在加热与冷却过程中的组织演变行为进行原位表征,为揭示相关机理提供了直接依据。Li等[29]采用该技术实时监测了铝合金的凝固过程,发现外部热扰动会引起枝晶生长界面的失稳,进而诱发柱状晶向等轴晶的转变。此外,在凝固过程中还观察到了无主轴柱状枝晶的生长现象,其二级枝晶臂排列更为紧密。Wang等[30]采用同步辐射X射线二维成像原位研究了Al/Cu异质金属的熔化与凝固过程,明确了α-Al枝晶在富Al侧的生长行为,并将其生长过程划分为3个阶段。
同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术(SR-μCT)是一种基于投影重建原理的三维无损表征方法,其技术核心在于利用高亮度X射线穿透样品时,因样品内部结构引起的局部吸收系数差异(遵循Beer-Lambert定律)或相位扰动效应,在探测器平面形成一系列二维投影图像。通过精确控制样品旋转并采集不同角度(通常为0°~180°或360°)下的投影序列,可借助计算机断层重建算法重构出样品内部的三维结构[31]。凭借卓越的时空分辨率,同步辐射计算机断层扫描技术有力推动了原位测试技术的发展。该技术可通过引入外部激励(如机械应力、热场、磁场、湿度等)模拟材料真实服役环境,并实时追踪微观结构的动态响应与演化。目前,研究人员已利用微观断层扫描技术揭示了材料成型过程中晶体的生长行为以及服役过程中裂纹的萌生与扩展机制,为金属材料加工相关的基础理论研究提供了关键信息。Limodin等[32-33]通过X射线微观断层扫描技术研究了铝合金枝晶凝固过程中的实时微观结构演变,发现了两种枝晶粗化机制:一是较小二次枝晶臂优先发生重熔,释放的溶质通过液相扩散至相邻较粗的枝晶臂,促进其择优生长;二是几何位置邻近的二次枝晶臂通过根部固相桥接实现聚结,伴随枝晶臂间液相通道的逐渐填充与尖端合并,最终实现拓扑结构的优化。由此可见,同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术实现了对金属合金凝固组织三维形态动态演变的原位表征,为深入揭示复杂合金体系中的组织演化机制提供了不可替代的实验依据。
同步辐射X射线衍射(SRXRD)是基于布拉格定律、用于分析材料晶体结构的先进表征技术[34]。当波长为λ的X射线以入射角θ照射晶体时,若满足布拉格定律nλ=2dsinθ,则在与入射方向成2θ角处产生衍射峰。通过精确测定衍射峰位置2θ,可反推出晶面间距d。通过探测同步辐射X射线与晶体材料相互作用产生的衍射谱图,能够解析材料的晶体结构、相组成、晶格应变、取向分布等关键信息[35]。同步辐射X射线衍射主要包括劳厄X射线微衍射与高能X射线衍射[36]。劳厄X射线微衍射是近20年来逐渐发展成熟的一项关键微区表征技术,专门用于微米乃至亚微米尺度材料的晶体学分析。该技术通过白色光束线经Kirkpatrick-Baez(KB)镜聚焦后照射样品,所生成的衍射信号由探测器进行记录。劳厄X射线微衍射对位错、孪晶等晶格缺陷极为敏感,在研究金属材料变形行为方面具有显著优势[37]。高能X射线衍射则采用特定尺寸的入射光束,使其通过狭缝后照射样品并产生衍射信号。直射光束由光束挡板阻挡,而衍射X射线则由后方探测器接收,最终通过信号整合形成完整的衍射谱图,从而获取包括亚微米尺度晶体结构、晶格取向分布及晶格应力变化在内的晶体学信息。
综上所述,同步辐射原位表征技术为研究铝/钢界面组织演变及其力学行为提供了强有力的技术支撑。在铝/钢异质界面结合过程中,界面冶金反应主要涉及Fe2Al5、FeAl3等金属间化合物及富Si相的形成与生长。此外,焊接过程中产生的气孔缺陷和残余应力也会显著影响接头的性能。然而,目前关于界面组织的形成与演化机制、气孔与残余应力对界面性能的影响及其调控机制的研究仍不够深入,因此有必要借助同步辐射原位技术开展更为系统的研究工作。另外,在服役条件下,铝/钢接头在变形过程中会引发裂纹的萌生、扩展乃至最终断裂,同步辐射X射线原位表征技术为深入揭示接头在变形过程中的力学行为与损伤机理提供了关键手段。
铝和钢的热物理性质差异较大,且Fe在Al中的固溶度较低,在铝/钢界面处易形成硬脆的舌状Fe2Al5和非规则FeAl3金属间化合物。然而,先前研究对于Fe2Al5和FeAl3金属间化合物是在加热过程中形成还是在冷却过程中形成,初生相是Fe2Al5还是FeAl3化合物及其生长机制均无统一结论[38-40],近年来,已有研究借助同步辐射原位表征技术对Fe2Al5和FeAl3的形成顺序与生长机制进行了初步探索。Ding等[41]利用同步辐射X射线二维成像技术原位研究了Al/Fe界面组织演变行为,发现在加热过程初期固态Fe逐渐向液态Al中扩散溶解,随后Fe2Al5金属间化合物首先在液态Al/固态Fe界面处,呈现舌状形貌;而点状、针状与板状FeAl3金属间化合物相继在冷却过程中的液态Al/固态Fe2Al5化合物界面处形成,如图2所示。因此,铝/钢异质界面成型过程主要包括加热与冷却过程,组织演变涉及基体的溶解、加热与冷却过程组织的形成与生长,其组织主要有Fe2Al5化合物、FeAl3化合物与富Si相,且Fe2Al5化合物在加热过程中形成,而FeAl3化合物在冷却阶段形成。
Ding等[42]采用同步辐射X射线成像技术研究了Al/Fe界面在加热过程中的非均匀溶解行为,发现液-固界面形状由平面状→波浪状→平面状转变,如图3(a)所示。此外,通过EBSD分析与第一性原理计算,发现Fe基体不存在择优晶体取向,呈现出典型的(001)、(110)与(111)晶面特征。不同晶面的表面能有所差异,表现出不同的表面稳定性(λ):λ(110)>λ(001)>λ(111)(图3(b)),说明具有(111)晶面的Fe表面更容易发生溶解,其溶解速率大于其他晶面,从而建立了基体晶体取向与表面溶解速率和界面形状演变间的关联性。在保温初期,垂直界面的扩散通量(J1、J2与J3)占主导作用,导致界面形状呈现波浪状,随着保温时间的延长,熔体中的溶质趋于饱和,平行于界面的扩散通量J4作用凸显,界面又趋于平面状,如图3(c)所示。在溶解后期,由于Fe饱和,Fe2Al5金属间化合物开始在界面形核并生长,但化合物层较薄。
关于铝/钢界面处Fe2Al5金属间化合物的形成,以往研究表明其在界面反应过程中倾向于在靠近钢的一侧优先形核并生长,形貌多呈舌状。该形貌特征主要归因于Al在Fe2Al5中的扩散速率高于Fe在Al中的扩散速率[43]。然而,Zhang等[44]在纯Fe/纯Al界面研究中发现,扩散反应初期首先形成的是不规则形状的Fe4Al13金属间化合物。Yu等[45]指出Fe2Al5化合物的厚度对峰值温度更为敏感,其敏感性远高于对温度梯度与冷却时间的响应;同时,添加Si元素可有效抑制Fe2Al5相的过度生长,使其形貌由锯齿形转变为平坦状,原因在于Si原子占据了Fe2Al5晶体结构中的c轴位置。Zhang等[46]进一步研究发现,铝/钢焊接界面处Fe2Al5化合物的厚度和晶粒尺寸随焊接热输入的增加而增大,形貌趋于有序,并遵循“形核→快速生长→缓慢生长”的三阶段生长模式。
借助同步辐射X射线二维成像技术,Pasche等[47]与Zhang等[48]通过实验验证Fe2Al5化合物均首先形成于加热过程。Pasche等[47]通过同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术研究了973 K(700 ℃)条件下Al-Fe扩散系统界面处Fe2Al5金属间化合物的形成和生长行为,发现Fe2Al5以典型的舌状结构向铁基体内部生长。其生长分为两个阶段,包括初期快速纵向生长和后期缓慢横向增厚。反应初期扩散机制有利于舌状Fe2Al5化合物的快速生长,而在反应后期铁基体显著变形增加了晶界密度,且晶界扩散在低温条件下占主导地位,促进了Fe2Al5化合物的增厚。此外,铁基体的变形还导致铁晶粒结构在舌状结构附近变得更为细薄,进一步促进Fe2Al5化合物的增厚过程。Ding等[41]采用同步辐射实时成像技术,研究了高温保温及凝固阶段Al/Fe界面处金属间化合物的生长行为,发现Fe2Al5化合物的生长包含4个阶段。在第Ⅰ阶段,舌状Fe2Al5相生长到固体Fe中,伴随着Fe2Al5层生长到熔体中而不溶解。在第Ⅱ阶段,Fe2Al5相开始溶解到熔体中,导致Fe2Al5相的生长速度增加,K值比第一阶段高。在第Ⅲ至第Ⅳ阶段,由于Al原子在Fe2Al5相中的长扩散距离和不饱和度降低,导致K值较低,表明其生长动力学受初期扩散和中期溶解的协同调控。Zhang等[48]采用同步辐射X射线成像技术原位研究了保温阶段Al-xSi/Fe-液/固界面Fe2Al5金属间化合物的生长和溶解行为,发现Fe2Al5相在液态Al-xSi/固态Fe界面生成,同时Fe2Al5溶解到液态Al-xSi中形成溶解层,其厚度存在生长与溶解的竞争关系。添加Si元素抑制了Fe2Al5化合物的纵向生长,使其形貌由舌状转变为平面形态,如图4所示,这是由于Si原子占据空位导致Al在Fe2Al5中的扩散系数减小以及Fe2Al5中细小的Al3Fe3Si2颗粒的抑制作用所致。此外,添加Si元素显著影响Fe2Al5化合物的溶解速率,但这种影响仅限于保温阶段前期。综上可知,铝/钢界面处Fe2Al5化合物的生长是一个包含扩散主导的快速生长和后续溶解过程的复杂行为,表现出明显的多阶段生长特征,其机制并非单一的反应控制、体扩散或界面控制;同时,工艺参数和合金元素等因素对其最终厚度与形貌具有显著影响。
深入理解不规则FeAl3金属间化合物的形成与生长动力学,对于调控铝/钢界面组织具有重要意义。He等[49]研究发现,在700 ℃时Al/Fe界面处形成的金属间化合物为单层FeAl3相。随着温度升高,界面化合物层由靠近钢侧的Fe2Al5、中间层FeAl2以及靠近铝侧的FeAl3相共同组成。FeAl3化合物层厚度随温度变化也随之改变:在700 ℃时较厚,在800~900 ℃范围内较薄,而在950~1000 ℃时略有增厚。Cao等[50]认为,冷却方式对铝/钢界面化合物的厚度、形貌及形成难易程度均存在影响。FeAl3化合物的形成机制主要包括两种途径:一是铝与Fe2Al5发生反应生成,二是铝与铁直接反应生成。Dangi等[51]在6061铝合金与铁基体界面处观察到FeAl3的形成与溶解同时发生,导致其在反应后期厚度减小。Zhang等[52]发现,界面化合物层的厚度和形貌与焊接热输入密切相关:随着激光线能量的增加,FeAl3相由点状逐渐转变为针状,并朝向铝焊缝方向生长,且金属间化合物层的整体厚度增加。通过对以往文献分析可知,界面FeAl3层的厚度和形貌受温度、时间及热输入等因素的影响显著,然而关于FeAl3化合物的形成机制及其不规则形貌的生长动力学,目前尚未明确。
Ding等[41]采用同步辐射X射线成像技术原位观察冷却过程中的Fe/Al界面反应,发现FeAl3相仅在凝固阶段通过Fe2Al5+Al(液相)→点状FeAl3的包析反应形成,经历了“层状→点状→针状→片状”的形态演变,如图5(a)所示。Zhang等[53]采用同步X射线断层扫描技术,研究了Al/Fe界面处FeAl3晶体的三维形态及其生长机制。研究发现,FeAl3的形成和生长受冷却速率、晶体学特性及界面生长动力学等多种因素的综合影响。在较低冷却速率下,由于过冷度较小,FeAl3的生长主要取决于晶体结构或热力学性质,其晶体呈非孪晶形态,形貌表现为多面体柱状或厚板状。然而,在较高冷却速率下,孪晶生长机制对FeAl3的形状起主导作用,FeAl3晶体呈现为(001)孪晶或(100)/(201¯)多重孪晶,形貌则转变为横向对称且表面起伏的带状或周向对称的辐射枝晶,如图5(b)所示。此时,生长模式从小面生长转变为非小面生长,这是由于高冷却速率导致相变驱动力增加,进而使生长界面过冷度增大。值得注意的是,FeAl3晶体始终沿[010]晶向优先生长。
Feng等[54]利用同步辐射X射线成像研究了温度梯度、冷却速率和添加剂(TiB2和TiC)对过共晶Al-3Fe合金凝固过程中初生富铁金属间化合物(Fe4Al13)形成的影响,发现添加TiB2和TiC均导致Fe4Al13的数量、密度和平均形成速率增加。究其原因,添加TiB2提供了额外的形核位点使Fe4Al13优先成核。在定向凝固条件下,随着热梯度的增加,IMCs密度和平均形成速率显著下降。在近等温水平凝固条件下,IMCs的数量、密度及平均形成速率均高于定向凝固。这主要归因于该条件下具有最大的过冷熔体区域(undercooled zone,UZ)范围和最大可用过冷量(ΔTmax)。在此条件下,随着冷却速率的提高,IMCs的数量、密度和平均形成速率进一步增加,其原因是冷却速率的增大导致UZ的扩展。相比之下,在定向凝固过程中,IMCs的形成对冷却速率的敏感度显著降低,这是由于所施加的温度梯度削弱了UZ并降低了ΔTmax。
综上所述,FeAl3相的形成主要通过两种机制实现:一是液态铝与Fe2Al5发生包析反应(Fe2Al5+Al(液)→FeAl3),二是铝与铁直接反应(Al+Fe→FeAl3),该过程始终伴随形成与溶解的竞争。FeAl3相的形态演变主要受冷却速率的影响,其核心影响因素包括温度、冷却速率、添加剂成分、热梯度、焊接热输入及冷却方式等。FeAl3的形成与形貌演变由热力学驱动力、界面动力学行为及晶体学特性共同调控。
富Si相常出现于铝/钢界面,然而目前借助同步辐射原位表征技术研究富Si相形成与生长机制的报道相对较少。但是对于Al-Si合金中富Si相的同步辐射原位研究已取得一定进展。鉴于铝/钢界面处富Si相与Al-Si合金中富Si相具有相似的生长特征,后者的研究成果可为前者提供重要的理论借鉴[55-56]。借助静态表征方法,以往文献研究了八面体生长模式及孪晶面再入角(twin plane re-entrant edge,TPRE)生长模式下富Si相沿〈111〉方向的生长速度,确定了八面体富Si相〈100〉与〈111〉方向的生长比。然而,传统的光学显微镜(optical microscope,OM)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和对齐蒙太奇序列切片等非原位表征方法很难对Si相的几何形状进行定量分析[57-59];对于孪晶Si相〈112〉晶向沿双晶方向的生长速度研究不足,八面体Si相的生长机制仍未知,关于初生Si在过共晶Al-Si合金中的形核和生长动力学的定量实验研究仍然缺乏。目前,同步辐射X射线成像与微观断层扫描技术为富Si相形核及生长行为的可视化研究提供了有效手段。
Wang等[60]采用同步辐射X射线断层扫描技术对富Si相的三维形态进行定量表征,发现八面体和孪晶尖晶石是其典型形貌。在相对稳定的凝固环境下(如中等冷却速率),各向异性生长平衡,Si相呈现规则八面体形状。对于孪晶Si相,TPRE生长机制为主导,促进了〈112〉方向的快速生长。由于{111}晶面Jackson因子(2.67)>2,呈现小平面生长形态,而{112}和{100}晶面Jackson因子<2,表现出连续非小平面生长,最终形成孪晶Si相。然而,完美孪晶生长受凝固条件扰动(如热传递、溶质扩散或流动对流)而难以保持。具体而言,在中低冷却速率下溶质扩散稳定,各向异性均衡,颗粒形貌趋于规则;而在高冷却速率下热扰动与对流导致生长不稳定性,有利于形成片状形貌。此外,相邻颗粒生长至接触时,界面溶质富集会改变局部过冷度,从而抑制特定方向生长。在Wang等[61]的另一项研究中,发现最可能的颗粒形态总是具有0.85的形状因子,呈现出正八面体或孪晶形状,与先前的研究结果一致。此外,他们创新性地提出了生长过渡模型来描述富Si相的生长机制,分析了八面体和孪晶Si的内在联系,认为八面体和孪晶形态的富Si相都是从所谓的小平面生长单元过渡而来的,小平面生长单元具有正半八面体的形态,并从球形成核演变而来,如图6所示,这种生长机制本质上是由于富Si相各晶面的Jackson因子会随凝固的进行而变化,且形成何种形态的Si相取决于局部条件(如相邻组织约束、溶质场、热流等)的影响。此外,规则八面体与孪晶形态的富Si相具有几乎相同的形状因子,表明它们在拓扑结构上是等价的。然而,受凝固环境复杂性影响,混合形态是富Si相最常见的最终形态。Xu等[62]利用原位成像技术对过共晶Al-Si(-Cu)合金近等温熔体凝固过程中的组织演变进行了实时观察,研究了不同冷却速率下富Si相的形核、生长速度和形貌发展。结果发现,提高冷却速率导致富Si相的形核速率增加,减缓晶体生长,扩大了富Si相的形核温度范围,从而促进了Si相细化。同时,最小形核过冷度也随冷却速率的增大而增加。较高的冷却速率可能会导致较高的形核过冷度,进而提高富Si相的峰值生长速度。但冷却速率的变化并没有改变富Si相的分枝生长机制,只是缩短了分支长度,减少了侧板的形成。Xu等[63]利用同步辐射X射线原位表征技术研究了P变质处理对过共晶Al-Si(-Cu)合金等温凝固过程中富Si相形核动力学的影响,发现添加P降低了富Si相的形核过冷度,形成了AlP颗粒成为高效形核基底,从而提高了富Si相的形核速率和数量密度。此外,较高的冷却速率可以提高峰值形核速率,并扩大富Si相的形核温度范围,从而使富Si相的数量密度增加,且冷却速率对P变质合金的影响更为显著。在Xu等[64]的另一项研究中,建立了一个由扩散控制的生长模型来模拟板状富Si相的生长,并实时观察到添加P降低了富Si相的分枝能力和生长速度,使其形貌从星形、多片相互连接的片状转变为更加致密、规则的块状和单个片状,很少观察到富Si相的多个分支。随着冷却速率的增加,Si颗粒尺寸和长径比呈减小趋势。P变质处理降低了形核过冷度,同时形成AlP颗粒提供高效异质形核位点,导致单位面积内富Si相数量增加。此外,P变质导致溶质阻碍效应增强(高密度Si颗粒导致Si耗尽区重叠,熔体中Si溶质浓度显著下降),有效抑制了富Si相的生长,使其生长速度显著下降。
综上所述,富Si相的形核主要受控于过冷度:添加P元素能够显著降低形核所需的过冷度,提升形核密度;而增加冷却速率则可拓宽形核温度范围,提高形核速率,从而有效促进富Si相的细化。其生长过程主要由晶面各向异性主导:{111}面因Jackson因子大于2而呈现小平面生长模式,而{112}和{100}面则表现为连续的非小平面生长。孪晶诱导的TPRE机制促使〈112〉方向迅速延伸,形成孪晶凹角或星状分枝形貌。在低、中冷却速率条件下,溶质扩散相对稳定,有利于形成规则的八面体或孪晶形态;而在高冷却速率下,热扰动与溶质对流会破坏TPRE机制的完整性,导致片状分枝或混合形态的出现。此外,P元素的添加进一步抑制分枝生长,通过增强溶质阻碍作用,使富Si相形貌从多分支片状转变为致密块状或单片状。
异种材料间因强度与热膨胀系数不匹配易产生残余应力,进而在界面处诱发微裂纹和空洞,成为裂纹扩展的主要诱因[65]。相比传统实验室X射线衍射方法,同步辐射X射线衍射技术是一种能够对工程材料及关键构件中的残余应力进行无损、原位精确表征的有效方法[66]。Jun等[67]利用同步辐射X射线精确测量了不同铝合金与镍合金摩擦焊接头处的晶面间距,并推导出弹性应变。该研究采用双探测器设置,同步采集两个近似垂直方向的晶格应变信息,并基于胡克定律或Sin²ψ法计算出残余应力。Sisodia等[68]借助该技术测量了电子束焊接高强度钢接头顶部不同位置的纵向与横向残余应力,发现远离焊缝的区域存在较高的残余压应力,此类压应力易转变为指向焊趾的拉应力,该结果为焊接工艺优化提供了重要数据支持。Agudo等[69]采用同步辐射X射线衍射结合Sin²ψ法,对冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)焊接铝/钢接头的纵向和横向残余应力进行了测量,发现钢板母材在纵、横方向均表现为压应力,而在钢与铝合金的热影响区(heat affected zone,HAZ)则为拉应力。此外,由于铝合金的高导热性,相较于钢,其受拉应力影响的区域更广。Bernardi等[70]利用同步辐射X射线衍射并结合锥形狭缝单元,突破了传统方法的局限,揭示了填充搅拌摩擦点焊(refill friction stir spot welding,refill FSSW)铝接头沿厚度方向的非均匀应力分布,为阐明应力起源、材料流动与疲劳失效机制之间的关联提供了关键实验依据,该技术显著提升了焊接接头可靠性评估与寿命预测模型的准确性。综上可得,同步辐射原位表征技术能够实现对异质材料内部及界面区域三维空间中残余应力分布的无损、精确与原位测量,为揭示失效机制、优化连接工艺与评估结构可靠性提供了关键数据支撑。
气孔是合金熔焊中常见的缺陷,其存在会减小构件的有效承载面积、引起应力集中,从而降低接头强度,并促进疲劳裂纹的萌生。Springer等[71]研究发现,低碳钢与纯铝焊接接头的抗拉强度受反应层/铝界面上形成的Kirkendall气孔影响,而低碳钢与Al-5%(质量分数)Si接头的抗拉强度则主要受Fe2Al5层厚度的控制。喻程等[72]采用同步辐射X射线成像技术对7020-T651铝合金熔焊接头内部的微气孔进行了精细表征,获取了气孔的尺寸、球度、形貌及其分布信息,揭示了气孔的空间分布规律,发现提高焊接速率可降低整个接头内部气孔的总体积分数,但对气孔形貌和位置分布的影响较小。该研究为优化焊接工艺和接头服役性能的评估提供了理论依据。宋哲等[73]利用同步辐射X射线三维高精度原位成像技术,识别并统计了激光复合焊接7020铝合金接头中的气孔数量、形貌、尺寸及空间分布特征,进一步通过同步辐射X射线三维原位疲劳测试,结合疲劳断口形貌,揭示了裂纹源处气孔尺寸、应力水平与疲劳寿命之间的定量关系。Chen等[74]采用原位同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术,表征了激光焊接Al-Li合金对接接头焊缝内部微孔和裂纹的演化行为,发现裂纹主要沿等轴晶区扩展,而非微孔密集区域。等轴晶区作为焊接接头中最薄弱区域,其硬度最低,晶界处存在严重元素偏析和连续网状共晶结构,导致局部力学性能下降。此外,该区域内的细小等轴晶粒以及两侧显著的微观结构和硬度梯度进一步加剧了应力集中,从而促进了裂纹的萌生。研究结果表明,裂纹萌生位置由等轴晶区与表面缺陷之间的竞争机制决定。Zielinski等[75]借助同步辐射X射线成像与微观断层扫描技术,研究了高应变率下Al-Cu磁脉冲焊接接头的局部力学行为,发现存在初始裂纹的焊接试样在载荷增加时会在界面间形成开口,从而影响整体力学性能;而界面无可见损伤的接头则未出现此类开口现象。
在长期服役过程中,铝/钢异质构件承受循环载荷作用,其接头界面处的脆性金属间化合物层及气孔缺陷区域容易萌生疲劳裂纹,进而降低构件的使用寿命[76]。因此,揭示铝/钢接头中裂纹的萌生与扩展机制,明确其影响因素,成为提升构件服役性能的关键。同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描技术作为表征缺陷复杂三维形态的有效工具,能够提供传统二维显微技术难以获取的信息,已成为研究裂纹萌生与扩展行为的重要手段。
Padilla等[77]采用同步辐射X射线微观断层扫描结合图像分析技术,系统研究了水下湿法焊接低碳钢接头焊缝金属中裂纹的三维形貌特征与分布规律,发现裂纹形成机制为氢脆主导与残余应力驱动。水下湿法焊接过程中,水分子在高温下分解产生大量氢原子并渗入焊缝金属;氢在晶界或缺陷处聚集,削弱原子间结合力,诱发脆性断裂。冷却过程中焊道纵向收缩产生高残余应力,在焊缝金属韧性较低的情况下驱动裂纹形核。裂纹主要沿垂直于焊接方向(Y轴)的平面扩展,与焊接收缩主应力方向一致,形成裂纹密集区与无裂纹区交替出现的层状结构。裂纹呈扁平形态且具有高长厚比,表明其沿晶界等薄弱面快速扩展。Wu等[78]利用SR-μCT技术研究了混合激光焊接AA7020-T651铝合金接头中疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展机制,发现疲劳裂纹主要萌生于与角部自由表面相交或近表面的气孔处,这些气孔作为应力集中点在循环载荷作用下优先引发裂纹。此外,焊接中心区域硬度较低,进一步促进了局部塑性变形与裂纹萌生。裂纹扩展可分为稳态扩展与加速扩展两个阶段:先以1/4椭圆形稳定向焊缝内部扩展,整体表现为Ⅰ型开裂,局部受晶界和气孔影响发生偏转,形成曲折前沿。当裂纹前端接近气孔时,局部扩展速率显著提高,但整体扩展速率保持稳定。裂纹闭合效应是影响裂纹扩展行为的核心机制,对裂纹形态的演变具有主导作用,能够解释为何表面扩展加速,而内部扩展却受到晶界的阻滞。在另一项研究中,Wu等[79]发现较大表面缺陷(尺寸大于40 μm的不规则孔隙或气孔)是疲劳裂纹萌生的主要控制因素,其引起的应力集中显著降低了接头的疲劳强度。此外,焊缝中的细等轴晶区因元素偏析(Zn、Cu流失)和低熔点共晶相在晶界析出,成为硬度最低区域,在无表面气孔时可能成为裂纹优先萌生位置。裂纹从表面缺陷萌生后,倾向于沿细等轴晶区或气孔链扩展,并易向邻近大气孔偏转,这是气孔应力场与裂纹尖端场相互作用的结果。裂纹闭合效应在扩展过程中起到关键作用,高闭合水平可降低裂纹尖端的有效应力强度因子范围,从而抑制裂纹扩展。Hu等[80]研究了电弧增材制造(wire arc additive manufacturing,WAAM)2219铝合金在77~523 K温度范围内的变形与损伤机制,发现α-Al与脆性θ(Al2Cu)共晶体的开裂是微孔形核的主要机制,断裂方向垂直于加载轴。WAAM工艺引入的层状分布近球形气孔作为预存缺陷,与共晶诱发的微孔洞共同扩展,形成高孔隙率区域(软化带),成为优先断裂路径。随着温度从523 K降至77 K,断裂模式由穿晶断裂转变为沿晶与穿晶混合断裂,表现出显著的温度依赖性:在低温条件下,剪切作用主导断裂过程,应变高度集中,形成约30°的剪切带,微孔洞沿其迅速聚集,导致韧窝簇呈现不连续分布;而在高温环境中,颈缩现象主导断裂,热激活作用促进位错运动和空洞生长,位错密度显著增加,晶粒明显拉长,并伴随更多微孔洞的形核。Wu等[81]研究了AA2219铝合金电弧焊接接头在拉伸与循环载荷下的失效行为,发现在不同加载条件下接头的损伤失效模式不同。焊缝区存在大量气孔缺陷,并在焊趾和熔池线处聚集分布。熔合线附近存在约200 μm宽的细小等轴晶粒软化区(fine equiaxed zone,FQZ),其纳米压痕硬度显著低于母材,成为拉伸断裂的优先路径。在拉伸载荷的作用下,裂纹萌生于软化区并沿熔合线延伸至最终断裂,此过程中会贯穿焊缝区的气孔缺陷。在疲劳载荷的作用下,裂纹萌生于焊趾表面。焊趾几何不连续性与表面气孔缺陷共同导致局部应力集中,促进裂纹的萌生,但裂纹在热影响区内以Ⅰ型裂纹模式垂直于载荷方向扩展,最终断裂于热影响区而非软化区。由于裂纹尖端循环塑性区(cyclic plastic zone,CPZ)尺寸极小,且焊缝内部气孔距离主裂纹较远,局部应力较低,因此裂纹未向熔合线偏转,也不受焊缝内部大量气孔影响。
综上所述,通过采用同步辐射X射线原位表征技术,深入揭示了异质材料接头内部裂纹的形成与演变过程,并阐明了其受多尺度因素耦合调控的复杂机制。裂纹的萌生主要由氢脆、应力集中(如缺陷与几何形状)及组织弱化等因素主导。裂纹扩展路径受残余应力场、缺陷分布、加载条件和软区导向的共同控制,其扩展速率则取决于裂纹闭合效应、微观组织特征(如晶粒尺寸与强度)以及温度。在裂纹萌生阶段,气孔缺陷起核心作用;而在扩展阶段,微观组织的异质性则具有决定性影响。
国内外学者利用同步辐射原位表征技术,对铝/钢异质构件界面冶金反应、应力-应变状态及缺陷演化机制开展了深入研究。借助同步辐射X射线二维成像、微观断层扫描和衍射等技术,成功揭示了舌状Fe2Al5、不规则FeAl3及富Si相的动态形成过程与三维形貌演变机制,实现了气孔与裂纹等缺陷的原位三维重构与定量分析,明确了残余应力的分布与演化路径,建立了裂纹从萌生到扩展的多尺度失效模型。这些成果为深入理解铝/钢异质材料界面的溶解-扩散-凝固行为及其在服役过程中的强韧化机制与失效机理提供了关键实验依据,对优化连接工艺参数、提升接头强度具有重要指导意义。然而,目前利用同步辐射原位表征技术研究以下方面的文献报道仍相对较少:铝/钢界面复杂多元金属间化合物与富Si相的形成与生长机制;在外场(温度场、电场、磁场及超声场等)作用下界面组织与缺陷的演化行为;铝/钢连接过程中残余应力的动态演变以及荷载条件下界面力学响应、裂纹萌生与扩展及损伤行为。因此,相关机制仍需深入开展系统性研究。随着同步辐射原位表征与铝/钢界面结合技术的快速发展以及铝/钢构件服役工况的极端化,未来基于同步辐射原位表征的铝/钢异质材料界面组织与缺陷演化及变形机制的研究重点应聚焦以下方向:
(1)开发面向极端环境的多场耦合原位实验平台。原位表征装备的缺乏严重限制了同步辐射原位表征技术在铝/钢界面研究中的应用,发展与同步辐射光源相配套的外场(电场、磁场与超声场等)辅助铝/钢界面结合的原位装置、铝/钢异质界面极端制造(激光焊接与冷金属过渡等)的原位装备、集成复杂工况(动态载荷、腐蚀介质与气氛环境等)的原位力学装置与电化学平台,为铝/钢界面行为的实时检测提供装备支撑。
(2)拓展多模态原位联用技术。集成X射线成像、衍射、光谱等多种同步辐射方法,结合自主研制的相应原位实验平台,全面解析铝/钢界面制备过程中组织缺陷形成与演化、极端环境下铝/钢界面变形损伤与疲劳失效以及不同腐蚀环境下异质界面的电化学行为。
(3)引入机器学习加速同步辐射表征数据处理。铝/钢界面同步辐射X射线二维成像数据庞大且组织缺陷复杂多变、三维数据中不同结构间相互交错难以分割,可利用机器学习方法实现图像特征的自动提取与不同物相的智能分割,达成高效、准确的定量统计与结构解析,显著提升数据处理效率与可靠性,是未来研究的重点之一。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52474401)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础基金项目(2023A1515140124)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础基金项目(2025A1515012873)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2026-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
  • 录用日期:2025-09-21
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国家自然科学基金项目(52474401)
广东省基础与应用基础基金项目(2023A1515140124)
广东省基础与应用基础基金项目(2025A1515012873)
作者信息
    1.佛山大学 机电工程与自动化学院,广东 佛山 528225
    2.中国机械总院集团郑州机械研究所有限公司 高性能新型焊接材料全国重点实验室,郑州 450001
    3.上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
    4.宁波中机松兰刀具科技有限公司,浙江 宁波 315700

通讯作者:

丁宗业(1987—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进材料凝固、钎焊、增材制造、同步辐射原位表征等方面的研究,联系地址:河南省郑州市高新技术产业开发区科学大道149号郑州机械研究所(450001),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/clgc/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000435
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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