Article(id=1321490192108736600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321490128967675980, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670860800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1684080000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-05-15, onlineDate=1792997413898, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1768838400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792997413898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792997413898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792997413898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321490128967675980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='259', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768838400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792997398845, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792997398845, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=187, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321490192343617626, articleId=1321490192108736600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging and diffraction are employed to investigate the deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents under uniaxial compression. The as-received magnesium alloy is compressed by 4.3% and 9.4% strain to fabricate twins with different contents, the pre-compressed and as-received magnesium alloys are subjected to uniaxial compression under the same condition, and the macroscale stress-strain curves, mesoscale deformation imaging sequence, and microscale X-ray diffraction patterns are obtained simultaneously. The imaging sequences are analyzed via digital image correlation method to resolve deformation fields, and the X-ray diffraction patterns are integrated to identify deformation twins. The results show that abundant {1012} and {1012}-{1012} twins are activated in the as-received and pre-twined magnesium alloy during uniaxial compression, respectively. Both {1012} and {1012}-{1012} twins can boost the strain hardening rate by slowing the strain localization process. Compared with the 4.3% pre-compressed sample, more {1012}-{1012} twins are formed in the 9.4% pre-compressed sample, leading to higher efficiency in slowing down strain localization, so that the strain hardening rate and its increase rate are at a high value during uniaxial compression.

, authors=Ye WANG1, Lei LU2, authorsList=Ye WANG, Lei LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321490193606103142, articleId=1321490192108736600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=不同孪晶含量Mg-3Al-1Zn合金的变形行为, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用同步辐射X射线原位成像与衍射技术研究了不同孪晶含量的Mg-3Al-1Zn合金在单轴压缩下的变形行为。实验选取原始镁合金及其经应变4.3%和9.4%预压缩得到的具有不同孪晶含量的预制孪晶镁合金作为研究对象,在相同的实验条件下开展单轴压缩实验,加载过程中同时得到宏观尺度应力-应变曲线、细观尺度变形图像和微观尺度X射线衍射图谱。分别对X射线成像图像和X射线衍射图谱进行数字图像相关和积分处理,获得变形场和孪晶变形特征。结果表明,单轴压缩加载下原始镁合金中形成大量的{1012}孪晶,而预制孪晶镁合金样品产生了大量的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶,{1012}孪晶和{1012}-{1012}双孪晶均可以通过减缓应变集中过程促使应变硬化率增加。相较于4.3%预压缩试样,9.4%预压缩试样中形成的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶更多,减缓应变集中的效率更高,使得塑性变形过程中应变硬化率及其增幅均处于较高水平。

, authors=王叶1, 卢磊2, authorsList=王叶, 卢磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢磊(1990—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为材料科学与工程,联系地址:四川省成都市二环路北一段111号机械馆2420(610031),E-mail:
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不同孪晶含量Mg-3Al-1Zn合金的变形行为
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王叶 1 , 卢磊 2
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(1): 187-192
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (1) : 187 -192
不同孪晶含量Mg-3Al-1Zn合金的变形行为
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王叶1, 卢磊2
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 物理科学与技术学院,成都 610031
  • 2.西南交通大学 材料科学与工程学院,成都 610031
通讯作者:
卢磊(1990—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为材料科学与工程,联系地址:四川省成都市二环路北一段111号机械馆2420(610031),E-mail:
Deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents
Ye WANG1, Lei LU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Physical Science and Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
出版时间: 2026-01-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060
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采用同步辐射X射线原位成像与衍射技术研究了不同孪晶含量的Mg-3Al-1Zn合金在单轴压缩下的变形行为。实验选取原始镁合金及其经应变4.3%和9.4%预压缩得到的具有不同孪晶含量的预制孪晶镁合金作为研究对象,在相同的实验条件下开展单轴压缩实验,加载过程中同时得到宏观尺度应力-应变曲线、细观尺度变形图像和微观尺度X射线衍射图谱。分别对X射线成像图像和X射线衍射图谱进行数字图像相关和积分处理,获得变形场和孪晶变形特征。结果表明,单轴压缩加载下原始镁合金中形成大量的{1012}孪晶,而预制孪晶镁合金样品产生了大量的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶,{1012}孪晶和{1012}-{1012}双孪晶均可以通过减缓应变集中过程促使应变硬化率增加。相较于4.3%预压缩试样,9.4%预压缩试样中形成的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶更多,减缓应变集中的效率更高,使得塑性变形过程中应变硬化率及其增幅均处于较高水平。

X射线衍射  /  数字图像相关  /  变形孪晶  /  镁合金

In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging and diffraction are employed to investigate the deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents under uniaxial compression. The as-received magnesium alloy is compressed by 4.3% and 9.4% strain to fabricate twins with different contents, the pre-compressed and as-received magnesium alloys are subjected to uniaxial compression under the same condition, and the macroscale stress-strain curves, mesoscale deformation imaging sequence, and microscale X-ray diffraction patterns are obtained simultaneously. The imaging sequences are analyzed via digital image correlation method to resolve deformation fields, and the X-ray diffraction patterns are integrated to identify deformation twins. The results show that abundant {1012} and {1012}-{1012} twins are activated in the as-received and pre-twined magnesium alloy during uniaxial compression, respectively. Both {1012} and {1012}-{1012} twins can boost the strain hardening rate by slowing the strain localization process. Compared with the 4.3% pre-compressed sample, more {1012}-{1012} twins are formed in the 9.4% pre-compressed sample, leading to higher efficiency in slowing down strain localization, so that the strain hardening rate and its increase rate are at a high value during uniaxial compression.

XRD  /  DIC  /  deformation twinning  /  magnesium alloy
王叶, 卢磊. 不同孪晶含量Mg-3Al-1Zn合金的变形行为. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (1) : 187 -192 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060
Ye WANG, Lei LU. Deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (1) : 187 -192 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060
镁合金因其密排六方结构导致滑移系不足的特性,使得孪晶成为镁合金中重要的塑性变形机制。在众多的孪晶模式中,由于激活{1012}扩展孪晶所需的临界分切应力更小,故其作用更加不可忽视。
早期在AZ31镁合金中引入预制{1012}孪晶的研究表明,{1012}孪晶增强了位错滑移阻力,有效提升了材料的强度[1-3]。Shi等[4]研究了AZ31镁合金中孪晶之间的相互作用对材料力学性能的影响,发现交叉孪晶结构能够抑制孪晶的生长,并且在交叉区域促进新的孪晶成核,最终能够强化材料性能。Wang等[5]研究了预制孪晶对AZ31镁合金板材高应变率变形行为的影响,发现预压缩可以促进AZ31镁合金中多个孪晶变体的激发,其中{1012}孪晶诱导的晶粒细化可以显著提高合金的屈服强度。Pan等[6]沿不同方向对预制孪晶样品进行拉伸加载,探究了{1012}孪晶对材料力学性能的贡献。
通过以上研究,预制孪晶{1012}在加强材料性能方面的表现有目共睹[7],相关学者也尝试解释预制孪晶加强材料力学性能的机理,如孪晶在协调塑性变形的同时以动态再结晶方式优化材料的微观结构,使得材料能够在不损失延性的情况下,拥有更高的强度[8]。然而,预制孪晶{1012}对镁合金力学性能的影响较为复杂,变形过程中涉及{1012}孪晶和{1012}-{1012}双孪晶的共同作用[9],仍需要进一步的研究。
本工作将原始镁合金样品进行不同程度的预压缩,得到两种不同{1012}孪晶含量的预制孪晶镁合金样品,之后对原始样品及2个预制孪晶样品进行单轴压缩加载。在变形过程中记录宏观应力-应变信号的同时使用同步辐射X射线原位成像和衍射装置进行细观和微观尺度的测量,得到样品的真实应力-应变曲线,计算得出相应的应变硬化率曲线,同时使用数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)方法分析得到样品变化的应变场。此外,对衍射图样进行分析,得到不同样品中孪晶含量的变化趋势。结合宏观、细观和微观3个尺度的实验结果分析预压缩产生的孪晶对镁合金变形行为的影响。
为探究预制孪晶对AZ31镁合金变形行为的影响,首先将AZ31板材切割成10 mm×10 mm×20 mm的样品,沿样品RD方向分别进行应变为4.3%和9.4%预压缩以制备不同{1012}孪晶含量的镁合金试样。为方便下文描述,将压缩应变为4.3%和9.4%的试样分别记为PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%。之后将样品在高氯酸与乙醇按体积比1∶4混合的溶液中浸泡30 s,进行蚀刻处理用于后续制备X射线散斑和X射线DIC分析[10]。
本研究使用的实验装置为上海同步辐射光源BL09B线站的原位X射线成像和衍射装置(图1(a))。使用自制的材料试验机以10-3 s-1应变速率对原始试样、PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样进行单轴压缩加载,压缩方向平行于试样TD方向。压缩试样的尺寸均为2.6 mm×2 mm×1 mm,晶体学c轴与压缩方向的相对取向关系如图1(b)所示。单轴压缩试样的同时,进行同步辐射X射线成像和衍射测量。动态调节遮挡X射线的狭缝装置的尺寸,使同步辐射X射线成像和衍射测量时X射线光斑的直径分别约为3 mm和0.6 mm。成像和衍射相机的曝光时间分别为300 ms和500 ms,衍射和成像的帧间隔均为5 s。入射X射线的能量是18 keV。
原始试样、PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样沿TD进行单轴压缩得到的真实应力-应变曲线如图2(a)所示。可以看出,预制孪晶试样PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%的屈服强度分别为138 MPa和126 MPa,远大于原始试样的屈服强度54 MPa,屈服强度的提升主要是预压缩过程中孪晶变形细化晶粒尺寸和塑性变形引起应变硬化两方面因素导致的。PT 4.3%的屈服强度大于PT 9.4%的屈服强度,推测是因为PT 9.4%试样预压缩到第3阶段后孪生变形较彻底,PT9.4%试样中孪晶几乎占据母体晶粒,使得其平均晶粒尺寸大于PT 4.3%试样的平均晶粒尺寸。有关平均晶粒尺寸的猜测是参考了Knezevic等[11]通过电子背散射衍射技术表征得到的不同压缩应变下镁合金AZ31的微观组织形貌,4%压缩应变下观察到大量的透镜状变形孪晶,而8%压缩应变下镁合金AZ31的孪晶变形较为彻底,使得其平均晶粒尺寸高于4%压缩应变下的平均晶粒尺寸。如仅考虑加工硬化,PT 9.4%试样的残余应力水平高于PT 4.3%试样,PT 9.4%试样的屈服强度理应高于PT 4.3%试样,但平均晶粒尺寸较小的PT 4.3%试样发生细晶强化,使得其屈服强度高于PT 9.4%试样。
对真实应力-应变曲线求导,得到3组样品加载过程中的应变硬化率-应变曲线(图2(b))。根据应变硬化率的变化趋势,可以将镁合金的变形分为3个阶段[12]。阶段Ⅰ,随着应变的增加,试样发生弹塑性转变,应变硬化率从非常高的数值快速降低。阶段Ⅱ,镁合金发生屈服之后,应变硬化率随着应变的增加缓慢增加。可以观察到,相较于原始试样,PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样受预变形的影响更晚进入阶段Ⅱ。在该阶段,原始试样应变硬化率的大小和增长速率均高于预制孪晶试样。在预制孪晶试样中,PT 4.3%试样的真实应力-应变曲线走势相较于PT 9.4%试样更加平缓,相应地,PT 4.3%试样在该阶段的应变硬化率小于PT 9.4%试样。阶段Ⅲ,原始试样和预制孪晶试样的应变硬化率呈现不同幅度的下降,原始试样的下降速率较高,而2种预制孪晶样品的下降相较来说更加平缓。其中,PT 4.3%试样比PT 9.4%试样更早进入Ⅲ阶段,且应变硬化率始终维持在比PT 9.4%试样低的状态。
分析图2真实应力-应变曲线及应变硬化率-应变曲线可以得出,预压缩在一定程度上提高了样品的屈服强度,并且当应变超过一定范围时,屈服强度会有所下降。此外,预压缩样品的应变硬化率均低于原始样品,但PT 9.4%应变硬化率稍高于PT 4.3%。原因可以归结于PT 9.4%试样变形过程中激发的孪晶数量多于PT 4.3%试样,相关解释将结合X射线衍射在微观结构变化部分进一步说明。
对X射线成像图像序列进行数字DIC分析,获得不同压缩应变下的应变场(图3)。可以看出,3种样品的变形都表现出局部应变集中,但是应变集中程度各有不同。为量化3种样品的应变集中程度,计算了不同变形量下应变场的标准差(图3(d))。塑性变形初期,各样品的标准差大致相同,并且均随应变的增加而增长。随着压缩的进行,原始样品的标准偏差明显小于预制孪晶样品,其应变集中程度较低。
预制孪晶试样中,PT 4.3%试样的标准偏差先大幅增加后波动并趋于稳定,PT 9.4%试样的标准偏差维持一定的增长速率,但数值始终小于PT 4.3%试样。相较于PT 4.3%试样,细观尺度上PT 9.4%试样的应变集中程度较低,使得宏观尺度上PT 9.4%试样呈现出相对明显的应变硬化特征,即较高的应变硬化率。
根据上文分析可以看出,相较于原始样品,PT 4.3%和PT 9.8%试样中预制孪晶的存在使得应变集中程度较高,加强了样品的局部变形。此外,推测内部存在一定的变形机理导致PT 9.4%应变集中程度相比PT 4.3%稍弱。2种预制孪晶样品之间的宏观和细观尺度变形差异可能与微观尺度响应密切相关。预制孪晶过程中,引入孪晶的同时亦引入了大量的位错,孪晶和位错均会对PT 4.3%和PT 9.8%试样的变形产生影响,限于技术手段,本工作主要围绕预制孪晶对镁合金变形行为的影响开展研究。
为了研究压缩过程中3种试样的微观尺度晶体结构演化,利用HiSPoD编码[13]将二维衍射环转换为一维衍射图案,以分析孪晶含量的变化。图4分别展示了3种样品的初始衍射图样和最终衍射图样,对衍射图样进行积分得到了原始试样以及预孪晶试样中孪晶的衍射强度与应变的关系(图5)。
由于AZ31镁合金缺乏足够的滑移系,{1012}孪晶是重要的塑性变形机制。微观尺度X射线衍射图案的变化主要归因于{1012}孪晶[14]和{1012}-{1012}双孪晶[15]的形成。
对比图4(a)~(c)衍射图样,可以发现预压缩(沿RD方向)过程中,样品方位角γ=90°附近的{0002}衍射峰出现且强度随预压缩应变的增加而增加,相应地,γ=90°附近的{1010}衍射峰强度减弱,甚至消失。可以认为在预压缩过程形成了大量的{1012}孪晶,且预压缩应变越大,孪晶的含量强度越高。沿TD方向单轴压缩的实验过程中,原始试样γ=0°附近{0002}衍射峰强度经历明显的增长,而γ=0°附近{1010}衍射峰强度逐渐降低,相应地,γ=90°附近{1010}衍射峰强度适当增加。这表明大量的{1012}孪晶被激活以适应塑性变形[16],孪晶的激活有效地释放局部应力,迅速降低细观尺度应变集中的速率,从而提高宏观尺度的应变硬化率。
由于含有大量的预压缩{1012}孪晶,PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样沿TD方向单轴压缩时衍射峰演化规律不同于原始试样。随着压缩应变的增加,PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样中γ=90°附近{0002}和γ=0°附近{1010}衍射峰的强度逐渐降低,而γ=0°附近{0002}和γ=90°附近{1010}衍射峰强度逐渐增长。{0002}和{1010}衍射峰的强度γ=0°和γ=90°呈现出此消彼长的演化规律,表明沿TD方向单轴压缩时在预压缩{1012}孪晶中形成了新的{1012}孪晶,即{1012}-{1012}双孪晶。
对比PT 4.3%试样以及PT 9.4%试样的衍射峰值强度曲线,可以看出,PT 9.4%试样中γ=90°附近的{0002}和{1010}衍射峰的强度变化量均明显高于PT 4.3%试样,表明沿TD方向单轴压缩时PT 9.4%试样中激发的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶数量明显高于PT 4.3%试样中的双孪晶数量,这是由于预压缩过程中PT 9.4%试样中的{1012}孪晶变形比PT 4.3%试样彻底,{1012}孪晶数量多且尺寸大,有利于后续沿TD单轴压缩时{1012}-{1012}双孪晶的形成。同时,由于PT 9.4%试样中激发了更多的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶,大量的双孪晶有效释放沿TD压缩时产生的局部应力,减缓了应变集中的形成速率,使得PT 9.4%试样的应变硬化率高于PT 4.3%试样的应变硬化率。
在宏观应力-应变曲线上,2种预制孪晶有较高的相似性,但在细观应变场中差异较大。根据图5中PT 4.3%和PT 9.4%试样衍射峰强度变化量推测,这是因为二者激发的孪晶含量有很大的差异,且孪生过程所激活的孪晶种类也不同。
可以认为,{1012}拉伸孪晶减缓应变集中的效率相比双孪晶更高。同时,应变集中程度也和孪晶含量以及孪生种类密切相关。
此外,滑移作为镁合金中重要的塑性变形机制,当发生{1012}拉伸孪晶变形时,织构发生改变,滑移变形机制随之发生变化,可能启动更多的非基面滑移,进而协同孪晶变形共同缓解应变集中,促使应变硬化率增加。有关滑移机制对镁合金变形行为影响的研究将在后续借助透射电镜表征手段展开。
(1)采用原位同步辐射X射线成像及衍射技术,研究了单轴压缩下不同孪晶含量Mg-3Al-1Zn合金的变形特征,有关结论仅仅是基于变形孪晶一定程度上影响细观应变场和宏观力学行为得出的,滑移变形机制亦可能同变形孪晶一样对细观应变场和宏观力学行为产生影响,将在今后的工作中做进一步研究。
(2)初始屈服后,{1012}孪晶和{1012}-{1012}双孪晶分别主导原始样品和预制孪晶样品的塑性变形,二者均可以通过减缓单轴压缩下的应变集中过程促使应变硬化率的增加。相较于{1012}-{1012}双孪晶,{1012}拉伸孪晶减缓应变集中效率更高,使得原始样品塑性变形过程中应变硬化率及其增幅均明显高于预制孪晶样品。
(3)样品的应变集中过程与孪晶含量密切相关;根据衍射峰值强度曲线可以得知,变形过程中PT 4.3%试样中激发的孪晶的含量远低于原始样品和PT 9.4%。样品中孪晶含量的差异比孪生类型的差异对缓解应变集中的贡献更大,因此使得PT 9.4%样品塑性变形过程中应变集中程度弱于PT 4.3%样品。
(4) 不同预制孪晶含量的样品在单轴压缩过程中,激发的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶的含量与压缩应变成正相关。PT 9.4%试样中激活的{1012}-{1012}双孪晶数量多于PT 4.3%试样,释放单轴压缩时产生的局部应力能力较强,一定程度上减缓了应变集中的形成速率,使得PT 9.4%试样的应变硬化率高于PT 4.3%试样。

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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2022.001060
  • 接收时间:2022-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2026-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-13
  • 录用日期:2023-05-15
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    1.西南交通大学 物理科学与技术学院,成都 610031
    2.西南交通大学 材料科学与工程学院,成都 610031

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卢磊(1990—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为材料科学与工程,联系地址:四川省成都市二环路北一段111号机械馆2420(610031),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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