Article(id=1220689392746807977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000449, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721577600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-22, onlineDate=1768964630543, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1763568000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964630543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964630543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964630543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689383687115496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='238', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964628383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964982596, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689393023632059, articleId=1220689392746807977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research status of ultrasonic continuous welding of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites(CFRTP) have superior comprehensive mechanical property,as well as rapid prototyping,weldability and recyclability.The application of CFRTP are gradually increasing in aerospace,vehicle manufacturing and other fields.Ultrasonic welding is recognized as one of the most suitable methods for CFRTP.With the increase of the application of CFRTP in aerospace main load-bearing structures,the discrete solder joints in the form of traditional ultrasonic spot welding are difficult to meet the requirement of the strength of them.Accordingly,foreign scholars have proposed ultrasonic continuous welding technology to realize the seam welding connection of CFRTP structures,which has not been reported in domestic literature.In this paper,the research results of CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding are reviewed from four aspects:CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding equipment,joint design,process characteristics and quality inspection.The scientific problems and technical bottlenecks to be solved in CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding are discussed,so as to provide a reference for the development of CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding technology of our country.

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碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料(CFRTP)具有优越的综合力学性能,以及可快速成形、可焊接、可回收等特点,在航空航天、车辆制造等领域的应用逐渐增加。超声波焊接被认为是最适合焊接CFRTP的方法之一。随着CFRTP在航空航天主承力结构中的应用的增加,传统的超声波点焊所形成的离散式焊点难以满足主承力结构对焊接接头强度的要求。为此,国外学者提出了超声波连续焊技术,从而实现CFRTP结构的缝焊连接,我国在此领域尚未见文献报道。本文从CFRTP超声波连续焊装备、接头设计、工艺特点和质量检测四个方面梳理CFRTP超声波连续焊研究成果,讨论CFRTP超声波连续焊中有待解决的科学问题和技术瓶颈,为我国开发CFRTP超声波连续焊技术提供参考。

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李洋(1986—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为碳纤维热塑性复合材料焊接,联系地址:天津市津南区雅观路135号天津大学31-291(300354),E-mail:
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articleTitle=Improving weld uniformity in continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428150633321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=2, issue=3/4, pageStart=83, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=38, authorNames=SENDERS F, BEURDEN M V, PALARDY G, journalName=Advanced Manufacturing:Polymer & Composites Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SENDERS FBEURDEN M VPALARDY G, et al.Zero-flow:a novel approach to continuous ultrasonic welding of CF/PPS thermoplastic composite plates[J].Advanced Manufacturing:Polymer & Composites Science20162(3/4):83-92., articleTitle=Zero-flow:a novel approach to continuous ultrasonic welding of CF/PPS thermoplastic composite plates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428230325100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=54, issue=15, pageStart=2023, pageEnd=2035, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=JONGBLOED B, TEUWEN J, PALARDY G, journalName=Journal of Composite Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONGBLOED BTEUWEN JPALARDY G,et al.Continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites enhancing the weld uniformity by changing the energy director[J].Journal of Composite Materials202054(15):2023-2035., articleTitle=Continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites enhancing the weld uniformity by changing the energy director, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428305822575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=155, issue=null, pageStart=106808, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=JONGBLOED B, VINOD R, TEUWEN J, journalName=Composites Part A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONGBLOED BVINOD RTEUWEN J, et al.Improving the quality of continuous ultrasonically welded thermoplastic composite joints by adding a consolidator to the welding setup[J].Composites Part A2022155:106808., articleTitle=Improving the quality of continuous ultrasonically welded thermoplastic composite joints by adding a consolidator to the welding setup, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428398097264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=203, issue=null, pageStart=108466, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=JONGBLOED B, TEUWEN J, BENEDICTUS R, journalName=Composites Part B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONGBLOED BTEUWEN JBENEDICTUS R,et al.On differences and similarities between static and continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites[J].Composites Part B2020203:108466., articleTitle=On differences and similarities between static and continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428469400436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=100144, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=JONGBLOED B, TEUWEN J, VILLEGAS I F, journalName=Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONGBLOED BTEUWEN JVILLEGAS I F.On the use of a rounded sonotrode for the welding of thermoplastic composites[J].Journal of Advanced Joining Processes20237:100144., articleTitle=On the use of a rounded sonotrode for the welding of thermoplastic composites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428557480820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=6, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=43, authorNames=AHANPANJEH M, KÖHLER F, ADOMAT V, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AHANPANJEH MKÖHLER FADOMAT V,et al.Impact of alignment of the sonotrode on the quality of thermoplastic composite joints in continuous ultrasonic welding[C]∥SAMPE Europe Conference,Hamburg,Germany,2022:6-8., articleTitle=Impact of alignment of the sonotrode on the quality of thermoplastic composite joints in continuous ultrasonic welding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428632978293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=116, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=44, authorNames=GÖRICKA D, LARSENA L, ENGELSCHALL M, journalName=Procedia Manufacturing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GÖRICKA DLARSENA LENGELSCHALL M,et al.Quality prediction of continuous ultrasonic welded seams of high-performance thermoplastic composites by means of artificial intelligence[J].Procedia Manufacturing202155:116-123., articleTitle=Quality prediction of continuous ultrasonic welded seams of high-performance thermoplastic composites by means of artificial intelligence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428708475766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=325, pageEnd=336, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=45, authorNames=WANG B, LI Y, LUO Y, journalName=Journal of Manufacturing Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG BLI YLUO Y,et al.Early event detection in a deep-learning driven quality prediction model for ultrasonic welding[J].Journal of Manufacturing Systems202160:325-336., articleTitle=Early event detection in a deep-learning driven quality prediction model for ultrasonic welding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428783973241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=194, issue=null, pageStart=108912, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=46, authorNames=LI Y, YU B, WANG B C, journalName=Materials and Design, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI YYU BWANG B C,et al.Online quality inspection of ultrasonic composite welding by combining artificial intelligence technologies with welding process signatures[J].Materials and Design2020194:108912., articleTitle=Online quality inspection of ultrasonic composite welding by combining artificial intelligence technologies with welding process signatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220810428863665021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=616, pageEnd=623, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=47, authorNames=AKAY E, KÖHLER F, VILLEGAS I F, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AKAY EKÖHLER FVILLEGAS I F. In-situ monitoring of weld line thickness in continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites[C]∥Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Composite Materials:Composites Meet Sustainability,2022,616-623., articleTitle=In-situ monitoring of weld line thickness in continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1220810423041970872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, awardId=52075375, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52075375), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220810414481396011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220810414489784620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, companyId=1220810414481396011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300354,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220810414498173229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, companyId=1220810414481396011, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1220810419078353438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=R&D and application of CFRTP welding technology in foreign countries

(a)EU used welding technology to realize the assembly of the world’s largest CFRTP fuselage demonstrator12;(b)GKN Fokker used welding technology to connect the truss to fuselage panels13;(c)Germany used welding technology to assemble the CFRTP pressure bulkhead of Airbus A32014;(d)Qarbon Aerospace used welding technology to manufacture wing box15;(e)NASA proposed use of welding to realize the on-orbit fabrication of CFRTP space trusses16;(f)DLR used welding technology to connect the rocket fuel tank to the ends17

, figureFileSmall=mi6vAHzYCSqBlJzdU8HMcQ==, figureFileBig=/bVRqnjJXXI9B1t4e203KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419220959780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图1, caption=国外CFRTP焊接技术的研发与应用

(a)欧盟采用焊接技术实现世界最大CFRTP机身筒段的装配12;(b)GKN Fokker公司采用焊接技术实现桁架与机身面板的连接13;(c)德国使用焊接技术实现空客A320的CFRTP压力舱壁的装配14;(d)美国卡邦航空公司采用焊接技术制造翼盒15;(e)美国NASA提出采用焊接实现CFRTP空间桁架的在轨制造16;(f)德国宇航中心采用焊接技术实现火箭燃料储箱箱体与端部的连接17

, figureFileSmall=mi6vAHzYCSqBlJzdU8HMcQ==, figureFileBig=/bVRqnjJXXI9B1t4e203KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419371954735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Prototype of CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding machines at Delft University of Technology

(a)the first generation24;(b)the second generation25

, figureFileSmall=7qk15vJEJ68HjnCtNLyjjg==, figureFileBig=p/fCEJjpekASMRg2nWvb/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419481006647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图2, caption=代尔夫特理工大学CFRTP超声波连续焊样机

(a)第一代24;(b)第二代25

, figureFileSmall=7qk15vJEJ68HjnCtNLyjjg==, figureFileBig=p/fCEJjpekASMRg2nWvb/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419598447163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Ultrasonic continuous welding robot developed by DLR26, figureFileSmall=JxxSMaIyIsR24WhNtT9HcA==, figureFileBig=kzZ2NBOGO0eBfE7cfyzwKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419686527554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图3, caption=德国航空航天中心开发的超声波连续焊机器人26, figureFileSmall=JxxSMaIyIsR24WhNtT9HcA==, figureFileBig=kzZ2NBOGO0eBfE7cfyzwKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419787190858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of form of ED

(a)traditional ED;(b)flat ED;(c)mesh ED

, figureFileSmall=67wqDF20sbi3g8pOZdvl+Q==, figureFileBig=cH6MTqub4bnyGemFdHmygQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419892048464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图4, caption=导能筋形式示意图

(a)传统导能筋28;(b)平导能筋28;(c)网状导能筋29

, figureFileSmall=67wqDF20sbi3g8pOZdvl+Q==, figureFileBig=cH6MTqub4bnyGemFdHmygQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810419996906071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of fracture morphology of joints between flat and mesh ED2931

(a)0.08 mm thick flat ED;(b)0.20 mm thick mesh ED (welding speed 45 mm/s,welding pressure 500 N,amplitude 82.5 μm)

, figureFileSmall=ryc5gD9CeDqiWXkCIbxYTA==, figureFileBig=ctygrSs/SaBSUyeW8xpgyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420105957979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图5, caption=平导能筋和网状导能筋接头断口形貌对比2931

(a)0.08 mm厚平导能筋;(b)0.20 mm厚网状导能筋(焊接速度45 mm/s,焊接压力500 N,振幅82.5 μm)

, figureFileSmall=ryc5gD9CeDqiWXkCIbxYTA==, figureFileBig=ctygrSs/SaBSUyeW8xpgyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420181455458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Top view of a mesh ED31

(a)space and cross nodes of mesh ED;(b)preforming of mesh ED

, figureFileSmall=xLJMIx5VBxM0OOGjQexTpA==, figureFileBig=efOvq2zdg7C/EEOma/RxFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420298895974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图6, caption=网状导能筋顶视图31

(a)网状导能筋的空隙与交叉结点;(b)网状导能筋的预成形

, figureFileSmall=xLJMIx5VBxM0OOGjQexTpA==, figureFileBig=efOvq2zdg7C/EEOma/RxFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420395364973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Consolidator in ultrasonic continuous welding32, figureFileSmall=Aur6syUb13trDvq7Kmk+zg==, figureFileBig=1zjNeBhJBqE9Ed3WPvPlHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420496028277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图7, caption=超声波连续焊中的固结装置32, figureFileSmall=Aur6syUb13trDvq7Kmk+zg==, figureFileBig=1zjNeBhJBqE9Ed3WPvPlHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420630246011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cross-sectional micrograph of ultrasonic continuous weld joint32(black arrows indicate the weld interface, gray circles indicate fiber and resin extrusion), figureFileSmall=jIWQTzj/3u9ruuVBq5fYwg==, figureFileBig=xNcNyLpU8VPJspFlDNBwVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420798018178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图8, caption=超声波连续焊接头横截面显微照片32(黑色箭头表示焊接界面,灰色圆圈表示纤维和树脂挤出), figureFileSmall=jIWQTzj/3u9ruuVBq5fYwg==, figureFileBig=xNcNyLpU8VPJspFlDNBwVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810420902875785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=An ultrasonic horn with cylindrical end face and corresponding consolidator34, figureFileSmall=L2d9NFx4iXYbTpR7VcvJkg==, figureFileBig=mRId1CYWxj3V+CZSVemRBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421011927693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图9, caption=端面为圆柱面的超声波焊头和与其对应的固结装置34, figureFileSmall=L2d9NFx4iXYbTpR7VcvJkg==, figureFileBig=mRId1CYWxj3V+CZSVemRBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421100008083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Cross-section of transverse(Ⅰ) and longitudinal(Ⅱ) of weld obtained by tilting along width (a) and length (b) of weld35, figureFileSmall=SYdczzkf7u8vvM+CWEs1aw==, figureFileBig=XWZRTA8PA+5UnvvTpJqE9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421234225817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图10, caption=沿焊缝宽度(a)和长度(b)方向倾斜所得焊缝横向(Ⅰ)与纵向(Ⅱ)的截面35, figureFileSmall=SYdczzkf7u8vvM+CWEs1aw==, figureFileBig=XWZRTA8PA+5UnvvTpJqE9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421343277726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Ultrasonic continuous welding device (welding direction is to the left)25, figureFileSmall=lM81L8yHSpWanhyAmfFuBg==, figureFileBig=Rtug0XTFCvnFPv6CK019Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421443941025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=图11, caption=超声波连续焊装置(焊接方向向左)25, figureFileSmall=lM81L8yHSpWanhyAmfFuBg==, figureFileBig=Rtug0XTFCvnFPv6CK019Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810421527827109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Summary of the influence of ultrasonic continuous welding process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialUltrasound systemEnergy director

Sonotrode shape &

size/mm

Welding pressurePeak-to-peak amplitude/μmWelding speed/(mm·s-1Consolidation pressureConsolidation distance/mm

Single lap

shear strength/

MPa

Ref.

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular 27×15500 N8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.439.6±2.325
500 N7035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.437.2±2.5
500 N8065

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.425.0±3.9

1.90 mm

CF/PPS

Branson DCXs

20VRT

0.20 mm

PPS film

Spherical diameter 25450 N97.5%300.65 MPa24.726
600 N100%250.5 MPa23.3±1.6

1.92 mm

CF/PPS

C20-10, Rinco

Ultrasonics

0.08 mm

PPS film

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N/

2.6 MPa

49.56029.5±4.929

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

C20-10, Rinco

Ultrasonics

0.08 mm

PPS film

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N82.54518.8±6.2

[29,

31]

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N82.54533.7±2.4

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

HiQ DIALOG

6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

27×15

500 N/

2.6 MPa

803515.1±2.632

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

18.49.5±2.9

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

6338.6±2.7

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.439.6±2.3

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE

DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

30×15

500 N8035≈2733
1500 N8045≈29
500 N6015≈28

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE

DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Cylindrical

1000 N/

43-53 MPa

8012

800 N/

1.6 MPa

2.533.5±1.434

2.2 mm

CF/LMPAEK

Herrmann

0.50 mm

LMPAEK mesh

Rectangular

28×14.9

1000 N75%16600 N

Impact of

alignment of

sonotrode

35
), ArticleFig(id=1220810421607518892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689392746807977, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超声波连续焊工艺参数影响的总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialUltrasound systemEnergy director

Sonotrode shape &

size/mm

Welding pressurePeak-to-peak amplitude/μmWelding speed/(mm·s-1Consolidation pressureConsolidation distance/mm

Single lap

shear strength/

MPa

Ref.

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular 27×15500 N8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.439.6±2.325
500 N7035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.437.2±2.5
500 N8065

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.425.0±3.9

1.90 mm

CF/PPS

Branson DCXs

20VRT

0.20 mm

PPS film

Spherical diameter 25450 N97.5%300.65 MPa24.726
600 N100%250.5 MPa23.3±1.6

1.92 mm

CF/PPS

C20-10, Rinco

Ultrasonics

0.08 mm

PPS film

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N/

2.6 MPa

49.56029.5±4.929

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

C20-10, Rinco

Ultrasonics

0.08 mm

PPS film

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N82.54518.8±6.2

[29,

31]

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

30×14.9

500 N82.54533.7±2.4

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

HiQ DIALOG

6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

27×15

500 N/

2.6 MPa

803515.1±2.632

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

18.49.5±2.9

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

6338.6±2.7

500 N/

2.6 MPa

8035

800 N/

1.6 MPa

86.439.6±2.3

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE

DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Rectangular

30×15

500 N8035≈2733
1500 N8045≈29
500 N6015≈28

1.85 mm

CF/PPS

VE20 SLIMLINE

DIALOG 6200

0.20 mm

PPS mesh

Cylindrical

1000 N/

43-53 MPa

8012

800 N/

1.6 MPa

2.533.5±1.434

2.2 mm

CF/LMPAEK

Herrmann

0.50 mm

LMPAEK mesh

Rectangular

28×14.9

1000 N75%16600 N

Impact of

alignment of

sonotrode

35
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碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料的超声波连续焊研究现状
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张照龙 , 王天政 , 周海鹏 , 敖三三 , 李洋
材料工程 | 综述 2025,53(11): 1-10
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材料工程 | 综述 2025, 53(11): 1-10
碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料的超声波连续焊研究现状
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张照龙, 王天政, 周海鹏, 敖三三, 李洋
作者信息
  • 天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354

通讯作者:

李洋(1986—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为碳纤维热塑性复合材料焊接,联系地址:天津市津南区雅观路135号天津大学31-291(300354),E-mail:
Research status of ultrasonic continuous welding of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites
Zhaolong ZHANG, Tianzheng WANG, Haipeng ZHOU, Sansan AO, Yang LI
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300354,China
出版时间: 2025-11-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000449
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碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料(CFRTP)具有优越的综合力学性能,以及可快速成形、可焊接、可回收等特点,在航空航天、车辆制造等领域的应用逐渐增加。超声波焊接被认为是最适合焊接CFRTP的方法之一。随着CFRTP在航空航天主承力结构中的应用的增加,传统的超声波点焊所形成的离散式焊点难以满足主承力结构对焊接接头强度的要求。为此,国外学者提出了超声波连续焊技术,从而实现CFRTP结构的缝焊连接,我国在此领域尚未见文献报道。本文从CFRTP超声波连续焊装备、接头设计、工艺特点和质量检测四个方面梳理CFRTP超声波连续焊研究成果,讨论CFRTP超声波连续焊中有待解决的科学问题和技术瓶颈,为我国开发CFRTP超声波连续焊技术提供参考。

碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料  /  超声波连续焊  /  接头设计  /  工艺特点  /  质量检测

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites(CFRTP) have superior comprehensive mechanical property,as well as rapid prototyping,weldability and recyclability.The application of CFRTP are gradually increasing in aerospace,vehicle manufacturing and other fields.Ultrasonic welding is recognized as one of the most suitable methods for CFRTP.With the increase of the application of CFRTP in aerospace main load-bearing structures,the discrete solder joints in the form of traditional ultrasonic spot welding are difficult to meet the requirement of the strength of them.Accordingly,foreign scholars have proposed ultrasonic continuous welding technology to realize the seam welding connection of CFRTP structures,which has not been reported in domestic literature.In this paper,the research results of CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding are reviewed from four aspects:CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding equipment,joint design,process characteristics and quality inspection.The scientific problems and technical bottlenecks to be solved in CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding are discussed,so as to provide a reference for the development of CFRTP ultrasonic continuous welding technology of our country.

carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites  /  ultrasonic continuous welding  /  joint design  /  process characteristics  /  quality inspection
张照龙, 王天政, 周海鹏, 敖三三, 李洋. 碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料的超声波连续焊研究现状. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (11) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000449
Zhaolong ZHANG, Tianzheng WANG, Haipeng ZHOU, Sansan AO, Yang LI. Research status of ultrasonic continuous welding of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (11) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000449
碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)具有高比强度、高比模量、可设计以及抗疲劳等优异特性,成为继铝合金、高强钢之后的新一代轻量化材料,其用量已成为评价航空航天器先进性的重要标志1-2。传统的CFRP多以热固性树脂作为基体,即碳纤维增强热固性复合材料(CFRTS)。然而CFRTS存在成型时间长,成型固化前需要低温保存,成型固化后基体韧性低、断裂性能差,难以回收利用等问题3-5。而以热塑性树脂为基体的碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料(CFRTP)具有更高的断裂韧性和损伤容限,无需低温储存,无需高温固化(非热压罐成型),还具有可快速成型、可焊接、易修复、可回收的特点4-9,可实现CFRP结构件的低成本、高效率制造,有望成为新一代航空航天结构材料。
但与CFRTS相比,CFRTP的热塑性基体具有更高的黏度,从而限制了其构件的成型加工尺寸9。因此,有效的连接技术就成为了CFRTP大规模工业应用的关键技术之一。CFRP结构件常用的连接技术包括铆接和胶接,其中铆接的钻孔过程会破坏纤维增强体、接头局部产生应力集中、大量铆钉的引入增加结构的质量,铆钉与碳纤维接触的地方还可能发生电化学腐蚀5-610。而尽管胶接可避免上述问题,但其形成的胶接接头不可拆卸5、需要较长的固化时间6、连接性能易受环境影响9、还需要额外的表面处理工艺11。由于CFRTP具有可焊性,焊接技术相对于铆接和胶接具有更高的效率、更低的成本,焊接接头还具有反复拆解-焊接的优点,因此在CFRTP的连接方面,焊接技术具有更明显的优越性。近年来,国外在CFRTP焊接技术的研究与开发方面已取得了一定的进展,如图112-17所示。
CFRTP的主流焊接技术包括电阻焊、感应焊、激光焊及超声波焊。其中超声波焊具有高效、清洁、成本低、操作灵活、易于实现自动化等特点318,被认为是最适合焊接热塑性材料的方法10。诸多学者对CFRTP超声波焊进行了综述9-23。从这些综述中可知国内外学者在CFRTP超声波焊接方面的研究主要集中在焊接接头设计、接头性能的影响因素、焊接质量检测、焊接过程模拟、CFRTP与其他材料的异种超声波焊以及热固性复材的超声波焊。这些研究几乎都是在超声波点焊的条件下开展的。随着CFRTP在航空航天主承力结构中应用的增加,点焊形成的离散式焊点难以满足主承力结构对焊接接头强度的要求。为此,国外学者提出了CFRTP超声波连续焊技术,通过行走机构带动超声波焊头的连续运动,从而实现CFRTP结构的缝焊连接。超声波连续焊是CFRTP构件焊接的最新发展之一,也被认为是实现大尺寸CFRTP构件装配连接的关键技术之一,对其开展的研究还非常有限,目前仅有荷兰和德国部分学者对CFRTP超声波连续焊开展研究。本文对国外CFRTP超声波连续焊接研究现状进行总结,旨在为我国开发相关技术提供有益参考。
荷兰代尔夫特理工大学先后搭建了如图2所示的两代CFRTP超声波连续焊原理样机24-25。其中第一代样机中超声波系统为Rinco Dynamic 3000,超声波焊头只能沿一个方向移动,第二代样机中超声波系统为Herrmann VE20 SLIMLINE DIALOG 6200,焊头可沿XY两个方向移动。第二代样机可对更大尺寸的CFRTP部件进行连续焊验证。
德国航空航天中心(DLR)面向航空航天全尺寸CFRTP零部件开发了超声波连续焊机器人,如图3所示26。该装备是在欧盟“清洁天空”(Clean Sky)计划“多功能机身演示器”(MFFD)项目支持下开发的,旨在为未来热塑性航空航天零部件的装配制造提供新的解决方案27。该机器人主要由Kuka机器人机身、Branson超声波系统和末端执行器组成。末端执行器又包括一个压紧装置、一个焊头以及一个固结装置,固结装置的作用会在后文介绍。机器人还配备了相关传感器,用于监测机器臂的运动、焊接压力以及焊头位移。
传统上进行热塑性材料超声波点焊时,需要在待焊工件表面加工导能筋(energy director, ED)。导能筋通常是具有特定形状(如三角形、矩形、半圆形)横截面的微小凸起结构,如图4(a)所示。然而这种形式的导能筋并不适合超声波连续焊接。因为这需要在已成型的CFRTP结构上进行后加工,如通过共胶接、二次注射等方式将导能筋连接到CFRTP结构件表面,这会显著增加生产成本,降低生产效率28。为此,荷兰代尔夫特理工大学的Villegas教授先后提出了平导能筋28和网状导能筋29,如图4(b)(c)所示。平导能筋是一层纯树脂薄膜,网状导能筋是由树脂丝材编织而成的网格结构。焊接前只需将树脂薄膜或树脂丝网放置在待焊两工件之间,然后进行焊接。这样就避免了对已成型CFRTP结构件进行二次加工,简化了超声波连续焊接过程。
Villegas教授团队采用平导能筋进行了CFRTP超声波连续焊的研究。他们指出在超声波连续焊时,焊头前方未熔化的平导能筋会阻碍焊头下方已熔化的导能筋的流动,从而对接头产生不利影响30。为此,他们提出了一种称之为“零流动”(zero-flow)的超声波连续焊方法,即采用超薄的平导能筋(0.08 mm)30。超薄平导能筋熔化后几乎不发生流动,焊头几乎没有向下的位移,避免了上述问题。在该方法基础上,他们研究了焊接速度对接头力学性能的影响。研究指出,当焊接速度过慢(40 mm/s)时,接头出现严重过热;焊接速度过快(大于60 mm/s),接头中存在大量未熔合缺陷;在60 mm/s焊接速度下的平均拉剪强度为(29.5±4.9) MPa,与“零流动”超声波点焊产生的接头强度相当。
Villegas教授团队在使用平导能筋焊接时发现接头存在质量波动大的现象,接头中存在大量的未熔合缺陷,如图5所示2931。为此他们提出了采用网状导能筋,网状导能筋中间的空隙使其在焊接过程中更容易膨胀和变形,网格中的交叉结点与工件接触并且在整个焊缝上均匀分布,如图6(a)所示31。焊接过程中,在焊机施加的高循环应变下,网状导能筋在工件之间预成形,导能筋与工件接触面接逐渐增大,形成类似平导能筋的结构,如图6(b)所示31,同时又具有比平导能筋具有更均匀的产热,形成了更均匀的焊接区域,从而明显改善接头质量的一致性,减少未熔合和孔隙缺陷。最终得到焊缝的拉剪强度达到了(33.7±2.4) MPa,相比使用平导能筋((18.8±6.2) MPa)提高了近80%。
熔融的CFRTP在冷却凝固过程中需要施加一定的压力以保证树脂中的高分子链发生充分的扩散和缠结。在超声波点焊时,焊接完成后焊头会依然作用在待焊材料上一段时间,以保证接头发生充分的固结。然而在超声波连续焊过程中,焊头一直在连续运动,其不能对正在冷却的焊缝施加压力。针对该问题,Villegas教授团队在超声波连续焊装置中增设了一个随焊头移动的固结装置(consolidator),如图7所示32。研究发现固结装置和焊头之间的距离d对焊接质量具有重要影响。这个距离的设置应该保证固结装置下方材料的温度恰好处于凝固的关键温度区间。Villegas团队通过研究点焊状态下得到高质量焊点所需要的最小固结压力和时间,确定了固结装置的固结压力和长度分别为1.6 MPa和40 mm。共考虑了3种固结距离,分别为18.4、63 mm和86.4 mm,根据最终获得接头的拉剪强度判断最佳的固结距离为86.4 mm,最差的为18.4 mm。造成此现象可能的原因有两点:第一,不同的固结距离决定了不同的冷却时间,较短的冷却时间导致施加固结压力时焊缝处挤出的树脂过多,如图8所示32,显著降低了焊缝的局部树脂体积分数,在固结装置移开后,这部分焊缝内部会回弹而引起孔隙;第二,冷却时间太短导致冷却不充分,使得焊缝内部发生了一定程度的解构,使其无法在固结压力下顺利固化,从而形成孔隙。
Villegas团队研究了振幅、焊接压力和焊头移动速度的匹配。研究发现当使用更大的焊接压力时,可以提高焊头移动速度;而使用更低的振幅时,需要降低焊头移动速度33。焊接压力500 N和振幅80 μm条件下的最佳焊接速度为35 mm/s,将焊接压力增大到1500 N,同时保持振幅(80 μm)恒定,则最佳焊接速度变为45 mm/s;对于焊接压力500 N和振幅60 μm条件下的最佳焊接速度为15 mm/s。
德国宇航中心的Engelschall等26焊接了1.9 mm厚连续纤维增强PPS,使用0.2 mm厚纯PPS作为导能筋。结果指出使用更高的振幅或更低的焊头移动速度有利于提高接头强度。研究还发现焊接压力和固结压力还可能产生交互作用,比如两者都处于高水平或低水平,会比混合水平(例如高焊接压力和低固结压力)得到的焊缝具有更高的LSS。但是与超声波单点焊接相比,连续焊接头强度更低(约为单点焊接头强度的67%)。这主要是由于焊头的连续运动导致维持时间过短,工件接触界面分子链的扩散与缠结不足。
Villegas团队34研究了使用端面为圆柱形的焊头焊接的工艺特点,如图9所示。使用圆柱形表面的焊头的目的是为了焊接一些曲面结构。研究表明由于焊头与工件的接触面积变小,单位时间内由焊头向工件提供的焊接能量降低,因此具有降低焊接界面处以及工件内部温度的效果,从而可以避免在使用矩形焊头时容易发生的孔隙或纤维/树脂挤出的问题。除此之外,冷却速率的增加也给使用尺寸更小的固结装置以及更短的固结距离提供了可能性,但因为焊接能量的降低同时也需要降低焊接速度和增加焊接力以补偿焊接能量的不足。
Ahanpanjeh等35研究了焊头倾斜(小于5o)对连续焊接头质量的影响。研究指出沿焊缝宽度方向发生倾斜时,当焊头倾斜超过4°时会导致焊接面积和焊接强度的显著降低,焊缝一侧会被焊头压得更紧,出现材料过热挤出和材料分层缺陷,而另一侧则由于焊头与工件接触不牢出现未熔合缺陷,如图10(a)所示35。当焊头沿焊缝长度方向,即焊接方向倾斜时,焊头依然可以对整个焊缝宽度区域提供均匀的压力,焊缝成型良好,如图10(b)所示35,因此对焊接质量影响不大。
表125-262931-35总结了超声波连续焊工艺参数对接头性能的影响。从表中可见目前国际上仅对2种材料开展了超声波连续焊研究,即碳纤维增强聚苯硫醚(CF/PPS)和碳纤维增强的低熔点聚芳醚酮(CF/LMPAEK)。对于航天航空领域常用的碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK),尚未见对其超声波连续焊的报道。其原因主要是CF/PEEK具有较高的熔点(约343 ℃)和热加工温度(360~400 ℃),而CF/PPS的熔点约280 ℃,CF/LMPAEK熔点约305℃,因此CF/PEEK焊接难度更大。表1中还可以发现使用平导能筋或网状导能筋的焊接速度普遍在45 mm/s以下,而使用超薄导能筋可以实现更高的焊接速度(60 mm/s),这对于高效率的焊接生产具有重要意义,然而使用超薄导能筋的研究仅有1篇论文,其普适性还有待进一步验证。通过表1还可以发现一个现象,即超声波焊头端面的形状对焊接参数的选取和接头性能具有影响。如文献[26]中采用球面焊头时,需要采用的焊接速度以及得到的接头强度会低于采用矩形焊头;而采用圆柱面焊头时,则需要采用更低的焊接速度,且接头强度低于矩形焊头34。根据这些现象可以推测,超声波连续焊中焊头与工件的接触面积越小,所需采用的焊接速度就要更低,接头性能也会有所降低,但该推测也需要进行更广泛地验证。
Villegas团队观察到,相比超声波点焊,在超声波连续焊过程中整个工件沿其厚度方向被加热的程度更明显25。这种现象会导致材料体系温度过高,熔融材料挤出过多,产生孔隙,接头完整性下降。通过对焊接过程进行测温及简单的温度场计算,他们推测上工件的高温是由于上部工件吸收了大部分振动能量后材料本身的粘弹产热引起的;焊接界面的高温是由于超声振动沿焊接方向传播,导致导能筋提前被预热以及较大的搭接尺寸导致导能筋的挤压流减少引起的;下工件的高温是由焊接界面向下工件进行热传导引起的。为了抑制加热,还引入了固结装置安装在焊头前方充当抑制单元,用于抑制水平方向上振动的传递,以此来减少水平方向的传热,如图1125所示。研究表明,添加了固结装置在焊头前方作为抑制单元后,各测温点峰值时刻前的温度有明显下降,证明固结装置减少了焊头到达测温点前水平方向的振动传热。通过增加焊接速度以及降低焊接振幅的方式减少连续焊过程中输入的总振动能量是缓解厚度方向均被加热的有效方法。
德国宇航中心Görick等36使用一维卷积神经网络(1DCNN)和全连接神经网络(FCNN)预测超声波连续焊接质量。使用了焊接压力、振幅、功率、焊接速度、固结压力、导能筋层厚、导能筋层数和试样位置9个参数作为输入,以接头质量等级(分类)和接头强度(回归)作为输出。研究结果表明模型的整体预测精度为72%。对于CFRTP超声波点焊,使用机器学习或深度学习模型进行焊接质量预测时,预测精度可达99%以上37- 38。这表明超声波连续焊的质量监测还有很大的改进空间。
荷兰代尔夫特大学Akay等39发现焊接线厚度(weld-line thickness),即焊接后焊接区域的总厚度减去上、下工件焊接前的厚度,与接头剪切拉伸强度具有相关性。据此,他们在超声波连续焊接系统中引入了2D激光传感器,分别测量焊接前上、下工件厚度,以及焊接后焊接区域总厚度,建立相关算法,得到焊接线厚度。当焊接线厚度发生异常突变时,对应的接头中存在未熔合区域。
本文从焊接装备、接头设计、焊接工艺、质量监控四个方面梳理了CFRTP超声波连续焊研究现状,主要结论及展望如下。
(1)超声波连续焊接过程中使用超薄导能筋(0.08 mm)具有在较高焊接速度(60 mm/s)下提供高强度接头的潜力,有望在未来热塑性复合材料组件的结构连接中发挥重要作用,但该方法的普适性还有待进一步验证。
(2)超声波连续焊接过程中,使用网状导能筋可以提供更均匀的产热,形成更均匀焊接区域,减少未熔合和孔隙缺陷,提高焊接接头质量的一致性。
(3)在超声波连续焊接过程中添加固结装置,且采取合适的固结压力与固结距离可以减少未熔合和孔隙缺陷,提高焊接接头质量。
(4)超声波连续焊工艺参数(导能筋形状、焊头形状、焊接振幅、焊接压力、焊头移动速度、固结压力、固结距离、固结装置尺寸等)存在复杂的交互作用。目前比较明确的是导能筋形状和焊头形状会影响焊接参数的选择,高振幅与高焊接压力促进产热,进而可采用更高的焊接速度。但这些参数的选取(如固结装置相关参数)缺乏理论指导。目前国际上仅对CF/PPS和CF/LMPAEK开展了研究,缺乏更广泛的材料验证。后续工作可以着重研究工艺参数之间更深层次的关系,并且增加研究材料的种类。
(5)超声波连续焊过程中振动沿焊接方向的传播使得工件整体被加热,导致连续焊过程中焊接界面的温度明显高于超声波点焊,可以采用将固结装置安装在焊头前的方法抑制振动向下游的传播,以此减少这类热量传输。总体上,超声波连续焊过程中存在复杂的温度场,接头热场控制难度大,后续工作可以着重研究温度场的分布规律与调控措施。
(6)焊接质量监测方面研究少,目前已有的对于此类任务预测率最高的是基于机器学习技术,但预测精度还有待进一步提高。
总之,超声波连续焊作为CFRTP构件焊接的最新发展之一,目前的研究体量和研究深度还非常有限,其尚有大量的科学和技术问题有待研究,如焊接温度场的演变规律、焊接工艺参数的交互作用、导能筋的设计方法、焊缝微观组织的演化规律、焊接接头力学性能、焊接质量监测技术等。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52075375)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000449
  • 接收时间:2024-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-18
  • 录用日期:2024-07-22
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国家自然科学基金项目(52075375)
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    天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354

通讯作者:

李洋(1986—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为碳纤维热塑性复合材料焊接,联系地址:天津市津南区雅观路135号天津大学31-291(300354),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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