Article(id=1220689389911458360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1715097600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-08, onlineDate=1768964629866, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1763568000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964629866, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964629866, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964629866, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689383687115496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='238', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964628383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964982596, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=204, endPage=214, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689390175699530, articleId=1220689389911458360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C multiphase composite preparation and its electrochemical properties, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilizes mushroom stalks as a biological template and melamine as a precursor for carbon nitride to synthesize g-C3N4/C,via thermal polymerization method. Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O),ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH46Mo7O24·4H2O),and thiourea (CH4N2S) are selected as the sources for Cu,Mo,and S,respectively. A two-step hydrothermal process is employed to prepare CuS/MoS2 composites with different mass ratios. Then CuS/MoS2 is anchored on the surface of g-C3N4/C to obtain CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite electrode materials. The composite electrode materials are characterized by their phase structure,microstructure,pore structure,and capacitance performance. The results indicate that the CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite electrode materials exhibit high purity,good crystallinity,good phase contact interface, and abundant porous structure. In electrochemical performance testing,the CuS/MoS2 composite material with a mass ratio of MoS2 to CuS at 1∶2 demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 230 F·g-1 at a current density of 1 A·g-1. When the mass ratio of CuS/MoS2 to g-C3N4/C is 1∶1,the CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite material exhibits the best electrochemical performance,with a specific capacitance of 434.7 F·g-1. Moreover,after 1000 cycles,the capacitance retention rate is 89.2%,showing good stability.

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本工作以香菇茎秆作为生物模板,双氰胺作为氮化碳前驱体,采用热聚合法制备出g-C3N4/C。以五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)、四水合钼酸铵((NH46Mo7O24·4H2O)和硫脲(CH4N2S)分别作为Cu源、Mo源和S源,通过一步水热法制备出CuS/MoS2不同质量比的两相复合材料。通过水热法将CuS/MoS2负载于g-C3N4/C表面,成功制备CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合电极材料,对复合电极材料的相结构、微观形貌、孔结构及电容性能进行表征。结果表明:CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C复合电极材料纯度高,结晶度良好,多相界面匹配良好且表现为多孔结构。电化学性能测试中,当MoS2和CuS的质量比为1∶2时,CuS/MoS2复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能,在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为230 F·g-1。当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1时,CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能,比电容达434.7 F·g-1,且经1000次循环后比电容保持率为89.2%。

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刘成宝(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事二维基催化材料、量子点材料和环境功能材料等的结构设计、合成及其环境和能源性能评价,联系地址:江苏省苏州市虎丘区学府路99号苏州科技大学行政楼5105室(215009),E-mail:
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(a)survey spectrum;(b)C1s;(c)N1s;(d)S2p;(e)Cu2p;(f)Mo3d

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(a)总谱;(b)C1s;(c)N1s;(d)S2p;(e)Cu2p;(f)Mo3d

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proportions at 10 mV·s-1 scan rates(a),CV curves of CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C at different scan rates (b),charge-discharge curves(c) and capacitance retention at 1 A·g-1(d) of CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C, figureFileSmall=KvlzD9wmohzKmsRkkzidtA==, figureFileBig=ah/FfXQGrjZK/npN2w0gFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810423272653655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689389911458360, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同比例的CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C在10 mV·s-1扫描速率下的CV曲线(a),最佳比例的CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线(b),CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C的充放电曲线(c),及在1 A·g-1的电流密度下的电容保持率(d), figureFileSmall=KvlzD9wmohzKmsRkkzidtA==, figureFileBig=ah/FfXQGrjZK/npN2w0gFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810423411065693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689389911458360, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=EIS plots of different materials(a) and CuS/MoS2-2.5 gC3N4/C in different mass ratio(b), figureFileSmall=sRU5hK0BFCA26LDKLx7eVg==, 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CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合材料的合成及其电化学性能
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吴睿琦 1, 2 , 刘成宝 1, 2, 3 , 陈丰 1, 2, 3 , 邱永斌 4 , 孟宪荣 5 , 陈志刚 1, 2, 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(11): 204-214
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材料工程 | 研究论文 2025, 53(11): 204-214
CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合材料的合成及其电化学性能
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吴睿琦1, 2, 刘成宝1, 2, 3 , 陈丰1, 2, 3, 邱永斌4, 孟宪荣5, 陈志刚1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.苏州科技大学 江苏省环境功能材料重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 2.苏州科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 3.苏州科技大学 江苏水处理技术与材料协同创新中心,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 4.江苏省陶瓷研究所有限公司,江苏 宜兴 214221
  • 5.苏州市环境科学 研究所,江苏 苏州 215007

通讯作者:

刘成宝(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事二维基催化材料、量子点材料和环境功能材料等的结构设计、合成及其环境和能源性能评价,联系地址:江苏省苏州市虎丘区学府路99号苏州科技大学行政楼5105室(215009),E-mail:
CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C multiphase composite preparation and its electrochemical properties
Ruiqi WU1, 2, Chengbao LIU1, 2, 3 , Feng CHEN1, 2, 3, Yongbin QIU4, Xianrong MENG5, Zhigang CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou 215009,Jiangsu,China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou 215009,Jiangsu,China
  • 3.Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material for Water Treatment,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou 215009,Jiangsu,China
  • 4.Jiangsu Province Ceramics;Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Yixing 214221,Jiangsu,China
  • 5.Suzhou Institute of Environmental Science,Suzhou 215007,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-11-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000204
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本工作以香菇茎秆作为生物模板,双氰胺作为氮化碳前驱体,采用热聚合法制备出g-C3N4/C。以五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)、四水合钼酸铵((NH46Mo7O24·4H2O)和硫脲(CH4N2S)分别作为Cu源、Mo源和S源,通过一步水热法制备出CuS/MoS2不同质量比的两相复合材料。通过水热法将CuS/MoS2负载于g-C3N4/C表面,成功制备CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合电极材料,对复合电极材料的相结构、微观形貌、孔结构及电容性能进行表征。结果表明:CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C复合电极材料纯度高,结晶度良好,多相界面匹配良好且表现为多孔结构。电化学性能测试中,当MoS2和CuS的质量比为1∶2时,CuS/MoS2复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能,在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为230 F·g-1。当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1时,CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能,比电容达434.7 F·g-1,且经1000次循环后比电容保持率为89.2%。

石墨相氮化碳  /  生物质炭  /  过渡金属硫化物  /  复合材料  /  超级电容性能

This study utilizes mushroom stalks as a biological template and melamine as a precursor for carbon nitride to synthesize g-C3N4/C,via thermal polymerization method. Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O),ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH46Mo7O24·4H2O),and thiourea (CH4N2S) are selected as the sources for Cu,Mo,and S,respectively. A two-step hydrothermal process is employed to prepare CuS/MoS2 composites with different mass ratios. Then CuS/MoS2 is anchored on the surface of g-C3N4/C to obtain CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite electrode materials. The composite electrode materials are characterized by their phase structure,microstructure,pore structure,and capacitance performance. The results indicate that the CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite electrode materials exhibit high purity,good crystallinity,good phase contact interface, and abundant porous structure. In electrochemical performance testing,the CuS/MoS2 composite material with a mass ratio of MoS2 to CuS at 1∶2 demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 230 F·g-1 at a current density of 1 A·g-1. When the mass ratio of CuS/MoS2 to g-C3N4/C is 1∶1,the CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C composite material exhibits the best electrochemical performance,with a specific capacitance of 434.7 F·g-1. Moreover,after 1000 cycles,the capacitance retention rate is 89.2%,showing good stability.

graphitic carbon nitride  /  biomass-derived carbon  /  transition metal sulfide  /  composite material  /  supercapacitor performance
吴睿琦, 刘成宝, 陈丰, 邱永斌, 孟宪荣, 陈志刚. CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合材料的合成及其电化学性能. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (11) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000204
Ruiqi WU, Chengbao LIU, Feng CHEN, Yongbin QIU, Xianrong MENG, Zhigang CHEN. CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C multiphase composite preparation and its electrochemical properties[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (11) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000204
便携式技术的快速发展和工业革命推动了能源需求的增长。传统化石能源的大肆使用,造成了化石能源的短缺和环境污染的日益加剧1-3。目前存在着传统电容器、超级电容器、电池等多种储能装置4。其中超级电容器由于具有更快的充放电时间,更长的循环寿命和更大的能量密度等优点而备受关注5-7。电极材料作为影响超级电容器性能的最关键因素,对超级电容器的发展起着举足轻重的作用8
在超级电容器电极材料中,金属硫化物因其高理论比电容和导电性而备受关注9。二硫化钼(2H-MoS2)是典型的二维过渡金属硫化物,由于其更高的本征快速离子电导率(优于氧化物)和更高的理论容量(优于石墨),受到越来越多的关注10。尽管如此,MoS2由于电导率低于石墨,循环稳定性差,能量密度低,限制了其在储能领域的进一步应用11。同时在金属硫族化合物中,CuS具有无毒、廉价和环境稳定的优点且具有良好的电化学性能,是超级电容器的理想候选材料。CuS的理论比容量约为560 mAh·g-1。但是其存在稳定性较差的缺点。因此,如将二者进行结合,优势互补,可提高电极材料的综合电化学性能。为了进一步改善金属硫化物的电化学特性,研究人员选择将其与碳材料进行复合,表现出良好的导电性、比表面积、热稳定性和力学稳定性等12。Iqbal等13合成了用于超级电容器的氧化石墨烯基Al2S3纳米颗粒,其比电容为2178.16 F·g-1,在三电极体系下,具有良好的能量密度(108.91 Wh·kg-1)和功率密度(978.92 W·kg-1)。与单独的Al2S3相比,氧化石墨烯基Al2S3纳米材料也表现出更高的电极稳定性。Meng等14合成了纯相硫化钴和石墨烯/硫化钴的复合材料,并使用三电极系统进行了电化学测量。结果表明,石墨烯/硫化钴复合材料的电容值达到435.7 F·g-1,高于纯相硫化钴的最大电容值304.2 F·g-1。进一步测量发现,石墨烯/硫化钴复合材料的循环稳定性也好于纯相硫化钴。
石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)由于含氮量较高,可以提供更多活性位点15-16,以增强表面极性,改善电极润湿性,提高传质效率17,从而增强电极的电化学性能18-19。同时g-C3N4还具有优异的机械强度和结构柔韧性20,有助于提高电极材料的稳定性。然而,纯相g-C3N4的表面积较小,润湿性差,电容值低至29 F·g-1[21-23。香菇茎秆作为传递营养物质和水分的重要器官,其具有发达的孔隙结构,并且生物材料表面有大量的不均匀起伏结构,可作为g-C3N4的微纳米反应器,为g-C3N4的成核及晶体生长提供有利位点,并控制g-C3N4晶体的尺寸,减少g-C3N4的团聚以降低其体相,从而获得性能和形貌较好的复合材料。
本工作选择香菇茎秆作为生物模板,双氰胺作为氮化碳前驱体,通过热聚合法制备g-C3N4/C材料。以五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O),四水合钼酸铵((NH46Mo7O24·4H2O)和硫脲(CH4N2S)为原料制备CuS/MoS2两相复合材料,并通过水热法合成CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C多相复合材料。该方法创新性地利用香菇茎秆独特结构抑制g-C3N4团聚并优化形貌,同时通过CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的协同效应,融合高容量、快速离子传导、丰富活性位点与力学稳定性优势,分步合成策略显著提升电极的导电性、比电容及循环稳定性。结合不同的表征手段对材料的结构和形貌进行了分析,确定了g-C3N4/C和CuS/MoS2的最佳配比,同时探究了在三电极体系下电极材料的电化学性能,并深入分析讨论了复合材料的实际应用价值。
盐酸,分析纯,购自太仓市周氏化学品有限公司;无水乙醇,分析纯,购自江苏强盛功能化学股份有限公司;钼酸铵,纯度≥99%,购自上海市沃凯生物技术有限公司;双氰胺、硫脲、五水硫酸铜,分析纯,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;实验用水均为去离子水。
将新鲜购买的香菇茎秆切成1 cm的小段,放入去离子水中洗涤干净后备用。用36%浓盐酸将75%的乙醇溶液pH调节至3~4,将洗净的茎秆浸泡在预配溶液中直至茎秆完全褪色。然后将茎秆取出并用去离子水反复洗涤直至pH恢复至中性,将茎秆放入通风橱中风干,收集备用。
以双氰胺为g-C3N4前驱体,取上述预处理后的茎秆用BSA224S型电子天平称取1 g和相应质量的双氰胺溶解于50 mL去离子水中,在磁力搅拌器上搅拌30 min,将其转移至坩埚中放入水热箱中在80 ℃下烘干,使双氰胺均匀重结晶在茎秆表面。然后放入VBF-1200X型马弗炉中以2 ℃/min的升温速率从室温升至550 ℃进行煅烧,并在550 ℃下保温4 h后逐渐冷却至室温。将反应物充分研磨备用,即为g-C3N4/C。其中,茎秆模板和双氰胺前驱体的质量比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶2.5、1∶3、1∶4,所得产物分别命名为1g-C3N4/C、2g-C3N4/C、2.5g-C3N4/C、3g-C3N4/C、4g-C3N4/C。
取相应质量的五水硫酸铜、四水合钼酸铵和硫脲溶解于50 mL去离子水中,用DF-101S型磁力搅拌器搅拌30 min,将混合溶液转移至聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜内胆中,放入DHG-9076 A型鼓风烘箱中在200 ℃下水热反应24 h,将所得沉淀物用去离子水和无水乙醇反复洗涤6次并离心去除上清液,在60 ℃下隔夜烘干并研磨成粉末状备用,即得CuS/MoS2复合材料。其中,CuS和MoS2的质量比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1、3∶1。
取研磨好的样品和相应质量的五水硫酸铜,四水合钼酸铵和硫脲溶解于50 mL去离子水中,用磁力搅拌器搅拌30 min,将混合溶液转移至聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜内胆中,放入烘箱中在200 ℃下水热反应24 h,将所得沉淀物用去离子水和无水乙醇反复洗涤6次并离心去除上清液,在60 ℃下隔夜烘干并研磨成粉末状备用。
利用X射线衍射仪(D8)对材料的晶体结构进行分析;利用扫描电子显微镜(S-4800)、透射电子显微镜(JEM-2100F)观察材料的微观形貌特征;利用X射线光电子能谱(ESCALAB250)、氮气吸附-脱附测试(ASAP-2020)对所得样品进行孔结构与元素的化合状态分析。
通过循环伏安测试得到对应的循环伏安曲线(CV),通过分析CV曲线初步判断电极材料的储能机理和比电容大小;通过恒流充放电测试(GCD)能够直观反映电容大小和电极材料的储能机理,多次进行测量还可以计算出电极材料的循环稳定性能;通过交流阻抗测试(EIS)测量交流信号电压与电流的比值(此比值即为系统的阻抗)随正弦波频率ω的变化,或者是阻抗的相位角Φω的变化。
图1为g-C3N4和g-C3N4/C的SEM图像。从图1(a)可以明显看出g-C3N4呈现片状,且堆叠严重。由图1(b)可以明显看出,以香菇茎秆作为生物模板制备所得g-C3N4/C,香菇茎秆呈现孔状分布,g-C3N4均匀分散在表面,堆叠得到了改善。这证明了香菇茎秆独特的结构有效限制了g-C3N4的片状堆叠,有利于提高其电化学性能。
图2为不同香菇茎秆模板和氮化碳前驱体配比的g-C3N4/C的XRD谱。可以观察到在27.3°处表现出一个典型的g-C3N4特征峰,对应g-C3N4的(002)晶面24,这表明了g-C3N4的成功制备。在图中可以清晰地看出随着g-C3N4含量的增加,衍射峰宽度减小,说明颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,从而进一步证明香菇茎秆的加入可以有效控制晶粒尺寸,其中当香菇茎秆模板和氮化碳前驱体配比为1∶2.5时,其衍射峰强度最强,宽化适中,晶粒尺寸较小,并且表现出良好的结晶性。
图3利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电测试了g-C3N4/C作为超级电容器电极材料在三电极体系中的电化学性能。图3(a)所示为不同质量比的g-C3N4/C在1 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中按照相同扫描速率(100 mV·s-1)下的循环伏安曲线。从图中可以明显看出CV曲线上存在一对氧化还原峰,这是因为含氮官能团发生了法拉第反应。当香菇茎秆模板和氮化碳前驱体的质量比为1∶2.5时其CV曲线覆盖的面积最大,这与XRD图的结果相一致。图3(b)所示为2.5g-C3N4/C在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线,随着扫速的增加,氧化还原峰不断加强,并且保持高度的对称性,这表明2.5g-C3N4/C电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和化学稳定性。为了更准确测量其比电容大小,又对其进行了1 A·g-1恒流充放电测试,如图3(c)所示。可以很明显看出当香菇茎秆模板和氮化碳前驱体的质量比为1∶2.5时其电容最大,约104 F·g-1。这进一步证明了2.5g-C3N4/C为最佳配比,在之后的实验中选取的材料均为2.5g-C3N4/C。
图4为不同比例的CuS/MoS2复合材料的XRD谱图。样品在2θ=29.4º、31.7º、32.8º、47.7º处的衍射峰分别对应于CuS(PDF# 06-0464)的(102)、(103)、(006)、(110)晶面[25]。在2θ=14.4º、29.3 º、33º、48.1º、58.3º处的衍射峰分别对应MoS2(PDF# 17-0744)的(003)、(006)、(101)、(107)、(110)晶面。这证明成功制备CuS/MoS2复合材料。随着两相比例变化,发现衍射峰的强度有所变化,当CuS∶MoS2的比例为2∶1时,对应的CuS峰强度最强,并且MoS2的峰强未发生明显减弱。此外,没有观察到其他杂质的特征峰,表明复合材料的纯度高。
图5为CuS/MoS2复合材料的SEM图像,从图中可以明显看出圆球状CuS和花球状MoS2,出现明显的团聚现象。同时由于金属间的相互作用,控制了晶粒尺寸的生长,有利于提高其电化学性能。从能谱图中可以清楚地看到Cu、Mo、S元素,表明了CuS/MoS2复合材料的成功合成。
图6为CuS/MoS2复合材料的TEM图,从图6(a)可以看出CuS/MoS2复合材料的团聚现象较为严重,图6(b)(c)是CuS/MoS2复合材料的HRTEM图,可以清晰看出复合材料的晶格条纹,晶格间距为0.279 nm的晶格条纹对应CuS的(103)晶面,晶格间距为0.269 nm的晶格条纹对应MoS2的(101)晶面,拥有较为完整的微观晶粒形貌。图6(d)的EDS谱图检测到Mo、Cu、S元素,也证实复合材料中存在MoS2和CuS,说明CuS/MoS2复合材料成功制备。
图7所示的N2吸附-脱附等温线表现出典型的Ⅲ型,但未完全闭合,是典型的固体金属等温线。通过其对应的BJH孔径分布曲线可看到,CuS/MoS2复合材料中包含更多1~2 nm的微孔和2~3 nm的介孔,这有助于提高材料的比表面积,加快电子间的传输效率,提高材料与反应物的接触面积,增加活性位点数量,从而大幅提高其电化学性能。
图8为利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电测试了CuS/MoS2作为超级电容器电极材料在三电极体系中的电化学性能。图8(a)为不同质量比的CuS/MoS2在1 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中按照相同扫描速率(50 mV·s-1)的循环伏安曲线。从图中可以看出CV曲线上存在氧化还原峰,这是因为CuS和MoS2发生了可逆的氧化还原反应。当MoS2与CuS的质量比为1∶2时其CV曲线覆盖的面积最大,表现出较好的电容性能,这与XRD图的结果相一致。图8(b)为最佳比例下的CuS/MoS2在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线,随着扫速的增加,氧化还原峰不断加强,并且保持高度的对称性,这表明CuS/MoS2电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和化学稳定性。为了更准确测量其比电容大小,又对其进行了恒流充放电测试,如图8(c)所示。可以明显看出所有比例的复合材料充放电曲线都很相似,拥有典型的充放电平台,表现出明显的赝电容特性,当MoS2与CuS的质量比为1∶2时,其电化学性能最为优异。在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为230 F·g-1。随后在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,对其进行了1000次的恒流充放电测试,发现在1000次循环之后,电容的保持率为79.9%,循环稳定性较差。
为了进一步检测其性能,对电极材料进行了EIS阻抗测试。图9为Nyquist谱图及在高频部分的放大图。图中高频区域CuS∶MoS2为2∶1时半圆直径明显小于其他比例,表明该样品电荷转移电阻最小,即界面阻抗最小,且交点坐标值表明其接触阻抗也最小。从低频区域的斜率可以看出,当CuS∶MoS2为1∶1时扩散电阻最小,随着CuS比例增大,扩散电阻随之增大,考虑是CuS导致颗粒堆积致密化,阻碍了扩散路径。
图10为不同比例CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的XRD谱图。样品在2θ=27.5º、29.2º、32.4º、48.2º处的衍射峰分别对应CuS(PDF# 06-0464)的(100)、(102)、(006)、(110)晶面25;在2θ=14.4º、29.3º、32.8º、48.2º、58.3º处的衍射峰分别对应于MoS2(PDF# 17-0744)的(003)、(006)、(101)、(107)、(110)晶面;在2θ=27.3º处的衍射峰对应于g-C3N4的(002)晶面。证明成功制备CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料。随着改变两者的比例,发现衍射峰的强度有所变化,当CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C的比例为1∶1时,对应的整体峰强更强。此外,没有观察到其他杂质的特征峰,表明复合材料的纯度高。
图11为CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的SEM图像,从图中可以明显看出碳骨架结构得到完好的保留,在图11(b)中可以清楚地看到圆球状CuS和花球状MoS2较为均匀分布在碳骨架上,没有出现明显的团聚现象。这证明了香菇茎秆独特的结构可以有效限制CuS/MoS2的生长和聚集,有利于提高其电化学性能。从能谱图中可以清楚地看到C、N、Cu、Mo、S元素,表明了CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的成功合成。
图12为CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的TEM图。图12(a)可以看出CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料存在团聚现象,但是对比图6(a)可以发现随着g-C3N4C的加入,CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的团聚现象在减弱,这是因为CuS/MoS2晶粒受到碳骨架的限域效应,保持了较小的微纳米球状结构,并且降低了金属间的团聚效应。图12(b)(c)是CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的HRTEM图,可以清晰看晶格条纹,晶格间距为0.296 nm的晶格条纹对应CuS的(102)晶面,晶格间距为0.275 nm的晶格条纹对应MoS2的(101)晶面,这证明合成得到的CuS和MoS2属六方晶系,结晶度良好,拥有较为完整的微观晶粒形貌;同时可清晰看出,构建了良好的多相界面,可有效保证电化学过程中电子的顺畅传输,实现了多相功能协同。图12(d)的EDS谱图检测到Mo、Cu、S、C、N元素,说明CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料的成功制备,这与SEM和XRD的结果相一致。
图13为CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C的XPS能谱及其各元素的高分辨XPS能谱,图13(a)中可以看到C、N、Cu、Mo、S、O的特征峰,说明样品中含有这6种元素,其中O元素可能来自香菇茎秆材料。从图13(b)可以看出C元素电子结合能位置为284.8 eV对应C—C键,其占比为70.9%;电子结合能位置为286.5 eV对应C—O键,其占比为18.4%;电子结合能位置为288.4 eV对应C̿    O键,其占比为10.6%。从图13(c)可以看出N元素电子结合能位置为398.8 eV对应C—N键,其占比为63.7%;电子结合能位置为401.4 eV对应—NH2键,其占比为36.3%。从图13(d)可以看出S元素电子结合能位置为161.6 eV和162.8 eV分别对应金属硫化物的2p3/2和2p3/1电子轨道,其占比为59.7%;电子结合能位置为163.2 eV和164.5 eV分别对应C—S的2p3/2和2p3/1电子轨道,其占比为19.8%。电子结合能位置为168.5 eV和169.8 eV分别对应SO x 的2p3/2和2p3/1电子轨道,其占比为20.6%。从图13(e)可以看出Cu元素电子结合能位置为932.2 eV和952.0 eV分别对应Cu+的2p3/2和2p1/2电子轨道,其占比为74.4%;电子结合能位置为934.1 eV和954.3 eV分别对应Cu2+的2p3/2和2p1/2电子轨道,其占比为25.6%。Cu元素电子结合能位置为944.7 eV和965.1 eV为Cu的卫星峰。从图13(f)可以看出Mo元素电子结合能位置为228.7 eV和231.8 eV分别对应MoS2的3d5/2和3d3/2电子轨道,其占比为41.3%;电子结合能位置为230.1 eV和233.4 eV分别对应Mo4+的3d5/2和3d3/2电子轨道,其占比为24.4%。电子结合能位置为232.8 eV和235.9 eV分别对应Mo6+的3d5/2和3d3/2电子轨道,其占比为34.2%。
图14(a)为N2吸附-脱附等温线,表现出典型的Ⅳ型等温线,且具有H4型的吸附回滞环,证明制备得到的CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C是多孔结构,并且是微孔和介孔的混合多孔结构。通过其对应的BJH孔径分布曲线图(14(b))可以看到,CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料中包含更多1~2 nm的微孔和2~3 nm的介孔,这有助于提高材料的比表面积,加快电子间的传输效率,提高材料与反应物的接触面积,增加活性位点数量,从而大幅提高其电化学性能。
图15利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电测试了CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C作为超级电容器电极材料在三电极体系中的电化学性能。如图15(a)所示,不同质量比的CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C在1 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中按照相同扫描速率(100 mV·s-1)下的循环伏安曲线。从图中可以明显看出CV曲线上存在氧化还原峰,这是因为CuS和MoS2发生了可逆的氧化还原反应。当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1时其CV曲线覆盖的面积最大,表现出较好的电容性能,这与XRD图的结果相一致。图15(b)为最佳比例下的CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线,随着扫速的增加,氧化还原峰不断加强,并且保持高度的对称性,这表明CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C电极材料具有良好的倍率性能和化学稳定性。为了更准确地测量其比电容大小,又对其进行了恒流充放电测试,如图15(c)所示。可以很明显地看出所有比例的复合材料充放电曲线都很相似,拥有典型的充放电平台,表现出明显的赝电容特性,当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1,其电化学性能最为优异。在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为434.7 F·g-1。和CuS/MoS2相比,电容也得到一定的提升。随后在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,对其进行了1000次的恒流充放电测试,发现在1000次循环之后,电容保持率达到89.2%,表现出良好的循环稳定性。
为了进一步检测其性能,对电极材料进行了EIS阻抗测试(图16)。图16(a)所示为阻抗图及其高频区域放大图,可以看出CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C的接触阻抗和扩散阻抗均最小,但其并没有呈现弧状,即界面阻抗不理想,考虑可能是g-C3N4/C的引入使电极导电性大幅提升导致界面电容主导而非阻抗主导。从图16(b)可以看出,3种比例的复合材料均未出现弧状,考虑均是g-C3N4/C的作用使其为非阻抗主导。3种比例的复合材料扩散电阻大致相同,当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1时,接触阻抗相对较小,表现出相对较好的电化学性能。
(1)以香菇茎秆为生物模板,双氰胺为g-C3N4前驱体,通过模板诱导,重结晶和一次热处理制备出g-C3N4/C不同质量比的两相复合材料,XRD谱表明两相电极材料的成功制备。与纯相g-C3N4相比,生物模板的引入改善了其电化学性能,通过电化学测试对比发现,当g-C3N4前驱体和香菇茎秆的质量比为1∶2.5时具有最佳的电化学性能,在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为104 F·g-1
(2)以五水硫酸铜、四水合钼酸铵和硫脲为原料,通过一步水热法制备出CuS/MoS2不同质量比的两相复合材料,通过一系列表征手段证明成功制备出CuS/MoS2复合材料,通过两种金属硫化物之间的协同作用,减少了金属硫化物之间的团聚现象,同时有效控制了晶粒尺寸,提高了其电化学性能。通过对电极材料进行电化学性能检测发现,当MoS2与CuS的质量比为1∶2时,其电化学性能最为优异。在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为230 F·g-1,在1000次充放电后电容保持率为79.9%。
(3)在CuS/MoS2两相复合材料的基础上,通过一步水热法引入2.5g-C3N4/C制备出CuS/MoS2-2.5g-C3N4/C复合材料,通过一系列表征手段证明成功制备出CuS/MoS2-g-C3N4/C复合材料,CuS/MoS2晶粒受到碳骨架的限域效应,保持了较小的微纳米球状结构,并且降低了金属间的团聚效应,提高了电极材料的电化学性能。通过对电极材料进行电化学性能检测发现,当CuS/MoS2与g-C3N4/C的质量比为1∶1时,其电化学性能最为优异。在1 A·g-1的电流密度下,比电容为434.7 F·g-1,在1000次充放电之后电容保持率为89.2%,表现出良好的循环稳定性。
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20180103)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20180971)
  • 苏州市科技发展计划项目(民生科技—关键技术应用研究)(SS202036)
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2025年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000204
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 录用日期:2024-05-08
基金
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20180103)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20180971)
苏州市科技发展计划项目(民生科技—关键技术应用研究)(SS202036)
作者信息
    1.苏州科技大学 江苏省环境功能材料重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009
    2.苏州科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
    3.苏州科技大学 江苏水处理技术与材料协同创新中心,江苏 苏州 215009
    4.江苏省陶瓷研究所有限公司,江苏 宜兴 214221
    5.苏州市环境科学 研究所,江苏 苏州 215007

通讯作者:

刘成宝(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事二维基催化材料、量子点材料和环境功能材料等的结构设计、合成及其环境和能源性能评价,联系地址:江苏省苏州市虎丘区学府路99号苏州科技大学行政楼5105室(215009),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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