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Article(id=1220689384874099110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000407, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719849600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-02, onlineDate=1768964628666, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1763568000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964628666, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964628666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964628666, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689383687115496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='238', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964628383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964982596, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689385159311786, articleId=1220689384874099110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Mechanism of influence of surface microtexture parameters on friction performance at interface of aluminum alloy-carbon fiber reinforced polymer joints, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） in the aerospace field， studying the friction performance at the interface of CFRP and aluminum alloy connections has become increasingly important. This study experimentally investigates the influence of surface microtexture parameters on the friction performance at the aluminum alloy-CFRP interface. The results indicate that both contact pressure and microgroove geometric parameters significantly affect the interface friction performance. As the contact pressure increases from 7.5 MPa to 30 MPa， the sliding friction coefficient significantly decreases， primarily due to the formation and enhancement of a self-lubricating film. Under high contact pressure， the microstructures on the aluminum alloy surface embed into the CFRP plate， creating a plowing effect. The micro-cutting action generates epoxy resin debris that fills the microstructure grooves， forming a stable lubricating film. The groove depth has the most significant impact on friction performance， with a groove depth of 31.8 μm significantly reducing the sliding friction coefficient to 0.197. The synergistic effect of contact pressure and microtexture geometric parameters markedly improves the interface friction performance and connection strength. This study provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing composite material connection technology.

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随着碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）在航空航天领域的广泛应用，研究其与铝合金连接界面的摩擦性能显得尤为重要。本研究通过实验探讨了表面微织构参数对铝合金-CFRP连接界面摩擦性能的影响。结果表明，压应力和微沟槽几何参数对界面摩擦性能具有显著影响。随着压应力从7.5 MPa增加到30 MPa，滑动摩擦因数显著降低，这主要归因于自润滑膜的形成和增强。铝合金表面的微结构在高压应力下嵌入CFRP板中，产生犁沟效应，微切削作用生成的环氧树脂碎屑填充微结构沟槽，形成稳定的润滑膜。沟槽深度对摩擦性能的影响最为显著，31.8 μm深的沟槽能显著降低滑动摩擦因数至0.197。压应力与微织构几何参数的协同作用显著提升了界面摩擦性能和连接强度。本研究为优化复合材料连接技术提供了理论依据和实践指导。

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傅国宇（1991—），男，讲师，博士，研究方向为复合材料高性能制造，联系地址：天津市津南区海河教育园天津大学北洋园校区机械工程学院（300072），E-mail：
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journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=表面微织构), Keyword(id=1220810416242999905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=摩擦因数), Keyword(id=1220810416326885989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=铝合金与碳纤维增强聚合物界面)], refs=[Reference(id=1220810420953203493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=139, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=MRÁZOVÁ M, journalName=INCAS Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MRÁZOVÁ M. 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（a）schematic diagram of laser processing；（b）schematic diagram of different groove parameters；（c）schematic diagram of connection structure；（d）specialized apparatus for friction testing；（e）friction test setup

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（a）激光加工示意图；（b）不同沟槽参数示意图；（c）连接结构示意图；（d）摩擦实验专用装置；（e）摩擦实验现场

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（a）typical friction slip curves；（b）comparison of friction coefficients

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（a）典型摩擦滑移曲线；（b）摩擦因数对比图

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（a）-（d）sliding friction conditions under different pressures；（e）-（f）microscopic images of post-friction surfaces

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（a）~（d）不同压力下的滑动摩擦情况；（e）~（f）摩擦后表面的显微结构图像

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（a）typical friction slip curves with different groove depths；（b）heights of microstructure protrusions and surface roughness of aluminum alloy surfaces；（c）comparison of friction coefficients under different groove depths

, figureFileSmall=tjb7P3H9Iftr45pV8r+AVA==, figureFileBig=8T7M2yDODU/OTJwXKDMUwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220810418667307690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同沟槽深度下铝合金板与CFRP板的摩擦性能分析

（a）不同沟槽深度的典型摩擦滑移曲线；（b）铝合金表面微结构凸起高度与粗糙度；（c）不同沟槽深度下的摩擦因数对比图

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（a）-（c）sliding friction conditions under different groove depths；（d）-（f）typical microscopic images of friction on aluminum alloy surfaces；（g）-（i）typical microscopic images of friction on CFRP surfaces；（j）-（l）schematic diagrams of aluminum alloy and CFRP

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（a）~（c）不同沟槽深度下的滑动摩擦情况；（d）~（f）铝合金表面的典型摩擦显微图像；（g）~（i）CFRP表面的典型摩擦显微图像；（j）~（l）铝合金与CFRP的微观结构示意图

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（a）typical friction slip curves；（b）comparison of friction coefficients

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（a）典型摩擦滑移曲线；（b）摩擦因数对比图

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（a）-（c）sliding friction conditions；（d）-（f）surface morphology of aluminum alloy；（g）-（i）surface morphology of CFRP

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（a）~（c）滑动摩擦情况；（d）~（f）铝合金表面形貌；（g）~（i） CFRP表面形貌

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（a）typical friction slip curves with different groove distances；（b）heights of microstructure protrusions and surface roughness of aluminum alloy surfaces；（c）comparison of friction coefficients under different groove distances

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（a）不同沟槽距离的典型摩擦滑移曲线；（b）铝合金表面微结构凸起高度与粗糙度；（c）不同沟槽距离下的摩擦因数对比图

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Parameters of laser system

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Wavelength/nmSpot diameter/mmPower range/WFrequency range/kHzPulse width/ nsFocal length/ mmWorking mode
10640.050-2020-80100190Pulse
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激光系统参数

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Wavelength/nmSpot diameter/mmPower range/WFrequency range/kHzPulse width/ nsFocal length/ mmWorking mode
10640.050-2020-80100190Pulse
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Friction coefficients of CFRP and aluminum alloy plates under different contact pressures

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Normal pressure/NContact pressure/MPaStatic friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
21687.58265540.3810.256
433515.0140710810.3250.249
650322.5202114900.3110.229
867030.02507560.2890.214
), ArticleFig(id=1220810419992707823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同压应力下CFRP板与铝合金板的摩擦因数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Normal pressure/NContact pressure/MPaStatic friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
21687.58265540.3810.256
433515.0140710810.3250.249
650322.5202114900.3110.229
867030.02507560.2890.214
), ArticleFig(id=1220810420126925557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Friction coefficients of aluminum alloy plates and CFRP plate with different groove depths under pressure

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Groove depth/μmStatic friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
19.3132011810.3050.273
25.913529440.3120.218
31.813918520.3210.197
), ArticleFig(id=1220810420277920514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

压力作用下不同沟槽深度的铝合金板与CFRP板的摩擦因数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groove depth/μmStatic friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
19.3132011810.3050.273
25.913529440.3120.218
31.813918520.3210.197
), ArticleFig(id=1220810420378583813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Friction coefficients of aluminum alloy plates and CFRP plates with different groove forms under pressure

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Groove angle/（°）Static friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
013099680.3020.223
4513358780.3080.203
9013918520.3210.197
), ArticleFig(id=1220810420466664202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1220689384874099110, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

压力作用下不同沟槽形式下铝合金板与CFRP板的摩擦因数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groove angle/（°）Static friction force/NSliding friction force/NStatic friction coefficientSliding friction coefficient
013099680.3020.223
4513358780.3080.203
9013918520.3210.197
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表面微织构参数对铝合金-碳纤维增强复合材料连接界面摩擦性能影响机理
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冯德荣 1, 2 , 高学敏 1, 2 , 殷梓睿 3 , 张钦莹 1, 2 , 傅国宇 4
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(11): 153-163
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材料工程 | 研究论文 2025, 53(11): 153-163
表面微织构参数对铝合金-碳纤维增强复合材料连接界面摩擦性能影响机理
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冯德荣1, 2, 高学敏1, 2, 殷梓睿3, 张钦莹1, 2, 傅国宇4
作者信息
  • 1.河南航天精工制造有限公司，河南 信阳 464000
  • 2.河南省紧固 连接技术重点实验室，河南 信阳 464000
  • 3.西北工业大学 材料学院，西安 710072
  • 4.天津大学 机构理论与 装备设计教育部重点实验室，天津 300072

通讯作者:

傅国宇（1991—），男，讲师，博士，研究方向为复合材料高性能制造，联系地址：天津市津南区海河教育园天津大学北洋园校区机械工程学院（300072），E-mail：
Mechanism of influence of surface microtexture parameters on friction performance at interface of aluminum alloy-carbon fiber reinforced polymer joints
Derong FENG1, 2, Xuemin GAO1, 2, Zirui YIN3, Qinying ZHANG1, 2, Guoyu FU4
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co. ，Ltd. ，Xinyang 464000，Henan，China
  • 2.Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology，Xinyang 464000，Henan，China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi’an 710072，China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China
出版时间: 2025-11-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000407
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摘要
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随着碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）在航空航天领域的广泛应用，研究其与铝合金连接界面的摩擦性能显得尤为重要。本研究通过实验探讨了表面微织构参数对铝合金-CFRP连接界面摩擦性能的影响。结果表明，压应力和微沟槽几何参数对界面摩擦性能具有显著影响。随着压应力从7.5 MPa增加到30 MPa，滑动摩擦因数显著降低，这主要归因于自润滑膜的形成和增强。铝合金表面的微结构在高压应力下嵌入CFRP板中，产生犁沟效应，微切削作用生成的环氧树脂碎屑填充微结构沟槽，形成稳定的润滑膜。沟槽深度对摩擦性能的影响最为显著，31.8 μm深的沟槽能显著降低滑动摩擦因数至0.197。压应力与微织构几何参数的协同作用显著提升了界面摩擦性能和连接强度。本研究为优化复合材料连接技术提供了理论依据和实践指导。

接触压力  /  表面微织构  /  摩擦因数  /  铝合金与碳纤维增强聚合物界面

With the widespread application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） in the aerospace field， studying the friction performance at the interface of CFRP and aluminum alloy connections has become increasingly important. This study experimentally investigates the influence of surface microtexture parameters on the friction performance at the aluminum alloy-CFRP interface. The results indicate that both contact pressure and microgroove geometric parameters significantly affect the interface friction performance. As the contact pressure increases from 7.5 MPa to 30 MPa， the sliding friction coefficient significantly decreases， primarily due to the formation and enhancement of a self-lubricating film. Under high contact pressure， the microstructures on the aluminum alloy surface embed into the CFRP plate， creating a plowing effect. The micro-cutting action generates epoxy resin debris that fills the microstructure grooves， forming a stable lubricating film. The groove depth has the most significant impact on friction performance， with a groove depth of 31.8 μm significantly reducing the sliding friction coefficient to 0.197. The synergistic effect of contact pressure and microtexture geometric parameters markedly improves the interface friction performance and connection strength. This study provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing composite material connection technology.

contact pressure  /  surface microtexture  /  friction coefficient  /  aluminum alloy and CFRP interface
冯德荣, 高学敏, 殷梓睿, 张钦莹, 傅国宇. 表面微织构参数对铝合金-碳纤维增强复合材料连接界面摩擦性能影响机理. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (11) : 153 -163 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000407
Derong FENG, Xuemin GAO, Zirui YIN, Qinying ZHANG, Guoyu FU. Mechanism of influence of surface microtexture parameters on friction performance at interface of aluminum alloy-carbon fiber reinforced polymer joints[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (11) : 153 -163 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000407
正文
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当前复合材料在航空航天领域的应用越来越广泛，对材料连接技术的要求也不断提高，其中碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）因其出色的性能和优异的性能质量比而成为材料连接技术研究的热点。然而， CFRP与传统金属材料（如铝合金）的有效连接仍然是一个技术挑战［1］，尤其在过盈连接应用中［2-3］，由于连接性能依赖于接触界面的摩擦因数［4-5］，承扭性能的优劣主要取决于界面摩擦力的大小［6］，同时影响着连接结构的承载能力和可靠性。复合材料传动轴接头极限失效扭矩低，因此，为了提高复合材料传动轴的承扭能力，本研究以CFRP传动轴的胶接混合连接工艺为研究对象，开展表面微织构几何参数对摩擦性能的影响规律研究。
与传统金属-金属材料间的摩擦不同，树脂基碳纤维复合材料与金属材料发生摩擦时，通常会在摩擦接触界面形成一层转移膜［7］。转移膜可以有效隔绝金属与复合材料的直接接触，同时由于聚合物本身的自润滑性，在一定程度上可以改善摩擦副间的摩擦性能。Al-Mayah等［8］针对CFRP与钢的摩擦行为进行了研究，结果表明，表面粗糙度和接触压力对摩擦特性有明显影响。钢的粗糙表面对CFRP产生的犁沟效应也会影响摩擦行为。叶华文等［9］通过实验研究了接触压力下CFRP板和钢的摩擦因数，分析了不同厚度的CFRP板、不同钢表面粗糙度（抛光、化学腐蚀和滚花处理）和不同接触压力下CFRP板与钢片的摩擦滑移曲线和接触面磨损情况。研究发现，摩擦力来源于钢表面的粗糙颗粒对CFRP造成的犁沟效应，而滑移后产生的自润滑效应将导致滑动摩擦因数减小。较厚的CFRP板具有较大的摩擦因数，适当匹配CFRP板厚、表面粗糙度和接触压力可以增大静摩擦因数。陆龙生等［10］制备并通过摩擦试验机测试了碳纤维复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑摩擦情况下的摩擦特性。结果表明，摩擦因数在干摩擦时可以分为初始稳定期、转移膜形成期以及稳定期三个阶段，其中形成的含铁转移膜具有自润滑效果；在水润滑时则主要由水润滑膜影响复合材料的摩擦特性，此时的摩擦因数较小并可以快速进入稳定阶段。
此外，张书平等［11］采用激光处理复合材料连接界面表面，发现可以提高复合材料-铝合金粘接接头的剪切强度。Sorrentino等［12］通过使用不同密度的激光处理CFRP表面，增加了连接界面的表面粗糙度，提高了连接系统的服役强度。Da Silva等［13］采用机加工的方法构建了铝合金连接界面上不同参数的凹槽，验证了连接界面的失效模式和强度与凹槽图案相关。Akman等［14］研究的金属材料激光加工的微沟槽具有机械锁合作用，发现增加织构深度可以增加黏附，提高连接强度。Moroni等［15］采用激光加工的方法构建出微小尺度的波纹结构以提高连接系统的强度。Zhang等［16］使用激光器在Ti6Al4V基材上加工不同的微沟槽，使用单因素实验设计研究了微槽参数（槽深、距离和图案）对连接接头剪切强度的影响。
同时，对激光诱导CFRP表面微结构生成的方法也是当前微结构生成的热门方法之一。Bora等［17］研究了激光诱导的表面微孔对CFRP/CFRP接头黏结强度的影响，证明了几何结构对粘接接头的机械互锁性有显著影响。Xie等［18］使用激光诱导法构建了 CFRP表面凹槽，发现连接接头的剪切强度提升。上述研究表明，目前有关微结构对CFRP-金属连接性能影响规律的研究正逐步开展，然而，关于激光产生的微沟槽几何参数（沟槽深度、距离和形式）对CFRP/铝合金粘接接头剪切强度的影响还鲜有研究，对于表面沟槽几何参数的交互作用对胶接连接强度的影响规律也尚不明确。
本工作首先讨论了微织构表面处理对摩擦因数的影响，通过比较不同微织构参数的实验结果，揭示了这些参数对摩擦特性的影响。同时关注接触压力的作用，分析了不同压力水平下摩擦因数的变化趋势，并探索了实现最佳摩擦性能的压力范围。
1 实验材料与方法
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1.1 实验材料
本研究所用材料包括7075铝合金和CFRP。这些材料分别由中国金属材料股份有限公司铝业公司和无锡智尚新材料科技有限公司提供。所用CFRP板是通过环氧树脂基体与T300单向碳纤维预浸料按照模压工艺制备而成，采用的堆叠顺序为［0°/90°］6s，并确保纤维体积分数在55%~60%之间。此外，研究中还使用了一种室温固化的双组分环氧结构胶黏剂J-133，由黑龙江省石油化工研究所提供。该胶黏剂以其优良的韧性和耐久性而著称，适用于金属与非金属材料的连接。其杨氏模量约为1.2 GPa，且在室温条件下的剪切强度可达20 MPa。为了达到更好的固化效果和提高黏合质量，根据供应商的建议，胶接试件在制备完成后，与夹具一同放置于恒温烘箱中，并在80 ℃下进行加热处理以促进固化。
1.2 表面微织构制备方法
使用波长为1064 nm的红外光纤激光器（上海三科激光技术有限公司）对CFRP和铝合金基材的表面进行预处理。表面激光处理参数是通过计算机数控系统控制的扫描振镜来调整。激光系统的详细参数见表1。图1（a）为激光加工示意图，其中扫描角度定义为激光扫描方向与Y轴的夹角，表面纤维的方向与Y轴平行，扫描区域为25 mm×25 mm。图1（b）是本工作中沟槽参数变化的示意图，分别有不同的沟槽深度、沟槽距离和沟槽形式。
采用扫描电子显微镜（TM3030）和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（OLS4100）观察和测量了CFRP和铝合金激光处理后的表面形态、截面形状、沟槽参数（深度、宽度）和表面粗糙度。本工作以三维算术平均粗糙度（Sa）作为表面粗糙度的评价指标。拉伸实验后，用数码相机记录了CFRP和铝合金试样的表面失效形态。
1.3 实验方法
在本研究中，CFRP板的名义抗压强度约为546 MPa，表面粗糙度约为0.55 μm。实验主要考虑了两个变量：（1）铝合金板与CFRP板接触界面的平均压强；（2）铝合金板表面的微沟槽几何参数，其他条件保持不变。所有实验均在室温环境下进行，以排除温度变化对实验结果的影响。
本实验所用的主要装置包括专用的摩擦实验装置、10 kN压力传感器（由中诺传感器有限公司提供）、胶接实验专用夹具、拉伸试验机、激光打标机以及激光共聚焦显微镜。摩擦实验装置的设计参考了新型夹片式机械夹持型锚具，由底板、中间板、盖板以及两根M14高强螺栓构成。CFRP板精确安装在夹板的凹槽内，并通过拧紧螺栓预紧铝合金板于CFRP板之间，如图1（d）所示。压力传感器型号为ZNLBM-ⅡX，配备控制显示仪表以读取读数。其他实验设备，包括胶接专用夹具、拉伸试验机和激光打标机。铝合金板界面的压应力通过螺栓轴力控制，采用力矩扳手对两个螺母施加相同扭矩，并通过压力显示仪表读取最终值。实验测得的拉伸力F与铝合金板两表面产生的摩擦力平衡，如图1（e）所示。
基于CFRP与铝合金过盈连接之前的实验，确定了实验中施加的最大横向压强为30 MPa。这一压强被平均分为四个等级，分别为7.5、15、22.5、30 MPa，以研究不同压力下CFRP-铝合金界面的摩擦性能。为实现均匀的接触压应力并考虑压力传感器的量程限制，确定CFRP板与铝合金板接触界面尺寸为17 mm×17 mm，从而计算得出相应的横向压力值。CFRP板和铝合金板通过数控机床切割成规定尺寸，以保证实际有效接触面积。对铝合金板表面进行激光微织构处理，而CFRP板表面保持未处理。铝合金板表面的激光预处理参数包括功率20 W，扫描速度1000 mm/s，扫描距离0.1 mm，扫描次数6次，以及90°的扫描角度。
本研究还涉及铝合金表面不同沟槽深度、距离和角度对CFRP板-铝界面摩擦因数的影响。探究的沟槽深度分别为19.3、25.9 µm和31.9 µm，沟槽距离为0.1、0.2 mm和0.3 mm，沟槽角度为0°、45°和90°。每个实验条件下的测试都重复5次，以确保结果的可靠性和重复性。
1.3 实验过程
在本研究的实验过程中，特别注意了试件表面残留污染物对摩擦实验结果的影响。因此，实验前使用无水乙醇在超声波清洗机中清洗摩擦实验专用装置的底板、中间板、CFRP板和铝合金板10 min，并随后进行烘干处理，以消除油污和灰尘，确保不影响摩擦因数的测量。实验步骤包括在CFRP板的夹持端内部粘贴25 mm×25 mm×2.5 mm的铝制垫块，并将CFRP板和铝合金板安装在摩擦实验装置中。利用M14高强度螺栓将底板、中间板和压力传感器连接，并调节压力至预定荷载。
随后，该装置被固定在万能伺服试验机上进行拉伸实验，同时确保铝合金板的垂直度，以防止由于偏心张拉导致的实际接触面积变化。实验按照ASTM D1894—2006标准进行，加载速率设定为150 mm/min，直至拉伸位移达到16 mm。完成后，取出装置，更换新的实验板材，重复之前的步骤。每次实验的载荷位移曲线被记录，用于计算CFRP-铝合金界面的摩擦因数，如图1（e）所示。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 压应力对含微织构CFRP-Al界面摩擦性能的影响规律
本研究的主要焦点是探讨不同压应力对含微织构CFRP板与铝合金界面摩擦特性的影响规律。在整个实验过程中，未观察到CFRP板和铝合金板的压碎或受力不均等问题。实验中得到的摩擦滑移曲线，如图2（a）所示，在不同的接触压力（7.5、15、22.5、30 MPa）下表现出了相似的特征。摩擦力在实验的初始阶段呈线性上升趋势，迅速达到峰值后下降，并伴随约1 mm的滑移量，最后在16 mm的位移处实验终止，见表2以及图2（b）。
在本研究中，为了解释摩擦因数变化的结果，完成摩擦实验后，对CFRP板与铝合金板界面的滑动摩擦状况进行了拍摄，见图3（a）~（d）。同时，使用激光共聚焦显微镜对铝合金板与CFRP板的典型摩擦位置进行了显微观察，见图3（e），（f），并对受压后的CFRP板进行了显微分析，以便与未受压板材进行对比。从图3（a）~（d）中可见，在CFRP与铝合金接触界面处出现了摩擦损伤，且随着界面压强的增加，损伤现象愈发明显。在铝合金表面观察到黑色的环氧树脂粉末残留，其分布面积随界面压强的增加而逐渐扩大。这一现象表明，由于CFRP的抗压强度低于铝合金，在受压状态下铝合金表面的微结构部分嵌入CFRP板中，产生了犁沟效应。在两板材发生相对运动时，铝合金的凸起微结构边缘对CFRP表面的环氧树脂产生微切削作用，生成环氧树脂碎屑，并导致表层碳纤维裸露，如图3（e）所示。
进一步观察表明，这些碎屑在滑动摩擦过程中被压碎成粉末状，覆盖在铝合金表面（如图3（f）所示），逐渐填充铝合金表面的微结构沟槽。这种现象降低了CFRP与铝合金之间的摩擦因数，形成了一种有效的自润滑润滑膜。润滑膜的形成隔离了CFRP与铝合金间的粗糙接触，改善了材料的摩擦性能，使摩擦因数趋于稳定，并且润滑膜面积随着界面压力的增加而增大，解释了滑动摩擦因数随界面压力增加而降低的现象。这些发现为理解CFRP与铝合金界面摩擦特性提供了重要的视角。同时，碎屑逐渐填充了铝合金表面的微结构沟槽，降低CFRP与铝合金之间的摩擦因数，形成润滑膜并产生较强的自润滑效应［19］。此外润滑膜的形成能有效隔离CFRP与铝合金间的粗糙接触［20］，有助于改善材料的摩擦性能使摩擦因数变化趋于稳定，这也是摩擦滑移曲线在第三阶段摩擦力趋于稳定下降的原因。同时润滑膜面积随着界面压力的增加逐渐增大，这也可以解释表2中滑动摩擦因数随着界面压力的增加逐渐降低。
2.2 微沟槽几何参数对CFRP-Al界面摩擦性能的影响规律
图4（a）是不同沟槽深度的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下摩擦实验的典型摩擦滑移曲线。图4（b）为不同深度微沟槽对应的凸起高度与表面粗糙度。表3以及图4（c）分别为具有不同沟槽深度的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下的摩擦因数计算结果和对比图，其中滑动摩擦因数是根据16 mm滑移量时的摩擦力计算得出。不同槽深（19.3、25.9、31.8 μm）的摩擦滑移曲线表现出相似的特征。摩擦力在初始阶段呈线性上升趋势，很快达到峰值Ff1；随着滑移量的增加，摩擦力明显下降到Ff2后趋于平稳下降，最终达到16 mm位移停止实验。为了解释实验曲线与摩擦因数变化的结果，在摩擦实验完成后采用数码相机将两种板材的表面摩擦情况进行拍摄，如图5（a）~（c）所示。图5（d）~（l）分别为摩擦实验完成后不同沟槽深度的铝合金表面和CFRP表面的激光共聚焦图像以及微观示意图。从图中可以看到不同沟槽深度下碳纤维复合材料板与铝合金板接触表面处均产生摩擦损伤；铝合金表面可以观察到黑色环氧树脂粉末残留，无论从微观激光共聚焦图片还是宏观数码相机图像都可以发现随着沟槽深度的增加，黑色树脂粉末残留的面积也逐渐增大。
这是由于随着沟槽深度的增加，铝合金表面凸起的微结构高度也逐渐增加，如图4（b）所示。高度不断增加的凸起微结构在压力作用下嵌入复合材料表面的能力也会逐渐增加，如图5（j）~（l）所示，其对复合材料表面环氧树脂的微切削作用也逐渐增强，这也就造成了随着沟槽深度的增加静摩擦因数也在逐渐增加的现象。增强的微切削作用可以生成更多的环氧树脂碎屑，碎屑在滑动摩擦过程中会被碾压成黑色粉末并覆盖在铝合金表面，逐渐填充了微结构的沟槽，同时随着沟槽深度的增加逐渐形成连续的润滑膜，黑色润滑膜面积在不断增大。随着沟槽深度增加逐渐增大的润滑膜面积，可以不断降低CFRP与铝合金之间的摩擦因数，这也可以解释表3中滑动摩擦因数随着沟槽深度增加逐渐降低的现象。
2.3 不同沟槽对CFRP-Al界面摩擦性能的影响规律
图6（a）是不同沟槽形式的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下摩擦实验的典型摩擦滑移曲线。表3以及图6（b）分别为具有不同沟槽形式的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下的摩擦因数计算结果和对比图，其中滑动摩擦因数是根据16 mm滑移量时的摩擦力计算得出。不同沟槽形式下的摩擦滑移曲线表现出相似的特征。摩擦力在初始阶段呈线性上升趋势，很快达到峰值Ff1；随着滑移量的增加（约1 mm左右）摩擦力明显下降到Ff2后趋于平稳下降，最终达到16 mm位移停止实验。为了解释实验曲线与摩擦因数变化的结果，在摩擦实验完成后采用数码相机将两种板材的表面摩擦情况进行拍摄。
图7是摩擦实验完成后不同沟槽角度的铝合金表面和CFRP表面的激光共聚焦图像。从图中可以看到不同沟槽形式下铝合金板与碳纤维复合材料板接触表面处均产生摩擦损伤；铝合金表面可以观察到黑色环氧树脂粉末残留，无论是微观激光共聚焦图片还是宏观数码相机图像都可以发现随着沟槽角度的增加（0°、-45°、-90°），黑色树脂粉末残留的面积也逐渐增大。如图7（d）所示，铝合金表面凸起的微结构将CFRP表面连续的环氧树脂划伤，形成了与铝合金表面沟槽相同距离的犁沟，相邻犁沟之间的环氧树脂则被相对平坦的铝合金表面抹平，使其变得更加光滑，在显微镜下呈现出白色光泽。由于0°方向的沟槽与摩擦滑移方向平行，虽然凸起微结构仍会嵌入复合材料板内，但此时铝合金表面凸起的微结构并不能对环氧树脂进行“有效微切削”，这也造成其静摩擦因数最低。同时由于没有足够的环氧树脂碎屑生成润滑膜，也就使得0°沟槽的滑动摩擦因数最高。而由于45°方向沟槽特殊的受力形式，其铝合金表面凸起的微结构对环氧树脂进行“微切削”的能力介于0°沟槽与90°沟槽之间，这也造成其静摩擦因数高于0°沟槽而低于90°的沟槽。而90°沟槽“微切削”下的环氧树脂碎屑形成了较为连续的润滑膜，润滑膜面积也最高，因此其滑动摩擦因数最低。
同时，如图7所示，当沟槽间距为0.1 mm时，在相同压力作用下，凸起结构数量的增多导致单排凸起嵌入复合材料表面的能力减弱，从而降低凸起结构的微切削作用。这导致单排微凸起结构无法切削掉足够多的表面树脂填满单个沟槽的深度，也就无法形成连续的表面润滑膜，从而导致此时滑动摩擦因数较高。当沟槽间距为0.3 mm时，尽管此时凸起结构嵌入复合材料表面的能力增加，单排凸起结构的微切削作用增强，能够切削形成足够多的黑色环氧树脂粉末用以填充单排沟槽深度，但由于沟槽距离的增加，相邻两排微结构突起之间的区域需要更多数量的环氧树脂填充，因此仍然难以形成连续的润滑膜。当沟槽间距为0.2 mm时，凸起结构的微切削作用不仅可以填充沟槽，还可以填充相邻两排凸起之间区域的空隙从而形成连续的润滑膜，获得最低的滑动摩擦因数。
图8（a）是不同沟槽距离的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下摩擦实验的典型摩擦滑移曲线。图8（b）为不同距离沟槽对应的微结构凸起高度与表面粗糙度。表4以及图8（c）分别为具有不同沟槽距离的铝合金板与CFRP板在15 MPa界面压强下的摩擦因数计算结果和对比图，其中滑动摩擦因数是根据16 mm滑移量时的摩擦力计算得出。
3 结论
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（1）压应力是影响铝合金与碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）连接界面摩擦性能的关键因素。随着压应力从7.5 MPa增加到30 MPa，界面摩擦因数显著降低，滑动摩擦因数从0.256下降到0.214。这主要归因于高压应力条件下形成的自润滑膜，减少了CFRP与铝合金之间的摩擦和磨损。
（2）铝合金表面的微结构在高压应力下部分嵌入CFRP板中，形成犁沟效应。实验观察到铝合金凸起微结构对CFRP表面环氧树脂的微切削作用，生成的环氧树脂碎屑在滑动摩擦过程中被压碎成粉末，逐渐填充铝合金表面的微结构沟槽。这一过程显著改善了界面的摩擦性能，降低了摩擦因数，并形成了稳定的自润滑膜。
（3） 不同微沟槽几何参数（深度、距离和角度）的实验结果表明，沟槽深度对摩擦性能影响最为显著。实验数据显示，在沟槽深度为31.8 µm时，静摩擦因数最高（0.321），滑动摩擦因数最低（0.197）。这表明深沟槽能够更有效地形成润滑膜，从而优化界面摩擦性能。
（4）压应力与微织构几何参数之间存在显著的协同作用。高压应力条件下，微织构的深度和形式对润滑膜的形成和摩擦性能的改善具有重要作用。适当的微织构设计和优化能够在高压应力条件下显著提升CFRP与铝合金连接界面的摩擦性能，增强连接强度和可靠性。
基金
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  • 中国博士后科学基金会与天津市联合资助（特别资助）
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52405509)
文献
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2025年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000407
  • 接收时间：2024-06-02
  • 首发时间：2026-01-21
  • 出版时间：2025-11-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-02
  • 录用日期：2024-07-02
基金
中国博士后科学基金会与天津市联合资助（特别资助）
国家自然科学基金项目(52405509)
作者信息
    1.河南航天精工制造有限公司，河南 信阳 464000
    2.河南省紧固 连接技术重点实验室，河南 信阳 464000
    3.西北工业大学 材料学院，西安 710072
    4.天津大学 机构理论与 装备设计教育部重点实验室，天津 300072

通讯作者:

傅国宇（1991—），男，讲师，博士，研究方向为复合材料高性能制造，联系地址：天津市津南区海河教育园天津大学北洋园校区机械工程学院（300072），E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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