Article(id=1322281877248000580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2026.000071, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2026.000071, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769702400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772726400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineDate=1793186166344, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186166344, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186166344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186166344, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281755323777794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186137276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186275878, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322281877424161349, articleId=1322281877248000580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in production of tritium breeding lithium ceramics for nuclear fusion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Lithium ceramics (e.g.,Li4SiO4,Li2TiO3),as core tritium breeder materials, possess high lithium density, excellent thermal stability, and irradiation resistance. Traditional manufacturing methods such as extrusion-spheronization and melt-spraying face challenges including poor particle size uniformity, low crush load,and structural simplicity. As an advanced manufacturing technology, 3D printing offers innovative solutions for the precision forming of lithium-based tritium breeding ceramics in nuclear fusion reactors. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing enables the integrated fabrication of complex tritium breeding units (e.g., honeycomb structures, porous frameworks),significantly improving structural precision, mechanical properties, and tritium release efficiency. This article systematically reviews the material properties, powder preparation processes, and limitations of conventional forming techniques for lithium ceramics, with a focus on the technical advantages and application prospects of vat photopolymerization 3D printing in achieving "structure-property synergy" manufacturing, as well as the multi-precursor-based generative shaping and material-forming method. Finally, future research directions are also proposed to address current technical challenges.
, authors=Zhangwei CHEN, Xin LUO, Qingyun HU, Zebiao YE, Qumail ARSHAD, Umair ALI, Jing LI, authorsList=Zhangwei CHEN, Xin LUO, Qingyun HU, Zebiao YE, Qumail ARSHAD, Umair ALI, Jing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhangwei CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322281879005413973, articleId=1322281877248000580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=核聚变产氚锂陶瓷制造研究进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
锂陶瓷材料如Li4SiO4、Li2TiO3等作为聚变堆氚增殖剂的核心材料,具备高锂密度、优异热稳定性和辐照性能。传统制造方法如挤出滚圆、熔融喷雾等存在微球粒径均匀性差、压碎载荷低、结构单一等问题。3D打印作为一种前沿制造技术,为核聚变堆产氚锂陶瓷材料的精密成形提供了创新解决方案。基于光固化的3D打印技术能够实现蜂窝结构、多孔框架等复杂形状产氚单元的一体化制造,显著提升结构精度、力学性能及氚释放效率。本文系统综述了产氚锂陶瓷的材料特性、粉体制备工艺、传统成形技术的局限性,重点探讨了光固化3D打印在锂陶瓷结构“形-性协同”制造中的技术优势与应用前景,并简述了基于多组分前驱体材料的“创形创材”锂陶瓷部件制造方法。最后针对当前技术挑战提出未来发展方向。
, authors=陈张伟, 罗鑫, 胡青云, 叶泽标, ARSHAD Qumail, ALI Umair, 李菁, authorsList=陈张伟, 罗鑫, 胡青云, 叶泽标, ARSHAD Qumail, ALI Umair, 李菁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈张伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈张伟(1985—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事增材制造研究,联系地址:深圳大学科技楼1010(518060),E-mail:
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D-T reaction schematic[2], figureFileSmall=x/8hAvXSqZg2eAiFfzg2qQ==, figureFileBig=Vmb4NwkOauD7BUCsYcUICg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281884437037701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
氘-氚反应示意图[2], figureFileSmall=x/8hAvXSqZg2eAiFfzg2qQ==, figureFileBig=Vmb4NwkOauD7BUCsYcUICg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281884747416198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Configuration of solid tritium breeding blanket and ceramic unit in nuclear fusion reactor[4], figureFileSmall=prB0ZBmWrnkLeWrI3zFxPw==, figureFileBig=kh49OrEAojCyBFmynOl5Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281884822913671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
聚变堆固态产氚包层与产氚陶瓷单元球床构造示意[4], figureFileSmall=prB0ZBmWrnkLeWrI3zFxPw==, figureFileBig=kh49OrEAojCyBFmynOl5Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281884957131400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Lithium ceramic pebbles prepared by traditional processes have problems(a)low relative density[25];(b)low crushing load[25];(c)poor microstructure uniformity[27];(d)poor sphericality[29];(e)rough surface[30]
, figureFileSmall=OGe9mA7wYfeWgdvaof2eqA==, figureFileBig=TQtfCGJFbZqF/kHYaT0MHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885053600393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
传统工艺制备的锂陶瓷微球存在的问题(a)相对密度低[25];(b)压碎载荷低[25];(c)微结构均匀性差[27];(d)球形度差[29];(e)表面粗糙 [30]
, figureFileSmall=OGe9mA7wYfeWgdvaof2eqA==, figureFileBig=TQtfCGJFbZqF/kHYaT0MHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885158457994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Process flow for manufacturing porous Li4SiO4 units via slurry sintering method[31], figureFileSmall=JpeiB4xPVpUeV0vFGIrw4w==, figureFileBig=eervyp2MvrNYkhtNJb7quw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885284287115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
挂浆烧结法制造多孔Li4SiO4单元工艺流程[31], figureFileSmall=JpeiB4xPVpUeV0vFGIrw4w==, figureFileBig=eervyp2MvrNYkhtNJb7quw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885389144716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison of ceramic parts prepared by various 3D printing techniques[37-40,42], figureFileSmall=pTO/7MhWMSajNyW3SpsQFA==, figureFileBig=HiHKrNdWWE0R7PF6ud1MjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885489808013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
各种3D打印技术所制备的陶瓷样件对比[37-40,42], figureFileSmall=pTO/7MhWMSajNyW3SpsQFA==, figureFileBig=HiHKrNdWWE0R7PF6ud1MjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885577888398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Pebbles prepared using Li2TiO3 and Li2TiO3 powders via SLS(a),(b)[43] and DLP(c)[44]techniques, figureFileSmall=D7VJba/IiETk3m0LJyruGQ==, figureFileBig=9SB01PYNV3guMaIaNAgZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885686940303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
采用SLS(a),(b)[43]和DLP(c)[44]工艺直接使用事先合成的Li2TiO3原粉成形Li2TiO3微球, figureFileSmall=D7VJba/IiETk3m0LJyruGQ==, figureFileBig=9SB01PYNV3guMaIaNAgZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885842129552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Development of slurries based on lithium ceramic powder (a)[4] and precursors(b)[45-47] and photopolymerization 3D printing of non-pebble tritium breeding units, figureFileSmall=uhVV6EK8RV9XIvTbwk3ExQ==, figureFileBig=MtQi96MhL0l1GaAgwoH6jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281885959570065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
锂陶瓷原粉(a)[4]和前驱体浆料(b)[45-47]的开发与非微球结构产氚单元光固化3D打印, figureFileSmall=uhVV6EK8RV9XIvTbwk3ExQ==, figureFileBig=MtQi96MhL0l1GaAgwoH6jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281886093787794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Research progress on the preparation,fabrication and basic properties of tritium-lithium ceramics
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Country | Method | Raw powder | Powder size/mm | Sphericity | Density (T.D.)/% | Crushing load/N | Disadvantage | Research unit and reference |
|---|
| China | Sol-get | Li4SiO4 | 0.8-2 | 1.1 | 70-75 | 10-18 | Broad powder size;low crush load | SICCAS[25] |
| China,France | Extrusion-spheronisation | Li4SiO4 | 0.5-0.8 | 1.24 | 70-80 | | Small powder size | SICCAS[25] CAEP[24] |
Indirect wet method | Li4SiO4 | 0.5-1.0 | 1.04 | >85 | >40 | Broad powder size |
| Melt spraying | Li4SiO4 | 1 | 1.01 | 94 | 10 | Low crush load;prone to impurity | SWIP[22] |
| Graphite bed | Li4SiO4 | 1 | 1.08 | 88.7 | 8-44 | Poor mechanical performance; inhomogeneity of microstructure | USTB[27] |
Indirect wet method | Li2TiO3-Li4SiO4 | 0.93-1.04 | 1.03 | 82.5-90.2 | 23.5-104.8 | | USTB[28] |
| Rolling ball | Li2TiO3 | 1.2 | 0.97 | 92.4 | <108 | | USTB[20] |
Sol-gel and hydrothermal | Li4SiO4 | ≈1 | 0.94 | 83.23 | <32.5 | High-temperature heat cycling stability to be studied | SCU[26] |
| Rolling | Li2TiO3 | | | <87 | 17-46 | Porosity after vacuum sintering; low crush load | SCU[19] |
| Extrusion-spheronisation | Li2TiO3 | 0.9-1.1 | | >90 | 48-66 | Weight loss after forming | CEA[17] |
| Germany | Melt spraying | Li4SiO4 | 0.25-0.63 | | 97 | 9-10 | Low crush load | KIT[21] |
| Japan | Emulsion | Li4SiO4 | 1.5 | 1.07 | 66.1 | 59.3 | Low relative density | JAEA[23] |
| Japan,India | Emulsion Extrusion-spheronisation | Li2TiO3 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 85 | 37.2 | | JAEA[23] IBARC[18] |
| Li4SiO4 | 1-1.2 | 1-1.6 | 85-90 | 20 | Low crush load |
| India,Italy | Extrusion-spheronisation Drip casting | Li2TiO3 | 1.15 | 0.95 | 75 | 25 | Low relative density; low crush load | IBARC[8] |
| Li4SiO4 | 1.32-1.44 | | 72-88 | <29 | Poor sphericity; low crush load | PU[29-30] |
| Requirement | | | ≈1 | >0.95 | >80 | >20 | | [31] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281886219616915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281877248000580, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
产氚锂陶瓷制备成形与基础性能国内外研究进展
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Country | Method | Raw powder | Powder size/mm | Sphericity | Density (T.D.)/% | Crushing load/N | Disadvantage | Research unit and reference |
|---|
| China | Sol-get | Li4SiO4 | 0.8-2 | 1.1 | 70-75 | 10-18 | Broad powder size;low crush load | SICCAS[25] |
| China,France | Extrusion-spheronisation | Li4SiO4 | 0.5-0.8 | 1.24 | 70-80 | | Small powder size | SICCAS[25] CAEP[24] |
Indirect wet method | Li4SiO4 | 0.5-1.0 | 1.04 | >85 | >40 | Broad powder size |
| Melt spraying | Li4SiO4 | 1 | 1.01 | 94 | 10 | Low crush load;prone to impurity | SWIP[22] |
| Graphite bed | Li4SiO4 | 1 | 1.08 | 88.7 | 8-44 | Poor mechanical performance; inhomogeneity of microstructure | USTB[27] |
Indirect wet method | Li2TiO3-Li4SiO4 | 0.93-1.04 | 1.03 | 82.5-90.2 | 23.5-104.8 | | USTB[28] |
| Rolling ball | Li2TiO3 | 1.2 | 0.97 | 92.4 | <108 | | USTB[20] |
Sol-gel and hydrothermal | Li4SiO4 | ≈1 | 0.94 | 83.23 | <32.5 | High-temperature heat cycling stability to be studied | SCU[26] |
| Rolling | Li2TiO3 | | | <87 | 17-46 | Porosity after vacuum sintering; low crush load | SCU[19] |
| Extrusion-spheronisation | Li2TiO3 | 0.9-1.1 | | >90 | 48-66 | Weight loss after forming | CEA[17] |
| Germany | Melt spraying | Li4SiO4 | 0.25-0.63 | | 97 | 9-10 | Low crush load | KIT[21] |
| Japan | Emulsion | Li4SiO4 | 1.5 | 1.07 | 66.1 | 59.3 | Low relative density | JAEA[23] |
| Japan,India | Emulsion Extrusion-spheronisation | Li2TiO3 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 85 | 37.2 | | JAEA[23] IBARC[18] |
| Li4SiO4 | 1-1.2 | 1-1.6 | 85-90 | 20 | Low crush load |
| India,Italy | Extrusion-spheronisation Drip casting | Li2TiO3 | 1.15 | 0.95 | 75 | 25 | Low relative density; low crush load | IBARC[8] |
| Li4SiO4 | 1.32-1.44 | | 72-88 | <29 | Poor sphericity; low crush load | PU[29-30] |
| Requirement | | | ≈1 | >0.95 | >80 | >20 | | [31] |
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