Article(id=1322281760692490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000782, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000782, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772467200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineDate=1793186138555, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186138555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186138555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186138555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281755323777794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186137276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186275878, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=150, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322281760889623106, articleId=1322281760692490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in multifunctional structural batteries, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the rapid development of next-generation vehicles such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and electric vehicles (EVs), there is an urgent demand for efficient energy storage systems that combine high energy density with lightweight characteristics. Multifunctional structural batteries (MSBs), as a disruptive technology integrating energy storage and structural support, merge these two functions into a single component, thereby offering a novel approach to system-level weight reduction, space optimization, and functional integration. This review outlines the fundamental concepts of MSBs and surveys the primary technical pathways, focusing on two core integration strategies: embedded (physical integration) and intrinsic (chemical fusion) architectures. It provides an in-depth examination of key enabling technologies, including the optimization and modification of carbon fiber electrodes, the development of structural electrolytes, and interface engineering strategies. Recent advances in enhancing electromechanical performance through surface modification and composite-phase construction are summarized. Furthermore, novel structural designs and manufacturing processes are introduced, along with evaluation frameworks based on electromechanical coupling theory and multifunctional efficiency metrics. The review concludes by discussing the persistent challenges in the field. Although further fundamental researchs and technical breakthroughs are required for practical application, MSBs demonstrate significant potential to revolutionize conventional design paradigms.
, authors=Zhibin XU, Xinyu SHAN, Yang LI, Songrui WANG, Xingjiang LIU, authorsList=Zhibin XU, Xinyu SHAN, Yang LI, Songrui WANG, Xingjiang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingjiang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322281772000334417, articleId=1322281760692490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=多功能结构电池研究进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着电动垂直起降飞行器(eVTOL)与新能源汽车(EVs)等先进交通工具的快速发展,对兼具高能量密度与轻量化特性的高效储能系统提出了迫切需求。多功能结构电池(multifunctional structural batteries,MSBs)作为一种颠覆性的能源与结构一体化技术,其核心在于将能量存储与结构承载功能深度融合于单一部件,为实现系统级减重、空间优化与功能集成开辟了全新路径。本综述阐述了MSBs的基本概念,梳理了主要技术路线及其代表体系,重点聚焦于嵌入式与本征式两类核心集成方式,深入探讨了碳纤维电极的优化与改性、结构电解质的开发以及界面工程策略,综述了通过表面修饰、复合相构建等手段提升力电综合性能的最新进展。同时,介绍了新型结构与制造工艺,以及评估其综合性能的力电耦合理论与多功能效率指标,并总结了该领域仍面临的挑战。尽管实际应用尚需更多基础研究和技术攻关,但MSBs已展现出颠覆传统设计的巨大潜力。
, authors=徐志彬, 单鑫宇, 李杨, 王松蕊, 刘兴江, authorsList=徐志彬, 单鑫宇, 李杨, 王松蕊, 刘兴江, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘兴江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘兴江(1965—),男,研究员,博士,研究方向为电能源,联系地址:天津市西青区海泰华科七路6号中国电子科技集团公司第十八研究所(300384),E-mail:
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3(2):025002., articleTitle=A residual performance methodology to evaluate multifunctional systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322281782200881804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, awardId=U25B6023, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U25B6023), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322281772491067986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322281772499456595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, companyId=1322281772491067986, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Chemical and Physical Power Sources,Tianjin Institute of Power Sources,Tianjin 300384,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322281772503650900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, companyId=1322281772491067986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国电子科技集团公司第十八研究所 化学与物理电源全国重点实验室,天津 300384)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322281777142551160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Technology and applications of multifunctional structural batteries, figureFileSmall=C8BMVHSNvV2bhd3a323kFQ==, figureFileBig=pXQ1bsxJZvDDokg5yF53BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281777528427129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
MSBs技术与应用, figureFileSmall=C8BMVHSNvV2bhd3a323kFQ==, figureFileBig=pXQ1bsxJZvDDokg5yF53BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281778316956283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Approaches to multifunctional integration of structural batteries(a)embedded structure;(b)laminated structure;(c)all-fiber structure;(d)fiber battery structure
, figureFileSmall=Is6zuZgFoIjynp4Oz9181g==, figureFileBig=eoVp5o2YwfVZMy0XTfPdZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281778442785404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
MSBs多功能集成方式(a)嵌入式结构;(b)层铺式结构;(c)全纤维结构;(d)纤维电池结构
, figureFileSmall=Is6zuZgFoIjynp4Oz9181g==, figureFileBig=eoVp5o2YwfVZMy0XTfPdZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780393136766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
All-carbon-fiber structural battery[32](a)schematic diagram of all-fiber SBC;(b)cross-section of full cell;(c)modulus of an all-fiber structural battery full cells before and after galvanometric cycling;(d)coulombic efficiency and capacity retention of full cell at 0.1 C for 1000 cycles
, figureFileSmall=E5/T6cC5biJrw7nqT4zFFQ==, figureFileBig=cHZI68MRDGJNluht0ANq/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780493800063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
全纤维SBC及性能[32](a)全纤维SBC示意图;(b)全电池截面;(c)全纤维电池恒电流循环前后的模量;
(d)全电池在0.1 C倍率下循环1000次的库仑效率与容量保持率
, figureFileSmall=E5/T6cC5biJrw7nqT4zFFQ==, figureFileBig=cHZI68MRDGJNluht0ANq/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780565103232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Multi-path construction of structural electrolytes(a)bi-continuous structure[64];(b)porous polymer resin infused with electrolyte[74];(c)resin-gel composite structure[83];(d)high-entropy electrolyte[85]
, figureFileSmall=v1O0vJiU7qYCIVmfDE4Vng==, figureFileBig=3xamB//7iqp7Tlo8FpIBew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780795789953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同路径结构电解质的构建(a)双连续结构[64];(b)造孔树脂浸润电解质[74];(c)树脂-凝胶复合结构[83];(d)高熵电解质[85]
, figureFileSmall=v1O0vJiU7qYCIVmfDE4Vng==, figureFileBig=3xamB//7iqp7Tlo8FpIBew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780909036162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Interface reinforcement strategy(a)rivets interlocking structure[27];(b)porous composite frame-work[90];(c)stitched architecture[91], figureFileSmall=y4M0CSGVcusT2J0uwnqtRw==, figureFileBig=sYSrX9ULA7ZO68L/bSQuRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281780988727939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
界面增强策略(a)铆钉互锁结构增强[27];(b)点阵式多孔复合框架[90];(c)缝合增强[91], figureFileSmall=y4M0CSGVcusT2J0uwnqtRw==, figureFileBig=sYSrX9ULA7ZO68L/bSQuRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281781051642500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Novel structural designs(a)multicell structural battery composites[94];(b)tubular structural battery[95];
(c)3D-printed structural battery[97];(d)coaxial fiber bundle structural battery[99]
, figureFileSmall=P2iTO48+0Q2iNm4xYrdtRw==, figureFileBig=omXMDw1EGEqWhT0iN58P/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281781215220357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
新型结构设计(a)多单元复合MSBs[94];(b)管状MSBs[95];(c)3D打印MSBs[97];(d)同轴纤维束MSBs[99]
, figureFileSmall=P2iTO48+0Q2iNm4xYrdtRw==, figureFileBig=omXMDw1EGEqWhT0iN58P/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281781320077958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of conventional energy storage systems and MSBs energy storage systems
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Feature | Conventional energy storage system | Structural battery-integrated energy storage system |
|---|
| Gravimetric efficiency | Low: energy storage and structural systems are independent | High: integration of structure and function enables system-level weight reduction |
| Space utilization | Low: dedicated space required for battery installation | High: distributed integration within structures optimizes spatial layout |
| Design flexibility | Limited: constrained by standard battery form factors | High: customizable shape and size for conformal integration with structures |
| Multi-functionality | Single function: energy storage | Integrated functions: energy storage, load-bearing, and potential thermal management |
| System robustness | Centralized architecture: vulnerable to localized failure | Distributed architecture: offers superior system redundancy and resilience |
| Manufacturing cost | Low to moderate: mature processes with high scalability | Relatively high: novel materials and processes, not yet at full-scale production |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281781408158343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
常规储能系统与MSBs储能系统比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Feature | Conventional energy storage system | Structural battery-integrated energy storage system |
|---|
| Gravimetric efficiency | Low: energy storage and structural systems are independent | High: integration of structure and function enables system-level weight reduction |
| Space utilization | Low: dedicated space required for battery installation | High: distributed integration within structures optimizes spatial layout |
| Design flexibility | Limited: constrained by standard battery form factors | High: customizable shape and size for conformal integration with structures |
| Multi-functionality | Single function: energy storage | Integrated functions: energy storage, load-bearing, and potential thermal management |
| System robustness | Centralized architecture: vulnerable to localized failure | Distributed architecture: offers superior system redundancy and resilience |
| Manufacturing cost | Low to moderate: mature processes with high scalability | Relatively high: novel materials and processes, not yet at full-scale production |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281781638845064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural battery composites
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Anode | Cathode | Structural electrolyte | Energy density/ (Wh·kg-1) | Young’s modulus/GPa | Tensile strength/MPa | Flexural modulus/GPa | Flexural strength/MPa | Cycle | Ref. |
|---|
| Gr@CF | LFP@CF | SEP&1 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in EMIMBF4 | 35(cell) | 1.8 | 213 | | | High capacity retention for 50 cycles | [54] |
| CF | LFP@CF | BPAMA/0.4 mol·L-1 LiBoB+0.6 mol·L-1 LiTf in EC:PC | 23.6(cell) | 25 | 300 | | | High capacity retention for 60 cycles | [58] |
| Zn@CF | MnO2@CF | PVA/ZnCl2-MnSO4 | 181.5(active)/55(cell) | 12.5 | 293 | 4.4 | 181 | 88.3% retained after 100 cycles | [56] |
| Zn sheet | NH4V4O10@CF | PVHF/KL-Z | 159(active) | 5.7 | 166 | 52.4 | 584 | 94.6% retained after 500 cycles | [59] |
| T800 CF | NCM111@T800 CF | BPAMA/IM LiTFSI in EC:PC | 84(active) | | | | | | [51] |
| Gr@CF | LFP@CF | TETRAD-C/1 mol·L-1 LiPF6 in DEC:DMC:EC | 10.0(cell) | | 221.8 | | 119.8 | 91.9% retained after 100 cycles | [57] |
| Al mesh | NG@T300 CF | Epoxy+resin/AlCl3 in [EMIm]Cl | 22.58(active)/ 8.3(cell) | 22.12 | 299.4 | | 150.9 | 90% retained after 500 cycles | [60] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281781739508361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
SBC的电化学性能与力学性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Anode | Cathode | Structural electrolyte | Energy density/ (Wh·kg-1) | Young’s modulus/GPa | Tensile strength/MPa | Flexural modulus/GPa | Flexural strength/MPa | Cycle | Ref. |
|---|
| Gr@CF | LFP@CF | SEP&1 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in EMIMBF4 | 35(cell) | 1.8 | 213 | | | High capacity retention for 50 cycles | [54] |
| CF | LFP@CF | BPAMA/0.4 mol·L-1 LiBoB+0.6 mol·L-1 LiTf in EC:PC | 23.6(cell) | 25 | 300 | | | High capacity retention for 60 cycles | [58] |
| Zn@CF | MnO2@CF | PVA/ZnCl2-MnSO4 | 181.5(active)/55(cell) | 12.5 | 293 | 4.4 | 181 | 88.3% retained after 100 cycles | [56] |
| Zn sheet | NH4V4O10@CF | PVHF/KL-Z | 159(active) | 5.7 | 166 | 52.4 | 584 | 94.6% retained after 500 cycles | [59] |
| T800 CF | NCM111@T800 CF | BPAMA/IM LiTFSI in EC:PC | 84(active) | | | | | | [51] |
| Gr@CF | LFP@CF | TETRAD-C/1 mol·L-1 LiPF6 in DEC:DMC:EC | 10.0(cell) | | 221.8 | | 119.8 | 91.9% retained after 100 cycles | [57] |
| Al mesh | NG@T300 CF | Epoxy+resin/AlCl3 in [EMIm]Cl | 22.58(active)/ 8.3(cell) | 22.12 | 299.4 | | 150.9 | 90% retained after 500 cycles | [60] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281781848560266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of different types of structural electrolytes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Matrix | Electrolyte | Ionic conductivity/ (S·cm-1) | Young’s modulus/GPa | Tensile strength/ MPa | Ref. |
|---|
| DGEBA+iPDA | EMIM-TFSI | 0.64×10-3 | 0.53 | | [65] |
| Bisphenol A | LiTFSI in EMIM-TFSI/PC | 4.99×10-4 | 0.85 | | [86] |
| BPAMA | 1 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in EC/PC | 2.5×10-5 | | | [51] |
| Epon-862+EK3402 | 1 mol·L-1 LiPF6 in EC/EMC/DEC | (1.67±0.13)×10-3 | 1.66±0.04 | 78.97±1.06 | [74] |
| EBPADMA+PEGDA | 1 mol·L-1 LiDFOB in EC/PC | 2.2×10-4 | | 3.65 | [73] |
| DMA | 0.2 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in [C2HIm][TFSI] | 0.1×10-3 | | | [64] |
| AS-89 | PVA0.34/epoxy0.14/LiTFSI0.32/(Al2O3)0.2 | 1.7×10-4 | | 56.9 | [81] |
| TETRAD-C+BACM | PVDF-HFP+SN | 0.52×10-3 | 0.77 | 22 | [83] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281782062469771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281760692490817, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同类型结构电解质的离子电导率与力学性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Matrix | Electrolyte | Ionic conductivity/ (S·cm-1) | Young’s modulus/GPa | Tensile strength/ MPa | Ref. |
|---|
| DGEBA+iPDA | EMIM-TFSI | 0.64×10-3 | 0.53 | | [65] |
| Bisphenol A | LiTFSI in EMIM-TFSI/PC | 4.99×10-4 | 0.85 | | [86] |
| BPAMA | 1 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in EC/PC | 2.5×10-5 | | | [51] |
| Epon-862+EK3402 | 1 mol·L-1 LiPF6 in EC/EMC/DEC | (1.67±0.13)×10-3 | 1.66±0.04 | 78.97±1.06 | [74] |
| EBPADMA+PEGDA | 1 mol·L-1 LiDFOB in EC/PC | 2.2×10-4 | | 3.65 | [73] |
| DMA | 0.2 mol·L-1 LiTFSI in [C2HIm][TFSI] | 0.1×10-3 | | | [64] |
| AS-89 | PVA0.34/epoxy0.14/LiTFSI0.32/(Al2O3)0.2 | 1.7×10-4 | | 56.9 | [81] |
| TETRAD-C+BACM | PVDF-HFP+SN | 0.52×10-3 | 0.77 | 22 | [83] |
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