Article(id=1322282196682003325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767542400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-05, onlineDate=1793186242503, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186242503, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186242503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186242503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282196845581182, articleId=1322282196682003325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of laser remelting on surface roughness, mechanical and functional properties of NiTi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

NiTi alloy has garnered significant attention due to its unique functional properties, and laser powder bed fusion has become the mainstream additive manufacturing technique for producing NiTi alloy components. However, the surface roughness of as-fabricated parts is generally too high to permit direct assembly and application, and it is difficult to reduce via conventional machining. Laser remelting, as a non-contact surface treatment technique, can modify the surface morphology and microstructure of materials. This work aims to reduce the surface roughness of NiTi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion through laser remelting, and to elucidate its effects on the mechanical and functional properties of the alloy. Based on experimental data, a regression equation relating the laser remelting process parameters to surface roughness is established. The optimal parameter combination is determined through response surface optimization. The differences in mechanical properties and superelasticity of the alloy before and after laser remelting are evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms are analyzed via microstructure characterization. The results show that the optimal parameter combination for laser remelting is a defocusing distance of 175 mm, a spot diameter of 0.1 mm, a pulse frequency of 250 MHz, a laser power of 60.2 W, and a scanning speed of 1966.4 mm/s. After remelting, the roughness of the alloy decreases from 8.04 μm to 0.763 μm, the tensile strength increases from 588 MPa to 656 MPa, and the stable recoverable strain in tensile superelasticity improves from 2.1% to 2.8%. The enhancement in strength can be primarily attributed to grain refinement in the remelted surface layer, while the improved superelastic stability and recoverable strain result from the synergistic effects of grain refinement and the precipitation of Ti2Ni phase.

, authors=Sizhan LIU1, Weisi CAI1, 2, Tao LONG3, Pengxu LI1, Chao YANG1, authorsList=Sizhan LIU, Weisi CAI, Tao LONG, Pengxu LI, Chao YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weisi CAI, Chao YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282198816904082, articleId=1322282196682003325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=激光重熔对激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金表面粗糙度、力学性能及功能特性的影响, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

NiTi合金以其独特的功能特性受到关注,激光粉末床熔融是当前增材制造NiTi合金零件的主流技术,但所得零件表面粗糙度通常过高而无法直接装配应用,且难以通过常规机加工改善。激光重熔是一种非接触式表面加工技术,能够改变材料的表面形貌和微观结构。本工作以激光重熔改善激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金的表面粗糙度并明确其对合金力学性能和功能特性的影响为目标,基于实验建立激光重熔工艺参数关于表面粗糙度的回归方程,通过响应面优化求解得最优参数组合,测试了重熔处理前后合金的力学性能和超弹性差异,通过微观结构表征分析其机理。结果表明,激光重熔的最优参数组合:离焦量175 mm、光斑直径0.1 mm、脉冲频率250 MHz、激光功率60.2 W、扫描速度1966.4 mm/s,重熔处理后合金表面粗糙度由8.04 μm降至0.763 μm,拉伸强度由588 MPa升至656 MPa,拉伸超弹性稳定可回复应变由2.1%增至2.8%。强度升高可归因于重熔处理面的晶粒细化,超弹性稳定性和可回复应变的提升则是晶粒细化和Ti2Ni相析出协同作用的结果。

, authors=刘思沾1, 蔡潍锶1, 2, 龙涛3, 李鹏旭1, 杨超1, authorsList=刘思沾, 蔡潍锶, 龙涛, 李鹏旭, 杨超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡潍锶, 杨超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
蔡潍锶(1997—),女,博士,主要从事形状记忆合金增材制造的研究,联系地址:中国香港薄扶林道香港大学机械工程系(999077),E-mail:
杨超(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事金属新材料制备与成形的研究,联系地址:广东省广州市天河区五山路华南理工大学38号楼国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心(510641),E-mail:
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ultrasound-assisted wire-arc directed energy deposition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282208207950843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=34, issue=9, pageStart=1223, pageEnd=1233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=30, authorNames=ZHAN J B, LU Y J, LIN J X, journalName=Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN J B, LU Y J, LIN J X.On the martensitic transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of NiTi alloy manufactured by selective laser melting:effect of remelting[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters),2021,34(9):1223-1233., articleTitle=On the martensitic transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of NiTi alloy manufactured by selective laser melting:effect of remelting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282208291836924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=101, issue=null, pageStart=205, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=31, authorNames=LU H Z, LIU L H, YANG C, journalName=Journal of Materials Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU H Z, LIU L H, YANG C,et al.Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and shape memory properties by heat-treatment homogenization of Ti2Ni precipitates in TiNi shape memory alloy fabricated by selective laser melting[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology,2022,101:205-216., articleTitle=Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and shape memory properties by heat-treatment homogenization of Ti2Ni precipitates in TiNi shape memory alloy fabricated by selective laser melting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282208618992638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=324, issue=null, pageStart=132665, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=32, authorNames=NIGITO E, DIEMER F, HUSSON S, journalName=Materials Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIGITO E, DIEMER F, HUSSON S,et al.Microstructure of NiTi superelastic alloy manufactured by selective laser melting[J].Materials Letters,2022,324:132665., articleTitle=Microstructure of NiTi superelastic alloy manufactured by selective laser melting, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322282204110115802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, awardId=52371027, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52371027), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282204189807579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, awardId=U24A2025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U24A2025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282204265305052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, awardId=GJ202401, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省金属新材料制备与成形重点实验室开放课题(GJ202401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322282199525741459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199550907284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199525741459, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials,National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510641,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199559295893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199525741459, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学 国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心 广东省金属新材料制备与 成形重点实验室,广州 510641)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322282199634793366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199643181975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199634793366, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Department of Mechanical Engineering,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199655764888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199634793366, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.香港大学 机械工程系,香港 999077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322282199714485145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199722873754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199714485145, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Guangdong Institute of Special Equipment Inspection and Research Foshan Branch,Foshan 528200,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282199731262363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, companyId=1322282199714485145, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.广东省特种设备检测研究院佛山分院,广东 佛山 528200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322282201425761214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental material and fabricating process used in this work(a)morphology and composition distribution of NiTi alloy powders;(b)particle size distribution of NiTi alloy powders;(c)schematic diagram of scanning strategy during LPBF process;(d)LPBF-NiTi bulk samples, figureFileSmall=fcIHkK/bcV+/tgrL+PQ71w==, figureFileBig=hIUQSoeCeo9aN0OKv0FvwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282201484481471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图1, caption=本工作采用的实验材料及成型工艺(a)NiTi合金粉末形貌及成分分布;(b)NiTi合金粉末粒径分布;(c)LPBF过程中扫描策略示意图;(d)LPBF-NiTi块体样品, figureFileSmall=fcIHkK/bcV+/tgrL+PQ71w==, figureFileBig=hIUQSoeCeo9aN0OKv0FvwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282201660642240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of laser remelting on sample surface(a),and dimensions of tensile specimens used for mechanical and functional property testing(b), figureFileSmall=f7Z7XCUHEggCDK11WCQC1g==, figureFileBig=drhzwcqAazyg59M3sgzbDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282201719362497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图2, caption=样品表面激光重熔原理(a)及力学性能和功能特性测试所用拉伸试样尺寸(b), figureFileSmall=f7Z7XCUHEggCDK11WCQC1g==, figureFileBig=drhzwcqAazyg59M3sgzbDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282201782277058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface morphologies of LPBF-NiTi after single track laser remelting treatment with different defocusing distances(a),spot diameters(b),and laser powers(c), figureFileSmall=F9Rx6pvU/sJOveMyeq+f5Q==, figureFileBig=COrU0z+ujMmMwUzrfGFjLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282201945854915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图3, caption=以不同离焦量(a)、光斑直径(b)和激光功率(c)对LPBF-NiTi做单道次激光重熔处理所得表面形貌, figureFileSmall=F9Rx6pvU/sJOveMyeq+f5Q==, figureFileBig=COrU0z+ujMmMwUzrfGFjLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202017158084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Contour maps and response surfaces of roughness affected by laser power and scanning speed under different pulse frequency conditions(a),(b)pulse frequency is 250 MHz;(c),(d)pulse frequency is 500 MHz, figureFileSmall=nAIcV6osidwOuEuiRzwh0g==, figureFileBig=ePJjo/XZHmQofdqg8+wRcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202075878341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同脉冲频率条件下激光功率和扫描速度交互作用的表面粗糙度等高线图和响应面(a),(b)脉冲频率250 MHz;(c),(d)脉冲频率500 MHz, figureFileSmall=nAIcV6osidwOuEuiRzwh0g==, figureFileBig=ePJjo/XZHmQofdqg8+wRcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202147181510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Surface morphology(1) and roughness(2) distribution curves of LPBF-NiTi remelted with different parameter combinations (a)Solution 1;(b)Solution 2;(c)Solution 3, figureFileSmall=bqhrTwWTVrHDY1bQykHuSQ==, figureFileBig=/h2vANGjdeYWaSfqr2e+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202260427719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图5, caption=以不同参数组合重熔处理LPBF-NiTi所得表面三维形貌(1)和粗糙度(2)分布曲线(a)Solution 1;(b)Solution 2;(c)Solution 3

, figureFileSmall=bqhrTwWTVrHDY1bQykHuSQ==, figureFileBig=/h2vANGjdeYWaSfqr2e+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202377868232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Mechanical properties of specimens before and after laser remelting treatment(a)tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature;(b)microhardness of cross section, figureFileSmall=3UOrKQUvFLhXj4GW7czkIQ==, figureFileBig=rAgrCd4ByLbs96zQZjs2Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202444977097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图6, caption=激光重熔处理前后试样的力学性能(a)室温拉伸应力-应变曲线;(b)截面显微硬度, figureFileSmall=3UOrKQUvFLhXj4GW7czkIQ==, figureFileBig=rAgrCd4ByLbs96zQZjs2Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202503697354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Phase transformation behavior and tensile superelasticity of samples before and after laser remelting treatment(a)DSC curves of samples T0 and T1;(b)10 cycles of tensile superelastic stress-strain curve of sample T0;(c)residual strain of sample T0 after superelastic cycling;(d)10 cycles of tensile superelastic stress-strain curve of sample T1;(e)residual strain of sample T1 after superelastic cycling;(f)recoverable strain of two samples in each cycle, figureFileSmall=WfwAE4/VoAQPVmHs/bvOCg==, figureFileBig=rRXNuuP375EQUYOywFjERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202570806219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图7, caption=激光重熔处理前后试样的相变行为和拉伸超弹性(a)样品T0和T1的DSC曲线;(b)样品T0的10次拉伸超弹性循环应力-应变曲线;(c)样品T0经超弹性循环后残余应变;(d)样品T1的10次拉伸超弹性循环应力-应变曲线;(e)样品T1经超弹性循环后残余应变;(f)两样品历次可回复应变, figureFileSmall=WfwAE4/VoAQPVmHs/bvOCg==, figureFileBig=rRXNuuP375EQUYOywFjERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202633720780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Microscopic surface morphology of samples T0 and T1(a)-(c)different regions of T0 surface;(d)-(f)remelted surface of T1 under different magnification ratios, figureFileSmall=hTSYA4bObhy2kvODMatW3A==, figureFileBig=vUggY5PA0d80LPaLRaeUKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202797298637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图8, caption=样品T0和T1的表面微观形貌(a)~(c)T0的成型表面不同区域;(d)~(f)T1的重熔表面不同放大倍率, figureFileSmall=hTSYA4bObhy2kvODMatW3A==, figureFileBig=vUggY5PA0d80LPaLRaeUKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202893767630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=EBSD images of samples T0 and T1 (a)fabrication surface of T0;(b)laser remelted surface of T1, figureFileSmall=iMBi41eGW+YoV7+HUZ50+A==, figureFileBig=Bu7RGUE761DiU8tslCUF2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282202990236623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=图9, caption=样品T0和T1的表面EBSD图像 (a)T0的成型表面;(b)T1的激光重熔表面, figureFileSmall=iMBi41eGW+YoV7+HUZ50+A==, figureFileBig=Bu7RGUE761DiU8tslCUF2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282203178980304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Process parameters and adjustable range of M7 pulsed fiber laser

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wavelength/nmPulse width/nsf/MHzDefocusing distance/mmSpot diameter/mmL/WV/(mm·s-1)
10642250,500165-1850.05-0.250-1000-2000
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203288032209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

M7型脉冲光纤激光器的工艺参数及可调范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wavelength/nmPulse width/nsf/MHzDefocusing distance/mmSpot diameter/mmL/WV/(mm·s-1)
10642250,500165-1850.05-0.250-1000-2000
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203355141074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental parameters and corresponding surface roughness of laser remelted samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzRa/μm
LPBF-NiTi8.04
#14010002505.38
#24015002502.37
#34020002501.58
#44010005004.23
#54015005003.18
#64020005002.13
#76010002504.37
#86015002501.65
#96020002501.38
#106010005002.88
#116015005002.48
#126020005001.76
#138010002503.64
#148015002503.12
#158020002501.88
#168010005003.37
#178015005003.08
#188020005002.86
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203418055635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

激光重熔实验参数及相应表面粗糙度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzRa/μm
LPBF-NiTi8.04
#14010002505.38
#24015002502.37
#34020002501.58
#44010005004.23
#54015005003.18
#64020005002.13
#76010002504.37
#86015002501.65
#96020002501.38
#106010005002.88
#116015005002.48
#126020005001.76
#138010002503.64
#148015002503.12
#158020002501.88
#168010005003.37
#178015005003.08
#188020005002.86
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203581633492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance for surface roughness after remelting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variationSum of squaresDFRMSEF-valueP-valueSignificance
M18.5182.3114.250.0003Significant
L0.1410.140.830.3851
V12.57112.5777.38<0.0001
f0.1110.110.700.0423
LV0.1410.140.840.0384
Vf1.9411.9412.920.0072
Lf1.6511.6510.140.0111
L21.4911.499.180.0143
V20.5210.523.200.0107
Residual1.4690.16
Lack of fit1.4680.18228.260.0711Unsignificant
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203652936661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

表面粗糙度方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variationSum of squaresDFRMSEF-valueP-valueSignificance
M18.5182.3114.250.0003Significant
L0.1410.140.830.3851
V12.57112.5777.38<0.0001
f0.1110.110.700.0423
LV0.1410.140.840.0384
Vf1.9411.9412.920.0072
Lf1.6511.6510.140.0111
L21.4911.499.180.0143
V20.5210.523.200.0107
Residual1.4690.16
Lack of fit1.4680.18228.260.0711Unsignificant
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203736822742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Response optimization constraints and solution results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Response optimizationL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzRa/μm
GoalIn rangeIn rangeIn rangeMinimize
Lower limit5818002501.38
Upper limit6220002502.88
Importance4535
Solution 160.2261966.4172501.059 (predict)
Solution 261.6241940.6212501.175 (predict)
Solution 359.9791832.6582501.306 (predict)
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203816514519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应优化约束条件及求解结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Response optimizationL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzRa/μm
GoalIn rangeIn rangeIn rangeMinimize
Lower limit5818002501.38
Upper limit6220002502.88
Importance4535
Solution 160.2261966.4172501.059 (predict)
Solution 261.6241940.6212501.175 (predict)
Solution 359.9791832.6582501.306 (predict)
), ArticleFig(id=1322282203925566424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Surface roughness of LPBF-NiTi after remelting treatment using response optimization results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter combinationL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzDefocusing distance/mmSpot diameter/mmRa/μm
Solution 160.21966.42501750.10.763 (test)
Solution 261.61940.61.105 (test)
Solution 360.01832.70.961 (test)
), ArticleFig(id=1322282204001063897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282196682003325, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

使用响应优化结果重熔处理后LPBF-NiTi的表面粗糙度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter combinationL/WV/(mm·s-1)f/MHzDefocusing distance/mmSpot diameter/mmRa/μm
Solution 160.21966.42501750.10.763 (test)
Solution 261.61940.61.105 (test)
Solution 360.01832.70.961 (test)
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激光重熔对激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金表面粗糙度、力学性能及功能特性的影响
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刘思沾 1 , 蔡潍锶 1, 2 , 龙涛 3 , 李鹏旭 1 , 杨超 1
材料工程 | 高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026,54(7): 71-82
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材料工程 |高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026 , 54 (7) : 71 -82
激光重熔对激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金表面粗糙度、力学性能及功能特性的影响
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刘思沾1, 蔡潍锶1, 2 , 龙涛3, 李鹏旭1, 杨超1
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学 国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心 广东省金属新材料制备与 成形重点实验室,广州 510641
  • 2.香港大学 机械工程系,香港 999077
  • 3.广东省特种设备检测研究院佛山分院,广东 佛山 528200
通讯作者:
蔡潍锶(1997—),女,博士,主要从事形状记忆合金增材制造的研究,联系地址:中国香港薄扶林道香港大学机械工程系(999077),E-mail:
杨超(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事金属新材料制备与成形的研究,联系地址:广东省广州市天河区五山路华南理工大学38号楼国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心(510641),E-mail:
Effect of laser remelting on surface roughness, mechanical and functional properties of NiTi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
Sizhan LIU1, Weisi CAI1, 2 , Tao LONG3, Pengxu LI1, Chao YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials,National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510641,China
  • 2.Department of Mechanical Engineering,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China
  • 3.Guangdong Institute of Special Equipment Inspection and Research Foshan Branch,Foshan 528200,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666
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NiTi合金以其独特的功能特性受到关注,激光粉末床熔融是当前增材制造NiTi合金零件的主流技术,但所得零件表面粗糙度通常过高而无法直接装配应用,且难以通过常规机加工改善。激光重熔是一种非接触式表面加工技术,能够改变材料的表面形貌和微观结构。本工作以激光重熔改善激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金的表面粗糙度并明确其对合金力学性能和功能特性的影响为目标,基于实验建立激光重熔工艺参数关于表面粗糙度的回归方程,通过响应面优化求解得最优参数组合,测试了重熔处理前后合金的力学性能和超弹性差异,通过微观结构表征分析其机理。结果表明,激光重熔的最优参数组合:离焦量175 mm、光斑直径0.1 mm、脉冲频率250 MHz、激光功率60.2 W、扫描速度1966.4 mm/s,重熔处理后合金表面粗糙度由8.04 μm降至0.763 μm,拉伸强度由588 MPa升至656 MPa,拉伸超弹性稳定可回复应变由2.1%增至2.8%。强度升高可归因于重熔处理面的晶粒细化,超弹性稳定性和可回复应变的提升则是晶粒细化和Ti2Ni相析出协同作用的结果。

形状记忆合金  /  增材制造  /  激光重熔  /  响应面优化

NiTi alloy has garnered significant attention due to its unique functional properties, and laser powder bed fusion has become the mainstream additive manufacturing technique for producing NiTi alloy components. However, the surface roughness of as-fabricated parts is generally too high to permit direct assembly and application, and it is difficult to reduce via conventional machining. Laser remelting, as a non-contact surface treatment technique, can modify the surface morphology and microstructure of materials. This work aims to reduce the surface roughness of NiTi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion through laser remelting, and to elucidate its effects on the mechanical and functional properties of the alloy. Based on experimental data, a regression equation relating the laser remelting process parameters to surface roughness is established. The optimal parameter combination is determined through response surface optimization. The differences in mechanical properties and superelasticity of the alloy before and after laser remelting are evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms are analyzed via microstructure characterization. The results show that the optimal parameter combination for laser remelting is a defocusing distance of 175 mm, a spot diameter of 0.1 mm, a pulse frequency of 250 MHz, a laser power of 60.2 W, and a scanning speed of 1966.4 mm/s. After remelting, the roughness of the alloy decreases from 8.04 μm to 0.763 μm, the tensile strength increases from 588 MPa to 656 MPa, and the stable recoverable strain in tensile superelasticity improves from 2.1% to 2.8%. The enhancement in strength can be primarily attributed to grain refinement in the remelted surface layer, while the improved superelastic stability and recoverable strain result from the synergistic effects of grain refinement and the precipitation of Ti2Ni phase.

shape memory alloy  /  additive manufacture  /  laser remelting  /  response surface optimization
刘思沾, 蔡潍锶, 龙涛, 李鹏旭, 杨超. 激光重熔对激光粉末床熔融NiTi合金表面粗糙度、力学性能及功能特性的影响. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666
Sizhan LIU, Weisi CAI, Tao LONG, Pengxu LI, Chao YANG. Effect of laser remelting on surface roughness, mechanical and functional properties of NiTi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666
近等原子比NiTi合金作为一种智能金属材料,因其独特的形状记忆效应、超弹性、良好的力学性能、耐腐蚀性和生物相容性而受到关注[1-3],在智能家居、机器人制造、航空航天、生物医疗等领域展现出应用潜力[4-6],并已取得诸如管接头、恒温水阀、正畸弓丝等应用实例[7-9]。以激光粉末床熔融(laser powder bed fusion,LPBF)为代表的增材制造是当前小批量成型NiTi合金功能器件的可行途径,其通过高能激光束选区熔化NiTi合金粉末并逐层堆垛来实现复杂几何结构的精确制造,为工程应用对NiTi合金温控驱动件、骨科植入件等的个性化需要提供解决方案。比如Lu等[10]对LPBF制备的NiTi合金进行适当的时效处理获得稳定的2.5%拉伸超弹性;Yang等[11]基于LPBF参数调控NiTi合金的微观结构使之具有5.2%的形状记忆驱动应变;Li等[12]通过LPBF制得NiTi合金双稳态驱动器,实现对其自身质量1000余倍载荷的瞬时驱动;Lu等[13]利用LPBF制备得NiTi合金多孔零件并测试其细胞黏附率,指出了NiTi合金在生物医疗领域的应用前景。然而,由于增材制造技术的原生性“层叠台阶”效应[14]以及难以避免的粉末黏附,LPBF制备的NiTi合金普遍存在表面粗糙度(Ra值约10 μm[15])过高的问题,不满足GB/T 1031—2009对装配面表面粗糙度的基本要求(Ra≤3.2 μm),亦无法保障向载荷端平稳传输驱动力。传统工艺采用增材成型后减材机加工的路径来改善LPBF制造NiTi合金零件的表面粗糙度,但一方面升温相变使NiTi合金机加工中伴随强烈的加工硬化和尺寸回弹,造成零件不易落屑和刀具剧烈磨损[16];另一方面,LPBF制造的个性化NiTi合金零件往往存在多孔结构或细微支杆[13],使用常规机加工可能面临刀具不可达限制或破坏结构风险。因此,亟须提出一种非接触式加工技术来降低LPBF制造NiTi合金的表面粗糙度,以满足现实应用对NiTi合金表面形貌的基本要求。
激光重熔是一种利用激光束快速加热材料表面,使之熔化并随后瞬时凝固的表面加工技术。由于激光照射区域内存在剧烈的温度梯度,重熔过程发生热对流与马兰戈尼对流相互作用的复杂流体动态行为,不仅引起材料表面形貌的改变,还促使元素迁移与微观结构的演变。Guan等[17]和Yan等[18]通过激光重熔在Ti基非晶和高熵合金表面分别构建凹槽形貌,实现对耐磨性和耐腐蚀性的协同提升;崔振铎等[19]观察了不同气氛中激光重熔NiTi合金的表面形貌,注意到由于溶质再分配形成的单一元素富集树枝晶,有利于减缓Ni2+析出而提升合金生物相容性;Cho等[20]激光重熔处理激光定向能量沉积制备的316L不锈钢块体,使之表面粗糙度降低约90%,归因于激光重熔对样品表面飞溅物和未熔颗粒的有效去除。然而,目前直接应用激光重熔技术改善LPBF制造NiTi合金表面粗糙度的研究尚鲜见报道。
鉴于此,本工作以激光重熔改善LPBF制造NiTi合金表面粗糙度为目标,通过响应面法确定了激光重熔的最优工艺参数,并研究了以最优参数重熔处理对NiTi合金拉伸力学性能和超弹性的影响,从微观结构演变的角度分析造成此影响的机理。旨在为LPBF制造NiTi合金的表面加工提供工艺参考。
实验采用LPBF制造的NiTi合金(LPBF-NiTi)块体,由电极感应熔炼气雾化NiTi合金粉末经激光粉末床熔融增材成型获得。粉末合金成分Ni50.3Ti49.7(原子分数/%),粉末形貌、成分分布、粒径分布如图1(a),(b)所示,粉末呈球形或近球形,能够在增材制造过程中依靠良好的流动性而平稳铺展,成分均匀性良好,中值粒径D50为31 μm,粒径分布集中,适用于通过LPBF制造块体NiTi合金。使用EOS M280型激光粉末床熔融设备在NiTi合金基板上逐层成型本工作所需LPBF-NiTi块体,成型工艺参数为:预热温度200 ℃、激光功率180 W、扫描速度1400 mm/s、扫描间距80 μm、成型层厚30 μm、扫描策略层间旋转66.7°,LPBF成型完成后通过电火花线切割分离试样与基板,扫描策略示意图与LPBF-NiTi样品如图1(c),(d)所示。
LPBF-NiTi块体的表面激光重熔采用M7型脉冲光纤激光器,其详细工艺参数及可调范围见表1,重熔处理示意图如图2(a)所示,重熔前后采用RTEC Up S-Dual型3D光学轮廓仪测定试样表面粗糙度。最优激光重熔参数的确定方法为:首先,基于单道次激光重熔实验明确离焦量、光斑直径、激光功率等关键参数对LPBF-NiTi表面形貌的影响,样品的单道次重熔形貌采用Leica DM 15000M型光学显微镜观察,由此确定离焦量、光斑直径的具体取值和激光功率的优选范围;随后,通过Box-Behnken Design(BBD)法获取在可调范围内梯度改变激光功率、扫描速度、脉冲频率后LPBF-NiTi表面粗糙度的实测数据,据此建立以激光功率(L)、扫描速度(V)、脉冲频率(f)为输入参数,以表面粗糙度为响应值的响应面;最后以响应值最小化为约束条件求解最优输入参数组合并经实验验证。
为明确激光重熔对LPBF-NiTi力学性能和功能特性的影响,利用电火花线切割加工如图2(b)所示的板状拉伸试样,使用180~5000目SiC砂纸磨削试样表面至平整光亮,在SUNS UTM5105型电子万能试验机上测试其室温拉伸力学性能,应变速率5×10-4 s-1,应变变化由YSJ 10/10-20型电子引伸计获取。使用DHV-1000Z型维氏显微硬度计测定样品截面的硬度分布,测量间距25 μm,施加载荷1.96 N,保载15 s,各位置平行测量3组数据取平均值表示该点材料的硬度,测量前样品截面已打磨平整并经机械抛光。依托自主开发的高低温真空-充气变循环实验系统测试样品的拉伸超弹性,测试温度为样品逆马氏体相变终了温度(Af),具体值利用DSC 214 Polymer型差示扫描量热仪获取,检测温域-60~80 ℃,升降温速率10 ℃/min,DSC样品尺寸Φ3 mm×1 mm,自LPBF-NiTi块体芯部取样以描述占据大部分体积分数的材料相变行为,取样后使用砂纸磨削表面至平整光洁。拉伸超弹性测试恒最大应变4%,循环10次,采用3442-010M-050M-LHT型电子引伸计测量应变。
使用Philips XL-30 FEG场发射扫描电子显微镜对未处理态LPBF-NiTi的成型顶面和激光重熔样品的处理面进行SEM和EBSD微观结构表征,以明晰激光重熔处理影响合金力学性能和功能特性的微观机理。用于SEM分析的样品经镜面抛光后使用腐蚀剂(10%HF+40%HNO3+50%H2O,体积分数)蚀刻约15 s以显现晶界及析出相界面;用于EBSD分析的样品除机械抛光外还需电解抛光,观测面浸入0 ℃电解液(25%H2SO4+75%CH3OH,体积分数)中加电压12 V,持续30~35 s,获取的数据利用AZtecCrystal软件处理。
离焦量、光斑直径和激光功率是激光重熔处理的关键工艺参数,分别决定了激光在样品表面的能量分布、作用面积和能量输入密度,可由式(1)定量描述[21]:
I=π2PD216λ2γ2
式中:I为样品表面的功率密度;P为激光功率;D为入射光束直径;λ为激光波长;γ为聚焦透镜的离焦量。
分别以离焦量、光斑直径和激光功率为单一变量开展单道次重熔实验,以确认最优参数值或缩小范围,单道次重熔实验中固定激光扫描速度2000 mm/s、脉冲频率250 MHz,实验结果如图3所示。由图3(a)可知,离焦量对激光重熔表面形貌的影响显著,仅175 mm离焦量所得熔池形貌清晰、均匀且边界平整,表明此时激光能量密度最优、重熔效果最佳。离焦量过大或过小均未能取得理想重熔效果,原因在于功率密度与离焦量的平方反比关系使得过长离焦量伴随光斑直径增大、功率密度降低、激光能量分布分散,导致重熔深度不足[22]。光斑直径的影响如图3(b)所示,取值0.05 mm和0.1 mm均可得清晰规则的熔池形貌,过大则导致能量密度下降致使熔池边界模糊,同时需考虑光斑直径过小不利于高效加工。不同功率激光的重熔效果如图3(c)所示,40 W的激光足以获得清晰规则的“鱼鳞状”熔池形貌但熔深相对较浅,而增加激光功率至100 W带来的过高能量输入导致熔池存在时间过长,熔融合金向外铺展,熔池边界粗糙且氧化严重,不利于取得平整光洁的重熔表面。综上所述,单道次激光重熔确定的参数值包括,离焦量175 mm,光斑直径0.1 mm,激光功率40~80 W。
在单道次激光重熔实验基础上,考虑到剩余参数(扫描速度、脉冲频率)在多道次扫描表面重熔中与热量积累的密切关联,采用BBD法设计18组工艺参数用于LPBF-NiTi的成型表面激光重熔,工艺参数的具体数值与激光重熔前后表面粗糙度实测值见表2。
使用Design-Expert软件对表2中样品#1~#18的实验结果进行函数拟合,构建重熔工艺参数影响激光重熔后样品表面粗糙度的数学模型,通过方差分析对影响因素进行评估。主要考察激光重熔表面粗糙度模型(M)及其拟合失真项(lack of fit)的显著性、F-value和P-value。P-value < 0.05表示模型显著,具有统计意义;F-value越大说明该因素对结果影响越显著[23]。评估结果见表3,其中Sum of squares为平方和、DF为自由度、RMSE为均方根误差。由表3可得,激光重熔表面粗糙度模型(M)的P-value(0.0003)< 0.05,模型显著,相应地,拟合失真项的P-value达到0.0711,不具备统计学意义,故模型可靠。构建的8个考查因素中,扫描速度(V)对重熔表面粗糙度影响最为显著,其次是交互项Vf和Lf;脉冲频率(f)的影响最不显著,在模型建立中需舍去以确保精度。求解激光重熔表面粗糙度关于工艺参数的响应回归预测方程见式(2)。
R=20.01234-0.26389L-0.01005V+0.00005LV+0.00476Lf+0.00008Vf+0.00153L2+0.00001V2
依据式(2)绘制脉冲频率分别为250 MHz和500 MHz条件下激光功率和扫描速度对重熔表面粗糙度交互作用的等高线图和响应面,如图4所示。随着扫描速度增加表面粗糙度逐渐降低,而增加激光功率会导致表面粗糙度升高,与表2列举的实验结果相一致。匹配高扫描速度和低激光功率可实现对LPBF-NiTi合金表面粗糙度的重熔改善,原因在于高扫描速度可减少激光能量在单位面积上的停留时间,从而有效避免熔池被过度加热造成过分氧化和液态金属自发铺展导致的宏观缺陷,增大激光功率将加剧熔池的不稳定性致使表面粗糙度恶化。对比不同脉冲频率的等高线图和响应面可得,250 MHz脉冲频率下低粗糙度区域(Ra≤2 μm)分布更广,表明低频激光脉冲对表面粗糙度的改善效果更佳。
确定脉冲频率250 MHz后,应用Design-Expert软件的数据分析功能进行响应优化,以寻求表面粗糙度最小化的最优工艺参数组合。各输入参数与响应值的优化约束和软件给出的最佳求解结果见表4,表中简写字符含义与表2保持一致。
考虑到设备控制精度有限,表4内响应优化求解参数组合做保留1位小数处理后输入M7型光纤激光器,对LPBF-NiTi成型表面进行激光重熔处理。参数组合的具体数值与激光重熔后样品表面粗糙度实测值见表5。对比表4内模型预测值与实测结果可得,构建的响应面模型在输入参数优化范围内能够以较高精度预测实验结果,且给出的最优求解结果(Solution 1)得到的表面粗糙度相比LPBF-NiTi降幅约90%(从8.04 μm降至0.763 μm),达到GB/T 1031—2009对高要求配合面的表面形貌要求(Ra≤0.8 μm)。
为分析使用三组优化工艺参数激光重熔处理LPBF-NiTi所得表面的形貌差异,测定了各自的三维形貌特征和表面粗糙度分布曲线,如图5所示。可见尽管相比未处理态(Ra=8.04 μm)表面粗糙度均有明显改善(见表5),但参数Solution 2、3所得重熔表面仍存在较大高度起伏和不规则性,Ra分布曲线波动幅度明显更大,最大Ra值均超过2 μm,表明二者在激光重熔过程中加工稳定性较差。相比之下参数Solution 1所得表面粗糙度最低、Ra曲线波动幅度最小,测定范围内最大值未超过1.5 μm,表明重熔表面更加平整、起伏幅度小,激光道次的连续性和稳定性更优。归因于该参数合理地匹配激光功率与扫描速度,使激光能量均匀分布在照射表面,避免因局部过热导致的材料过熔或能量不足导致的表面未熔,从而有效提升重熔过程的稳定性;另一方面,参数Solution 1所得熔池尺寸与前述激光光斑直径合理匹配,确保多道次扫描熔池彼此紧密相接,避免过度重叠导致的熔体堆积或重叠不足引起的重熔间隙[24](如Solution 2);最后,参数Solution 1提供的激光能量输入能够与LPBF-NiTi自身的物理性能合理匹配,旧熔池凝固与新熔池生成动态稳定交互,使得在重熔过程中实现均匀的表面热收缩,减小因凝固不均引起的表面高度起伏[25](如Solution 3)。
考虑到形状记忆合金主要应用于在机械结构中对执行端按需驱动,使役中需具有足够的强度和稳定的功能特性(如超弹性)。为确认本工作基于响应面法获得的激光重熔工艺参数是否对LPBF-NiTi的强度及超弹性存在不利影响,对未处理态样品(T0)和按最优参数(Solution 1)激光重熔处理且未经后续磨削加工的样品(T1)进行了力学性能及拉伸超弹性对比测试。
图6(a)为样品T0和T1的室温拉伸应力-应变曲线。激光重熔处理使合金抗拉强度由588 MPa提升至656 MPa,提升幅度约12%,说明激光造成的高速熔化-冷却过程有助于消弭LPBF-NiTi的浅层缺陷,如微裂纹、粉末未熔透、浅层孔隙等,并有可能细化重熔面晶粒尺寸而对样品起细晶强化作用。但样品T1的断裂应变低于T0,可能需归因于T1在激光重熔处理后未经后续磨削加工致使表面粗糙度相对T0更高,且激光重熔过程有在样品表面造成微观热裂纹的可能[26]。二者均存在典型的“应力平台”特征,对应NiTi合金的应力诱导马氏体相变(B2→B19')和B19'马氏体退孪晶,值得注意的是,通过切线法[10]求得的应力诱导马氏体相变临界应力(σSIM)显示,激光重熔处理显著提升LPBF-NiTi的σSIM。在NiTi合金中σSIM主要与B2相的受载稳定性有关,而B2相稳定性又同时取决于环境温度和晶粒尺寸:在发生应力诱导马氏体相变温域内通常测试温度越高,B2相越能够保持结构稳定,使得临界相变应力越高[27];与之类似,晶界可作为马氏体相界迁移的阻碍,细化B2晶粒往往在应力诱导相变中具有更高稳定性,从而使临界相变应力升高[28]。本工作中,样品T0与T1在同一室温条件下进行拉伸测试,且图7(a)所示的DSC曲线证实心部合金相变温度(Af)并无显著差异,由此临界相变应力升高可能主要与激光重熔层内晶粒细化有关。
为明确激光重熔层的深度,测定了样品T0和T1的截面硬度分布如图6(b)所示,可见经激光重熔后在单侧至少125 μm的深度范围内样品平均硬度达到264HV0.2,显著高于未处理态的平均225HV0.2。据此可以认为,叠加于拉伸试样两侧总厚至少250 μm(在试样中占体积比超20%)、平均硬度达未处理态合金1.2倍的激光重熔处理硬化层,是大幅提升合金拉伸强度的重要结构基础。
NiTi合金的超弹性发生在试样温度不低于Af条件下,本质是应力诱导马氏体相变(B2→B19')和卸载后温度诱导逆相变(B19'→B2)交替进行,并伴随相对大的可回复应变(recoverable strain,εrec)。本工作通过DSC测定的样品相变行为如图7(a)所示,两种样品在环境温度等于各自Af条件下的10次拉伸超弹性应力-应变响应及历次εrec值如图7(b)~(f)所示。
测得T0和T1的超弹性循环应力-应变曲线如图7(b),(d)所示,可见样品T0在历经7次循环后稳定输出εrec约2.1%,而样品T1仅5次循环后就趋于稳定,εrec约2.8%,表明激光重熔处理有助于提升LPBF-NiTi的超弹性稳定性和εrec。NiTi合金中超弹性稳定性的提升和εrec增大通常均与沉淀相析出塞积位错促使其饱和化有关[10],本工作中多道次激光扫描重熔造成热积累可能导致沉淀相的析出,通过引起循环加载中位错的快速饱和而有利于改善LPBF-NiTi的拉伸超弹性稳定性,位错饱和后对进一步位错滑移的阻碍将有助于抑制合金的塑性变形,从而提高εrec。另一方面,有研究指出εrec与σSIM值呈正相关[28],本工作中T1样品更大的σSIM值限制了应力诱导马氏体在加载条件下的塑性变形,从而有助于减少循环中残余应变(residual strain,εres)的积累,最终提升LPBF-NiTi的εrec。需要指出的是,现有工作重点关注LPBF-NiTi经受激光重熔处理前后的早期循环稳定性差异,可为服役于低频、低周次场景(如管接头)的NiTi合金增材制造零件的表面加工提供参考,更高循环周次下二者的功能特性差异尚需进一步研究。
为明晰激光重熔提升LPBF-NiTi拉伸强度和超弹性的微观机理,对样品T0的成型表面和T1的重熔表面进行SEM和EBSD分析。二者经化学蚀刻的表面形貌如图8所示,LPBF-NiTi具有晶粒尺寸与形态差异显著的区域,包括图8(a)所示的柱状粗晶区、图8(c)所示的等轴细晶区和二者间过渡区,此种微观结构主要归因于增材制造过程中熔池内复杂的热历史和温度梯度。经激光重熔处理后样品T1表现与T0相异的微观结构,在等轴细晶基体上分布有形态明显有别于LPBF-NiTi的半球形凹坑和树枝状晶粒,如图8(e)内虚线圈所示,对此区域的EDS分析表明,半球形凹坑内Ti:Ni原子比达到2.5∶1(图8(f)内Spot 1),而树枝状晶粒的Ti原子分数达到93.5%(图8(f)内Spot 2)。类似情况在Zhan等[29]的工作中亦见报道,伴随LPBF成型逐层重熔的NiTi合金成型顶面观测到弥散分布、化学计量符合Ti2Ni的纳米级析出物。说明在激光重熔过程中,光斑核心区域的高温使Ni元素迅速挥发,引起局部成分偏析,在随后的快速冷却过程中由于溶质元素扩散受限,亚微米级Ti2Ni相自发从富Ti熔体析出[30];同时,伴随新相的生成和局部合金成分再分配,富Ti枝晶以球形Ti2Ni析出相为现成表面沿温度梯度方向生长,从而使T1样品具有富Ti树枝晶+球状亚微米级Ti2Ni析出相共存的独特微观结构,而亚微米级球状Ti2Ni相已被证实具有提升NiTi合金功能特性稳定性的作用[30]。
进一步地,对样品T0的成型表面和T1的重熔表面分别进行EBSD分析,如图9所示。可见二者均具有LPBF-NiTi典型的“网格状”晶粒结构[31],说明成型后激光重熔并不足以完全改变合金的晶体取向。值得注意的是,样品T0的“网格状”晶粒内部多以单一取向的粗大晶粒为主,如图9(a)所示,说明LPBF成型过程中熔池心部具有相对较慢的冷却速度,合金熔体在自熔池底而上的热流引导下生长为粗大柱状晶。经激光重熔后,明显地原单一取向柱状晶被消解为多个取向近似晶粒,原柱状晶周围的等轴细晶区区域扩大,如图9(b)所示,使得整体晶粒尺寸大幅减小。说明激光重熔处理为合金熔体提供远快于LPBF熔池的冷却速度,有助于在处理面构造晶粒细化层,对改善LPBF-NiTi的力学性能和功能特性起到积极作用。
综上所述,本工作中采用响应面法求解所得最优参数激光重熔处理LPBF-NiTi对合金微观结构的影响是多方面的:促进亚微米级Ti2Ni相析出和细化重熔处理面晶粒。由此对LPBF-NiTi力学性能及功能特性带来的影响包括:激光重熔细化晶粒依靠细晶强化作用提高合金拉伸强度;Ti2Ni析出相通过塞积位错提高超弹性稳定性及εrec值,同时晶粒细化后伴随相变临界应力提高马氏体塑性变形受到抑制,εres积累减缓。所以,激光重熔处理改善LPBF-NiTi的力学性能及功能特性是多重机制协同作用的结果。
(1)基于响应面法确定了激光重熔改善LPBF-NiTi表面粗糙度的最优工艺参数:离焦量175 mm、光斑直径0.1 mm、脉冲频率250 MHz、激光功率60.2 W、扫描速度1966.4 mm/s。
(2)与未处理的LPBF-NiTi相比,采用最优工艺参数重熔处理可使合金表面粗糙度由8.04 μm降至0.763 μm,达到GB/T 1031—2009对高要求配合面的粗糙度要求;使合金拉伸强度由588 MPa增至656 MPa,拉伸超弹性稳定εrec由2.1%增至2.8%。
(3)激光重熔处理改善LPBF-NiTi的力学性能和功能特性存在多重微观机制协同作用:晶粒细化有助于提高合金抗拉强度,与之伴随的相变临界应力升高制约了马氏体塑性变形从而限制εres积累;Ti2Ni相的析出有助于塞积位错促使其饱和来提升超弹性稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52371027)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U24A2025)
  • 广东省金属新材料制备与成形重点实验室开放课题(GJ202401)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000666
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
  • 录用日期:2026-01-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52371027)
国家自然科学基金项目(U24A2025)
广东省金属新材料制备与成形重点实验室开放课题(GJ202401)
作者信息
    1.华南理工大学 国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心 广东省金属新材料制备与 成形重点实验室,广州 510641
    2.香港大学 机械工程系,香港 999077
    3.广东省特种设备检测研究院佛山分院,广东 佛山 528200

通讯作者:

蔡潍锶(1997—),女,博士,主要从事形状记忆合金增材制造的研究,联系地址:中国香港薄扶林道香港大学机械工程系(999077),E-mail:
杨超(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事金属新材料制备与成形的研究,联系地址:广东省广州市天河区五山路华南理工大学38号楼国家金属材料近净成形工程技术研究中心(510641),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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