Article(id=1321490176895992115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321490128967675980, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000607, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000607, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761753600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1792997410272, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1768838400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792997410272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792997410272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792997410272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321490128967675980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='259', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768838400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792997398845, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792997398845, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=139, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321490178468856117, articleId=1321490176895992115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Interface defect suppression and performance optimization of 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient layer prepared by laser cladding additive manufacturing, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aiming at the interface defect issue of 45/CuSn5 alloy cladding layer,this study proposes a method for suppressing interface defects and optimizing the performance of 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer prepared by laser cladding additively using 316L as a transition layer. By systematically comparing the microstructure and element distribution of the interface between the 45/CuSn5 single cladding layer and the 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer,the control mechanism of the 316L transition layer is revealed,and the properties of the substrate and gradient cladding layer are compared and studied. The results show that the gradient cladding layer forms a defect-free metallurgical bonding interface due to the introduction of 316L transition layer,and the interface exhibits obvious elemental interdiffusion. The high concentration gradient of Cr element effectively reduces the interface energy and suppresses crack initiation. The diffusion of Cu element into 316L promotes the formation of a Cu-Ni solid solution,while the transition from 316L to the CuSn5 surface cladding layer realizes a transition from austenite (γ-Fe) to an α-Cu solid solution. This crystallographic structure transition effectively suppresses the formation of interfacial brittle phases, thereby achieving interface defect suppression. In the friction and wear test under dry friction conditions with a load of 20 N and reciprocating linear motion for 30 min,the average friction coefficient of the gradient cladding layer is 0.1486,significantly lower than that of the substrate(0.4080);the wear rate is 1.723 mm3·N-1·m-1,which is 30.21% lower than that of the substrate(2.469 mm3·N-1·m-1),achieving optimized wear resistance of the substrate. Electrochemical corrosion tests further show that in a 3.5%NaCl solution,the corrosion current density of the gradient cladding layer(3.105×10-6 A·cm-2)is one order of magnitude lower than that of the substrate(4.839×10-5 A·cm-2), with the corrosion rate reduced by 93.58%, demonstrating significantly enhanced corrosion resistance.
, authors=Lihong DING
1, 2, Weining LEI
2, 3, Jufang CHEN
3, authorsList=Lihong DING, Weining LEI, Jufang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihong DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321490181035770192, articleId=1321490176895992115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=激光熔覆增材制备45/316L/CuSn5梯度层的界面缺陷抑制及性能优化, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对45/CuSn5合金熔覆层界面缺陷问题,本研究提出以316L作为过渡层,激光熔覆增材制备45/316L/CuSn5梯度层的界面缺陷抑制及性能优化方法。通过系统对比45/CuSn5单一熔覆层与45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层的界面微观形貌和元素分布,揭示316L过渡层的调控机制,并对基体和梯度熔覆层的性能进行对比研究。结果表明:梯度熔覆层因316L过渡层的引入,形成无缺陷的冶金结合界面,界面发生了明显的元素互扩散,其Cr元素高浓度梯度有效降低了界面能,抑制了裂纹的产生;Cu元素向316L的扩散促进了Cu-Ni固溶体的形成,而316L向CuSn5表面熔覆层过渡,实现了从奥氏体(γ-Fe)向α-Cu固溶体过渡,这种晶体结构的过渡有效抑制了界面脆性相的生成,从而实现了界面的缺陷抑制。摩擦磨损实验中,在载荷为20 N、往复直线运动30 min的干摩擦条件下,梯度熔覆层的平均摩擦因数为0.1486,较基体(0.4080)显著降低;磨损率为1.723 mm3·N-1·m-1,较基体(2.469 mm3·N-1·m-1)降低30.21%,实现了基体的耐磨性能优化。电化学腐蚀测试进一步表明,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,梯度熔覆层的腐蚀电流密度(3.105×10-6 A·cm-2)较基体(4.839×10-5 A·cm-2)降低了一个数量级,腐蚀速率减缓93.58%,耐腐蚀性能显著增强。
, authors=丁立红
1, 2, 雷卫宁
2, 3, 陈菊芳
3, authorsList=丁立红, 雷卫宁, 陈菊芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁立红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丁立红(1990—),女,实验师,硕士,研究方向为机械制造、增材制造,联系地址:江苏省常州市钟楼区中吴大道1801号江苏理工学院工程实训中心(213001),E-mail:
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2.江苏省先进材料设计与增材制造重点实验室,江苏 常州 213001
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24(8): 2713-2722., articleTitle=Electrochemical corrosion behavior of arc sprayed Al-Zn-Si-RE coatings on mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321927501127991921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, awardId=51975264, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51975264), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321927501211878002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, awardId=19KJD430004, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省高等学校自然科学研究项目(19KJD430004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321927491711779369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927491724362282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, companyId=1321927491711779369, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Macroscopic morphologies of cladding layer(a)cross-sectional morphology of a single cladding layer;(b)cross-sectional morphology of gradient cladding layer;(c)surface morphology of 45 steel optical axis after laser cladding gradient layer, figureFileSmall=OibrAte/JFDTXWjP9qxpLg==, figureFileBig=HFpBBiGqnBUV/5l2w0cR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496388428369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
熔覆层的宏观形貌(a)单一熔覆层的横截面形貌;(b)梯度熔覆层的横截面形貌;(c)激光熔覆梯度层后的45钢光轴表面形貌
, figureFileSmall=OibrAte/JFDTXWjP9qxpLg==, figureFileBig=HFpBBiGqnBUV/5l2w0cR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496505868882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Cladding defects of single cladding layer 45/CuSn5(a)cracks in cladding layer;(b)interface lack of fusion and crack defects;(c)interface porosity,lack of fusion,and crack defects, figureFileSmall=pc26qkf7TGFWp03suIC6iw==, figureFileBig=PS7IvVFNb0ALPVBXDac+TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496593949267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
45/CuSn5单一熔覆层的熔覆缺陷(a)熔覆层裂纹;(b)界面未熔合和裂纹缺陷;(c)界面气孔、未熔合和裂纹缺陷, figureFileSmall=pc26qkf7TGFWp03suIC6iw==, figureFileBig=PS7IvVFNb0ALPVBXDac+TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496719778388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Microstructures of 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer(a)45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer interface;(b)45/316L interface;(c)316L/CuSn5 interface, figureFileSmall=500BfnAeZVLw7HoFm4RhIQ==, figureFileBig=TF2gyaoty9LwVVf1CYgLtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496807858773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层的微观组织(a)45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层界面;(b)45/316L界面;(c)316L/CuSn5界面, figureFileSmall=500BfnAeZVLw7HoFm4RhIQ==, figureFileBig=TF2gyaoty9LwVVf1CYgLtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496921104982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Distribution curves of elements at the 45/CuSn5 interface of a single cladding layer, figureFileSmall=F+5s/UOxOsbDVMTZ87xUog==, figureFileBig=kfESMo0fthDLMPOmtiCS6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497034351191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
单一熔覆层45/CuSn5界面元素分布曲线, figureFileSmall=F+5s/UOxOsbDVMTZ87xUog==, figureFileBig=kfESMo0fthDLMPOmtiCS6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497114042968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Microstructure and element distribution curves of 45/316L/CuSn5 interface in gradient cladding layer, figureFileSmall=AHocJOwM1VI8gYm0fwAI5w==, figureFileBig=o1QJ9Ai1TIf0iCfuuK7MtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497193734745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
梯度熔覆层45/316L/CuSn5界面的微观形貌和元素分布曲线, figureFileSmall=AHocJOwM1VI8gYm0fwAI5w==, figureFileBig=o1QJ9Ai1TIf0iCfuuK7MtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497294398042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
XRD patterns of phase compositions of cladding layer, figureFileSmall=nmkuGbt14zqFjbJejD7JbQ==, figureFileBig=NZEHrOQslQRmEn7+qddeHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497445392987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
熔覆层物相组成的XRD谱图, figureFileSmall=nmkuGbt14zqFjbJejD7JbQ==, figureFileBig=NZEHrOQslQRmEn7+qddeHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497512501852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Microhardness distribution of 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer, figureFileSmall=l7S6nTV6828UOOMlbuksqw==, figureFileBig=u8iYm98LBwFpC6JLxpdNlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497571222109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层显微硬度分布, figureFileSmall=l7S6nTV6828UOOMlbuksqw==, figureFileBig=u8iYm98LBwFpC6JLxpdNlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497638330974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of friction and wear properties between substrate and 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer(a)COF curves;(b)average COF and wear amount, figureFileSmall=1L2F+8V0QeRDyjj/lTsqjQ==, figureFileBig=AosrzgJ0P05NJ+HIluGNfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497709634143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
基体与45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能对比(a)摩擦因数曲线;(b)平均摩擦因数与磨损量
, figureFileSmall=1L2F+8V0QeRDyjj/lTsqjQ==, figureFileBig=AosrzgJ0P05NJ+HIluGNfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497780937312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Three dimensional contour characterization of wear marks on substrate(a) and gradient cladding layer(b), figureFileSmall=6PsEgLUHP1ujnUuj+IJZWA==, figureFileBig=zOi46STyC0XBi2/V9aOM/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497915155041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
基体(a)与梯度熔覆层(b)磨痕三维轮廓表征, figureFileSmall=6PsEgLUHP1ujnUuj+IJZWA==, figureFileBig=zOi46STyC0XBi2/V9aOM/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927497999041122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Microscopic morphologies of wear marks on substrate(a) and gradient cladding layer(b), figureFileSmall=GjY6aXNxsibIKLEWcJcaDA==, figureFileBig=HpqmZHdE3Ar05FSeBZkZlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927498061955683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
基体(a)与梯度熔覆层(b)磨痕微观形貌, figureFileSmall=GjY6aXNxsibIKLEWcJcaDA==, figureFileBig=HpqmZHdE3Ar05FSeBZkZlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927498133258852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Tafel polarization curves of substrate and 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer, figureFileSmall=0mytvewc4+OKWnU6hAuZ0A==, figureFileBig=f28a4fs34Lg+v8hembhloQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927499790008933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
基体和45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层Tafel极化曲线, figureFileSmall=0mytvewc4+OKWnU6hAuZ0A==, figureFileBig=f28a4fs34Lg+v8hembhloQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927499920032359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of substrate and 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer, figureFileSmall=uM4kbBAK6yB4yzjHLiR++g==, figureFileBig=LJCcVNLB9RbDEJzFlY4xBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927500033278568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
基体和45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层电化学阻抗谱图(a)Nyquist曲线;(b)Bode图(a)Nyquist curve;(b)Bode diagram
, figureFileSmall=uM4kbBAK6yB4yzjHLiR++g==, figureFileBig=LJCcVNLB9RbDEJzFlY4xBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927500087804521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Electrochemical corrosion microstructures of substrate(a) and 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer(b), figureFileSmall=vEXCbCzpnNX/zJFGfxKQ1w==, figureFileBig=YQlVbDS4pLyp5toHUmpHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927500163301994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
基体(a)和45/316L/CuSn5梯度熔覆层(b)电化学腐蚀微观形貌, figureFileSmall=vEXCbCzpnNX/zJFGfxKQ1w==, figureFileBig=YQlVbDS4pLyp5toHUmpHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927500393988715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Elemental compositions and content of the substrate and alloy powders(mass fraction/%)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Material | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | Fe | Sn | Cu |
|---|
| 45 | 0.43 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1.23 | Bal. | | |
| 316L | 0.02 | 0.8 | 2 | 18 | 12 | 2.5 | Bal. | | |
| CuSn5 | 0.01 | | | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | | 5 | Bal. |
), ArticleFig(id=1321927500473680492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
基材与合金粉末的元素成分与含量(质量分数/%)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Material | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | Fe | Sn | Cu |
|---|
| 45 | 0.43 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1.23 | Bal. | | |
| 316L | 0.02 | 0.8 | 2 | 18 | 12 | 2.5 | Bal. | | |
| CuSn5 | 0.01 | | | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | | 5 | Bal. |
), ArticleFig(id=1321927500616286829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Elemental compositions and contents of point scan spectra(mass fraction/%)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Spectrum | Cu | Fe | Cr | C | Ni |
|---|
| 1 | 74.4 | 12.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 |
| 2 | 44.7 | 23.2 | 10.9 | 4.5 | 7.1 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 56.0 | 14.9 | 3.9 | 8.7 |
| 4 | 11.3 | 62.2 | 11.1 | 4.4 | 7.6 |
| 5 | 40.8 | 35.0 | 14.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 |
| 6 | 15.9 | 43.5 | 22.9 | 3.9 | 4.5 |
| 7 | 90.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 5.2 | 1.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1321927500805030510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
点扫描谱图元素成分及含量(质量分数/%)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Spectrum | Cu | Fe | Cr | C | Ni |
|---|
| 1 | 74.4 | 12.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 |
| 2 | 44.7 | 23.2 | 10.9 | 4.5 | 7.1 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 56.0 | 14.9 | 3.9 | 8.7 |
| 4 | 11.3 | 62.2 | 11.1 | 4.4 | 7.6 |
| 5 | 40.8 | 35.0 | 14.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 |
| 6 | 15.9 | 43.5 | 22.9 | 3.9 | 4.5 |
| 7 | 90.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 5.2 | 1.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1321927500897305199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Friction and wear related parameters
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| Sample | Average coefficient of friction | Microhardness(HV0.2) | Wear volume/mm3 | Wear rate/(mm3·N-1·m-1) |
|---|
| 45 | 0.4080 | 165.26 | 0.2469 | 2.469 |
| 45/316L/CuSn5 | 0.1486 | 86.24 | 0.1723 | 1.723 |
), ArticleFig(id=1321927500976996976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490176895992115, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
摩擦磨损相关参数
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| Sample | Average coefficient of friction | Microhardness(HV0.2) | Wear volume/mm3 | Wear rate/(mm3·N-1·m-1) |
|---|
| 45 | 0.4080 | 165.26 | 0.2469 | 2.469 |
| 45/316L/CuSn5 | 0.1486 | 86.24 | 0.1723 | 1.723 |
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