Article(id=1322281834927476769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000512, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000512, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760025600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-10, onlineDate=1793186156255, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186156255, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186156255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186156255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281755323777794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186137276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186275878, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=264, endPage=277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322281835149774882, articleId=1322281834927476769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in damage mechanisms and key remanufacturing technologies for aircraft landing gears, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The aircraft landing gear endures complex loads and harsh service environments over extended periods, making it susceptible to various forms of damage. Remanufacturing technology provides an efficient means of repairing such damage and restoring performance, playing a vital role in ensuring flight safety. Focusing on the enhancement of overall performance, the design of both structure and materials has undergone continuous iterations and optimization. Traditional fixed landing gear gradually evolves into lightweight, high-strength retractable systems, while material design philosophies shift from static strength-based approaches toward multi-objective optimization that simultaneously considers damage tolerance, fatigue life, and maintainability. This paper reviews the types, materials, structural composition, typical damage mechanisms, and remanufacturing technologies of aircraft landing gear, emphasizes the typical failure modes and damage mechanisms encountered during service, and systematically summarizes key technological aspects of the remanufacturing process, including precise non-destructive testing and damage assessment, high-energy beam repair and surface strengthening techniques, as well as dimensional restoration and precision assembly repair processes. Furthermore, it highlights future trends such as the application of advanced high-performance materials, intelligent manufacturing technologies, and green remanufacturing processes. This review provides theoretical foundations and technical references for the engineering application and systematic development of aircraft landing gear remanufacturing technologies.
, authors=Runbin HUANG
1, Chenxi LU
1, Jiaqi LIU
1, Junwan LI
1, Jun ZHOU
2, Xiaochao JI
1, Helong YU
3, Wei ZHANG
1, authorsList=Runbin HUANG, Chenxi LU, Jiaqi LIU, Junwan LI, Jun ZHOU, Xiaochao JI, Helong YU, Wei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaochao JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322281836726833201, articleId=1322281834927476769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=飞机起落架损伤机制与再制造关键技术研究进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
飞机起落架长期承受复杂载荷与严苛环境,易发生损伤。再制造技术可高效修复损伤并恢复性能,对保障飞行安全具有重要意义。围绕起落架综合性能的提升,结构与材料设计不断迭代优化,传统固定式起落架逐步演变为以可收放式为主的轻量化、高强度结构体系,材料设计理念也由单纯的静强度设计向兼顾损伤容限、疲劳寿命与可维修性的多目标优化方向演进。本文综述了飞机起落架的类型、材料、结构组成、典型损伤机制及再制造技术,重点分析了起落架服役中的典型失效模式及损伤机理,系统梳理了再制造过程中关键技术环节,包括精确的无损检测与损伤评估、高能束修复与表面强化技术、尺寸恢复与精密装配修复工艺等,指出新型高性能材料应用、智能化制造技术与绿色再制造工艺等未来发展趋势。本综述为飞机起落架再制造技术的工程应用与系统化发展提供了理论依据与技术参考。
, authors=黄润彬
1, 陆晨汐
1, 刘家齐
1, 李俊万
1, 周俊
2, 吉小超
1, 于鹤龙
3, 张伟
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Damage types,non-destructive testing techniques,and remanufacturing and intelligent remanufacturing repair technologies of aircraft landing gear, figureFileSmall=6VN5Kq9Hy+uEQ06u1ev+Xg==, figureFileBig=wjf+jkjwzjaMwu8Fiu8RyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281841525117036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
飞机起落架的损伤类型、无损检测技术、再制造与智能再制造修复技术, figureFileSmall=6VN5Kq9Hy+uEQ06u1ev+Xg==, figureFileBig=wjf+jkjwzjaMwu8Fiu8RyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843311890541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Typical structure of strut-tube type aircraft landing gear, figureFileSmall=G4RF8aIHOXva/aRLfXVjaQ==, figureFileBig=FK5S7Oh/Bt6kT5CROugYlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843383193710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
支柱套筒式飞机起落架典型组成结构, figureFileSmall=G4RF8aIHOXva/aRLfXVjaQ==, figureFileBig=FK5S7Oh/Bt6kT5CROugYlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843450302575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Fatigue damage of aircraft landing gear(a)finite element model of landing gear strut cracks[33];(b)fracture surface of nose landing gear fork[34];
(c)failed piston rod end[35];(d)fractured left main landing gear front trunnion[36]
, figureFileSmall=AmIviF9L7Fw88KpfbXWnPA==, figureFileBig=0sWsHn+Sc/BaEXMLDIhtlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843513217136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
飞机起落架疲劳损伤(a)起落架支柱裂纹有限元模型[33];(b)前起落架叉臂断裂面[34];(c)失效活塞杆端[35];(d)断裂的左侧主起落架前耳轴[36]
, figureFileSmall=AmIviF9L7Fw88KpfbXWnPA==, figureFileBig=0sWsHn+Sc/BaEXMLDIhtlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843592908913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Overload damage of aircraft landing gear(a)fracture of trunnion bolt in landing gear locking mechanism[38];(b)fracture of landing gear outer cylinder[39]
, figureFileSmall=7wjNlxmNHRFzDzuVuc7DBA==, figureFileBig=jxFjYYjkeUVV7R+Sd1wHDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843655823474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
飞机起落架过载损伤(a)起落架锁定机构耳轴螺栓断裂[38];(b)起落架外筒断裂[39]
, figureFileSmall=7wjNlxmNHRFzDzuVuc7DBA==, figureFileBig=jxFjYYjkeUVV7R+Sd1wHDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843722932339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Corrosion damage of aircraft landing gear(a)failure of landing gear connecting bearing[40];(b)cracked end cap of main landing gear unlock actuator cylinder[41];(c)cracking and failure of landing gear steering beam[42]
, figureFileSmall=9nAhMwtIlOs+l4e/bdKwRA==, figureFileBig=XyeEyqahzzcUXpCBe9v1Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843798429812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
飞机起落架腐蚀损伤(a)起落架连接轴承失效[40];(b)主起落架开锁作动筒堵盖开裂[41];(c)起落架转向架梁开裂失效[42]
, figureFileSmall=9nAhMwtIlOs+l4e/bdKwRA==, figureFileBig=XyeEyqahzzcUXpCBe9v1Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843882315893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Penetrant inspection of landing gear tie rod[49], figureFileSmall=1BmHBOszEAfrM2yx2sbq3Q==, figureFileBig=l7QYRmbfTJSBvpsZxSvQnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281843978784886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
起落架拉杆渗透检测[49], figureFileSmall=1BmHBOszEAfrM2yx2sbq3Q==, figureFileBig=l7QYRmbfTJSBvpsZxSvQnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281844075253879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 30CrMnSiA steel repaired using laser cladding[76](a)sample preparation;(b)mechanical properties;(c)fracture morphologies and metallographic microstructures
, figureFileSmall=tJoGPWh/NOTCZFwRAj+l4w==, figureFileBig=PCpXsbDkqfhMqK6h79oQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281844138168441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
激光熔覆修复30CrMnSiA钢组织演变机制及力学性能[76](a)样品制备;(b)力学性能;(c)断裂形貌和金相显微组织
, figureFileSmall=tJoGPWh/NOTCZFwRAj+l4w==, figureFileBig=PCpXsbDkqfhMqK6h79oQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281844205277307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Types of aircraft landing gear:structure,advantages and disadvantages,and representative aircraft model[10-18]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Type | Structural feature | Advantage and disadvantage | Typical aircraft model |
|---|
| Taildragger landing gear | Main wheels ahead of the aircraft’s center of gravity,tailwheel/skid supports rear,naturally nose-up attitude | Suited for unpaved runways,simple structure,low- maintenance,but harder to handle,less stable,longer takeoff/landing | Air Tractor AT-602, Douglas DC-3,Piper J-3 Cub |
| Tricycle landing gear | Nose wheel ahead of the aircraft’s center of gravity,main wheels aft of the aircraft’s center of gravity,level aircraft attitude | Stable taxiing,easy control;nosewheel bears high load,prone to damage,poor off-field suitability | Boeing 737,B-2 |
| Bicycle landing gear | Main wheels arranged in tandem along fuselage,requires auxiliary wheels for balance | Suited for narrow-fuselage aircraft;compact,low- drag,lightweight;poor lateral stability,hard to han- dle,complex maintenance | B-52,Lockheed U-2 |
| Multi-wheel landing gear | Main landing gear uses multiple wheels to distribute load | High load capacity,lowers tire ground pressure,safe, stable;complex structure,heavier,high maintenance | Airbus A380,C-5 |
| Fixed landing gear | Non-retractable,fixed to fuselage or wings, equipped with spring or strut shock absorbers | Simple structure,lightweight,reliable,easy to ma- intain;high drag,for low-speed aircraft only | AURA AERO Integral R, Cessna 408 SkyCourier, Cirrus SR20 G7 |
| Retractable landing gear | Retractable,stowed within fuselage or wings, operated by hydraulic or electric systems | Reduces drag,widely applicable;complex structure, heavier,high maintenance | Airbus A320neo,Fly Synthesis Texan,F-22 |
Landing gear for catapult operations | Designed for carrier-based aircraft,nose landing gear with arrestor hook,reinforced to withstand catapult launches and arrested landings | Enables short takeoff,strong structure;heavier, complex maintenance,catapult-dependent,high failure risk | F-35C |
| Float landing gear | Floats installed under or on sides of fuselage | Capable of water operations, highly adaptable, stable;high drag,limited operational environment | TL-3000 Sirius,Daher Kodiak 100 |
Skid landing gear | Wheel-less design with metal or composite skids | Lightweight,suited for rough terrain,easy to ma- intain;limited mobility,high friction,needs external ground equipment | Robinson R44,Bell 505 Jet Ranger X |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844297551996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
飞机起落架类型:结构、优缺点及代表机型[10-18]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Type | Structural feature | Advantage and disadvantage | Typical aircraft model |
|---|
| Taildragger landing gear | Main wheels ahead of the aircraft’s center of gravity,tailwheel/skid supports rear,naturally nose-up attitude | Suited for unpaved runways,simple structure,low- maintenance,but harder to handle,less stable,longer takeoff/landing | Air Tractor AT-602, Douglas DC-3,Piper J-3 Cub |
| Tricycle landing gear | Nose wheel ahead of the aircraft’s center of gravity,main wheels aft of the aircraft’s center of gravity,level aircraft attitude | Stable taxiing,easy control;nosewheel bears high load,prone to damage,poor off-field suitability | Boeing 737,B-2 |
| Bicycle landing gear | Main wheels arranged in tandem along fuselage,requires auxiliary wheels for balance | Suited for narrow-fuselage aircraft;compact,low- drag,lightweight;poor lateral stability,hard to han- dle,complex maintenance | B-52,Lockheed U-2 |
| Multi-wheel landing gear | Main landing gear uses multiple wheels to distribute load | High load capacity,lowers tire ground pressure,safe, stable;complex structure,heavier,high maintenance | Airbus A380,C-5 |
| Fixed landing gear | Non-retractable,fixed to fuselage or wings, equipped with spring or strut shock absorbers | Simple structure,lightweight,reliable,easy to ma- intain;high drag,for low-speed aircraft only | AURA AERO Integral R, Cessna 408 SkyCourier, Cirrus SR20 G7 |
| Retractable landing gear | Retractable,stowed within fuselage or wings, operated by hydraulic or electric systems | Reduces drag,widely applicable;complex structure, heavier,high maintenance | Airbus A320neo,Fly Synthesis Texan,F-22 |
Landing gear for catapult operations | Designed for carrier-based aircraft,nose landing gear with arrestor hook,reinforced to withstand catapult launches and arrested landings | Enables short takeoff,strong structure;heavier, complex maintenance,catapult-dependent,high failure risk | F-35C |
| Float landing gear | Floats installed under or on sides of fuselage | Capable of water operations, highly adaptable, stable;high drag,limited operational environment | TL-3000 Sirius,Daher Kodiak 100 |
Skid landing gear | Wheel-less design with metal or composite skids | Lightweight,suited for rough terrain,easy to ma- intain;limited mobility,high friction,needs external ground equipment | Robinson R44,Bell 505 Jet Ranger X |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844368855165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Design criteria,performance,and characteristics of key materials for aircraft landing gear[19-30]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Generation stage | Design concept | Typical material | Tensile strength/MPa | Characteristic | Typical aircraft model |
|---|
| First | Static strength | AISI 4130, 30CrMnSiA | 1175 | Conventional electric arc furnace melting,manual arc welding, high static strength,insufficient fatigue performance,meets only basic load-bearing requirements | MiG-15,Tu-16 |
| Second | Service life | 30XΓCH2A,4330M, AISI 4340,300M | 1580-1900 | Vacuum induction melting,double vacuum refining,significantly improved fatigue performance,fracture toughness remains limited | F-15,F-16 |
| Third | Service life and damage tolerance | A-100, AerMet100 | 1900-2000 | Ultra-pure melting,precision forging and heat treatment,ultra- high strength,high fracture toughness,good resistance to stress corrosion overall performance reaches optimal level | F-22,F-35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844444352638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
飞机起落架关键材料设计准则、性能与特点[19-30]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Generation stage | Design concept | Typical material | Tensile strength/MPa | Characteristic | Typical aircraft model |
|---|
| First | Static strength | AISI 4130, 30CrMnSiA | 1175 | Conventional electric arc furnace melting,manual arc welding, high static strength,insufficient fatigue performance,meets only basic load-bearing requirements | MiG-15,Tu-16 |
| Second | Service life | 30XΓCH2A,4330M, AISI 4340,300M | 1580-1900 | Vacuum induction melting,double vacuum refining,significantly improved fatigue performance,fracture toughness remains limited | F-15,F-16 |
| Third | Service life and damage tolerance | A-100, AerMet100 | 1900-2000 | Ultra-pure melting,precision forging and heat treatment,ultra- high strength,high fracture toughness,good resistance to stress corrosion overall performance reaches optimal level | F-22,F-35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844507267199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Typical non-destructive testing technologies for aircraft landing gear remanufacturing[47-48]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Technique | Applicable part | Typical detectable defect | Detection resolution | Advantage and disadvantage |
|---|
| Visual testing | Surfaces,joints, assembly areas | Macroscopic cracks, deformation,corrosion | About 0.1-0.2 mm visible by naked eye,micron level with magnifier | Simple and fast,low cost,limited to surface visible defects,sensitive to lighting and surface conditions |
| Penetrant testing | Smooth and non-porous materials external surface | Cracks,pores | Detectable defects≥0.5 μm | Suitable for complex shapes,simple operation,low cost,limited to surface defects,requires clean surface, unsuitable for rough or porous materials |
| Magnetic particle testing | Ferromagnetic materials surface and near-surface regions | Cracks, inclusions, welding defects | Detectable defects≥0.1 mm | Sensitive to ferromagnetic materials,intuitive defect visualization,fast detection,limited to ferromagnetic materials,requires demagnetization,difficult for com- plex geometries |
| Eddy current testing | Conductive materials surface and near-surface regions | Cracks,corrosion, material degradation | Detectable defects≥0.1 mm | No couplant required,fast detection,automatable, sensitive to small defects,limited to conductive materials,limited penetration depth,difficult for complex geometries |
| Ultrasonic testing | Internal structures of metals and non-metals, thick-walled components,bolts | Cracks,pores, inclusions,delamination, lack of fusion | Detectable defects≤1 mm | High penetration capability,quantitative defect sizing and localization,applicable to large components,re- quires couplant,influenced by surface roughness, difficult for complex geometries |
| Radiographic testing | Internal structures of metals and non-metals, welds,castings | Cracks,pores, inclusions,lack of fusion | Detectable defects with size≥1% of wall thickness | Intuitive imaging,display defect morphology and location,suitable for hidden areas,radiation hazard, expensive equipment,radioactive waste disposal re- quired |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844574376064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
飞机起落架再制造典型无损检测技术[47-48]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Technique | Applicable part | Typical detectable defect | Detection resolution | Advantage and disadvantage |
|---|
| Visual testing | Surfaces,joints, assembly areas | Macroscopic cracks, deformation,corrosion | About 0.1-0.2 mm visible by naked eye,micron level with magnifier | Simple and fast,low cost,limited to surface visible defects,sensitive to lighting and surface conditions |
| Penetrant testing | Smooth and non-porous materials external surface | Cracks,pores | Detectable defects≥0.5 μm | Suitable for complex shapes,simple operation,low cost,limited to surface defects,requires clean surface, unsuitable for rough or porous materials |
| Magnetic particle testing | Ferromagnetic materials surface and near-surface regions | Cracks, inclusions, welding defects | Detectable defects≥0.1 mm | Sensitive to ferromagnetic materials,intuitive defect visualization,fast detection,limited to ferromagnetic materials,requires demagnetization,difficult for com- plex geometries |
| Eddy current testing | Conductive materials surface and near-surface regions | Cracks,corrosion, material degradation | Detectable defects≥0.1 mm | No couplant required,fast detection,automatable, sensitive to small defects,limited to conductive materials,limited penetration depth,difficult for complex geometries |
| Ultrasonic testing | Internal structures of metals and non-metals, thick-walled components,bolts | Cracks,pores, inclusions,delamination, lack of fusion | Detectable defects≤1 mm | High penetration capability,quantitative defect sizing and localization,applicable to large components,re- quires couplant,influenced by surface roughness, difficult for complex geometries |
| Radiographic testing | Internal structures of metals and non-metals, welds,castings | Cracks,pores, inclusions,lack of fusion | Detectable defects with size≥1% of wall thickness | Intuitive imaging,display defect morphology and location,suitable for hidden areas,radiation hazard, expensive equipment,radioactive waste disposal re- quired |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844654067841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Key technologies for surface repair in aircraft landing gear remanufacturing[60-65]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Technology | Principle | Applicable scope | Advantage and disadvantage |
|---|
| Plating | Depositing a metallic layer on damaged surfaces via electrolysis to repair wear or corrosion | Minor wear repair,surface corrosion repair | Mature and low cost,suitable for complex shapes,thin co- ating,limited bonding strength,hydrogen embrittlement risk,environmental concerns |
| Laser cladding | High energy laser melts metal powder/wire and metallurgically bonds with the substrate to form a dense repair layer | Deep wear and crack repair,strengthening of high stress regions | Strong metallurgical bonding,low dilution rate,customizable materials,large repair thickness,high cost,precise control to prevent thermal distortion |
| High-velocity oxygen-fuel | High velocity combustion gas heats and sprays metal/ceramic powder onto substrate to form dense coating | Wear/corrosion-resistant coatings repair,surface strengthening | Dense coating with high bonding strength,suitable for large-area protection,limited coating thickness,high temperature may cause substrate oxidation |
| Cold spraying | High pressure gas accelerates metal powder to supersonic speed and deposits it through plastic deformation to form a coating | Temperature-sensitive materials,thin-layer repair | No heat affected zone,preserves material properties,suitable for spraying sensitive alloys,high cost,high particle velocity required,high surface roughness |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281844733759618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281834927476769, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
飞机起落架再制造表面修复关键技术[60-65]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Technology | Principle | Applicable scope | Advantage and disadvantage |
|---|
| Plating | Depositing a metallic layer on damaged surfaces via electrolysis to repair wear or corrosion | Minor wear repair,surface corrosion repair | Mature and low cost,suitable for complex shapes,thin co- ating,limited bonding strength,hydrogen embrittlement risk,environmental concerns |
| Laser cladding | High energy laser melts metal powder/wire and metallurgically bonds with the substrate to form a dense repair layer | Deep wear and crack repair,strengthening of high stress regions | Strong metallurgical bonding,low dilution rate,customizable materials,large repair thickness,high cost,precise control to prevent thermal distortion |
| High-velocity oxygen-fuel | High velocity combustion gas heats and sprays metal/ceramic powder onto substrate to form dense coating | Wear/corrosion-resistant coatings repair,surface strengthening | Dense coating with high bonding strength,suitable for large-area protection,limited coating thickness,high temperature may cause substrate oxidation |
| Cold spraying | High pressure gas accelerates metal powder to supersonic speed and deposits it through plastic deformation to form a coating | Temperature-sensitive materials,thin-layer repair | No heat affected zone,preserves material properties,suitable for spraying sensitive alloys,high cost,high particle velocity required,high surface roughness |
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