Article(id=1321967982213972969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758384000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-21, onlineDate=1793111327937, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111327937, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111327937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111327937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967818057298402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='248', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111288799, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111414358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967983753282538, articleId=1321967982213972969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Preparation and application of gas-strain dual-mode flexible strain sensor, columnId=1321967818942296547, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=INTELLIGENT MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE DEVICES COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study presents a novel dual-modal flexible sensor that employs an optical-electrical signal decoupling strategy to achieve strain and gas detection, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional single-modal flexible sensors. The device is constructed using a wrapped-yarn structure, in which polystyrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) conductive fibers modified with dopamine hydrochloride and polypyrrole (SBS/PDA/PPy) function as the core strain-sensing component, wrapped with tetraphenylethylene-doped thermoplastic polyurethane (TPE-TPU) fibers serve as the gas-responsive component. Experimental results demonstrate that, for gas sensing, the sensor achieves a low detection limit of 59.4 mL/m³ for tetrahydrofuran (THF), along with a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 78.3% and excellent reversibility and stability. For strain sensing, the device exhibits a broad detection range of 0%-60%, a high gauge factor of 30.455, a rapid response time of 167 ms, and remarkable cycling durability exceeding 1000 cycles. Wearable tests further validate its reliable performance in monitoring human joint motion and respiratory activity. Overall, this work provides a robust strategy for developing multifunctional flexible sensors and demonstrates significant potential for applications in human behavior monitoring and early warning of volatile organic compound gas concentrations in high-risk environments.

, authors=Zhijuan ZHOU1, Chenchao ZHANG1, Huihui XU1, Xiaohong YUAN2, Qingqing WANG1, authorsList=Zhijuan ZHOU, Chenchao ZHANG, Huihui XU, Xiaohong YUAN, Qingqing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingqing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967985892377599, articleId=1321967982213972969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=气体-应变双模态柔性应变传感器的制备及其应用, columnId=1321967819202343397, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统柔性传感器单一模态传感的局限性,研究采用光学-电学信号分离策略,旨在开发一种兼具气体检测和应变传感功能的双模态柔性一维传感器。通过四苯基乙烯(TPE)掺杂热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)制备的气敏纤维与经盐酸多巴胺(PDA)修饰并负载聚吡咯(PPy)的聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(SBS/PDA/PPy)导电纤维结合,采用包缠纱结构设计,制备了TPU/SBS柔性应变传感器。实验结果表明,该传感器在气体检测方面,传感器对四氢呋喃气体的最低检测限为59.4 mL/m3,荧光猝灭效率达78.3%,且具有优异的可逆性和稳定性。在应变传感方面,传感器具有0%~60%的传感范围,灵敏系数达30.455,响应时间为167 ms,循环稳定性超过1000次。可穿戴性能测试表明,该传感器能够实时监测人体关节运动和呼吸变化,输出信号稳定。研究为多功能集成柔性传感器的开发提供了新思路,适用于高危有机气体作业环境中的行为检测与气体浓度预警。

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王清清(1987—),女,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为功能纳米纤维材料,联系地址:江苏省无锡市蠡湖大道1800号江南大学纺织科学与工程学院(214122),E-mail:
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rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=54, authorNames=ZHANG M G, FENG P F, LIAN X Y, journalName=Journal of Applied Polymer Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG M G, FENG P F, LIAN X Y,et al.Design of MWCNTs and rGO co-decorated elastic core-spun yarn towards multifunctional flexible strain sensor with low detection limit and wide working range[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2023,140(33):e54288., articleTitle=Design of MWCNTs and rGO co-decorated elastic core-spun yarn towards multifunctional flexible strain sensor with low detection limit and wide working range, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321967994020937791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, awardId=2024-ZD-006, language=CN, fundingSource=福州市科技计划项目(2024-ZD-006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321967986114675712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, xref=1., 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companyId=1321967986215337986, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Clothing and Art Engineering,Minjiang University,Fuzhou 350108,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967986227920900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, companyId=1321967986215337986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.闽江学院 服装与艺术工程学院,福州 350108)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321967990556442665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=TPU/SBS flexible overwrap yarn preparation process(a)TPE-TPU fiber preparation process;(b)SBS/PDA/PPy fiber preparation process, figureFileSmall=pcGrUgLxewGRf3GDplpaKw==, figureFileBig=s+2WF2kO4Hod4TOpAczWeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967990636134442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TPU/SBS柔性包缠纱制备流程(a)TPE-TPU纤维制备流程;(b)SBS/PDA/PPy纤维制备流程, figureFileSmall=pcGrUgLxewGRf3GDplpaKw==, figureFileBig=s+2WF2kO4Hod4TOpAczWeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992506794027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM image of fiber, figureFileSmall=BMI5xDF5HYCRxT/qxa3eOQ==, figureFileBig=iYNAGpcozN5l+xBr2FU4+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992632623148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=图2, caption=纤维扫描电镜图(a)SBS纤维截面形貌;(b)TPU纤维截面形貌;(c)SBS纤维表面形貌和局部放大图;(d)SBS/PDA/PPy(N)纤维表面形貌和局部放大图;(e)SBS/PDA/PPy(F)纤维表面形貌和局部放大图

(a)cross-sections of SBS fiber;(b)cross-sections of TPU fiber;(c)surface morphology and local magnification image of SBS fiber;(d)surface morphology and local magnification image of SBS/PDA/PPy(N) fiber;(e)surface morphology and local magnification image of SBS/PDA/PPy(F) fiber

, figureFileSmall=BMI5xDF5HYCRxT/qxa3eOQ==, figureFileBig=iYNAGpcozN5l+xBr2FU4+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992703926317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=FT-IR spectra of samples(a)TPU fiber and TPE-TPU fiber;(b)SBS fiber,SBS/PDA fiber,and SBS/PDA/PPy fiber, figureFileSmall=EtOY6B05BybELEP7CT5ZOQ==, figureFileBig=STGFVXjXDDa+juvIHON6bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992775229486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样品的FT-IR谱图(a)TPU纤维、TPE-TPU纤维;(b)SBS纤维、SBS/PDA纤维、SBS/PDA/PPy纤维, figureFileSmall=EtOY6B05BybELEP7CT5ZOQ==, figureFileBig=STGFVXjXDDa+juvIHON6bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992846532655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-strain testing curves(a) and comparison diagram(b) of TPE-TPU fiber,SBS/PDA/PPy fiber,and TPU/SBS wrap yarn, figureFileSmall=LA14/vtVC/hBDcQVnpkq9w==, figureFileBig=tMq0ndXOjV6Y7PIDXh3cyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992926224432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TPE-TPU纤维、SBS/PDA/PPy纤维、TPU/SBS包缠纱应力-应变测试图(a)及对比图(b), figureFileSmall=LA14/vtVC/hBDcQVnpkq9w==, figureFileBig=tMq0ndXOjV6Y7PIDXh3cyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967992993333297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=VOCs gas response performance test of TPU/SBS sensor, figureFileSmall=BNnxHJjAcNFHwbBkax26+Q==, figureFileBig=UzEwNe2pKbM47OUHp64eZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967993056247858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TPU/SBS传感器的VOCs气体响应性能测试(a)在不同VOCs气体环境中的荧光猝灭效果;(b)在THF气体的密闭容器中暴露不同时间荧光强度随波长的变化;(c)450 nm处荧光强度随暴露时间的变化;(d)在THF气体环境和空气环境中,荧光猝灭和荧光恢复的循环测试;(e)对不同浓度THF气体的荧光光谱;(f)450 nm荧光强度的THF气体标准曲线

(a)fluorescence quenching effect under various VOCs gas atmospheres;(b)variation of fluorescence intensity with wavelength for different time of exposure in a closed container of THF gas;(c)variation of fluorescence intensity at 450 nm with exposure time;(d)cyclic test of fluorescence burst and fluorescence recovery in THF gas environment and air environment;(e)fluorescence spectra of the yarns exposed to different concentrations of fluorescence spectra of THF gas;(f)standard curve of THF gas with 450 nm fluorescence intensity

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Performance comparison of the fabricated sensor with the previously reported sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSelective gas

Gas response

form

Limit of

detection/(mL·m-3)

StretchabilitySensitivityCycle (strain)Ref.
BYs@PDA@PPy braided yarn0%-105%

51.2

(0%-40%)

400

(10%)

[36]
PPy@GO-PAN nanofiber yarn0%-500%

34.63

(380%-500%)

10000

(500%)

[37]
CNF/PPy composite membrane0.1%-25%

9

(5%-20%)

2000

(25%)

[38]
MXene/PPy/HEC composite0%-94%

357.5

(12%-94%)

1300[39]
TPU@CNT@PPy coaxial fiber0.1%-50%

12

(0.1%)

500

(50%)

[40]
PPy/PVA conductive ink-treated twisted textiles

M1:0%-200%;

M2:0%-125%;

M3:0%-65%

M1:3.8;

M2:5.9;

M3:38.9

2000

(50%)

[41]

Au/VTe₂/Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanosheets/

PU yarn

NO₂Resistance Change50%-80%

5769.9

(60%-80%)

200

(10%)

[42]

Ti₃C₂Tₓ/Ag₂S/TiO₂

nanocomposite/TPU mat

NH₃Resistance Change50%-60%

378.6

(40%-60%)

200

(35%)

[43]
PU yarn with Ti₃C₂Tₓ/CeO₂/TiO₂ nanocompositesNH₃Resistance Change50%-60%

385.285

(40%-60%)

200

(20%)

[44]
Au/MXene/PU yarnNH₃Resistance change50%-80%

532485.3

(60%-80%)

300

(20%)

[45]
MWCNTs/rGO/PDA core-spun yarnAcetone vaporResistance change0%-300%

10000

(10%)

[46]
(TPE-TPU)/(SBS/PDA/PPy) wrap yarnTHF vaporFluorescence intensity59.40%-60%

30.455

(20%-32%)

1000

(35%)

This work
), ArticleFig(id=1321967993899302974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967982213972969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所制备传感器与已报道传感器的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSelective gas

Gas response

form

Limit of

detection/(mL·m-3)

StretchabilitySensitivityCycle (strain)Ref.
BYs@PDA@PPy braided yarn0%-105%

51.2

(0%-40%)

400

(10%)

[36]
PPy@GO-PAN nanofiber yarn0%-500%

34.63

(380%-500%)

10000

(500%)

[37]
CNF/PPy composite membrane0.1%-25%

9

(5%-20%)

2000

(25%)

[38]
MXene/PPy/HEC composite0%-94%

357.5

(12%-94%)

1300[39]
TPU@CNT@PPy coaxial fiber0.1%-50%

12

(0.1%)

500

(50%)

[40]
PPy/PVA conductive ink-treated twisted textiles

M1:0%-200%;

M2:0%-125%;

M3:0%-65%

M1:3.8;

M2:5.9;

M3:38.9

2000

(50%)

[41]

Au/VTe₂/Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanosheets/

PU yarn

NO₂Resistance Change50%-80%

5769.9

(60%-80%)

200

(10%)

[42]

Ti₃C₂Tₓ/Ag₂S/TiO₂

nanocomposite/TPU mat

NH₃Resistance Change50%-60%

378.6

(40%-60%)

200

(35%)

[43]
PU yarn with Ti₃C₂Tₓ/CeO₂/TiO₂ nanocompositesNH₃Resistance Change50%-60%

385.285

(40%-60%)

200

(20%)

[44]
Au/MXene/PU yarnNH₃Resistance change50%-80%

532485.3

(60%-80%)

300

(20%)

[45]
MWCNTs/rGO/PDA core-spun yarnAcetone vaporResistance change0%-300%

10000

(10%)

[46]
(TPE-TPU)/(SBS/PDA/PPy) wrap yarnTHF vaporFluorescence intensity59.40%-60%

30.455

(20%-32%)

1000

(35%)

This work
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气体-应变双模态柔性应变传感器的制备及其应用
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周志娟 1 , 张晨超 1 , 徐慧慧 1 , 袁小红 2 , 王清清 1
材料工程 | 面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026,54(6): 85-96
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材料工程 |面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026 , 54 (6) : 85 -96
气体-应变双模态柔性应变传感器的制备及其应用
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周志娟1, 张晨超1, 徐慧慧1, 袁小红2, 王清清1
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2.闽江学院 服装与艺术工程学院,福州 350108
通讯作者:
王清清(1987—),女,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为功能纳米纤维材料,联系地址:江苏省无锡市蠡湖大道1800号江南大学纺织科学与工程学院(214122),E-mail:
Preparation and application of gas-strain dual-mode flexible strain sensor
Zhijuan ZHOU1, Chenchao ZHANG1, Huihui XU1, Xiaohong YUAN2, Qingqing WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,Jiangsu,China
  • 2.College of Clothing and Art Engineering,Minjiang University,Fuzhou 350108,China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457
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针对传统柔性传感器单一模态传感的局限性,研究采用光学-电学信号分离策略,旨在开发一种兼具气体检测和应变传感功能的双模态柔性一维传感器。通过四苯基乙烯(TPE)掺杂热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)制备的气敏纤维与经盐酸多巴胺(PDA)修饰并负载聚吡咯(PPy)的聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(SBS/PDA/PPy)导电纤维结合,采用包缠纱结构设计,制备了TPU/SBS柔性应变传感器。实验结果表明,该传感器在气体检测方面,传感器对四氢呋喃气体的最低检测限为59.4 mL/m3,荧光猝灭效率达78.3%,且具有优异的可逆性和稳定性。在应变传感方面,传感器具有0%~60%的传感范围,灵敏系数达30.455,响应时间为167 ms,循环稳定性超过1000次。可穿戴性能测试表明,该传感器能够实时监测人体关节运动和呼吸变化,输出信号稳定。研究为多功能集成柔性传感器的开发提供了新思路,适用于高危有机气体作业环境中的行为检测与气体浓度预警。

双模态响应  /  荧光可视化  /  应变传感  /  气体传感  /  包缠结构

This study presents a novel dual-modal flexible sensor that employs an optical-electrical signal decoupling strategy to achieve strain and gas detection, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional single-modal flexible sensors. The device is constructed using a wrapped-yarn structure, in which polystyrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) conductive fibers modified with dopamine hydrochloride and polypyrrole (SBS/PDA/PPy) function as the core strain-sensing component, wrapped with tetraphenylethylene-doped thermoplastic polyurethane (TPE-TPU) fibers serve as the gas-responsive component. Experimental results demonstrate that, for gas sensing, the sensor achieves a low detection limit of 59.4 mL/m³ for tetrahydrofuran (THF), along with a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 78.3% and excellent reversibility and stability. For strain sensing, the device exhibits a broad detection range of 0%-60%, a high gauge factor of 30.455, a rapid response time of 167 ms, and remarkable cycling durability exceeding 1000 cycles. Wearable tests further validate its reliable performance in monitoring human joint motion and respiratory activity. Overall, this work provides a robust strategy for developing multifunctional flexible sensors and demonstrates significant potential for applications in human behavior monitoring and early warning of volatile organic compound gas concentrations in high-risk environments.

dual-modal response  /  fluorescence visualization  /  strain sensing  /  gas sensing  /  wrapped structure
周志娟, 张晨超, 徐慧慧, 袁小红, 王清清. 气体-应变双模态柔性应变传感器的制备及其应用. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (6) : 85 -96 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457
Zhijuan ZHOU, Chenchao ZHANG, Huihui XU, Xiaohong YUAN, Qingqing WANG. Preparation and application of gas-strain dual-mode flexible strain sensor[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (6) : 85 -96 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457
近年来,材料科学与柔性电子技术的突破推动了智能可穿戴设备的快速发展,集成在可穿戴纺织品中的柔性传感器的市场需求不断增加[1-3]。一维柔性传感器因其具有可拉伸性、轻便性、高灵敏度和低成本等特点,在医疗健康[4-5]、运动科学[6-7]和环境监测[8-9]等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。然而,传统柔性传感器多为单一模态传感,难以同时采集多样化的数据以全面反映人体及环境的多类型刺激,限制了其应用范围。为此,研究人员致力于开发双模态乃至多模态柔性传感器,以实现对多种物理或化学刺激的同步检测。目前,常见的双模态传感器包括柔性应变-压力[10-11]、应变-温度[12-13]、力致变色-电导[14-15]等类型,这些传感器在个性化医疗[16]、慢性病管理[17]和运动优化[18]等领域已取得显著进展。
然而,在诸如化工生产的高危有机气体环境等复杂应用场景下,能够同时实现环境监测与人体行为检测的双模态柔性传感器研究仍处于起步阶段。这类特殊环境对传感器性能提出了严苛要求:一方面需要具备快速的气体响应能力和低检测限,以实现对挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)浓度的实时监测与预警;另一方面还需具备优异的人体行为传感性能,确保在VOCs气体环境中仍能准确捕捉使用者的肢体运动、呼吸频率等生理信号。这种兼具环境气体监测和健康监测能力的双模态柔性传感器,对于化工安全生产、应急救援等场景中保障人员健康安全具有重要意义。
VOCs是空气质量的关键指标,其浓度升高会对人体健康造成短期不适和长期累积性损伤。目前,具有聚集诱导发光(aggregation-induced emission,AIE)特性的材料[19]为VOCs检测提供了新思路,这类材料在溶液中发光较弱,聚集态下会表现出强烈的荧光发射[20-21]。当暴露于VOCs气体时,其发射强度会显著降低;重新置于空气中后,发射强度又可恢复至初始状态,呈现出可逆的气敏发光响应行为。AIE分子的结构中大多含有芳基亚烯基单元,目前已报道的可构建AIE分子的基本单元包括四苯乙烯基、二苯乙烯基、氰基苯乙烯基等[22]。基于AIE材料独特的荧光可逆性,可将其用于制备气敏纤维,实现VOCs气体浓度的可视化检测。
在高危气体环境中,作业人员的健康状态可通过行为变化反映,如呼吸异常、运动迟缓或肌肉震颤等,这些都可能预示VOCs暴露引发的生理损伤。因此,实时监测人体应变对安全预警至关重要。一维柔性应变传感器通过拉伸应变引起的电阻变化来反映应变大小,其传感机制主要分为两类:基于微裂纹的产生与闭合类型的传感器灵敏度高,但循环稳定性较差[23-25];基于褶皱拉伸与回复类型的传感器检测范围大,但灵敏度较低且易受摩擦破坏[26]。为兼顾高灵敏度和宽应变范围,采用基于微裂纹原理并结合优化固定工艺的柔性传感器更为理想,可确保导电层牢固附着,从而稳定监测人体行为。
基于成熟的包缠纱编织技术,本工作通过纱线结构设计将气体传感与应变传感集成到一个体系中。为制备拉伸性能优异的柔性传感器,分别选用热塑性聚氨酯(thermoplastic polyurethane,TPU)、聚(苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯)三嵌段热塑性弹性体((poly (styrene-butadiene-styrene),SBS)作为柔性基底,在导电材料的选择上,选用化学稳定性和导电性良好的聚吡咯(polypyrrole,PPy)。为提高导电层的黏附性,选用盐酸多巴胺(dopamine,DA)作为敏化剂,对SBS纤维表面进行改性,增强导电层的负载牢度。采用原位冷冻界面聚合(frozen interfacial polymerization,FIP)的方法制备了结构均匀、致密性好、导电性好的SBS/PDA/PPy柔性导电纤维。以TPU和四苯基乙烯(tetraphenylethylene,TPE)为原料,采用共混法制成纺丝液,通过湿法纺丝制备了气体响应TPE-TPU纤维。以TPE-TPU纤维作为外包纱,SBS/PDA/PPy纤维作为芯纱制备了兼具VOCs气体浓度监测与应变传感的应变-气体双模态柔性一维传感器。应变传感通过电信号输出,气体浓度可通过荧光强度判断,两者协同响应。
热塑性聚氨酯,购自常州顺祥新材料有限公司;聚(苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯)三嵌段热塑性弹性体,购自东莞市樟木头泰禾塑胶原料经营部;四苯基乙烯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、异丙醇(IPA)、四氢呋喃(THF)、盐酸多巴胺、无水乙醇、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、盐酸、吡咯(Py)、环己烷(CYH)、六水合氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O)、5-磺基水杨酸钠(NaSSA)、正己烷、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、乙醚、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、丙烯腈、丙酮,均为分析纯,购自上海维塔化学试剂有限公司。所有试剂使用时无需进一步纯化。
图1(a)为TPE-TPU纤维的制备过程,主要步骤为:
纺丝液的制备:将60 g TPU溶解到147.6 mL的DMF中,置于60 ℃振荡水浴锅处理12 h使其快速均匀溶解,得到TPU溶液;将4 mg/mL的TPE掺杂到TPU溶液中,随后在转速为600 r/min、温度为60 ℃的磁力搅拌器中搅拌1 h;最后在功率为60 W的超声机中超声去气泡30 min,获得稳定的二元分散纺丝液。
TPE-TPU纤维纺制:利用湿法纺丝装置进行纺丝。IPA和去离子水的混合物用作凝固浴,IPA体积分数为60%。将纺丝液装入20 mL注射器中并配以内径为0.58 mm的针头,以0.3 mL/min的纺丝速度进行纺丝,置于凝固浴中凝固24 h。制备的纤维在室温下自然干燥6 h,获得柔性多孔荧光可视化纤维。
图1(b)为SBS/PDA/PPy导电纤维的制备过程,具体分为如下几步。
SBS纤维的制备:首先称取适量的SBS母粒,加入10 mL THF溶剂中,将混合物置于50 ℃的振荡水浴锅中持续振荡6 h,使SBS充分溶解于溶剂中,在功率为60 W的超声机中超声处理30 min,获得质量浓度为30%的SBS纺丝液。将纺丝液缓慢抽入20 mL注射器中,倒立静置6 h,以排出气泡。使用湿法纺丝装置进行纺丝,纺丝速率设定为2 mL/h,纺丝完成后,置于无水乙醇凝固浴中凝固12 h。最后将制得的纤维在室温下自然干燥2 h,得到SBS纤维。
SBS/PDA纤维的制备:在负载DA前,将SBS纤维置于去离子水中超声清洗30 min,除去纤维表面杂质,处理完后室温晾干。配置Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将浓度为10 mmol/L的DA加入Tris缓冲液中,随后添加0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液将pH值调为8.5。将SBS纤维加入上述溶液中,常温下避光反应36 h,引发DA的自聚合。反应结束后使用去离子水对纤维进行多次冲洗,清除多余的反应物,自然晾干,制得PDA改性的SBS纤维,记为SBS/PDA纤维。
SBS/PDA/PPy纤维的制备:将SBS/PDA纤维置于含有20 mL FeCl3·6H2O(0.4 mol/L)和NaSSA(0.4 mol/L)的混合溶液的培养皿中,然后将其置于-5 ℃环境中冷冻2 h。随后加入等体积含有Py(0.4 mol/L)的CYH溶液,继续冷冻1 h。最后,将混合物静态保持在5 ℃环境中聚合24 h。反应完成后,用去离子水多次冲洗表面,洗去多余的导电层,烘干得到SBS/PDA/PPy(F)纤维。以同样的方式在常温环境中制备负载PPy的导电纤维,得到SBS/PDA/PPy(N)纤维。
基于纱线的荧光可视化功能,采用KBL-90-16-1编织机以TPE-TPU纤维作为外包纱,SBS/PDA/PPy纤维作为芯纱制备单层包覆结构导电复合纱。具体参数如下:TPE-TPU纤维的牵伸倍数为0.8倍,SBS/PDA/PPy纤维的牵伸倍数为0.5倍,包覆捻度为90 捻/10 cm,包覆捻向为“S”捻。
将样品纤维置于液氮中淬断,得到截面样品。用导电胶将样品黏附于电镜台上,喷金处理后,采用SU1510型SEM观察不同倍率条件下样品的表面和截面形态以及微观结构。采用Nicolet IS10型FT-IR光谱仪在衰减全反射(ATR)模式下研究不同样品的化学官能团,在4 cm-1分辨率下观察,采集范围为4000~400 cm-1。采用XQ-2型纤维强伸度仪测定纤维的强度和断裂伸长率,测试前将样品纤维的长度裁剪为20 mm,将设备的拉伸速率设置为20 mm/min,夹持距离设置为10 mm,每组样品至少测试5次。利用VC890D型万用表对不同PPy负载方式下得到的导电纤维的电阻数据进行测试。采用F-7000型荧光分光光度计对TPU/SBS包缠纱对不同VOCs的响应过程进行原位实时监测,并测量纱线的荧光强度,设定激发波长为340 nm,检测波长范围为380~480 nm,扫描速度为1200 nm/min,峰值电压为1000 V。
将制备的TPU/SBS应变传感器固定在PT-1198GDT万能试验机上,设定初始夹距为2 mm,改变拉伸实验参数,来模拟不同的频率及应变条件,各个过程中传感器阻值变化情况通过KEITHLEY 2450型数字源表输出。将制备的TPU/SBS应变传感器分别固定在实验员的手指、手腕、手肘、膝盖处,实验员根据要求按一定规律连续进行弯曲-伸直运动。将TPU/SBS应变传感器固定在实验员的腹部,通过改变呼吸幅度来模拟人体日常行为中的浅呼吸和深呼吸。通过KEITHLEY 2450型数字源表记录所有电阻变化情况。
湿法纺丝制备的纤维表面及截面微观形貌如图2所示。从图2(a),(b)可以看出,SBS纤维和TPU纤维的结构均呈现出外层紧密、内芯松散的现象。这是由于在纤维成型过程中,溶剂与凝固浴间会发生双向扩散行为,固化首先会发生在纤维表面,从而阻碍了芯层的进一步成形。其中SBS纤维由于凝固浴向纤维表层的快速扩散呈现出腰圆形结构。
为得到导电性能良好的SBS纤维,在负载PPy时,分别通过原位聚合法和FIP法制备了SBS/PDA/PPy(N)纤维和SBS/PDA/PPy(F)纤维。从纤维的表面形貌和局部放大图(图2(c)~(e))可以看到,与原SBS纤维相比,两种负载方法得到的纤维表面粗糙度均有所增加。常规浸渍法制备的SBS/PDA/PPy(N)纤维上导电层的分布不均匀,并且PPy之间发生了团聚现象,对导电纤维的导电性以及稳定性具有较大的影响。FIP法制备的SBS/PDA/PPy(F)纤维上,导电层分布得更加均匀致密。
通过万用表测试两种方法制备的导电纤维的电阻。SBS/PDA/PPy(N)纤维电阻为2342.5 kΩ·cm-1,SBS/PDA/PPy(F)纤维电阻为4.7 kΩ·cm-1。相比之下,FIP法制备的纤维导电性明显优于常规浸渍法。这是由于FIP法温度低,降低PPy的聚合速率,减少团聚现象,有效避免聚合物的不利交联或支化,使得PPy导电层更加均匀致密,有效降低导电纤维的电阻,提高链内电导率[27-28]。同时PDA中的官能团(如酮基和羟基)和PPy中的N原子可作为氢键供体或受体发生氢键作用,进一步提高导电层的牢度。
通过FT-IR光谱对不同样品的化学组成成分进行表征,测试结果如图3所示。在图3(a)中3332、2956 cm-1处分别为TPU中硬段N—H的伸缩振动峰、软段—CH2—的伸缩振动峰;1726、1699 cm-1处为TPU中羰基的伸缩振动峰,1528 cm-1处为TPU中—C—NH—的振动吸收峰;1219、1166、1074 cm-1处分别为硬段氨酯基、软段酯基、软段醚基的C—O—C的伸缩振动峰[29]。1596 cm-1处为TPE中苯环骨架的C═C伸缩振动;750、705 cm-1处为TPE中单取代苯环的C—H面外弯曲振动。
在图3(b)中,695、755 cm-1处为SBS中单取代苯环的═CH面外弯曲振动峰。1451、1492、1601 cm-1处为SBS中苯环的—CH═CH—弯曲振动峰。2845、2915 cm-1处分别为SBS分子链中丁二烯的—CH2—对称伸缩振动峰和不对称伸缩振动峰。3378 cm-1处为PDA中O—H/N—H的叠加宽峰,1260 cm-1处对应酚羟基的C—O伸缩振动,表明PDA已成功负载到SBS纤维上。1538、1300 cm-1处分别为PPy中吡咯环的C═C伸缩振动和C—N伸缩振动。
应力-应变测试结果如图4所示。与单纤维相比,包缠纱应力有较大的提升,这是因为包缠结构提高了纤维间的抱合力,且SBS/PDA/PPy纤维的截面呈腰圆形(图2(a)),与圆形截面的TPE-TPU纤维(图2(b))相结合,可以提供更好的握持力和界面黏附强度,可更有效传递载荷,减少应力集中,从而提高包缠纱整体的力学强度。但是经过包缠之后的纱线,与单纤维相比,应变下降到了363.7%(图4(b)),归因于包缠纱制备过程中,为使纤维伸直,对纤维进行了力学牵伸,造成弹性损失,致使应变下降,但是依然可以满足可穿戴设备的要求。
由于不同VOCs的毒性和爆炸危险性存在显著差异(如THF具有高度挥发性和神经毒性,而丙酮、苯类等物质则可能对肝脏或呼吸系统造成损伤)。利用TPE可逆的气敏发光变化行为,当TPE通过吸收激发光而获得能量进入不稳定的激发态时,在良溶剂的挥发性气体(VOCs气体)环境中,TPE分子中心碳碳双键周围连接的4个苯环可以围绕单键进行自由旋转,通过非辐射跃迁消耗能量,导致荧光减弱;而在不良溶剂的挥发性气体(空气)环境中,TPE分子倾向于形成密集的聚集态。此时,由于邻近分子间的紧密排列,产生显著的空间位阻限制,有效抑制苯环的自由旋转,激发能无法通过分子内旋转的方式被消耗,能量最终以荧光形式释放出来[30-31]。对制得的TPU/SBS传感器的不同VOCs气体响应性能进行测试,结果如图5所示。
分别测量TPU/SBS包缠纱暴露于不同种类的饱和VOCs气体氛围中的荧光强度,基于初始荧光强度的猝灭效率(quenching efficiency,QE)计算如式(1)所示:
QE=(F0-F)/F0
式中:F0表示传感器在450 nm处的初始荧光强度;F表示传感器在气体响应稳定后450 nm处的荧光强度。
荧光猝灭效率计算结果如图5(a)所示,当传感纱线在THF气体中时,猝灭效率达78.3%。可以看出TPE与THF蒸气分子之间的亲和力最强,这是因为THF与TPE间的相互作用远强于测试中其他VOCs气体。得益于TPU纤维的多孔结构,THF蒸气分子扩散进入孔隙后,吸附于TPE表面,局部形成微型良溶剂环境,削弱了TPE分子间的相互作用力,此时TPE分子内的苯环可以围绕着碳碳双键自由旋转,促进了非辐射能量传递,有效降低了TPE的发光强度,宏观表现为纱线荧光强度降低[32]。结果表明传感纱线可对不同VOCs气体响应,但对THF气体具有较好的选择性。
基于包缠纱对THF气体的良好响应,探究了纱线在浓度为200 mL/m3 THF气体的密闭容器中作用不同时间的荧光强度性能,如图5(b),(c)所示。结果表明,随着在THF气体环境中暴露时间的增加,纱线的荧光强度逐渐下降。当暴露时间为0~2 min时,纱线可对THF气体快速响应,荧光强度有明显的猝灭效果;当暴露时间大于14 min时,纱线的荧光强度基本不发生变化,此时纱线中的TPE分子已经达到了较为稳定的状态。因此,对于浓度为200 mL/m3的THF气体环境,优选暴露时间为14 min。
为探究TPU/SBS包缠纱在气体传感中的稳定性,对其在THF气体环境中的荧光猝灭和空气环境中的荧光恢复性能进行了循环测试。如图5(d)所示,当纱线置于空气环境中时,空气中的水为TPE的不良溶剂,TPE分子间发生聚集,分子内旋转受限,导致激发态能量不易被猝灭,此时荧光强度较高;置于THF气体环境中时,由于非辐射衰变荧光强度下降明显,具有显著的荧光猝灭效果[30-32]。当重新置于空气环境中时,荧光强度可快速恢复,具有可逆性。经过20次循环测试后,纱线对THF气体仍能快速响应,表明制备的TPU/SBS包缠纱具有良好的稳定性。
最后,探究了TPU/SBS包缠纱对不同THF气体浓度的荧光响应效果。如图5(e)所示,将包缠纱分别置于THF气体浓度为0、100、200、300 mL/m3的密闭环境中分别测试其荧光强度,可以看出,随着气体浓度的提高,对应的荧光强度下降。从图5(f)中可以看出,THF气体浓度与纱线的荧光强度呈负相关,对THF气体的最低检测限为59.4 mL/m3。《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》中规定在职业活动过程中,容许劳动者短时间(15 min)接触四氢呋喃的加权平均浓度为300 mg/m3[33](25 ℃下约为102 mL/m3)。由此可见,TPU/SBS包缠纱可以在保证人体安全的前提下,实现化工生产等工作环境中THF气体浓度预警。
从上述实验测试结果可以看出,当TPU/SBS包缠纱置于不同浓度THF气体环境中时,荧光强度不同,对应的蓝色荧光明暗程度不同,由此制备了荧光比色卡。如图6所示,可以看出在不同浓度的THF气体环境中,蓝色荧光颜色变化明显,区分度高,可通过肉眼察觉。在实际应用中可利用针织技术将纱线织入腕带/护肘中,并将上述比色卡制成织物标签固定于织物上,通过观察织物颜色变化并对照比色卡标签,可直接判断环境中是否存在气体泄漏的安全隐患,有望实现在THF气体浓度预警中的应用。
为深入评估传感器的传感性能,将其置于100 mL/m3的THF环境中进行性能测试。对于一维应变传感器,其灵敏度高低通常通过灵敏系数(gauge factor,GF)来量化,GF值直观体现了相对电阻变化值与应变的关系[34],计算如式(2),(3)所示:
ΔR/R0=(R-R0)/R0
GF=(ΔR/R0)/ε
式中:R0为初始电阻值;R为拉伸时的电阻值;ε为应变。如图7(a)所示,随着应变的变化,TPU/SBS包缠纱应变传感器的相对电阻变化大致分为3个阶段。当应变处于0%~20%时,相对电阻变化增长较为缓慢,GF值为12.019;当应变处于20%~32%时,相对电阻变化增长迅速,GF值为30.455;当应变处于32%~60%时,相对电阻变化缓慢,GF值为9.902。电阻的变化归因于拉伸应力导致的PPy导电层微观结构破坏,从而直接影响连续的导电通路。同时包缠结构中TPE-TPU纤维对SBS/PDA/PPy纤维的应力传递与约束作用,放大了芯纱PPy导电层的微裂纹产生与扩展,致使电阻发生显著变化。
在不同应变水平及不同拉伸频率条件下,测试传感器的相对电阻变化情况。图7(b)显示了拉伸频率为1 Hz,5%~60%应变下的相对电阻变化。图7(c)显示了在不同拉伸频率下,应变为30%时的相对电阻变化。可以看出,在不同应变和不同拉伸频率下,TPU/SBS包缠纱应变传感器均表现出良好的稳定性和可重复性。
响应时间是反映传感器响应快慢的物理量[35]。如图7(d)所示,制备的TPU/SBS包缠纱应变传感器在1%应变下的响应时间为167 ms,具有快速的响应时间,可以在微小刺激下实现快速响应,实现对人体活动特征的实时监测。
循环稳定性是衡量传感器耐久性的重要指标,具体表现为应变传感器在相同的作业环境下,历经多次往复的拉伸-释放过程后,其电阻变化依然能够保持高度一致性和重复性的能力[35]。得益于PDA对SBS纤维的表面改性作用,显著增强了导电层与纤维基底之间的界面结合强度,即使在摩擦作用和拉伸作用下,导电层仍能牢固地黏附于纤维表面。确保在反复拉伸下,PPy层能保持相对完整,避免因界面失效导致的性能快速衰减。如图7(e)所示,在1000次的拉伸循环测试过程中,传感器的相对电阻变化整体基本保持稳定。
为验证TPU/SBS柔性应变传感器在高危有机气体作业环境下的健康监测能力,对其人体行为传感性能进行了系统测试。将所制备的TPU/SBS应变传感器装配至实验员的手指、手腕、手肘和膝盖等关键部位,在模拟高危环境作业姿态下进行关节活动,通过数字源表实时监测其电阻信号变化。如图8所示,传感器能准确响应不同关节的弯曲频率和幅度变化,输出稳定的电阻信号,证明其在高危气体环境中人体行为监测的可靠性,能够为高危气体环境作业人员的安全监护提供保障。
进一步地,为评估传感器在VOCs气体暴露环境下的生命安全保障能力,将其固定于实验员腹部进行呼吸监测测试。如图9所示,传感器能明确区分浅呼吸和深呼吸模式,对小应变呼吸信号作出响应。这一性能表明该传感器可实时监测作业人员的呼吸状态,在有机气体泄漏等紧急情况下为呼吸安全预警提供关键数据支持,对保障高危环境作业人员的健康安全具有重要意义。
在应变与气体传感中,所制备的传感器分别通过电学信号和光学信号进行响应,为探究应用过程中信号是否因另一种传感源的存在而受到干扰,对TPU/SBS柔性传感器在不同浓度VOCs气体氛围中的应变传感行为进行了探究。结果如图10所示,可以看出,在不同浓度的THF和甲苯气体氛围中,传感器在应变为10%的循环拉伸中的相对电阻变化峰基本保持一致,未出现显著波动,表明其应变传感性能在不同类型和浓度的气体环境中均表现稳定。
通过对所制备的TPU/SBS传感器与已报道传感器性能进行全面对比分析(包括气体传感性能和应变传感性能对比,见表1[36-46]),可以看出,与单一功能的柔性应变传感器相比,本工作所制备的传感器灵敏度处于中等水平,工作范围基本满足人体运动监测需求,具备良好的循环稳定性。在保持优良应变传感性能的基础上,本研究将气体响应与应变响应通过两种不同的物理信号表达。通过采用光学-电学信号分离策略,避免了信号互扰的问题。与通过电阻信号表达的气体-应变传感器相比,所制备的传感器气体响应通过TPE对THF蒸气的荧光猝灭效应实现,可通过观察纱线荧光颜色变化直接判断气体浓度,具备响应方式直观、操作简便的优势。
(1)本工作分别制备了TPE-TPU气体响应荧光可视化纤维和SBS/PDA/PPy导电纤维,通过纱线结构设计,将TPE-TPU纤维与SBS/PDA/PPy纤维相结合,制备了兼具VOCs气体浓度监测与应变传感的气体-应变双模态柔性一维传感器。
(2)通过对比使用不同的负载方式制备的SBS/PDA/PPy纤维的表面形貌以及导电性能,得出FIP法制备的纤维表面导电层的分布更加致密均匀,导电性能更好。通过纱线结构设计,将TPE-TPU纤维与SBS/PDA/PPy纤维相结合,制得TPU/SBS包缠纱,得益于纤维间的包缠结构和差异化的截面形状,有效提高纱线整体的力学强度。
(3)对比TPU/SBS包缠纱对不同VOCs气体的响应性能,得出纱线对THF气体的检测效果最好。TPU/SBS包缠纱对THF气体的最佳检测限为59.4 mL/m3,并且具有优异的稳定性。在100 mL/m3的THF环境中进行传感性能测试,结果表明TPU/SBS包缠纱应变传感器具有0%~60%的传感范围、30.455的GF值、167 ms的响应时间和超过1000次的循环稳定性。可穿戴性能测试表明,TPU/SBS包缠纱应变传感器可监测手指、膝盖等关节大应变和深浅呼吸小应变,且输出信号稳定。
  • 福州市科技计划项目(2024-ZD-006)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000457
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
  • 录用日期:2025-09-21
基金
福州市科技计划项目(2024-ZD-006)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122
    2.闽江学院 服装与艺术工程学院,福州 350108

通讯作者:

王清清(1987—),女,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为功能纳米纤维材料,联系地址:江苏省无锡市蠡湖大道1800号江南大学纺织科学与工程学院(214122),E-mail:
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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