Article(id=1321967908377444736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758816000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-26, onlineDate=1793111310333, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111310333, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111310332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111310332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967818057298402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='248', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111288799, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111414358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=53, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967908566188417, articleId=1321967908377444736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in flexible phase change composites, columnId=1321967818942296547, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=INTELLIGENT MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE DEVICES COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flexible phase change composites (FPCCs) are a type of functional material that combines phase change energy storage with flexibility and are widely used in intelligent thermal management,wearable devices,electronic heat dissipation,and other fields. This review expounds the research status of flexible phase change composites,compares and analyzes different methods of their synthesis process,phase change material selection,composite methods and performance regulation;elaborates on the application of flexible phase change composites in intelligent textiles,building energy conservation,electronic equipment heat dissipation and marine platform protection,and looks forward to their advantages in energy storage performance,flexible regulation,high adaptability and future application expansion.

, authors=Tianxin JIANG, Wenzhao SHI, Jinshu LIU, Zhihui TU, Ruochen LU, Guowang LI, Yaowen WU, authorsList=Tianxin JIANG, Wenzhao SHI, Jinshu LIU, Zhihui TU, Ruochen LU, Guowang LI, Yaowen WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenzhao SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967909874811276, articleId=1321967908377444736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=柔性复合相变材料研究进展, columnId=1321967819202343397, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柔性复合相变材料(flexible phase change composites,FPCCs)是一类兼具相变储能和柔韧性的功能材料,广泛应用于智能热管理、可穿戴设备、电子散热等领域。本文阐述了柔性复合相变材料的研究现状,对比分析了其合成工艺、相变材料选择、复合方法及性能调节的不同方法;详述了柔性复合相变材料在智能纺织品、建筑节能、电子设备散热及海洋平台保护等方面应用,并展望了其在储能性能、灵活调节、高适应性等方面的优势及未来应用拓展。

, authors=蒋天昕, 师文钊, 刘瑾姝, 涂智慧, 鲁若宸, 李国旺, 武耀文, authorsList=蒋天昕, 师文钊, 刘瑾姝, 涂智慧, 鲁若宸, 李国旺, 武耀文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=师文钊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
师文钊(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为功能性形状记忆复合材料、高性能相变复合材料、印染前沿技术与理论,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区金花南路19号西安工程大学(710048),E-mail:
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articleId=1321967908377444736, language=CN, label=图1, caption=柔性复合相变材料的应用, figureFileSmall=QNC+4PHOodn58LjtaG//AA==, figureFileBig=sbKhtYj0SWMhnaj2ixHTag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916308873661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Different flexible phase-change composite materials in the application of intelligent textiles, figureFileSmall=nVaYi290denDgxJ773vi0w==, figureFileBig=Iz9MTjHx0v/foj7kzg2G+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916380176830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同类型的柔性复合相变材料在智能纺织品中的应用(a)一种便携式热疗面罩及其效果评估[48];(b)一种柔性热疗眼罩及其测试[49];(c)复合相变温控纤维薄膜及其测试[50]

(a)a portable thermal therapy facial mask and its effect evaluation[48];(b)a flexible thermal therapy eye mask and its testing[49];(c)composite phase change temperature-controlled fiber film and its testing[50]

, figureFileSmall=nVaYi290denDgxJ773vi0w==, figureFileBig=Iz9MTjHx0v/foj7kzg2G+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916443091391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=EN, label=Fig 3, caption=Application of different flexible phase-change composite materials in building energy conservation(a)TG and DTG curves of LA,PS and LA-PS[1];(b)temperature fluctuation curves inside and outside buildings with different models[15];(c)comparison of leakage performance of phase change gypsum building materials at different stages[15];(d)schematic diagram of the working principle of phase change materials in buildings[51], figureFileSmall=qYf9X1x7kax3RgXPtJxcbw==, figureFileBig=PTuUCKGPCdrqeUmFZEm2Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916506005952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同柔性复合相变材料在建筑节能中的应用

(a)LA、PS和LA-PS的TG曲线图和DTG曲线图[1];(b)不同建筑模型内外温度波动曲线[15];(c)不同阶段下相变石膏建材渗漏性能比较[15];(d)建筑物相变材料的工作原理示意图[51]

, figureFileSmall=qYf9X1x7kax3RgXPtJxcbw==, figureFileBig=PTuUCKGPCdrqeUmFZEm2Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916568920513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Application of differently flexible phase-change composite materials in the heat dissipation of electronic devices(a)characterization of γ-ray shielding performance and thermal regulation performance of phase-change composite materials[52];(b)schematic diagram of the experimental testing platform[30];(c)comparison diagram of the temperature-driven transmittance switching mechanism and the heat transfer performance at the bottom of PDMS and PDMS/wax composite materials[31], figureFileSmall=PirCGWVVy29JcKMVIUgPDA==, figureFileBig=OEFhHHRkwGa8bZ44j4Hnzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967916690555330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908377444736, language=CN, label=图4, 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柔性复合相变材料研究进展
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蒋天昕 , 师文钊 , 刘瑾姝 , 涂智慧 , 鲁若宸 , 李国旺 , 武耀文
材料工程 | 面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026,54(6): 53-64
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材料工程 |面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026 , 54 (6) : 53 -64
柔性复合相变材料研究进展
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蒋天昕, 师文钊 , 刘瑾姝, 涂智慧, 鲁若宸, 李国旺, 武耀文
作者信息
  • 西安工程大学 纺织科学与工程学院,西安 710048
通讯作者:
师文钊(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为功能性形状记忆复合材料、高性能相变复合材料、印染前沿技术与理论,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区金花南路19号西安工程大学(710048),E-mail:
Research progress in flexible phase change composites
Tianxin JIANG, Wenzhao SHI , Jinshu LIU, Zhihui TU, Ruochen LU, Guowang LI, Yaowen WU
Affiliations
  • College of Textile Science and Engineering,Xi’ an Polytechnic University,Xi’ an 710048,China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448
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柔性复合相变材料(flexible phase change composites,FPCCs)是一类兼具相变储能和柔韧性的功能材料,广泛应用于智能热管理、可穿戴设备、电子散热等领域。本文阐述了柔性复合相变材料的研究现状,对比分析了其合成工艺、相变材料选择、复合方法及性能调节的不同方法;详述了柔性复合相变材料在智能纺织品、建筑节能、电子设备散热及海洋平台保护等方面应用,并展望了其在储能性能、灵活调节、高适应性等方面的优势及未来应用拓展。

柔性  /  相变材料  /  复合工艺  /  性能调节

Flexible phase change composites (FPCCs) are a type of functional material that combines phase change energy storage with flexibility and are widely used in intelligent thermal management,wearable devices,electronic heat dissipation,and other fields. This review expounds the research status of flexible phase change composites,compares and analyzes different methods of their synthesis process,phase change material selection,composite methods and performance regulation;elaborates on the application of flexible phase change composites in intelligent textiles,building energy conservation,electronic equipment heat dissipation and marine platform protection,and looks forward to their advantages in energy storage performance,flexible regulation,high adaptability and future application expansion.

flexibility  /  phase change material  /  composite process  /  performance adjustment
蒋天昕, 师文钊, 刘瑾姝, 涂智慧, 鲁若宸, 李国旺, 武耀文. 柔性复合相变材料研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (6) : 53 -64 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448
Tianxin JIANG, Wenzhao SHI, Jinshu LIU, Zhihui TU, Ruochen LU, Guowang LI, Yaowen WU. Research progress in flexible phase change composites[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (6) : 53 -64 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448
相变材料(PCM)因其在相变过程中的吸热、释放热量等特征,经常被用于解决温差、控制温度变化[1]。由于传统相变材料存在力学性能差、刚性强、易碎、要求高[2]等问题,从而限制了其在智能服饰、柔性电子等方面的深入应用。智能材料的不断发展,一定程度上拓宽了柔性复合相变材料的应用空间,依托于其在能量存储、热管理等方面的优势,实现了柔性复合相变材料在可穿戴设备、智能纺织品、建筑节能材料等方面的广泛应用[3]。
PCM的柔性主要源于基体材料(如弹性体、热塑性塑料)与增强相(如纳米纤维、柔性填料)的协同作用。通过调控组分比例和结构设计(如多孔或层状构型),PCM可实现优异的可弯曲性、拉伸性和形状适应性。柔性PCM可用于可穿戴传感器或人工软组织,其力学性能与人体组织匹配,避免刚性材料的不适感;导电填料(如碳纳米管)与弹性基体复合,赋予材料导电性同时保持柔韧,适用于折叠显示屏或柔性电路。同时,使用聚乳酸(PLA)、淀粉或木质素等可再生资源,减少石油依赖;部分PCM可在自然环境中降解(如PHBV/竹粉复合材料)。将工业副产品(如稻壳灰、废旧橡胶)作为填料,实现资源循环。PCM的柔性设计扩展了其在动态环境中的应用场景,简易制备工艺降低了产业化门槛,而绿色化策略则响应了全球可持续发展需求。未来通过进一步优化材料配方(如全生物基体系)和工艺(如节能成型技术),PCM有望在柔性电子、绿色包装等领域发挥更大作用。
大多数研究者选择融合两种材料,找到合适的相变材料,凸显其相变温度稳定、相变潜热较高的优势。本文总结了复合相变材料在智能纺织品、建筑节能、电子设备散热和海洋平台保护等领域的应用(图1),分析了现有不足,并简述了未来发展方向。
早期针对相变材料的研究,主要集中在相变储能热材料开发、砂浆板热性能[4]、建筑节能、新能源利用、电子器件冷却等方面,所用相变材料主要有无机盐水合物、聚氨酯[5]、聚乙二醇[6]、石蜡[7]等,石蜡因价格低廉、相变温度稳定等优势成为研究重点,但石蜡易漏液、导热系数低等问题限制了其大规模使用。针对该项问题,Li等[8]提出制备一种新型嵌入相变材料微胶囊,将石蜡包裹在有机聚合物中,提升相变材料稳定性,并实现重复利用。Kumar等[9]提出通过氧化石墨烯增强石蜡热能储存性能、导热性能,取得了相对较好的效果。陈华等[10]将石蜡与碳纳米管复合,利用碳纳米管在石蜡中构建新的传热网格,拓宽复合材料传热路径,显著提升了传热系数。程辉等[11]则是通过微胶囊法,以石蜡为核,以无机材料TiO2、亲水性石墨烯作为壳层,制作复合相变微胶囊,提升石蜡基储存性能、光热转换功能。柔性复合相变材料研究方面,王委委等[12]提出了一种三元脂肪酸共晶物/二氧化硅定形复合相变材料制备工艺。
相变材料(phase change materials,PCMs)是指在相变过程中能够吸收或释放大量潜热的材料,广泛应用于建筑节能、电子散热、太阳能利用、温控服装、药品储运等领域。相变材料选择时应综合考虑相变潜热[13]、环境适应性、生物相容性、循环稳定性等要素。
有机相变材料(organic phase change materials,OPCMs)是相变材料中应用非常广泛的一类,OPCM分为石蜡和非石蜡。石蜡基团包括一类性质相似的直链和饱和烃链。随着碳链的增加,PCMs的熔化温度也随之升高。非石蜡相变材料包括脂肪酸、酯、醇、聚乙二醇等。OPCM比无机PCM更稳定、潜热焓高、相变温度适宜、导热系数高、相变时体积变化小、无过冷效果。但OPCM存在可燃性和燃烧时释放有害烟雾,过渡过程中体积变化大,导热系数低等问题[14]。
石蜡因其廉价、安全、化学惰性、无腐蚀性、在500 ℃下稳定、易燃性和低导热系数(0.1~0.3 W/mK)而成为研究最广泛的PCM。其熔点均匀、无相分离、熔点范围宽、无过冷现象。石蜡与氧气反应时氧化缓慢,因此需要一个防泄漏容器,以避免泄漏。研究发现,膨胀石墨烯包埋在聚乙烯基体中,可以抑制石蜡的泄漏。赵亮等[15]采取吸附沉淀法,制备以石蜡为芯材,糊化面粉为壁材的相变微胶囊,所制备相变微胶囊呈椭球形结构,粒径为400~600 nm,其峰值相变温度、相变潜热值和包覆率分别为22.2 ℃、110.5 J/g和66.7%,具有较好的化学稳定性和热稳定性。韩存昊[16]在研究中复合石蜡(PW)、膨胀石墨(EG)、烯烃嵌段共聚体(OBC)等材料,制备了一种高导热、高稳定性的复合相变材料。朱浩等[17]在研究中制作了一种聚合物基固-固相变材料高机械强度有机相变材料,在潜热存储方面发挥了较大作用。孙玥等[18]以石蜡、月桂酸、膨胀石墨等为材料制作相变材料,将3种材料按照不同比例混合,评测膨胀石墨对复合相变材料的影响,结果表明,0.5 C倍率下锂电池基本无需强化散热,高倍率放电下相变材料有很好的控温效果;相变材料在相变区间内发生相变作用,仿真结果与实验结果误差均在3.5 ℃内,验证了电池热管理实验的准确性。
脂肪酸由化学式CH₃(CH₂) n COOH表示,属于非石蜡。常见的有癸酸、月桂酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等。脂肪酸具有热容量大、熔融温度范围合适、体积变化小、无毒、成本低、不易燃、对金属容器无腐蚀、热稳定性和化学稳定性好等优点。曾丽萍等[19]通过乳液聚合技术将癸酸-月桂酸(CA-LA)低共熔混合物封装在聚丙烯酸乙酯(PEA)壳层中,形成PEA/(CA-LA)相变材料微胶囊(MEPCM),分析结果表明,所制备的MEPCM具有均匀且光滑的球形外观,且芯材和壳材之间没有发生化学反应。MEPCM在160 ℃以下能保持优良的潜热储存和释放能力。经过200次热循环后仍具有良好的热稳定性。徐众等[20]以膨胀珍珠岩(EP)为支撑材料,月桂酸(LA)、肉豆蔻酸(MA)、棕榈酸(PA)和硬脂酸(SA)为相变主材,采用熔融共混法制备膨胀珍珠岩/脂肪酸(EP/FA)复合相变材料。结果表明:材料的泄漏率随着EP添加量增大而减小,添加EP能够很好地封装FA,同时提升蓄热温度和时间。
共晶相变材料是一种由两种或多种可相容的组分(可以是有机、有机-无机或无机)按特定摩尔比混合而成的混合物。这种组合具有一个固定的熔点,即在该温度下所有组分同时相变。其具有相变温度可调、高潜热储能密度、稳定性好、相容性强、无毒环保等优点。Chinnasamy等[21]研制了月桂酸和肉豆醇共混剂,用于室内热舒适。对制备的共晶混合物(质量分数为60%肉豆醇和40%月桂酸)的热物理特性进行了研究,结果表明,制备的新型EO-PCM在室内热舒适应用中具有显著的应用能力。Ansu等[22]制备了PEG-2000和PEG-10000二元共晶EO-PCM。结果表明,PEG-2000和PEG-10000的质量比为60∶40时,较其他样品具有更好的热性能。实验也证明了其作为TES材料的适用性。Dinesh等[23]研制了新型三元有机脂肪酸混合物及其酯类,并对其热物理性能和传热性能进行了实验分析。制备了油酸/棕榈酸异丙酯/硬脂酸丁酯(摩尔比为0.44∶0.33∶0.23)共晶聚合物,并对其进行了表征。DSC结果表明,共晶的熔化焓为104.12 J/g,熔化温度为5.14 ℃。通过加速热循环实验,经500次循环后,新型三元PCM具有良好的热可靠性。
生物质基相变材料(biomass-based phase change materials,bio-PCMs)即生物质材料与PCMs的复合材料,拓宽了生物质材料的应用范围,实现了生物质材料的高价值利用,为复合PCMs的研究与发展提供了新的方向。PCMs是近年来绿色储热材料研究的热点,旨在以可再生、有机、生物可降解资源代替石蜡等传统PCM,广泛应用于建筑节能、可穿戴设备、冷链物流与太阳能利用等领域。原料为可再生原料,多数原料来源于农业副产品或天然物质(如棕榈油、米糠、木材残渣)。其具有环保、低碳、安全无毒、热性能佳、循环稳定性高、形态保持率>90%等优点。Zhao等[24]首先在次磷酸铝作为活化剂的情况下,通过水热碳化和荸荠高温碳化制备生物质分层多孔碳,然后在生物质分层多孔碳中负载十八烷,通过真空浸渍法制备生物质基复合PCM。十八烷的最大负荷可达85%,此时不发生泄漏。复合相变材料的相变温度为34.2 ℃,潜热为216.2 J/g。此外,经过100次加热和冷却循环后,其潜热容量仅下降1%,表明具有良好的循环稳定性。Song等[25]在木棉纤维制备碳气凝胶后,以碳气凝胶为支撑材料,LA为PCM,采用真空浸渍的方法,开发了一种生物质基复合PCM,然后用纳米Fe3O4修饰其内部微管结构。纳米Fe3O4使复合PCMs不仅具有优异的磁热转换性能,还具有光热转换能力,并增强了其导热性,起到了“一剂多用”的作用。
相变材料在储能领域应用广泛,为提升其导热性能、形态稳定性及热化学稳定性,制备相变复合材料是主流改性策略。
浸渍法的原理是将液态PCM加热后渗入多孔骨架(如膨胀石墨、泡沫金属、气凝胶)中。其优势为简单高效、结构稳定、适用于石蜡等材料。陈丽梅等[26]采取溶液浸渍法复合石蜡、碱改性硅藻土(DIA)、膨胀石墨材料(EG),得到新型复合材料EG-alDIAP。通过碱处理,优化了硅藻土的孔隙结构,提高了孔隙率,增加了石蜡负载量,并研究了其结构与性能的关系。Luo等[27]提出了一种独特的生物质基复合PCM,以石蜡为PCM,大蒜皮为支撑材料,通过浸渍法制备PCM。复合材料在60.2 ℃时发生相变,潜热为52.5 J/g。石蜡通过氢键相互作用和范德瓦耳斯力保持在孔隙结构中。复合PCM在80 ℃下加热60 min,无泄漏,并表现出良好的形状稳定性。Wang等[28]以高温碳化的野生雏菊茎为支撑材料,石蜡为PCM,采用真空浸渍法制备了一种新型生物质基复合PCM。复合相变材料的相变温度为40.1 ℃,潜热为213.6 J/g。野生雏菊茎的孔结构通过毛细力吸附PCMs。在70 ℃下加热2 h后,复合材料的失重率仅为2.1%,表明其具有良好的防漏性能。
共混法是将相变材料与基体材料(如高分子、导热填料等)直接混合,其特点为操作简单、成本低,但其分散性差,可能出现相分离或渗漏。Wu等[29]采取共混法,制得一种热响应型柔性定型相变材料,以石蜡为相变组分,烯烃嵌段共聚物(OBC)作为支撑基质,通过将石蜡嵌入OBC三维网络结构中,让石蜡能随外部温度变化而吸热或者放热。在石蜡∶OBC质量比达到4∶1时,熔融焓值达到200.6 J/g,表现出较高的热能存储优势,且因OBC软段的拉伸特性,让复合材料具备较高柔韧性、弹性变形能力。此外,Huang等[30]将相变材料PA与苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物混合均匀,制备了一种新型柔性复合材料SBS@PA/EG,并将其应用于电池热管理系统中。Shi等[31]将PA分子均匀分散到PDMS中,采用熔融混合法制备了结构均匀的PDMS/石蜡复合材料。石蜡组分改性PDMS具有良好的柔韧性和吸热能力,所制备的复合材料可作为柔性电子软热管理衬底或电池相变散热器的理想材料,对其设计和制造具有广阔的应用前景,同样取得较好成果。
微胶囊包覆法是将PCM封装在聚合物壳层中,粒径为微米级。这种方法可防止渗漏,可与涂料、混凝土等复合。微胶囊广泛用于纺织、智能建材。Li等[32]用PU作柔性支撑材料,将聚多巴胺(PDA)包裹的相变微胶囊(MPCM)和水性聚氨酯(WPU)结合,制备了一种可利用太阳能进行光热转换的柔性相变薄膜材料。结果表明,WPU膜中MPCM比例的增加使膜变脆变硬。此外,网络结构中加入PDA可提高膜的力学强度,由于体系中PDA的存在,薄膜还呈现出优异的光热循环性,光热存储效率可达66.8%。
通过控制复合比例、交联密度等参数,调节材料的热物性、形状记忆性能和力学性能,拓展材料应用空间。系统阐述评价FCPCMs的主要性能指标及其对应的测试方法,并详细论述实现这些性能优化的主流调控策略。
FCPCMs的性能是一个多维度体系,主要可分为热物性能、力学性能、化学与热可靠性三大类。对这些指标的标准化测试是性能评估与调控的基础。
(1)热物性能
热物性能直接决定了材料的储热/控温能力和效率,是其作为相变材料的根本。相变温度与潜热:相变温度(Tm、Tc)需与目标应用场景(如人体舒适区20~30 ℃、电子散热40~80 ℃)匹配;相变潜热(ΔH)决定了单位质量的储热密度。
测试方法:差示扫描量热法(DSC)是测量这2个核心参数的标淮方法,可精确获取相变起始点、峰值、终点温度及潜热值。
(2)热导率
热导率是衡量材料导热能力的参数。低热导率导致充/放热速率慢,是限制PCM功率密度的主要瓶颈。
测试方法:常见方法包括热线法(适用于各向同性材料)、激光闪射法(LFA)(适用于薄片样品,可测热扩散率再计算热导率)等。对于各向异性的FCPCMs,需注明测试方向。
(3)热循环稳定性
热循环稳定性是指材料在长期熔融-凝固循环后,其热物性能的保持能力,关乎使用寿命。
测试方法:将样品在DSC或恒温箱中进行数百至数千次热循环,定期取样进行DSC测试,通过潜热衰减率和相变温度漂移来评价稳定性。
“柔性”是该类材料的标志性特征,力学性能决定了其在不同场景下的加工性与适用性。
(1)柔韧性/可弯曲性:材料发生塑性形变而不破裂或泄漏的能力。
测试方法:宏观定性测试(手动弯曲、折叠、缠绕,观察其是否破裂或渗漏)。
静态力学测试:通过万能材料试验机进行拉伸测试,关键定量指标包括断裂伸长率(>100%可认为具有良好的柔性)和弹性模量。
(2)形状稳定性(抗泄漏性):指材料在相变点以上能否保持固态形状、防止液态PCM渗漏的能力。这是柔性支撑骨架的核心作用。
测试方法:高温泄漏测试(将样品置于高于熔点的滤纸上,放入恒温箱,定期观察滤纸是否有油渍渗出)或用热重分析(TGA)在高温下监测质量损失曲线,量化泄漏情况。
(1)化学相容性:指支撑基质与PCM之间在长期接触和热循环下不发生化学反应的特性。
测试方法:利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)或X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对比分析循环前后样品的化学键和官能团变化,确认无新物质生成。
(2)热可靠性:是热循环稳定性和化学稳定性的综合体现,除上述DSC和FT-IR方法外,也可通过观察样品宏观形态在循环后的变化来辅助判断。
基于上述性能指标,FCPCMs的性能调控主要通过材料筛选与配方优化及多尺度结构设计两大途径来实现。
(1)调控相变温度与潜热
选择/复配PCM:根据目标温度选择单一PCM(如正二十八烷用于建筑节能)。更常见的是制备共晶混合物通过调节组分比例实现对相变温度的“定制化”精准调控。张鑫炎等[33]结合共晶材料特性,调控复合材料中各组分含量,通过材料性能测试、表征方法应用,观察相变材料在各类应用环境中的形貌变化,并尝试将相变材料样品制作厚度3 mm、直径10 mm的柱状体,再用红外热像仪记录其各项参数变化,在持续测试中,优化相变材料制作方式,改善材料相分离、过冷等问题。解卓学等[34]基于二元共熔混合物共晶理论,选择脂肪醇中的HD、脂肪酸中的DA等为材料,制作二元有机相变材料,再通过温度值实时采集、绘制图线等方式,组织样品温控性能实验,严控实验参数,调控复合温度,控制交联密度,让相变材料在节能环保方面表现出更大优势。千存存等[35]以赤藓糖醇、木糖醇[36-37]为相变材料前驱体,通过机械混合、熔融真空吸附法调节各类材料在不同温区的高导热,提升相变材料光热转换与存储性能。研究人员从不同角度切入提出了个性化的复合材料性能调节模式,为该项研究工作提供了更多思路。
优化负载量:在保证形状稳定性的前提下,尽可能提高PCM在复合物中的质量分数,是最大化材料潜热的关键。
(2)增强封装与相容性
表面改性:对导热填料或多孔骨架进行表面官能化,改善其与PCM的界面相容性,提升稳定性并可能增强导热。赵晨阳等[38]通过油酸钠对复合材料进行了改性处理,提升了其热物性、稳定性。吴学红等[39]通过官能团修饰复合相变材料,提升其热导率。
(1)构建三维导热网络:这是提升热导率的最有效策略。通过在复合体系中引入高导热填料(如碳纳米管、石墨烯、氮化硼等),并利用冰模板法、自组装等技术使其在基体中形成连续、互穿的三维网络,可显著加快热传递效率。许立宪等[40]通过实验测试[41]、参比温度法[42]灵活调整复合相变材料主要热物性参数,加快材料融化速率、提升蓄放热性能。
(2)设计稳定封装结构
多级孔结构设计:利用静电纺丝纤维膜、聚合物泡沫、纳米纤维素气凝胶等支撑材料,其宏观柔性由基体本身提供,而微观纳米孔道通过毛细作用和表面张力有效束缚液态PCM,实现“柔而不流”,完美协同柔性与形状稳定性。杨文菊等[43]进行复合材料循环测试,辅以相变材料密度、孔隙率、微观形貌分析、形态稳定性分析、光热转化效率与储能效果分析等,绘制相变材料在不同使用状况下的热成像图、温度变化曲线等,评价相变材料的粒径、聚合效率等参数变化,设置材料最佳组合比例。
核壳结构设计:先将PCM用微胶囊化技术包裹在柔性聚合物外壳中,再将微胶囊与弹性基体复合,形成双重保护机制,极大提升材料的加工性和可靠性。张玉芬等[44]利用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)的方法在多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),接枝改性后的多壁碳纳米管通过原位聚合法与形状记忆聚氨酯(SMPU)合成SMPU/MWNT-PMMA复合材料。
理论模拟指导设计:在实验前采用理论模型进行预测和优化,可以减少试错成本。例如,潘涵婷等[45]在实际研究中引入空穴效应理论辅助研究,空穴作用与绝热层类似,一定程度上削弱了材料储热性能,研究人员基于空穴半解析模型展开具体化研究,模拟相变材料热性能数值,明确其在各类环境下可能存在的性能缺陷,对其加以针对性调控。谭倩莉等[46]绘制取月桂酸/硬脂酸二元平衡相图[47],设置相变材料最佳复合比例。
柔性复合相变材料调节过程涉及较多理论,实现对不同理论的灵活应用,以其为参考或者指导,让复合材料性能调节更具方向性。需要根据具体应用场景的核心需求(如是高储热密度、高导热、超强柔性还是长寿命),综合运用上述材料选择和结构设计策略,在对立性能之间寻求最佳平衡点,最终实现材料性能的按需定制。
随着人类对服装舒适性与功能化的追求日益增强,蓄热调温纺织品应运而生。柔性相变材料不仅可以利用相变过程存储和释放能量,还可基于自身柔性适应不同物体的形状变化,其在智能纺织品、电子设备散热、建筑节能、海洋平台保护等方面的应用越来越受到研究者们的关注。
基于基底材料与相变材料的协同作用机制,智能纺织品正成为功能性服饰领域的创新焦点。通过捕捉环境温度波动,该材料体系可触发相变潜热转换的双重响应,实现温度的动态调控:当外界温度上升时,相变材料吸收热量发生相态转变以维持体表温度稳定;而在低温环境下,聚合物则通过结构重构形成更致密的保暖层。这种自适应温控技术已成功应用于智能温控服装、医疗保健服饰等场景,为用户提供全天候的舒适体感体验,有效解决传统织物在温度调节方面的局限性。图2为不同类型的柔性复合相变材料在智能纺织品中的应用[48-50]。
Chen等[48]设计了先进的碳纳米管(CNT)束组装的柔性分层框架相变材料复合材料,用于过敏性鼻炎的高性能热疗。将纯CNT海绵与浸渍吸附了PEG的CNT海绵复合,制备得到一种便携式热疗面罩。基于CNT海绵的内层PCMs通过持续释放热量在热疗中占主导地位,而外层空气净化层仅通过捕获PM和净化吸入的空气在热疗中起辅助作用。原始的分层CNT海绵层可作为出色的PM捕获器,净化后的空气将进一步增强热疗效果。由于复合材料的低导热性,面罩可以保持43.5 ℃约33 min(图2(a))。Shao等[49]通过引入MXene涂层三聚氰胺泡沫,制备了具有良好封装性能、优异的太阳能热转换效率和形状记忆功能的新型PCM复合材料(MF@MXene)转化为聚乙二醇(PEG)。PCM复合材料的柔性和形状记忆特性确保了其可以紧密贴合于人眼部,MXene@MF/PEG的高热能转化率、高热导率和高焓值,使其可以快速吸收太阳能并将其转化为热能,以便在眼部热疗期间储存和释放(图2(b))。Kou等[50]采用同轴静电纺丝成功制备了复合相变温控纤维薄膜,以聚丙烯腈纤维薄膜为护套,十八烷为核心相变材料。以0.60 mL/h的鞘套进料速率和0.25 mL/h的芯进料速率生产的优化相变纤维薄膜在人体舒适温度范围内(约28 ℃)表现出吸收、储存和释放热能的能力,实现了171.6 J/g的高熔融焓,表明具有出色的储热能力(图2(c))。
柔性复合相变材料凭借独特的热存储与调节性能,正在重塑现代建筑材料的应用格局。该材料通过将相变材料均匀分散于聚氨酯基体中,构建出兼具柔韧性与高效蓄热能力的新型建筑材料。在环境温度变化时,其内部相变物质可通过固-液相变吸收或释放热量,实现对建筑室内温度的缓冲调节。白天高温时段,材料吸收并储存多余热量;夜间温度降低时,再将储存的热量缓慢释放,有效减少空调、供暖设备的使用频率,显著降低建筑能耗。这种智能调温特性不仅提升了建筑空间的热舒适性,更助力实现建筑节能降耗目标,为绿色建筑发展提供创新解决方案。
闻静等[1]通过熔融共混法制备了一种适合于夏热冬冷地区玻璃窗中的脂肪酸-石蜡(LA-PS)二元有机复合相变材料。测试表明:LA-PS二元复合相变材料最佳质量比76∶24,相变温度37.25 ℃、潜热181.16 J/g,在夏热冬冷地区玻璃窗温度范围,节能潜力高;LA-PS特征峰与LA、PS基本相同,二者靠物理作用结合,无化学反应;高温下初始分解温度165.31 ℃,高于该地区玻璃窗表面温度,使用效果有保障;多次冷热循环后,相变温度变化小,潜热偏差10%内,特征峰位置不变,环境耐久性和化学稳定性好,可长期自然使用(图3(a))。赵亮等[15]采用吸附沉积法制备了以石蜡为芯材、糊化面粉为壁材的相变微胶囊,将相变微胶囊掺入石膏基体制备相变石膏建材。结果表明:相变石膏试块的力学强度随微胶囊含量的增加而下降,微胶囊以湿料方式添加有利于减少相变石膏试块力学强度的损失。在连续5个月的吸热-放热实验中,相变石膏建材未出现漏液和明显的热性能衰减;夏季午后,相变建筑模型内温较外界温度下降4.1 ℃,说明相变石膏建材具有一定的调控温度效果(图3(b),(c))。Xiang等[51]通过熔融共混的方法制造了由丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物(acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymer,ASA)、SEBS和石蜡组成的建筑物复合相变材料,通过热特性表明,其相变温度接近人体舒适的合理温度,并展现出色的稳定性和可重用性(图3(d))。
用于电子设备散热的复合材料能够在设备温度过高时吸收热量,避免过热,提高设备的使用寿命和性能。在电池充放电过程中,尤其是高倍率放电工况下,内部电化学反应会引发显著的产热现象。当热量无法及时散发时,不仅会导致电池容量与充放电功率的不可逆衰减,加速电极材料老化从而缩短使用寿命,更可能引发热失控等极端情况。热失控一旦发生,电池内部温度会急剧攀升,致使隔膜融化、电解液分解,最终可能导致火灾甚至爆炸事故。
Cai等[52]通过乳液模板及界面缩聚法在Pn@PWO相变微胶囊表面构筑二氧化硅层(SiO2),并将改性后的微胶囊填充到水性聚氨酯中,制备柔性复合相变材料[53]。通过钨酸铅外壳和二氧化硅层的双壳层结构,增强了微胶囊的防漏性能及热循环稳定性,同时富含极性基团的SiO2层引入,改善微胶囊的润湿性。结果表明,复合相变材料也表现出超过41 J/g的潜热容量,良好的热循环稳定性、热调节性能以及γ射线屏蔽性能(图4(a))。Huang等[30]制备了一种新型柔性复合材料SBS@PA/EG,以丁二烯苯乙烯(SBS)为支撑材料,石蜡(PA)为相变材料,膨胀石墨(EG)为导热增强剂。在5 C放电过程中,电池模块最高温度可保持在46 ℃以下,温差可控制在4 ℃以内。因此,柔性成型稳定复合材料SBS@PA/EG可以很好地应用于热管理系统(图4(b))。Shi等[31]以石蜡为填料,以PDMS为基体,采用熔融混合法制备了结构均匀的PDMS/石蜡复合材料。石蜡组分改性PDMS具有良好的柔韧性和吸热能力。与纯PDMS弹性体相比,考虑石蜡组分的相变特性可以大大提高弹性体的热性能和力学性能。通过提高复合材料中石蜡含量,可以提高复合材料的熔合热值,从而更适合于电子软热管理基板(图4(c))。
柔性PCM在海洋平台的应用研究正在快速发展,涉及防结冰、振动控制、腐蚀防护和热能管理。其对于增强海洋平台的弹性、延长其使用期限、减少维护支出和保障海上作业的完整性至关重要。发泡技术成为海洋平台长期暴露在极端海洋环境条件下的重要基石技术,有助于延长海洋平台的使用寿命,降低维护成本,提高操作安全性。
Zhou等[53]开发了包含天然橡胶(NR)连续网络和岛状分散石蜡(PW)微胶囊的双支撑超柔性PCM(SFPCM)。通过掺入少量MXene以增强复合PCM的光吸收能力、力学性能和导热性,进一步改善了NR基质与相变微胶囊(PCMC)之间的相互作用。除了出色的拉伸性和可压缩性外,这种由连续NR网络和封装聚氨酯(PU)外壳组成的双重支撑结构赋予了SFPCM前所未有的防泄漏性和水下稳定性(图5)。
柔性相变材料虽然在研究中取得了一定进展,但在实际运用中仍有较多不足之处。
(1)力学性能与热性能的“跷跷板”效应(trade-off):绝大多数研究只满足于展示材料“既柔韧又有相变能力”,但忽视了两者之间的内在矛盾。为了获得高柔韧性(低杨氏模量、高断裂伸长率),通常需要引入大量的柔性聚合物链或降低交联密度,但这会稀释PCMs的浓度,导致体积/质量储热密度显著下降。反之,追求高储热密度则需提高PCMs含量,这往往会使材料变硬变脆。
(2)“过冷”问题的回避:特别是对于水合盐等无机PCMs,过冷是一个致命缺陷。虽然大量研究声称通过添加成核剂解决了此问题,但成核剂在长期循环和柔性形变下的分散稳定性、有效性及失效机理却少有探讨。
(3)热导率增强的“伪提升”:添加高导热填料(如石墨烯、BN)是常规操作,但研究往往忽略填料在聚合物/PCMs基体中的分布取向性与柔性形变的关联。材料在弯曲时,内部的导热网络是否会断裂,动态下的有效热导率是多少,目前没有任何表征方法能回答这个问题。
(4)可持续性与生物相容性:大量使用不可降解的石油基聚合物和化工产品PCMs,与全球可持续发展目标背道而驰。虽然出现了一些基于纤维素、壳聚糖等生物质材料的研究,但其性能(尤其是耐水性)远达不到要求。对于生物医学应用,材料的生物相容性和可降解性更是必须严格考察而却常被忽略的方面。
基于此,研究柔性复合相变材料,发挥其在储能性能、灵活调节、高适应性等方面的优势,实现广泛应用,并随着复合工艺的不断进步,持续产出各类更具竞争性的复合材料,在智能纺织品、建筑节能、电子设备散热等方面开始扮演更加重要的角色。因此需进一步优化柔性复合相变材料的性能,并探索新的制备方法以及相容性更好的相变材料,开拓更多领域的应用,满足不同领域对复合相变材料的需求。
当前柔性复合相变材料的研究面临以下核心问题:
(1)性能矛盾突出:高导热填料(如石墨烯)在提升导热性能的同时,往往会抑制相变材料的结晶度,导致储能密度下降;
(2)结构稳定性不足:在多次相变循环中,支撑骨架易发生塌缩,且石蜡等相变组分易泄漏,影响材料使用寿命;
(3)适用温区狭窄:现有材料多针对常温区间(如25~35 ℃),难以满足极端环境下的宽温域应用需求。
为系统解决上述问题,未来研究可从多尺度协同设计入手:
(1)分子尺度:通过开发共晶相变材料(如脂肪酸/多元醇混合物),调控相变温度范围,增强温域适应性;
(2)微纳尺度:构建仿生三维导热网络(如氮化硼纳米片定向排列),在提升导热效率的同时减少对相变结晶的干扰;
(3)宏观封装:采用原位聚合(如溶胶-凝胶法)将相变材料嵌入弹性体基体(如PDMS),实现柔性封装与防泄漏。
在此基础上,进一步引入形状记忆聚氨酯等智能基底材料,不仅可赋予材料形状记忆特性、储能能力和机械适应性,还能为开发高性能、多功能集成的柔性复合相变材料提供新思路,推动其在智能热管理、可穿戴设备等领域的应用。
  • 陕西省科技厅重点研发计划(2025CY-YBXM-140)
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  • 陕西省教育厅重点科研计划项目(24JS017)
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2026年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000448
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 录用日期:2025-09-26
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陕西省科技厅重点研发计划(2025CY-YBXM-140)
陕西省科技厅重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-338)
陕西省教育厅重点科研计划项目(24JS017)
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    西安工程大学 纺织科学与工程学院,西安 710048

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师文钊(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为功能性形状记忆复合材料、高性能相变复合材料、印染前沿技术与理论,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区金花南路19号西安工程大学(710048),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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