Article(id=1321927758343689192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927171292123557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000341, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000341, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752422400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineDate=1793101737818, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101737818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101737818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101737818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927171292123557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101597855, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101597855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=25, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927758545015785, articleId=1321927758343689192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Design and application of functional soft materials based on highly-entangled networks, columnId=1321927727213556330, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE MULTIFUNCTIONAL GEL MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Highly entangled networks,as a novel design strategy for soft materials,effectively address the contradiction among strength,toughness,and fatigue resistance in traditional crosslinked materials by regulating the topological entanglement structure of molecular chains. This paper systematically reviews five strategies to construct highly entangled networks: high-concentration monomer polymerization,post-crosslinking of highly entangled chains,dual-network synergistic high entanglement of dual networks,macromolecular crosslinking high entanglement,and nanocomposite high entanglement. The molecular design principles,structural characteristics,and performance advantages of each strategy are analysed. In the field of functional applications,this review highlights the innovative applications of highly entangled materials in wear-resistant coatings,durable devices,adhesives,and intelligent actuators,demonstrating the excellent mechanical properties and unique functional characteristics endowed by highly entangled networks. Moreover,the challenges and future directions of highly entangled soft materials are discussed,emphasizing that multi-scale simulation technology,bionic adaptive design,and green manufacturing processes will be important research directions in this field. This review provides systematic theoretical guidance and technical reference for the design and application of functional soft materials with highly entangled networks.
, authors=Lu GAO, Wenjuan WU, Chuanzhuang ZHAO, authorsList=Lu GAO, Wenjuan WU, Chuanzhuang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuanzhuang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927761841738746, articleId=1321927758343689192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于高缠结网络的功能软材料的设计和应用, columnId=1321927727377134188, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能多功能凝胶材料的设计和应用专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
高缠结网络作为一种新型的软材料设计策略,通过调控分子链拓扑缠结结构,有效解决了传统交联高分子材料在强度、韧性与抗疲劳性之间的矛盾。在分子设计方面,本工作系统综述了高缠结网络的构筑策略,包括高单体浓度聚合、高缠结链后期交联、双网络协同高缠结、大分子交联高缠结以及纳米复合高缠结等5种策略,分析了各策略的分子设计原理、结构特征和性能优势。在功能应用方面,重点阐述了高缠结材料在耐磨涂层、耐久器件、黏结剂和智能驱动器等领域的创新应用,展示了高缠结网络赋予材料的优异力学性能和独特功能特性。此外,本工作对高缠结软材料面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望,指出多尺度模拟技术、仿生自适应设计和绿色制造工艺将是该领域的重要研究方向。本综述为高缠结网络功能软材料的设计和应用提供了系统的理论指导和技术参考。
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Schematic illustration of crack-stretching mechanism of polymer network[28,43](a)conventional single network;(b)double network;(c)high entangled network, figureFileSmall=k/uoCobqPp5bVmEqhWus9g==, figureFileBig=ZGoA+pOhQYOKS3goX9CWFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208103096794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
聚合物网络裂纹拉伸机制示意图[28,43](a)传统单网络;(b)双网络;(c)高缠结网络, figureFileSmall=k/uoCobqPp5bVmEqhWus9g==, figureFileBig=ZGoA+pOhQYOKS3goX9CWFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208191177179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic illustration of molecular design strategies for highly entangled soft materials(a)strategies for polymerization of highly concentrated monomers;(b)post crosslinking strategies for highly entangled chains;(c)dual network+high entanglement strategy;(d)macromolecular crosslinking+high entanglement strategy;(e)nanocomposite+high entanglement strategy, figureFileSmall=WgtiTonLTf80rpSpBf8ZAA==, figureFileBig=voGmBSgVvkPNVrVInP/qvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208258286044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
高缠结软材料的分子设计策略示意图(a)高单体浓度聚合策略;(b)高缠结链后期交联策略;(c)双网络+高缠结策略;(d)大分子交联+高缠结策略;(e)纳米复合+高缠结策略, figureFileSmall=WgtiTonLTf80rpSpBf8ZAA==, figureFileBig=voGmBSgVvkPNVrVInP/qvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208333783517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Continuous-curing after light exposure aided by redox initiation of high entangled hydrogels[44], figureFileSmall=9xuty7OHoZCW3XlNFBkHfw==, figureFileBig=WLhO2qcpio+ndEQuz75h1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208400892382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
高缠结水凝胶的一步法光引发后氧化还原引发连续固化制备工艺[44], figureFileSmall=9xuty7OHoZCW3XlNFBkHfw==, figureFileBig=WLhO2qcpio+ndEQuz75h1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208497361375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
A strategy for preparation of highly entangled hydrogels by late-stage cross-linking of “kneaded dough” chains[46], figureFileSmall=UJcq6AwdtLhhTh2HrSfvKg==, figureFileBig=Ta3ttPvlJsCK2tMJMcJfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208564470240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
“捏面团”链后期交联制备高缠结水凝胶策略[46], figureFileSmall=UJcq6AwdtLhhTh2HrSfvKg==, figureFileBig=Ta3ttPvlJsCK2tMJMcJfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208627384801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Strategies for the preparation of highly entangled hydrogels with dual networks[50], figureFileSmall=n1X1WleRkdsd1ZBYfunTNQ==, figureFileBig=aQTzSjVva8lh/RXWRJexAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208686105058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
双网络高缠结水凝胶制备策略[50], figureFileSmall=n1X1WleRkdsd1ZBYfunTNQ==, figureFileBig=aQTzSjVva8lh/RXWRJexAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208753213923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Schematic diagram of macromolecular cross-linked highly entangled hydrogel[54], figureFileSmall=xbRuF4t9Pd5TmNXPsU+/+g==, figureFileBig=NMJlrb3vy9PscWwYHzlQgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208816128484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
大分子交联高缠结水凝胶示意图[54], figureFileSmall=xbRuF4t9Pd5TmNXPsU+/+g==, figureFileBig=NMJlrb3vy9PscWwYHzlQgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208883237349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Nanocomposite strategy for preparing highly entangled hydrogels[55], figureFileSmall=4A11cpcwHqXlIjSkBpT/7A==, figureFileBig=mtt4YMgFszCBiTuJEEfm2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928208946151910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
纳米复合制备高缠结水凝胶策略[55], figureFileSmall=4A11cpcwHqXlIjSkBpT/7A==, figureFileBig=mtt4YMgFszCBiTuJEEfm2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928209013260775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Correlation between fatigue resistance of highly entangled networks and their application, figureFileSmall=6WReSz2uxVlJVLYOIKOOYw==, figureFileBig=TG04oh8U0qO6cUR49oONDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928209080369640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
高缠结网络的抗疲劳性与应用关系图, figureFileSmall=6WReSz2uxVlJVLYOIKOOYw==, figureFileBig=TG04oh8U0qO6cUR49oONDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321928209155867113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927758343689192, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Advantages and challenges of high entanglement strategies
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strategy | Core mechanism | Advantages | Major challenges |
|---|
| High-monomer-concentration polymerization | Suppressed initiation/crosslinking kinetics enabling extended chain propagation & enhanced topological constraints | Single-step synthesis protocol;exceptional toughness & fatigue crack propagation resistance | Mass transport limitations due to ultra- high viscosity;retarded relaxation dynamics;compromised hydrolytic stability |
| Post- crosslinking entanglement | Decoupled process: pre-organization of physical entanglements followed by covalent fixation | Tunable entanglement density; circumvents crosslinking-induced entanglement suppression;versatile formulation window | Multi-step processing complexity; sensitivity to shear-thermal history; metastability of pre-entangled networks |
| Double network+high entanglement | Synergistic interplay: rigid percolating network (load-bearing)+ductile entangled matrix (energy dissipation) | Transcends strength-toughness paradox; multi-modal dissipation pathways; intrinsic strain-hardening behavior | Interpenetrating network structural control;thermodynamic compatibility constraints;dynamic bond kinetic matching |
| Macromolecular crosslinkers+ high entanglement | Hierarchical entanglement domains induced by mesoscale crosslinkers acting as topological anchors | Multiscale dissipation mechanisms; tailorable network topology;facile dynamic bond incorporation | Nanoscale dispersion heterogeneity; synthetic complexity of functional crosslinkers;opacity-structure correlation |
| Nanocomposite+ high entanglement | Nanoparticle-induced chain alignment & confinement-stabilized entanglements+ reinforced interfacial dissipation | Enhanced modulus/strength/fatigue endurance;efficient interfacial energy dissipation | Nanoparticle agglomeration challenges; filler-induced embrittlement;constrained polymer dynamics;scalability issues |
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高缠结策略的优势与挑战
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strategy | Core mechanism | Advantages | Major challenges |
|---|
| High-monomer-concentration polymerization | Suppressed initiation/crosslinking kinetics enabling extended chain propagation & enhanced topological constraints | Single-step synthesis protocol;exceptional toughness & fatigue crack propagation resistance | Mass transport limitations due to ultra- high viscosity;retarded relaxation dynamics;compromised hydrolytic stability |
| Post- crosslinking entanglement | Decoupled process: pre-organization of physical entanglements followed by covalent fixation | Tunable entanglement density; circumvents crosslinking-induced entanglement suppression;versatile formulation window | Multi-step processing complexity; sensitivity to shear-thermal history; metastability of pre-entangled networks |
| Double network+high entanglement | Synergistic interplay: rigid percolating network (load-bearing)+ductile entangled matrix (energy dissipation) | Transcends strength-toughness paradox; multi-modal dissipation pathways; intrinsic strain-hardening behavior | Interpenetrating network structural control;thermodynamic compatibility constraints;dynamic bond kinetic matching |
| Macromolecular crosslinkers+ high entanglement | Hierarchical entanglement domains induced by mesoscale crosslinkers acting as topological anchors | Multiscale dissipation mechanisms; tailorable network topology;facile dynamic bond incorporation | Nanoscale dispersion heterogeneity; synthetic complexity of functional crosslinkers;opacity-structure correlation |
| Nanocomposite+ high entanglement | Nanoparticle-induced chain alignment & confinement-stabilized entanglements+ reinforced interfacial dissipation | Enhanced modulus/strength/fatigue endurance;efficient interfacial energy dissipation | Nanoparticle agglomeration challenges; filler-induced embrittlement;constrained polymer dynamics;scalability issues |
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