Article(id=1321927528491635038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321926982078681131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1793101683017, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101683017, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101683017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101683017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321926982078681131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='311', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101552742, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101552742, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927528747487583, articleId=1321927528491635038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Formation and suppression of cracks in ceramics prepared directly by laser additive manufacturing, columnId=1321926982854627373, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=CERAMIC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING AND ITS APPLICATIONS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ceramic materials, with their high strength, high hardness, excellent high-temperature resistance, and superior corrosion resistance, have broad application prospects in fields such as machinery, electronics, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. However, traditional ceramic processing techniques are restricted by mold dependency and limited design freedom, making it difficult to meet the demand for efficient and rapid manufacturing of complex components. Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser directed energy deposition (LDED), primarily achieves three-dimensional solid formation through layer-by-layer laser melting and stacking, providing a revolutionary solution for the rapid, customized manufacturing of complex-shaped ceramic components. However, the crack defects generated during the rapid solidification process in LAM severely constrain performance enhancement and engineering applications, becoming an urgent challenge and research hotspot in this field. This paper outlines the forming principles and the latest domestic and international progress of ceramic materials using LPBF and LDED technologies. It focuses on discussing the crack formation mechanisms, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and their influencing factors in direct laser additive manufacturing of ceramics. Additionally, it systematically summarizes strategies for suppressing cracks, such as forming preheating, process optimization, ultrasonic assistance, and microstructural control, along with their effects. Finally, it provides an outlook on the future development trends and core challenges of ceramic LAM technology, focusing on directions such as multi-physical field coupling simulations, material composition optimization, and multi-field assisted technologies, offering guidance for promoting the rapid development of ceramic laser additive manufacturing technology.

, authors=Minghui YU1, Haijun SU1, 2, Zhonglin SHEN1, Hao JIANG1, Peixin YANG1, Zhuo ZHANG1, Min GUO1, authorsList=Minghui YU, Haijun SU, Zhonglin SHEN, Hao JIANG, Peixin YANG, Zhuo ZHANG, Min GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haijun SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927531960324464, articleId=1321927528491635038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制及其抑制策略, columnId=1321926983152422959, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=陶瓷增材制造及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

陶瓷材料因其高强度、高硬度以及优异的耐高温和抗腐蚀性能,在机械、电子、航空航天和生物医疗等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,传统陶瓷制备工艺受限于模具依赖和设计自由度,难以满足复杂构件的高效快速成形需求。激光增材制造(LAM)技术,包括激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)和激光定向能量沉积(LDED),主要通过激光逐层熔覆堆积实现三维实体成形,为复杂形状陶瓷部件的快速、个性化制造提供了革命性解决方案,但激光快速凝固过程中产生的裂纹缺陷严重制约了其性能提升及工程化应用,已成为该领域亟待突破的难题和研究的热点。本文概述了陶瓷材料LPBF和LDED技术的成形原理及其国内外最新进展,重点探讨了陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制、微观组织演化、力学性能及其影响因素,系统总结了成形预热、工艺优化、超声辅助及微观组织调控等抑制裂纹的策略及其效果。最后,展望了陶瓷LAM技术未来的发展趋势与核心挑战,重点围绕多物理场耦合模拟、材料成分优化及多能场辅助技术等方向展开,为推动陶瓷激光增材制造技术的快速发展提供指导。

, authors=余明辉1, 苏海军1, 2, 申仲琳1, 姜浩1, 杨培鑫1, 张卓1, 郭敏1, authorsList=余明辉, 苏海军, 申仲琳, 姜浩, 杨培鑫, 张卓, 郭敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苏海军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
苏海军(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进定向凝固技术与理论及新材料研究,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区友谊西路127号西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室(710072),E-mail:
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articleId=1321927528491635038, language=CN, label=图1, caption=激光增材制造示意图及其优缺点 (a)LPBF技术[9];(b)LDED技术[18], figureFileSmall=cF7ejf/Vn99a2y0QOcJ7+w==, figureFileBig=J7owKtfyK4XwrOIMMiaqLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927661149077849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927528491635038, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Typical ceramic parts fabricated by LPBF(a),(b)ZrO2 cylindrical samples[20];(c)Al2O3 samples[21];(d)-(f)Al2O3/ZrO2 complex samples[22-23];(g)Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2-6%HEA turbine samples[24];(h)SiC turbine samples[25];(i)TiO2 containing structures[27], figureFileSmall=gAHzQX6eyGla2ezsav9UlQ==, figureFileBig=5LYh/StycuJ3bZUFf+JKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927661459456346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927528491635038, language=CN, label=图2, caption=几种典型的LPBF成形陶瓷部件(a),(b)ZrO2圆柱体样件[20];(c)Al2O3样件[21];(d)~(f)Al2O3/ZrO2复杂样件[22-23];(g)Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2-6%HEA涡轮样件[24];(h)SiC涡轮样件[25];(i)TiO2壳状结构[27], figureFileSmall=gAHzQX6eyGla2ezsav9UlQ==, figureFileBig=5LYh/StycuJ3bZUFf+JKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927661551731035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927528491635038, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical ceramic parts formed by LDED(a),(b)rod-like Al2O3/ZrO2 ceramics[29];(c)rod-like Al2O3 ceramics[30];(d)thin-walled Al2O3 ceramics[31];(e)corner-shaped Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2 ceramics[32], figureFileSmall=3bvHwD+KiaKe8mFH4Tp2mg==, figureFileBig=gebD8kCNdbGkGFInIToYTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927661614645596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927528491635038, language=CN, label=图3, caption=几种典型的LDED成形陶瓷部件

(a),(b)Al2O3/ZrO2棒状陶瓷[29];(c)Al2O3棒状陶瓷[30];(d)Al2O3薄壁陶瓷[31];(e)Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2角状陶瓷[32]

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陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制及其抑制策略
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余明辉 1 , 苏海军 1, 2 , 申仲琳 1 , 姜浩 1 , 杨培鑫 1 , 张卓 1 , 郭敏 1
材料工程 | 陶瓷增材制造及其应用 2026,54(2): 1-14
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材料工程 |陶瓷增材制造及其应用 2026 , 54 (2) : 1 -14
陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制及其抑制策略
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余明辉1, 苏海军1, 2 , 申仲琳1, 姜浩1, 杨培鑫1, 张卓1, 郭敏1
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学 凝固技术国家重点实验室,西安 710072
  • 2.西北工业大学深圳研究院,深圳 518057
通讯作者:
苏海军(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进定向凝固技术与理论及新材料研究,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区友谊西路127号西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室(710072),E-mail:
Formation and suppression of cracks in ceramics prepared directly by laser additive manufacturing
Minghui YU1, Haijun SU1, 2 , Zhonglin SHEN1, Hao JIANG1, Peixin YANG1, Zhuo ZHANG1, Min GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
  • 2.Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen,Shenzhen 518057,China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321
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陶瓷材料因其高强度、高硬度以及优异的耐高温和抗腐蚀性能,在机械、电子、航空航天和生物医疗等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,传统陶瓷制备工艺受限于模具依赖和设计自由度,难以满足复杂构件的高效快速成形需求。激光增材制造(LAM)技术,包括激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)和激光定向能量沉积(LDED),主要通过激光逐层熔覆堆积实现三维实体成形,为复杂形状陶瓷部件的快速、个性化制造提供了革命性解决方案,但激光快速凝固过程中产生的裂纹缺陷严重制约了其性能提升及工程化应用,已成为该领域亟待突破的难题和研究的热点。本文概述了陶瓷材料LPBF和LDED技术的成形原理及其国内外最新进展,重点探讨了陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制、微观组织演化、力学性能及其影响因素,系统总结了成形预热、工艺优化、超声辅助及微观组织调控等抑制裂纹的策略及其效果。最后,展望了陶瓷LAM技术未来的发展趋势与核心挑战,重点围绕多物理场耦合模拟、材料成分优化及多能场辅助技术等方向展开,为推动陶瓷激光增材制造技术的快速发展提供指导。

陶瓷  /  激光增材制造  /  裂纹  /  微观组织  /  力学性能

Ceramic materials, with their high strength, high hardness, excellent high-temperature resistance, and superior corrosion resistance, have broad application prospects in fields such as machinery, electronics, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. However, traditional ceramic processing techniques are restricted by mold dependency and limited design freedom, making it difficult to meet the demand for efficient and rapid manufacturing of complex components. Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser directed energy deposition (LDED), primarily achieves three-dimensional solid formation through layer-by-layer laser melting and stacking, providing a revolutionary solution for the rapid, customized manufacturing of complex-shaped ceramic components. However, the crack defects generated during the rapid solidification process in LAM severely constrain performance enhancement and engineering applications, becoming an urgent challenge and research hotspot in this field. This paper outlines the forming principles and the latest domestic and international progress of ceramic materials using LPBF and LDED technologies. It focuses on discussing the crack formation mechanisms, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and their influencing factors in direct laser additive manufacturing of ceramics. Additionally, it systematically summarizes strategies for suppressing cracks, such as forming preheating, process optimization, ultrasonic assistance, and microstructural control, along with their effects. Finally, it provides an outlook on the future development trends and core challenges of ceramic LAM technology, focusing on directions such as multi-physical field coupling simulations, material composition optimization, and multi-field assisted technologies, offering guidance for promoting the rapid development of ceramic laser additive manufacturing technology.

ceramic  /  laser additive manufacturing  /  crack  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property
余明辉, 苏海军, 申仲琳, 姜浩, 杨培鑫, 张卓, 郭敏. 陶瓷直接激光增材制造裂纹形成机制及其抑制策略. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (2) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321
Minghui YU, Haijun SU, Zhonglin SHEN, Hao JIANG, Peixin YANG, Zhuo ZHANG, Min GUO. Formation and suppression of cracks in ceramics prepared directly by laser additive manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (2) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321
陶瓷材料具有高强度、高硬度以及优异的耐高温性能和抗腐蚀性能,不论是在机械、电子、冶金、化工等传统工业领域,还是在航空航天、生物医疗等高新技术领域均呈现出日益增长的需求。目前陶瓷材料具有多种已在商业制造规模上应用的成形方法,例如干压、挤出、注浆、流延、凝胶成型等[1-2]。然而,这些传统成形技术通常仅允许二维设计的自由度,无法创建内部特征或多尺度结构,并且需要复杂且昂贵的模具。随着对陶瓷材料性能要求的不断提高,传统成形技术的局限性逐渐显现。
近年来,研究者们开始探索更为先进的陶瓷材料制备技术,以便有效克服传统方法的弊端,提升材料的力学性能并拓展其应用范围。在众多制备技术中,陶瓷材料熔体生长技术因其能够实现更高的材料纯度和更精细的微观组织而备受关注。陶瓷材料熔体生长技术包括改进的布里奇曼法[3]、水平定向凝固法[4]、提拉法[5]、微抽拉法[6]、悬浮区熔法[7]等。然而,采用布里奇曼法等熔体生长技术制备的陶瓷制品多为棒状或片状块体,形状受到坩埚限制,试样容易受到坩埚污染,制备成本较高。此外,陶瓷材料固有的脆硬特性使其切削加工难度极大,难以满足复杂形状构件的制造需求[3]。在航空航天及军事等高端装备制造领域,陶瓷材料的工程化应用对材料的服役性能(如耐高温、抗热震、结构承载能力等)提出了严苛要求。因此,面向复杂服役环境下的构件性能需求,开发一种突破传统成形工艺几何约束、具备多材料组分精准调控能力、快速直接制造高质量陶瓷构件的制备方法具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。
为应对上述局限性,基于熔体生长的先进制造技术——激光增材制造技术(laser additive manufacturing, LAM)逐渐成为研究热点。该技术是将零件的三维模型进行切片处理,逐层熔覆堆积,实现陶瓷零件的精密三维构建,减少了对传统模具的依赖,从而提升材料的微观均匀性和整体性能[8]。LAM包括激光粉末床熔融技术(laser powder bed fusion, LPBF)和激光定向能量沉积技术(laser directed energy deposition, LDED),该技术突破了传统塑性成形与切削加工的工艺局限,创新性地实现了“近净成形”制造理念。其工程应用显著缩短了新产品研发周期,同时有效降低了开发成本。近年来,随着激光器、控制系统和材料体系的不断创新,LAM向着更高精度、更大尺寸、更多材料种类的方向发展,已成为现代制造业转型升级的重要推动力。LAM技术为陶瓷材料的复杂结构成形提供了革命性解决方案,但其在成形高熔点、高脆性陶瓷材料(如Al2O3、ZrO2等)时,裂纹问题严重制约构件的力学性能与可靠性。陶瓷材料固有的硬脆特性、凝固成形高温度梯度诱导的残余应力以及快速凝固过程中的相变行为,共同导致微观裂纹萌生与扩展。该问题在航空航天热端部件、生物医用植入体等高性能应用场景中尤为突出,亟需系统性研究裂纹形成机制并开发抑制策略,以推动陶瓷增材制造的工业化应用。
本文概述了LPBF和LDED两种陶瓷激光直接增材制造技术的成形原理及国内外最新进展,深入分析了陶瓷LAM成形过程中裂纹缺陷的形成机制,重点总结了抑制裂纹缺陷形成的方法及抑制效果,最后对陶瓷直接激光增材制造技术未来的发展方向进行了总结与展望。
LPBF技术又称为选区激光熔化技术(selective laser melting, SLM),是LAM的重要分支,其工作原理为:在基板上均匀铺展一层陶瓷粉末,高能激光束根据计算机辅助设计(CAD)模型数据,选择性地扫描并熔融粉末层,通过逐层堆积最终形成三维实体构件,如图1(a)所示[9]。这种逐层构建的过程不仅有利于实现高精度的几何控制,而且适用于多种材料体系[10-13]。在金属材料的加工中,LPBF已被广泛应用于航空发动机燃油喷嘴、燃烧室和涡轮叶片等关键热端部件[14-15]。
LPBF的优势在于其高分辨率和精确控制能力,可实现微米级成形精度[16-17],这使其适用于生产内部结构特征丰富的陶瓷制品,如多孔结构或梯度材料。然而,陶瓷材料在LPBF成形过程中面临的主要挑战包括热应力诱导的裂纹、孔隙等凝固缺陷,进而导致材料的力学性能下降,在高温腐蚀等极端服役环境中更会直接影响部件的可靠性。研究表明[1],通过优化激光工艺参数(如功率、扫描速率)或采用预热、后处理技术(如真空浸渗、合金化改性),能够显著抑制这些缺陷。
LDED技术作为LAM的另一核心分支,通过激光束直接熔化并沉积材料(通常结合粉末或线材输送系统)实现逐层增材制造,工作原理如图1(b)[18]所示。该技术通过激光能量熔融材料并沉积于基板,支持沉积路径与材料组分的实时调控,具备柔性制造能力。在陶瓷材料的应用场景中,LDED适用于大型复杂构件或功能梯度结构件的快速成形。该技术具备材料利用率高、破损零件修复能力强以及大尺寸结构适应性强等显著优势,而这些特性在传统方法中难以实现。然而,LDED技术仍面临一系列挑战,例如表面粗糙度较高、温度梯度诱导裂纹以及显微组织均匀性不足等问题[19]。
LPBF和LDED作为LAM技术的两大支柱,在陶瓷激光增材制造中各有侧重。LPBF更适用于精密小尺寸部件,强调高精度和复杂内部结构(如微通道设计),而LDED则擅长大尺寸和功能梯度制造,突出灵活性和高效修复能力。在陶瓷材料的研究中,二者均面临热应力等共同挑战,但通过持续优化加工参数(如激光能量密度和沉积环境)以及材料设计(如添加稳定剂或复合相),这些问题可得到有效抑制。
2007年,Shishkovsky等[20]利用LPBF制备了具有复杂结构的Al2O3/ZrO2耐火复合陶瓷(图2(a),(b)),LPBF熔化高熔点陶瓷材料的可行性得到验证,但试样表面粗糙并出现明显的裂纹。Juste等[21]在LPBF制备Al2O3陶瓷试样的过程中,在粉末中加入体积分数为0.1%的石墨,提高了粉末材料对光纤激光的吸收率,制备出相对密度超过90%的复杂结构部件,如图2(c)所示。德国Wilkes等[22]利用LPBF技术制备了10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的块状Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷试样,如图2(d),(e)所示,但试样表面球化现象严重,较大的粉末粒径影响了试样尺寸精度,增加了表面粗糙度。Verga等[23]使用连续Nd-YAG激光加工获得Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷,如图2(f)所示,试样相对密度达到94%,在1300 ℃下烧结2 h后最大弯曲强度达到31 MPa,该强度相较于传统烧结态Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷(通常在400 MPa以上)显著偏低,但在未优化参数条件下已展现出良好的结构完整性。这一结果在一定程度上验证了LAM工艺在制备复杂结构陶瓷方面的可行性与发展潜力。Shen等[24]进一步证明了LPBF技术在陶瓷材料领域的应用潜力。他们通过向Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2三元体系中掺入高熵合金(high-entropy alloys, HEA)成功实现了涡轮状结构试样的高精度成形。该成果表明,通过调整工艺参数,LPBF技术能够制备具有复杂几何形状的陶瓷基复合材料。除了常见的氧化铝体系陶瓷以外,研究人员同时也对其他陶瓷体系的LPBF进行了深入研究[25-27],如常见的SiC(图2(h)[25])、TiO2(图2(i)[27])等,进一步拓展了LPBF的材料多样性。
LDED采用同步送粉、层层熔覆的加工方式,激光光斑较大,易获得相对稳定的熔区,制备试样表面光滑,成形质量较高。然而,目前可制备的陶瓷试样结构简单,精度较低。因此,LDED更适合制备具有较大高径比的陶瓷试样。Balla等[28]利用LDED技术成功制备了截面尺寸为10~25 mm的圆柱体、立方体和齿轮状Al2O3陶瓷,经热处理后,硬度从1550HV增加至1700HV。Yan等[29]在LDED过程中通过工艺优化得到薄壁结构及棒状Al2O3/ZrO2共晶陶瓷,如图3(a),(b)所示,试样表面光滑且无宏观裂纹。通过合理设计激光扫描路径和优化功率、扫描速率等关键参数,LDED能够实现圆柱或棒状结构的高质量成形,如图3(c)所示[30],试样具有良好的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度。这种工艺的成熟性使得LDED技术在制备圆柱或棒状陶瓷零件方面具有显著优势,为其在实际工业应用中提供了可靠的技术保障。苏海军等[18,31-32]采用LDED技术,系统研究了Al2O3/GdAlO3、Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2等共晶陶瓷的成形工艺,并对所制备陶瓷材料微观组织形成机制及力学性能进行了探讨。该团队使用等离子体球化陶瓷粉末作为原料,成功制备了不同宽度、无裂纹且高密度的薄壁Al2O3样品,宽度达到30 mm,如图3(d)所示[31];通过调整扫描策略构建出宽度约为8 mm的角形结构,如图3(e)所示[32],展现出LDED对异形结构陶瓷部件成形方面的潜力。
由于陶瓷材料具有高熔点、高脆性和熔体黏度高等特性,不同的实验原料特性和加工参数对LAM过程影响极大[33-34],使用激光进行熔化的大部分研究都集中在依赖于激光并直接影响所获得部件性能的变量上,如图4所示[11,13,35-36]。激光功率和扫描速率共同决定能量输入,影响熔池质量和缺陷形成。高扫描速率可提高成形效率,但可能导致熔化不足(气孔、未熔颗粒),而速率过低易引发材料蒸发。层厚过大会削弱层间结合强度,促进孔隙、球化等凝固缺陷的产生,从而降低成形件的致密度。扫描间距则决定轨迹重叠率,间距过大会残留未熔粉末,过小则可能因能量集中导致过热。因此,材料与加工参数的合理选择是确保实验顺利进行、获得高质量成形零件的关键前提。
LAM陶瓷的热应力产生机制主要源于激光与陶瓷材料在快速熔化-凝固过程中的复杂热物理相互作用。最初,激光的高能量密度作用于陶瓷粉末床,导致局部区域迅速升温至熔化状态,形成高温熔池。然而,由于陶瓷材料的低导热性和高熔点(如Al2O3熔点约2054 ℃),热量难以迅速扩散,造成熔池与周围未熔区域之间形成显著的温度梯度。在凝固阶段,熔池从高温快速冷却至环境温度,热膨胀系数差异引发内应力。同时,基底对熔池热收缩的约束产生淬火应力,该效应在低扫描速率下尤为突出——较长的热作用时间导致局部应力持续积累。进一步地,熔池形态的动态变化(如传导模式下宽度和深度的减小)加剧了应力分布不均,而孔隙、未熔合等缺陷及微裂纹作为应力集中源成为应力释放的薄弱点[37]。这些内应力在微观和宏观尺度上引发了材料的裂纹,包括细小的微观裂纹和明显的宏观裂纹[38],进而影响了陶瓷零件的机械强度、抗压能力以及整体性能。研究表明,材料的微观结构、应力分布、凝固缺陷对LAM陶瓷部件裂纹的生成有着重要影响[35-36,39-40]。
微观结构对材料的裂纹形成及扩展具有重要影响。材料的微观结构特性,如晶粒尺寸、晶界特征以及相分布等,直接决定了材料在不同应力状态下的抗裂能力。微观结构的缺陷和不均匀性可能导致微裂纹的形成。这些微裂纹若未能得到有效抑制,可能会进一步扩展并引发宏观裂纹的产生,从而影响整个结构的完整性。Niu等[41-42]在利用LDED制备Al2O3薄壁结构(图5(a))过程中发现,晶界处微裂纹的扩展是导致宏观裂纹的原因,如图5(b)所示,而微裂纹的产生主要由裂纹尖端的拉应力超过了材料的强度导致。Liu等[32]在LDED制备块状Al2O3/GAP/ZrO2共晶陶瓷试样(图5(c))过程中观察到,随着层数的增加,热应力通常会率先诱发沿沉积方向传播的纵向裂纹。通过对开裂区域微观组织的观察,发现LDED制备的Al2O3/GAP/ZrO2共晶陶瓷微观组织由沿沉积方向延伸的共晶胞组成。根据Fan等[43]的结果,胞间区域的强度要低于胞内区域,因此LAM所得陶瓷的裂纹更容易沿胞间区域扩展,如图5(d)所示[32]。
在LAM过程中,由于温度变化和冷却速率的影响,材料内部会形成复杂的应力状态。这些应力状态对陶瓷材料的微观组织和裂纹行为产生了深远的影响。因此,深入探讨不同应力状态下裂纹的行为及其成因,对于优化LAM工艺和提高材料性能具有重要意义。Zheng等[44]在氧化铝陶瓷的LPBF制备中发现,试样的裂纹主要由均匀地分布在整个熔道上的横向裂纹(垂直于激光扫描方向)和位于熔道中心的纵向裂纹(平行于激光扫描方向)组成,样件横向裂纹主要由内应力与熔池凝固收缩导致。横向裂纹在熔融过程中没有出现扩展行为,而纵向裂纹则沿着熔融中心或熔道搭接处进行扩展,如图6(a)所示。
Liu等[45]发现沉积层在凝固过程中收缩时会受到基底约束,产生与激光扫描方向垂直的应力。当低扫描速率(6 mm/min)下诱发的应力超过材料的强度时,会沿激光扫描方向形成宏观裂纹。图6(b),(c)[46]分别展示了熔池中纵向裂纹的形成以及扩展机制,这与熔池与基板之间的温度差异密切相关。在熔化过程中,熔池的高温区域与基板的低温区域存在较大的温度差异,这导致了凝固收缩时熔池受到基板的限制,无法自由收缩,这种约束在熔池中心区域转化为巨大的拉伸应力,引发开裂。随着下一层沉积层的叠加,单层内的裂纹更容易与下一层的裂纹发生连接,从而在样品垂直截面中产生垂直贯穿裂纹[46]。Ma等[47]的研究表明,在LDED制备Al2O3/ZrO2共晶陶瓷过程中,裂纹倾向于在拉应力主导区域快速扩展,而在压应力区则易被抑制。Shen等[9]采用有限元模拟了LPBF制备氧化物共晶陶瓷过程中的应力演变过程,如图6(d)所示,单道单层成形实验中熔池前端垂直于扫描方向的最大轴向主应力σy 幅值较大。当σy 超过材料的抗拉强度时,可能会导致沉积层中轴线出现开裂现象。同时,位于熔池两侧、平行于扫描方向的拉应力σx 易导致横向裂纹的形成。在多道加工结束后,陶瓷试样边缘中间的应力集中效应显著增强,这使得材料对裂纹的敏感性提升。在激光加工过程中,熔池热影响区边缘的应力会逐渐积累。
因此,为了防止应力过度集中,熔池轨迹的数量和加工区域的单元面积应适度控制,避免过大。这样可以有效降低裂纹形成的风险,提升陶瓷试样的整体性能和可靠性。
此外,Yang等[48]和Çitak等[49]发现,沉积部件中不同组分热物理参数的差异也会增加局部残留热应力,从而导致沉积层中形成裂纹。Liu等[50]在激光增材制造Al2O3/ZrO2共晶陶瓷的过程中发现,Al2O3相的热膨胀系数(8.4×10-6 K-1)与ZrO2相(12.65×10-6 K-1)差异较大。ZrO2承受拉应力,而Al2O3相则承受压应力,当裂纹穿过共晶两相相界面时,裂纹扩展会受到应力场的显著影响,易发生偏转和桥连。
在陶瓷激光增材制造领域,优化激光成形工艺、改进冷却方式,以及采用预加热和应力缓解技术,已成为当前研究中减少裂纹缺陷、提升制造质量的重要方向。目前,针对LPBF过程中裂纹的抑制,主要有以下几种方法:
(1)粉末床预热技术。对粉末床和基体材料进行预热,可有效降低成形过程中熔池内外的温度梯度。该措施在陶瓷增材制造中尤为关键。这种温度梯度的减小有助于减缓凝固过程中材料的收缩,降低裂纹形成的可能性。此外,预热能够改善熔池的流动性,促进粉末的熔融和结合,使得沉积层的致密性和均匀性得到提升。同时,适当的预热温度可以优化热传导过程,提高热量的分布均匀性,进而形成更稳定的熔池状态,使得加工过程更加高效稳定。德国Wilkes等[22]在LPBF制备Al2O3-ZrO2复合陶瓷的过程中,通过采用较高流动性的球形陶瓷粉末及对粉末进行高于1600 ℃的预热(图7(a)[22])有效抑制了裂纹缺陷,获得了致密度达到近100%、弯曲强度500 MPa、尺寸达到Φ14 mm×(1.2~2.5) mm的圆盘状Al2O3-ZrO2复合陶瓷,微观组织如图7(b)所示。但当试件的高度大于3 mm时,试件无法达到100%的致密度并且会产生较严重的裂纹。Liu等[46]利用1 µm波长的Nd-YAG激光器对ZrO2-Y2O3陶瓷开展了激光粉末床熔融成形实验。该研究在没有进行预热的条件下,获得了相对密度为88%、微观硬度为(1209±262)HV500、尺寸为5 mm×5 mm×5 mm的立方体试样。而在1500~2500 ℃的高温预热辅助下,试样相对密度从84%提高至91%,有效减少了裂纹和气孔数量,但仍不能完全避免裂纹产生。Deckers等[51]结合电泳沉积、高温预热和优化激光扫描参数,利用LPBF制备氧化铝陶瓷,减小了加工过程中的温度梯度及熔池尺寸,但在800 ℃预热下获得的Al2O3陶瓷LPBF成形件致密度只有85%。刘治[52]同样采用激光预热的方案,使用激光器构造出直径10 mm的预热范围后进行LPBF成形,在对比了不同预热条件和预热方式下试样的结果后,发现经过高温预热(1650~1800 ℃),单道试样表面无明显裂纹。Fan等[53]在加工之前通过多次激光扫描对Ti6Al4V基板进行预热,以减轻裂纹倾向。他们将耐火棉放在基板下方,以减少预热过程中的散热。样品表面未观察到宏观裂纹,如图7(d)所示。吴东江等[54]通过系统研究预热对激光沉积层温度梯度的影响规律,发现基板预热可以减小熔池与基体间的初始温差,使热流密度分布更加均匀,显著降低陶瓷层冷却阶段温度梯度,减少试样开裂倾向。上述研究表明,通过对粉床进行预热来降低熔池内外温度梯度是抑制陶瓷裂纹的有效方式之一。
(2)工艺参数的优化调控。在LPBF工艺中,除了预热手段,工艺参数(如激光功率、扫描速率、送粉速率等)的协同优化同样是提升成形质量的关键路径。通过系统调控激光功率、扫描速率及送粉速率等核心参数,可有效改善熔池凝固行为、控制凝固组织演变,从而减少裂纹的产生。Jue等[55]利用LPBF制备了Al增强Al2O3基复合材料,并通过优化工艺参数对陶瓷材料的致密化行为、显微组织、显微硬度和磨损性能进行了研究。通过降低液相表面张力和增加Al颗粒的分散均匀性,最终实现了近乎完全致密的复合材料零件,优化了LPBF工艺制备的Al-Al2O3复合材料零件的力学性能。Liu等[56]采用LPBF制备了表面光滑、致密度近100%的Al2O3/GdAlO3/ZrO2三元共晶陶瓷。其微观组织达到亚微米尺寸,且共晶间距随扫描速率的增加而减小,最小平均共晶间距为0.48 µm。研究发现,共晶结构存在“中国象形文字”向“棒状共晶”和“层片状共晶”的转变。然而,试样采用单道单层加工方式,尺寸较小且形状受限,横截面呈月牙形,厚度不超过2 mm。张凯等[57]通过将激光功率从100 W增加到200 W获得陶瓷结构部件,且没有明显的裂纹。Mishra等[58]的研究表明,将送粉速率从6 g/min提升至8 g/min可显著减少样品中的裂纹数量。他们指出,裂纹易萌生于多道单层沉积的相邻沉积道重叠区,而提高送粉速率能有效抑制该区域的裂纹产生。此外,扫描速率会影响陶瓷粉末单位时间内吸收的能量及熔池的凝固行为。Niu等[41]的研究表明,提高扫描速率可显著减少沉积部件的裂纹;当速率超过700 mm/min临界阈值时,可获得无明显宏观裂纹的陶瓷零件。Liu等[45]则通过实验确定了12 mm/min的扫描速率阈值,实现了无裂纹陶瓷零件的制备。
(3)引入超声辅助场。近年来,外场辅助技术为裂纹控制提供了新的思路。其中,超声波辅助因其能量密度高、方向性好等优势而备受关注。在激光增材制造过程中引入外场,利用超声波在液态介质中传播时产生的空化效应、声流效应、机械效应及热效应等,可以在一定程度上干预熔池的熔凝行为,从而实现对组织形态、应力分布状态的调控。Yan等[59]发展了超声辅助LDED工艺,成功制备出平均共晶间距为60~70 nm的薄壁和圆柱状Al2O3-ZrO2共晶陶瓷结构,裂纹数量及长度随着超声功率的增加显著降低。此后,Hu等[60]通过外加超声波振动辅助LDED的方式解决了氧化锆-氧化铝陶瓷零件表面的裂纹和材料不均匀分散问题。结果表明,超声振动成形工艺可以有效抑制裂纹产生和裂纹扩展,其原理在于超声振动的引入有利于晶粒细化和元素的均匀分散,为LAM抑裂技术的发展提供了参考。
(4)微观组织调控与材料设计。从材料的微观组织调控入手,引入第二相增韧机制或采用晶粒细化技术,是提升陶瓷材料断裂韧性、抑制裂纹扩展的有效途径。当裂纹扩展至与第二相接触时,裂纹能量将会被部分吸收,从而阻碍和延缓裂纹的扩展。对于金属材料而言,在LPBF加工过程中为消除裂纹等缺陷,往往会对金属材料进行微合金化处理,加入异质形核颗粒以达到细化晶粒、抑制裂纹扩展的目的。例如,Xi等[61]的研究通过TiB₂颗粒掺杂策略,有效调控了LPBF成形Al-12Si合金的微观组织。添加TiB2颗粒后,材料内部形成了均匀分布的细小等轴晶结构,从而改善了成形件力学性能的各向异性。Wu等[62]利用SiC颗粒的弥散强化作用,抑制裂纹扩展。此外,氧化铝基陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数约为10-5~10-6 K-1。通过采用复相掺杂策略,将具有不同热膨胀系数的材料进行复合,可实现对整体热膨胀行为的调控,从而有效抑制因热失配导致的裂纹产生[63]。
与传统烧结陶瓷相比,通过LAM制备的陶瓷通常呈现出沿沉积方向排列的粗大柱状晶微观结构。Zheng等[44]在氧化铝陶瓷的LPBF制备过程中,观察到试样内部局部区域形成了不同方向的短粗等轴晶,如图8(a)所示。由于等轴晶的晶界难以迁移,这一特性引发了强烈的钉扎效应。该效应能够迅速耗散裂纹扩展过程中的能量并释放局部应力,使得裂纹在等轴晶区的扩展被有效抑制。这一结果表明,等轴晶的产生可以有效抑制试样裂纹的扩展。然而,熔池内极高的温度梯度以及强烈的对流导致晶粒生长不均匀,显著增加了裂纹的易发性。在拉应力作用下,柱状晶晶界处易形成应力集中区域,成为裂纹萌生的优先位置,并促使裂纹快速扩展(图8(b)[1])。因此,如何通过晶粒形态调控(即将粗大柱状晶转化为细小等轴晶)来降低LAM陶瓷的裂纹密度,已成为当前研究的重点方向。Pappas等[64]比较了不同含量ZrO2掺杂对晶粒尺寸和裂纹形成的影响。图8(c)[64]为ZrO2质量分数为5%时试样横截面的EDS图像,可以判断出ZrO2集中分布在晶界处,与裂纹形成相互作用,并通过四方相向单斜相转变起到增韧作用。此外,ZrO2的掺入明显改善了组织的均匀性,少量ZrO2的添加导致晶粒显著细化(图8(d)[64]),当ZrO2质量分数从0%增加至10%时,总裂纹长度减少99%(图8(e)[64])。Fan等[65]采用高生长限制因子(Q因子)溶质来促进异质形核,并以氧化钇稳定的氧化锆陶瓷(YSZ)作为模型材料,优选出兼具高Q值和优异化学稳定性的铝氧化物(Al2O3)作为添加剂。结果如图8(f)所示[65],Al2O3溶质的添加抑制了柱状晶的产生,通过粗大柱状晶向细小等轴晶转化(图8(g)[65]),显著降低了裂纹长度,为开发高性能无裂纹的LAM陶瓷提供了新的思路。
目前,国内外研究人员已系统性探索了激光增材制造氧化物共晶陶瓷的裂纹缺陷形态特征和形成机理,在裂纹抑制方面取得了阶段性成果。然而,现有抑制手段仍存在显著局限:对于高度较高的结构,超声振动的改善效果有限,而高温预热容易产生粗大的显微组织,同时其高能耗特性也制约了该技术的工程推广与应用。为突破上述瓶颈,未来的研究亟须聚焦于开发新颖的裂纹控制技术和材料改性策略。这可能包括优化激光增材制造工艺参数、探索新型陶瓷成分以及引入先进的后处理技术等。通过对裂纹形成机制的深入理解与多学科的协同创新,有望实现对激光增材制造陶瓷材料质量的跨越式提升,推动其在各类高性能应用中的广泛应用。
本文系统梳理了国内外陶瓷LAM技术的最新研究进展,深入探讨了裂纹形成机制及其抑制策略。研究表明,陶瓷LAM过程中裂纹的产生主要源于快速熔化-凝固过程中的高温度梯度和热应力积累、微观组织的不均匀性以及材料热物理参数差异。针对裂纹缺陷,国内外研究已提出多种抑制措施,包括基板预热、工艺参数优化、超声辅助和微观组织调控等。例如,通过高温预热显著降低温度梯度,提升试样致密度;超声辅助工艺通过晶粒细化和元素均匀分散有效抑制裂纹扩展;添加ZrO2或Al2O3等溶质诱导粗大柱状晶向细小等轴晶转变,降低裂纹密度。这些措施在一定程度上改善了陶瓷LAM件的成形质量和力学性能,但仍面临诸多的挑战,未来的发展趋势如下:
(1)优化陶瓷材料成分与粉末制备技术以增强LAM构件性能。当前,研究人员尚未充分挖掘陶瓷材料多相协同作用的潜力,而传统粉末制备工艺难以保证粉末高纯度、粒径均匀性及激光吸收一致性,导致熔化过程中热应力集中和微观缺陷(如气孔或未熔合)频发,限制了高性能陶瓷构件在极端服役环境中的可靠性。未来应通过优化材料组分和开发高纯度、粒径均匀的陶瓷粉末,充分发挥LAM技术在微观组织调控中的优势,进一步提升陶瓷构件的致密度和性能均匀性;同时,探索新型粉末制备工艺(如等离子球化或化学气相沉积),以改善粉末的流动性、激光吸收率,降低快速熔化-凝固过程中的热应力积累和微观缺陷形成概率,为航空航天等领域高性能陶瓷构件的规模化制造提供材料保障。
(2)采用预热与超声技术以提升LAM构件裂纹控制能力。针对裂纹控制难题,预热技术虽然能够降低熔池与基材间的温度梯度并减少热应力,但高温预热易导致能耗过高以及微观组织粗化等问题,限制其在大尺寸构件中的应用;而超声辅助场虽能通过振动效应细化晶粒、缓解应力,但其作用范围和能量传递效率在复杂几何结构中仍存在不足,导致裂纹抑制效果不稳定,难以满足高性能陶瓷部件的可靠需求。未来应优化预热工艺,开发梯度预热技术与自适应温度控制系统,降低能耗并实现微观组织精化;同时,深入研究超声外能场的耦合机制,设计多频段超声振动系统以增强能量传递效率,并结合实时监测技术调控振动参数,从而有效抑制裂纹萌生与扩展。
(3)开发先进后处理工艺以改善LAM构件性能与表面质量。目前,LAM制造的陶瓷构件虽可实现复杂几何形状,但快速凝固过程导致的残余应力和微观缺陷(如气孔、微裂纹)难以完全消除,表面粗糙度较高,直接影响构件的力学性能和服役可靠性;传统后处理方法(如热处理或机械抛光)在改善表面质量和内部缺陷方面效果有限,且对大尺寸、复杂形状构件的适用性较差,难以满足航空航天等领域的严苛要求。未来应开发多工艺协同的后处理技术,通过引入真空浸渍工艺填充微孔隙并修复内部缺陷,提升构件的致密度和结构完整性;结合热等静压技术,在高温高压环境下有效消除残余应力并增强层间结合强度,进一步提高构件的断裂韧性和服役性能;同时,应用激光重熔技术优化表面形貌,降低表面粗糙度,从而实现综合性能的显著提升,为航空航天等极端环境下的高性能陶瓷构件提供可靠的技术支持。
(4)加强陶瓷LAM过程的多物理场数值模拟以破解构件裂纹难题。目前,LAM过程中裂纹的形成机制尚未完全明晰,激光-粉床相互作用、粉末物相转变及熔池流动行为(如蒸汽反冲压力、Marangoni对流和表面张力)对温度场、流场和应力场的复杂影响难以准确量化,导致热应力集中和微观组织不均匀诱发的裂纹难以有效预测;此外,实验条件下熔池凝固过程中裂纹萌生与扩展的动态过程难以直接观测,限制了对裂纹成因的深入解析,进而阻碍了针对性抑制策略的制定。未来应深化多物理场数值模拟研究,综合考虑激光-粉床相互作用、粉末物相转变及熔池流动特性,构建精确的温度场、流场和应力场模型,重点揭示热应力分布与裂纹形成的内在关联;通过细化对熔池动态演化及凝固过程的数值描述,模拟裂纹萌生与扩展路径,为工艺优化提供科学依据;在此基础上,依托仿真结果优化激光参数和扫描策略,精准调控应力状态,抑制裂纹发生,从而提升LAM技术的成形质量,为高性能陶瓷构件在航空航天等领域的可靠应用奠定理论基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB3714502)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52130204)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174376)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-220)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024CY-GJHX-29)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-400)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-ZDCYL-03-03)
  • 国家先进稀有金属创新中心项目(2024ZG-GCZX-01(1)-01)
  • 宁波市科技计划项目(2025Z070)
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2026年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000321
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
  • 录用日期:2025-07-10
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB3714502)
国家自然科学基金(52130204)
国家自然科学基金(52174376)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-220)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024CY-GJHX-29)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-400)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-ZDCYL-03-03)
国家先进稀有金属创新中心项目(2024ZG-GCZX-01(1)-01)
宁波市科技计划项目(2025Z070)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学 凝固技术国家重点实验室,西安 710072
    2.西北工业大学深圳研究院,深圳 518057

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苏海军(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事先进定向凝固技术与理论及新材料研究,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区友谊西路127号西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室(710072),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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