Article(id=1321927092980264987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321926982078681131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754150400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-03, onlineDate=1793101579184, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101579184, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101579184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101579184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321926982078681131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='311', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101552742, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101552742, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927093198368796, articleId=1321927092980264987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Preparation of toughened yttrium oxide ceramics from alumina whisker by binder jetting, columnId=1321926982854627373, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=CERAMIC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING AND ITS APPLICATIONS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the fracture toughness of Y₂O₃ ceramics and realize the preparation of complex structures, Al₂O₃ whiskers (Al2O3w) are introduced to toughen Y₂O₃ ceramics, and Al2O3w/Y₂O₃ complex ceramic parts are successfully prepared by binder jetting method. The effects of Al2O3w content (1%, 3%, 5%,mass fraction,the same below) on the properties of green body forming, sintering densification, and mechanical properties are systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of Al2O3w has a little effect on the porosity of the green body, but significantly optimizes the sintering process. When the content of Al2O3w is 3%, the porosity of the sintered ceramics is as low as 57.47%, the flexural strength is enhanced to 6.54 MPa. The fracture toughness reaches 2.31 MPa·m1/2, which is 2.9 times higher than that of pure Y₂O₃. Excessive addition (5%) results in a rise in porosity to 59.47% and a decrease in fracture toughness to 1.54 MPa·m1/2. Microanalysis shows that Al2O3w inhibits crack propagation through the whisker-bridging and crack-deflection mechanism, with an optimal doping amount of 3%.

, authors=Wei ZHAO1, Xiuyuan QIN1, Kaiqi ZOU1, Kunhao FENG1, Jiamin WU1, Hai NAN2, Xiwang QIE2, Qingsong WEI1, authorsList=Wei ZHAO, Xiuyuan QIN, Kaiqi ZOU, Kunhao FENG, Jiamin WU, Hai NAN, Xiwang QIE, Qingsong WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingsong WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927095840780345, articleId=1321927092980264987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=黏结剂喷射制备氧化铝晶须增韧氧化钇陶瓷, columnId=1321926983152422959, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=陶瓷增材制造及其应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高氧化钇(Y₂O₃)陶瓷的断裂韧度并实现复杂结构制备,引入氧化铝晶须(Al2O3w)对Y₂O₃陶瓷进行增韧改性,并通过黏结剂喷射打印技术成功制备Al2O3w/Y₂O₃复杂陶瓷零件,系统研究Al2O3w含量(1%、3%、5%,质量分数,下同)对黏结剂喷射成形初坯性能、烧结致密化及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Al2O3w的添加对初坯孔隙率影响较小,但显著优化烧结过程。当Al2O3w含量为3%时,烧结后陶瓷孔隙率最低为57.47%,抗弯强度提升至6.54 MPa,断裂韧度达2.31 MPa·m1/2,相比纯Y₂O₃提高了2.9倍。过量添加(5%)导致孔隙率回升至59.47%,断裂韧度下降至1.54 MPa·m1/2。微观分析表明,Al2O3w通过晶须桥接与裂纹偏转机制抑制裂纹扩展,其最佳掺杂量为3%。

, authors=赵威1, 秦修远1, 邹凯琦1, 冯琨皓1, 吴甲民1, 南海2, 郄喜望2, 魏青松1, authorsList=赵威, 秦修远, 邹凯琦, 冯琨皓, 吴甲民, 南海, 郄喜望, 魏青松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏青松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
魏青松(1975—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为黏结剂喷射制备难成型陶瓷,联系地址:湖北省武汉市洪山区华中科技大学材料科学与工程学院(430074),E-mail:
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Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2009, 28(3): 479-483., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927107131846823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=20, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=周新星, journalName=江苏陶瓷, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周新星. 氧化铝陶瓷烧结助剂研究概述[J]. 江苏陶瓷, 2012, 45(4): 20-22., articleTitle=氧化铝陶瓷烧结助剂研究概述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927107190567080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=20, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=ZHOU X X, journalName=Jiangsu Ceramics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU X X. Research progress on low-sintering alumina ceramic[J]. 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Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1988, 71(12): 1050-1061., articleTitle=Toughening behavior in whisker-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927107454808236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=53, issue=1, pageStart=195, pageEnd=201, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=张珂, 许平, 张超, journalName=材料工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张珂, 许平, 张超, 等. 国产Al2O3f/Al2O3复合材料的室温和1000 ℃拉伸性能[J]. 材料工程, 2025, 53(1): 195-201., articleTitle=国产Al2O3f/Al2O3复合材料的室温和1000 ℃拉伸性能, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927107526111405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=53, issue=1, pageStart=195, pageEnd=201, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=ZHANG K, XU P, ZHANG C, journalName=Journal of Materials Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG K, XU P, ZHANG C, et al. 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Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2022, 42(4): 1626-1634., articleTitle=Analysis of failure mechanisms of oxide-oxide ceramic matrix composites, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321927096079855674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927096088244283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, companyId=1321927096079855674, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927096100827196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, companyId=1321927096079855674, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华中科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,武汉 430074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321927096176324669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927096188907582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, companyId=1321927096176324669, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Titanium Alloy Precision Casting Division,Beijing Aerospace Materials Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927096197296191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, companyId=1321927096176324669, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京航空材料研究院股份有限公司 钛合金精密铸造事业部,北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321927099380772976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927092980264987, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Microstructures of Al2O3w/Y₂O₃ ceramic printing raw material

(a)Y₂O₃ powder;(b)Y₂O₃ particle size distribution;(c)Al₂O₃ whisker

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(a)Y₂O₃粉末;(b)Y₂O₃粒径分布;(c)Al₂O₃晶须

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(a)flexural strength;(b)fracture toughness

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(a)抗弯强度;(b)断裂韧度

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(a)macroscopic specimen;(b)porosity and density;(c)flexural strength

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(a)宏观试样;(b)孔隙率及密度;(c)抗弯强度

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(a)density and porosity;(b)flexural strength;(c)microscopic morphology of 3%Al2O3w/Y₂O₃ ceramic green bodies

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(a)密度与孔隙率;(b)抗弯强度;(c)3%Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷初坯微观形貌

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(a)0%;(b)1%;(c)3%;(d)5%

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(a)fracture toughness;(b)flexural strength

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(a)断裂韧度;(b)抗弯强度

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(a)0%;(b)1%;(c)3%;(d)5%

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黏结剂喷射制备氧化铝晶须增韧氧化钇陶瓷
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赵威 1 , 秦修远 1 , 邹凯琦 1 , 冯琨皓 1 , 吴甲民 1 , 南海 2 , 郄喜望 2 , 魏青松 1
材料工程 | 陶瓷增材制造及其应用 2026,54(2): 134-144
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材料工程 |陶瓷增材制造及其应用 2026 , 54 (2) : 134 -144
黏结剂喷射制备氧化铝晶须增韧氧化钇陶瓷
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赵威1, 秦修远1, 邹凯琦1, 冯琨皓1, 吴甲民1, 南海2, 郄喜望2, 魏青松1
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2.北京航空材料研究院股份有限公司 钛合金精密铸造事业部,北京 100084
通讯作者:
魏青松(1975—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为黏结剂喷射制备难成型陶瓷,联系地址:湖北省武汉市洪山区华中科技大学材料科学与工程学院(430074),E-mail:
Preparation of toughened yttrium oxide ceramics from alumina whisker by binder jetting
Wei ZHAO1, Xiuyuan QIN1, Kaiqi ZOU1, Kunhao FENG1, Jiamin WU1, Hai NAN2, Xiwang QIE2, Qingsong WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China
  • 2.Titanium Alloy Precision Casting Division,Beijing Aerospace Materials Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317
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为提高氧化钇(Y₂O₃)陶瓷的断裂韧度并实现复杂结构制备,引入氧化铝晶须(Al2O3w)对Y₂O₃陶瓷进行增韧改性,并通过黏结剂喷射打印技术成功制备Al2O3w/Y₂O₃复杂陶瓷零件,系统研究Al2O3w含量(1%、3%、5%,质量分数,下同)对黏结剂喷射成形初坯性能、烧结致密化及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Al2O3w的添加对初坯孔隙率影响较小,但显著优化烧结过程。当Al2O3w含量为3%时,烧结后陶瓷孔隙率最低为57.47%,抗弯强度提升至6.54 MPa,断裂韧度达2.31 MPa·m1/2,相比纯Y₂O₃提高了2.9倍。过量添加(5%)导致孔隙率回升至59.47%,断裂韧度下降至1.54 MPa·m1/2。微观分析表明,Al2O3w通过晶须桥接与裂纹偏转机制抑制裂纹扩展,其最佳掺杂量为3%。

黏结剂喷射打印  /  Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷  /  晶须增强  /  断裂韧度

In order to improve the fracture toughness of Y₂O₃ ceramics and realize the preparation of complex structures, Al₂O₃ whiskers (Al2O3w) are introduced to toughen Y₂O₃ ceramics, and Al2O3w/Y₂O₃ complex ceramic parts are successfully prepared by binder jetting method. The effects of Al2O3w content (1%, 3%, 5%,mass fraction,the same below) on the properties of green body forming, sintering densification, and mechanical properties are systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of Al2O3w has a little effect on the porosity of the green body, but significantly optimizes the sintering process. When the content of Al2O3w is 3%, the porosity of the sintered ceramics is as low as 57.47%, the flexural strength is enhanced to 6.54 MPa. The fracture toughness reaches 2.31 MPa·m1/2, which is 2.9 times higher than that of pure Y₂O₃. Excessive addition (5%) results in a rise in porosity to 59.47% and a decrease in fracture toughness to 1.54 MPa·m1/2. Microanalysis shows that Al2O3w inhibits crack propagation through the whisker-bridging and crack-deflection mechanism, with an optimal doping amount of 3%.

binder jetting  /  Al2O3w/Y₂O₃ ceramic  /  whisker reinforcement  /  fracture toughness
赵威, 秦修远, 邹凯琦, 冯琨皓, 吴甲民, 南海, 郄喜望, 魏青松. 黏结剂喷射制备氧化铝晶须增韧氧化钇陶瓷. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (2) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317
Wei ZHAO, Xiuyuan QIN, Kaiqi ZOU, Kunhao FENG, Jiamin WU, Hai NAN, Xiwang QIE, Qingsong WEI. Preparation of toughened yttrium oxide ceramics from alumina whisker by binder jetting[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (2) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317
氧化钇(Y₂O₃)陶瓷因其优异的高温稳定性和良好的化学惰性,在航空航天、汽车发动机以及高温结构件精密铸造等领域的需求不断增长[1]。然而,与大多数陶瓷材料类似,Y₂O₃存在脆性高、断裂韧度低等缺点,易在热应力或冲击载荷下发生灾难性破坏,难以满足广泛需求[2]。为克服这一难题,研究者们通过引入增强相(如晶须、纤维或纳米颗粒)构建多尺度复合结构,以改善陶瓷的力学性能。其中,晶须增强技术因其对裂纹扩展的有效抑制作用而备受关注。氧化铝晶须(Al₂O₃ whiskers,Al2O3w)作为单晶纤维增强体,具有高强度、高弹性模量及优异的高温稳定性,被广泛用于氧化锆、碳化硅等陶瓷体系的增韧改性[3-5]。然而,Al2O3w在Y₂O₃基体中的应用研究仍相对有限,尤其是在增材制造工艺下的界面调控与致密化机制尚不明确。近年来,增材制造技术为陶瓷材料的复杂结构成型提供了一种新的途径。黏结剂喷射打印(binder jetting,BJ)凭借其无需支撑结构、适用材料范围广及高成形效率等优势,逐渐成为陶瓷增材制造的一个研究热点[6-8]。然而,Y₂O₃粉末因高熔点和低烧结活性,在BJ工艺中面临烧结致密化困难、孔隙率高等挑战[9-10]。此外,晶须的引入可能加剧粉末流动性下降和界面结合问题,进一步影响坯体成形与烧结质量。现有研究表明,晶须增强陶瓷的性能优化高度依赖于增强相的分散均匀性以及与基体的界面结合强度[11]。例如,Huang等[12]通过球磨工艺实现了碳化硅晶须在氧化铝基体中的均匀分散,使复合陶瓷的断裂韧度提升至4.2 MPa·m1/2。然而,针对Y₂O₃基陶瓷的晶须增韧研究多集中于传统成型工艺(如干压成型),对BJ工艺下晶须与粉末的相互作用及烧结过程中晶须对致密化的影响机制缺乏系统性探索。
本工作将Al2O3w作为增强相,结合BJ技术制备高韧性Y₂O₃基复合陶瓷,系统研究不同Al2O3w含量(1%、3%、5%,质量分数,下同)下复合陶瓷的成形、烧结与力学性能,并结合离散元模拟与微观表征,揭示晶须在BJ工艺中的分布特性及其对裂纹扩展的抑制机理,旨在解决以下3个问题:(1)BJ工艺参数(如层厚H、黏结剂饱和度S)对Al2O3w/Y₂O₃初坯成形质量的影响规律;(2)Al2O3w掺杂量对烧结致密化行为及力学性能的调控机制;(3)晶须增韧效应与微观结构演化的关联性。
本工作使用商用粉末三维打印机(EASY-Ⅱ,易制科技有限公司),打印层厚度为0.03~0.5 mm,黏合剂饱和度可在10%~100%之间变化,单次印刷次数可在1~6次之间调整,最大打印面积可达300 mm×300 mm。打印设备配备压电喷头(理光 G6),该喷头可喷印黏度为8~12 mPa·s、表面张力为28~35 mN/m、密度约为1 g/mL的非腐蚀性墨水。
图1为Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷打印原材料微观组织。本工作使用的不规则Y₂O₃粉末(中科言诺(北京)科技有限公司提供)微观组织如图1(a)所示,其粒径分布如图1(b)所示,中值粒径Dv(50)=4.61 μm。氧化铝晶须(南宫市丰汇纳米科技有限公司提供)直径约为0.3 μm,长度约为5.2 μm,其微观组织如图1(c)所示。采用水基黏结剂,其主要成分为去离子水、聚乙烯醇和丁二酸,室温下的黏度为10 mPa·s,表面张力为30 mN/m,满足喷头长时间使用要求。
图2为Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷黏结剂喷射打印制备流程图。Al2O3w以1%、3% 和5%的梯度添加量与Y₂O₃基体粉末进行球磨混合。球磨工艺采用干混,球磨速度为100 r/min,避免Al2O3w发生破碎,球磨每隔50 min停止10 min,避免粉末因摩擦发生过热,混合时长共计4 h,确保Al2O3w在基体中均匀分布。混合后粉末在黏结剂喷射打印前在烘箱中进行80 ℃保温2 h烘干,避免团聚降低粉末流动性。通过EDEM软件进行离散元模拟,分析不同铺粉工艺下粉末、辊轮、基板相互之间的运动状态,得到最佳铺粉工艺。结合模拟结果计算得到合适的黏结剂饱和度。黏结剂喷射打印后的粉床在140 ℃烘箱中保温2 h进行固化,然后通过气枪清除零件外多余粉末,即可得到Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷初坯,最后使用箱式炉在大气环境中进行烧结致密,得到性能良好的Al2O3w/Y₂O₃复杂陶瓷零件。
采用阿基米德排水法对试样进行开孔孔隙率及密度的测试。根据式(1)、(2)计算试样的孔隙率和密度[13]。
μ=M3-M1M3-M2×100%
ρc=M1M3-M2×ρ1
式中:μ为样品的开孔孔隙率,%;M1为试样干燥后的质量,g;M2和M3分别为水饱和样品在水中和空气中的质量,g;ρc为样品的密度,g/cm3;ρ1为20 ℃时水的密度,取0.99 g/cm3。在进行测量实验时,每组选取3个试样,每组测量3次,取测试结果的平均值。采用数显游标卡尺测量试样烧结前后的三维尺寸,并按式(3)计算尺寸收缩[14]。
DDR=l1-l2l1×100%
式中:DDR为尺寸偏差率(dimensional deviation ratio,DDR);l1为试样CAD模型尺寸(10 mm×10 mm×10 mm);l2为初坯或烧结件实际尺寸,mm。
采用三点弯曲法测量打印初坯和烧结件的抗弯强度σ,试验机使用Zwick/Roell Z010万能力学试验机。在测量前,首先使用线切割机将试样加工为36 mm×4 mm×3 mm的标准试样(图3(a))。测量时,跨距设定为30 mm,压头加载速度为0.5 mm/min,每组试样测量5次,取其平均值。试样的抗弯强度为:
σ=3PmaxL2wh2
式中:Pmax为试样断裂时的最大载荷,N;L为试样的跨距,mm;w为试样的宽度,mm;h为试样的高度,mm。
采用单边切口梁法测量烧结件的断裂韧度[15],试验机使用Zwick/Roell Z010万能力学试验机。在测量前,首先利用线切割机将试样加工为20 mm×3 mm×4 mm标准尺寸,并在试样中部的受拉面中心位置精确切割出深度为2 mm、宽度为0.2 mm的切口(图3(b))。测量跨距设定为16 mm,压头加载速度为0.5 mm/min,每组试样测量5次,取其平均值。试样的断裂韧度如式(5)所示。
KIC=3PmaxL2wh3/2α1/2Y
Y=1.9-α1-α2.15-3.93α+2.7α21+2α1-α3/2
式中:α为a与h的比值,a为试样的切口深度,mm;Y为试样形状因子。
采用配备扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线谱(EDS)功能的Quanta650 FEG型场发射扫描电子显微镜对粉末原料、打印初坯、烧结件和弯曲断口的微观形貌进行观察,同时对试样进行元素种类及含量分析。
使用EDEM离散元软件对打印铺粉过程进行模拟[16-17]。图4为铺粉过程示意图,铺粉使用半径为15 mm反向旋转辊轮,规定铺粉辊轮移动方向为X轴正方向。使用直径4.6 μm球体模拟Y2O3粉末,直径0.3 μm球体串联长达5.1 μm模拟氧化铝晶须。
设定铺粉速度为100 mm/s,辊轮转速为0.5 π rad/s,探究不同打印层厚(60、80、100、120、140 μm)对粉床质量的影响。图5为基于离散元模拟统计的不同层厚下基板压力变化情况。因为铺粉过程中辊轮对粉床的压力最终作用到基板,所以基板所受压力的变化可近似反映辊轮作用于粉床压力的变化。随着层厚的不断降低,基板所受压力不断提高。打印层厚为60 μm时,基板所受平均压力为215.72 Pa,相对于层厚140 μm时提高了84.9%。粉床受到的压力越大,打印得到的初坯密度就越大,零件的强度也会随之增加。
但是过低的层厚导致过大的粉床压力,也会严重影响粉床质量,进而降低零件的成形性。图6为不同层厚下粉末运动状态。可以看出,打印层厚过低(60 μm)导致粉末在辊轮横向移动时向前运动,并在粉末床区域形成局部堆积。80 μm层厚下堆积现象得到明显改善,但是在较大铺粉压应力作用下,粉末产生较大的反作用力,导致发生“颗粒飞溅”现象,降低了粉床铺设质量。打印层厚大于100 μm时,铺粉压力显著减小,粉床表面存在部分孔洞缺陷,粉床密度的降低与铺粉压力一致。层厚越小,铺粉时辊轮对粉床的压力越大。在不同的压力作用下,粉末具有不同的运动状态,进而影响粉床及后续打印初坯质量。本工作选用100 μm为Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷黏结剂喷射打印层厚。
黏结剂饱和度为每层喷出黏结剂的体积(V1)与粉末层的孔隙体积(V2)的比值,计算公式为[18-19]:
S=V1V2=V11-ρ×a×b×H
式中:ρ为粉床相对密度;a×b为单层打印面积;H为分层层厚。通过计算,层厚100 μm对应设置5个梯度的黏结剂饱和度,分别为40%、60%、80%、100%和120%。
图7为饱和度对Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷初坯的影响。如图7(a)所示,当饱和度过低时(40%),初坯粉末层之间的结合效果不佳,层与层之间难以凭借黏结力实现稳固连接,粉末颗粒间存在大量未被黏结剂渗透部分,这种薄弱的层间结合致使块状初坯极易出现破碎状况。当黏结剂饱和度分别为60%、80%、100%,120%时,初坯均未出现破碎,而且其内部结构表现出密度逐渐增大、孔隙率逐步减小的变化趋势。如图7(b)所示,当黏结剂饱和度从60%提升至120%时,初坯密度从0.98 g/cm3增长至1.12 g/cm3,孔隙率则从76.12%下降至71.47%。在一定范围内,Y2O3初坯的孔隙率会随着黏结剂饱和度的增加而降低。产生这种现象的原因为,黏结剂饱和度的增加提高了初坯内部的黏结剂含量,使粉末间的黏结更为紧密,降低内部的孔隙。同时,初坯抗弯强度从0.95 MPa 显著增长至1.31 MPa,增幅高达37.9%。初坯强度主要由固化阶段加热后液滴桥转变为黏结颈提供。随着黏结剂饱和度的增加,黏结颈尺寸相应增大,其数量也增多。而当黏结剂饱和度达到80%后,继续增加黏结剂饱和度,抗弯强度增长变缓。这是因为,当黏结剂饱和度达到某一阈值,即孔隙无法继续被黏结剂填充后,进一步增加黏结剂饱和度已无法继续增多黏结颈含量,故而抗弯强度的增长趋于平缓。过大的饱和度会影响初坯的表面质量以及存在较多的有机物残留。有机物残留存在陶瓷组织之间,不仅会影响复合陶瓷的力学性能,而且作为型芯/壳与活泼金属接触时可能会产生不良反应。基于以上研究,选定100 μm层厚、80%饱和度为最优黏结剂喷射打印Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷参数。
基于最优黏结剂喷射打印工艺,对不同含量Al₂O3w的Y2O3陶瓷初坯性能进行分析,如图8所示。图8(a)为不同Al2O3w含量对Y2O3初坯孔隙率和密度的影响,可知,随着Al2O3w含量从0%增加至5%,初坯孔隙率基本保持不变,密度则由1.02 g/cm³ 略微提升至1.09 g/cm³。这主要归因于Al2O3w具有较高的长径比,呈细长棒状形貌,在BJ成形过程中Al2O3w易在颗粒孔隙间形成桥梁结构[20-21],但无法有效填充Y2O3颗粒间的空隙,对孔隙率影响较小,此过程中陶瓷初坯的孔隙率主要是由铺粉后粉床的密度所决定。图8(b)为Al2O3w含量对初坯抗弯强度的影响。随着Al2O3w含量从0% 增至5%,初坯的抗弯强度基本保持稳定,维持在约1.2 MPa,此与孔隙率的变化趋势一致。这可能是由于Al2O3w形貌细长,其引入未显著增加颗粒间的接触面积,对粉末黏结效果影响较小。因此,从整体来看,少量Al2O3w的掺入对BJ工艺制备的Y2O3初坯性能的影响较小,表明黏结剂喷射打印工艺可以用于Y₂O₃/Al2O3w初坯的制备。由图8(c)添加3%Al2O3w的Y₂O₃陶瓷微观形貌可以看出,Al2O3w均匀地分散在Y₂O₃基体之中,并且与Y₂O₃颗粒实现了良好的黏结。
为了探究添加Al2O3w对Y₂O₃烧结性能的影响,按图9(a)的烧结曲线进行高温烧结。打印采用水性黏结剂,其热重分析曲线如图9(b)所示,发现在470 ℃时黏结剂残留的质量分数为2.56%,本实验在500 ℃保温1 h,以避免有机物残留影响后续Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷性能,在1600 ℃保温2 h,来促进陶瓷的致密化烧结。
图10为1600 ℃烧结后不同Al2O3w添加量对Y₂O₃性能的影响。可知,Al2O3w添加量对Y₂O₃陶瓷的孔隙率、密度及烧结收缩率均产生显著影响[22-23]。图10(a)为孔隙率和密度随Al2O3w含量的变化,可以看出,随着Al2O3w含量的增加,材料的孔隙率呈下降趋势,在3%掺杂量时达到最低,为57.47%。这表明适量的Al2O3w可有效促进颗粒间的紧密堆积,减少孔隙并提高材料的密度。然而,当掺杂量增加至5%时,密度下降,孔隙率略有回升。这可能是由于,过量Al2O3w的引入影响烧结致密化过程,阻碍颗粒间的有效烧结,从而降低致密化程度。图10(b)为不同Al2O3w添加量下试样在X、Y、Z方向的尺寸收缩率。可以看出,随着Al2O3w含量的增加,试样的整体收缩率提高。同时,X、Y、Z方向的收缩率相对接近,表明Al2O3w的加入有助于降低BJ工艺制备的Y₂O₃初坯在Z轴方向上的过量收缩现象,从而改善因分层效应导致的各向异性收缩。收缩率在添加3%Al2O3w时达到最大值,其中X、Y、Z方向的收缩率分别为16.81%、17.65%和17.34%。然而,当Al2O3w含量进一步增加至5%时,各方向的收缩率均有所下降,同时孔隙率回升至59.47%。这可能是由于过量Al2O3w降低了烧结驱动力,从而影响最终的收缩行为。综上所述,适量的Al2O3w掺杂可有效促进Y₂O₃的烧结,提高材料的密度,但过量掺杂则可能抑制烧结过程,降低致密化效果。
为进一步探究Al2O3w对复合陶瓷的影响机制,对1600 ℃烧结后添加不同含量Al2O3w的复合陶瓷组织形貌进行分析,如图11所示。可以看出,当Al2O3w含量为0%时,原始粉末颗粒仍然清晰可见,且颗粒周围存在大量连通的孔隙。相比于初坯形貌,烧结后的整体孔隙网络依然保持连通状态,呈现出较为松散的多孔结构。随着Al2O3w掺杂量的增加(如图11(b)),材料内部的孔隙逐渐减少,颗粒间的接触更加紧密。然而,在掺杂量较低时,尚未形成明显的烧结颈,整体结构仍表现出一定的松散性。适量的Al2O3w掺杂有助于降低孔隙率,并改善材料的致密化程度。当Al2O3w掺杂量为3%时,材料表面孔隙明显减少(如图11(c)),孔隙率达到最低,表明此掺杂量有利于优化烧结密度。这主要是因为,Al2O3w在高温下可与Y₂O₃发生固相扩散反应,这对Y₂O₃的烧结起到促进作用,提高了复合陶瓷的烧结程度,降低了孔隙率。然而,当掺杂量进一步提高至5%(如图11(d))时,复合陶瓷的致密化程度下降,孔隙率略有回升。这是由于,在球磨混合阶段,为了保证不破坏Al2O3w的纤维结构,转速仅有100 r/min,高含量的Al2O3w在前期混合过程中无法完全均匀分散,团聚的Al2O3w一直保留到复合陶瓷烧结过程中,阻碍了Y₂O₃粉末之间的接触,进而降低Y₂O₃烧结程度。同时,晶须团聚区域可能形成大尺寸气孔或次级孔隙,这些孔隙难以在烧结过程中闭合,显著降低材料的密度。
图12为Al2O3w添加对Y₂O₃陶瓷烧结后力学性能的影响。可以看出,Al2O3w的添加不仅显著增强Y₂O₃陶瓷的断裂韧度,同时提高其抗弯强度。在1600 ℃下烧结2 h后,不同Al2O3w添加量对Y₂O₃陶瓷断裂韧度的影响如图12(a)所示。未掺杂Al2O3w的Y₂O₃断裂韧度很低,仅为0.59 MPa∙m1/2。随着Al2O3w含量的增加,Y₂O₃陶瓷的断裂韧度显著提高,并在3%Al2O3w时达到最大值 2.31 MPa∙m1/2。然而,当Al2O3w含量进一步增加至5%时,断裂韧度下降至1.54 MPa∙m1/2。这表明适量添加Al2O3w能够有效优化Y₂O₃陶瓷的断裂韧度,而过量添加会导致不利影响。图12(b)为不同Al2O3w含量对Y₂O₃陶瓷抗弯强度的影响。可知,Al2O3w的添加能够有效提高Y₂O₃的抗弯强度。当Al2O3w含量为0%时,试样的抗弯强度较低,为2.98 MPa,表明纯Y₂O₃陶瓷的烧结密度较差,从而导致其力学性能较低。随着Al2O3w含量增加至1%,抗弯强度提高至4.42 MPa,说明少量Al2O3w的加入对促进陶瓷烧结具有一定作用。当掺杂量增加至 3%时,抗弯强度上升至6.54 MPa,表明材料的微观结构和烧结密度均得到改善。然而,当Al₂O3w含量增加至5%时,抗弯强度仅略微上升至6.97 MPa,表明继续增加Al2O3w含量对Y₂O₃陶瓷抗弯强度的提升作用有限。
图13为不同Al2O3w含量的Y₂O₃陶瓷在1600 ℃烧结后的断面微观结构。随着Al2O3w含量的增加,陶瓷微观形貌发生显著变化。当Al₂O3w含量为 0%时(图13(a)),陶瓷内部仍存在大量孔洞,孔隙率高达65.85%,颗粒间未能充分烧结,仅形成少量烧结颈,导致材料的力学性能较差。此时,试样的抗弯强度仅为2.98 MPa,断裂韧度为0.59 MPa∙m1/2。随着Al2O3w含量增加至1%(图13(b)),颗粒间的结合增强,孔隙显著减少,Y₂O₃基体与Al2O3w的接触部位充分烧结,形成较为紧密的结构。Al2O3w的加入促进了与Y₂O₃基体接触区域的物质扩散,提高了陶瓷的致密化程度,此时抗弯强度提升至4.42 MPa,断裂韧度提高至0.94 MPa∙m1/2。当Al2O3w含量增至3%(图13(c))时,陶瓷的致密化程度进一步提升,显微结构更加均匀,力学性能达到最优,此时抗弯强度增加至 6.54 MPa,断裂韧度达到最高值2.31 MPa∙m1/2。然而,当Al2O3w含量增加至 5%(图13(d))时,Y₂O₃陶瓷的断裂韧度仅为1.54 MPa∙m1/2,出现明显下降,而抗弯强度则略微上升至6.97 MPa。这可能是由于,过量的Al2O3w颗粒影响烧结过程,使微观结构变得不均匀,同时孔隙率也有所回升,从而削弱断裂韧度的提升效果。综上所述,适量的Al2O3w添加能够显著改善Y₂O₃陶瓷的微观结构和力学性能,然而过量添加会对陶瓷的断裂韧度产生不利影响。
晶须增韧机理主要包括三种:(1)裂纹偏转,晶须与基体界面结合相对较弱时,裂纹会沿着界面扩展,从而消耗更多能量。(2)晶须桥接,晶须跨越裂纹面,形成闭合应力场,抑制裂纹继续扩展。(3)晶须拔出,当晶须从基体中被拉出时,界面摩擦力会吸收断裂能量。研究表明,晶须的添加量以及其与基体的界面结合特性是影响增韧效果的关键因素[24-25]。
图14为添加3%Al2O3w后Y₂O₃陶瓷烧结后的断面微观结构及成分分析。可以观察到,Al2O3w与Y₂O₃基体界面结合紧密,孔隙有一定的减少,表明Al2O3w在烧结过程中有效促进基体的致密化。然而,由于试样中仍存在一定数量的气孔和晶界缺陷,这些微观结构特征容易成为裂纹源,影响陶瓷的力学性能。
在Y₂O₃陶瓷中氧化铝晶须通过桥接机制提高了整体的断裂韧度[26-27](图12(a))。当裂纹扩展至晶须时,晶须能够承受部分载荷,并通过与基体的相互作用阻止裂纹的进一步扩展。此外,裂纹的传播路径发生变化,绕过晶须并沿更长的路径扩展,从而消耗更多能量,提高材料的抗裂纹扩展能力。这一增韧机制有效改善了Y₂O₃ 陶瓷的断裂韧度,使其在3%Al2O3w 添加量时达到最大值(2.31 MPa∙m1/2),较未添加时(0.59 MPa∙m1/2)提高了2.9倍。当Al2O3w含量进一步增加至 5%时,尽管晶须的增韧效应仍然存在,但由于过量晶须的引入导致界面结合力下降,出现界面脱粘现象(图13(d)),进而影响陶瓷的整体断裂韧度。因此,适量的Al2O3w添加对于优化Y₂O₃陶瓷的力学性能至关重要。本工作中氧化铝晶须最佳添加量为3%。
(1)基于离散元模拟及相关实验确定Al2O3w/Y₂O₃陶瓷零件最佳打印工艺为:层厚100 μm,饱和度80%。少量晶须的加入对初坯的性能影响很小,BJ工艺可以用于Y₂O₃/Al2O3w初坯的制备。
(2)Al2O3w的加入促进Y2O3陶瓷的烧结。当Al2O3w含量从0%增加至3%时,试样的孔隙率由65.85%降低至57.47%,抗弯强度由2.98 MPa提高至6.54 MPa,Al2O3w含量增加至5%时,孔隙率则升至59.47%,抗弯强度略微提高至6.97 MPa。
(3)Al2O3w主要通过晶须桥接机制提高Y₂O₃陶瓷的断裂韧度。当添加量为3%时,Y₂O₃/Al2O3w陶瓷的断裂韧度达到最高值2.31 MPa∙m1/2,较未添加Al2O3w时的断裂韧度(0.59 MPa∙m1/2)提高了2.9倍。

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2026年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000317
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 录用日期:2025-08-03
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    1.华中科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,武汉 430074
    2.北京航空材料研究院股份有限公司 钛合金精密铸造事业部,北京 100084

通讯作者:

魏青松(1975—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为黏结剂喷射制备难成型陶瓷,联系地址:湖北省武汉市洪山区华中科技大学材料科学与工程学院(430074),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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