Article(id=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750262400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-19, onlineDate=1793186213232, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186213232, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186213232, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186213232, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282074166378544, articleId=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Advanced thermal control technology based on solid-state phase transformation of Ti-Ni-based alloys and its application in thermal management of chips, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aiming at the contradiction between the high heat flux density heat dissipation requirement and the confined space of chips in the thin electronic devices, this work proposes a solid-state phase transformation thermal control technology based on the structure transformation of the alloys to meet the efficient heat dissipation requirement of chips in confined space. By comparing the thermal response characteristics of sensible thermal energy storage materials and solid-state phase transformation alloys, the effects of the type, the thickness of thermal energy storage materials and the heating power on the temperature rise behavior of the chip are systematically studied. The experiment results show that the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys with martensite ↔ austenite structure transformation exhibit significant thermal energy storage advantages benefiting from the synergistic effect of structural sensible heat consumption and latent heat absorption of phase transformation. The thermal energy storage capacity per unit volume of the investigative Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys is 285.4 J·cm-3, which is 3.9 times and 2.8 times that of the 6061 aluminum alloys and H62 copper alloys, respectively. The test results of the chip in the working conditions show that the application of Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys can reduce the heating rate of the chip by up to 82%, and the time when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature is extended by up to 96% and 73% respectively compared with the architectural systems of aluminum-6061 alloys and copper-H62 alloys. The parametric analysis results indicate that the measured time () when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature using the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys has a quadratic functional relationship () with the thickness (h) of the thermal energy storage alloy layers, and shows an exponential attenuation law () with the heating power (). The solid-state phase transformation alloys are able to absorb sensible heat through intrinsic specific heat capacity and extend the duration of the slowly rising temperature of the chip through latent heat effect. Both of the two abilities form a dual-mode intelligent thermal control response mechanism of “sensible heat absorption-latent heat buffering” during the heating process. This work confirms that solid-state phase transformation alloys can achieve effective thermal buffering in millimeter-level narrow space, providing a new solution for compact thermal management of miniaturized electronic devices.
, authors=Zeyi LI
1, 2, Zhuangweici SUN
1, 2, Shuxin LIU
3, Xueyi HUO
1, 2, Guanqi LI
1, 2, Zhengrui LI
1, 2, Changshuo ZHANG
1, 2, Peipei LI
3, Mingye ZHENG
3, Kaichao ZHANG
2, Chao LYU
2, Jun WENG
3, Huilong HOU
1, 2, authorsList=Zeyi LI, Zhuangweici SUN, Shuxin LIU, Xueyi HUO, Guanqi LI, Zhengrui LI, Changshuo ZHANG, Peipei LI, Mingye ZHENG, Kaichao ZHANG, Chao LYU, Jun WENG, Huilong HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huilong HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282077215637567, articleId=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于钛镍基合金固态相变的先进温控技术及其在芯片热管理中的应用, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对薄型电子器件的芯片高热流密度散热需求与受限空间之间的矛盾,本工作提出基于合金结构转变的固态相变温控技术以满足芯片在受限空间的高效散热需求。通过对比显热式储热材料与固态相变合金的热响应特性,系统研究了储热材料类型、厚度和加热功率对芯片温度的影响规律。实验结果表明,具有马氏体↔奥氏体结构转变的钛镍基固态相变合金,通过结构热容耗散与相变潜热吸收的协同效应展现出显著的储热优势,其体积储热密度可达285.4 J·cm-3,分别是6061铝合金和H62铜合金的3.9倍和2.8倍。芯片工作工况的测试结果表明,应用该合金可使芯片的温升速率降低82%,达到临界温度的时间比采用铝合金和铜合金的架构体系分别延长96%和73%。参数化分析表明:临界温度到达时间()与储热合金层厚度()呈二次函数关系(),与加热功率()呈指数衰减规律()。固态相变合金通过本征比热容吸收显热,并通过潜热效应扩展温度缓升的持续时间,在温升过程中共同构成“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”双模式的智能温控响应机制。本工作证实固态相变合金可在毫米级狭小空间内实现有效热缓冲,为微型化电子器件的紧凑型热管理提供了新方案。
, authors=李泽怡
1, 2, 孙庄炜慈
1, 2, 刘舒昕
3, 霍雪艺
1, 2, 李冠奇
1, 2, 李政睿
1, 2, 张昌硕
1, 2, 李培培
3, 郑明晔
3, 张凯超
2, 吕超
2, 翁俊
3, 侯慧龙
1, 2, authorsList=李泽怡, 孙庄炜慈, 刘舒昕, 霍雪艺, 李冠奇, 李政睿, 张昌硕, 李培培, 郑明晔, 张凯超, 吕超, 翁俊, 侯慧龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯慧龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
侯慧龙(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能形状记忆合金制备、固态相变性能及温控技术,联系地址:浙江省杭州市余杭区瓶窑镇双红桥街166号北京航空航天大学天目山实验室(311115),E-mail:
huilong_hou@buaa.edu.cn, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pmg54C1xucrnVpnytteWzg==, magXml=eFGC18QiF60if8PlwobUcQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+SDH8ySYRxnFNfre4V9nPA==, pdfFileSize=3397081, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xTfRdIy9wJ9SSUH1KNDKZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=y7ihj8BzrgK0RlYBXoGK2A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322282077714759754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322282077832200269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, authorId=1322282077714759754, language=EN, stringName=Zeyi LI, firstName=Zeyi, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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262: 125279., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics of cascaded PCM heat sinks for thermal management of electronics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322282090683547821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, awardId=LZ23E010004, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金重点项目(LZ23E010004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282090750656686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, awardId=TK-2024-C-004, language=CN, fundingSource=天目山实验室青年科学家项目(TK-2024-C-004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282090847125679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, awardId=52471194, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52471194), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282091035869360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, awardId=2022YFB3808700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2022YFB3808700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282091119755441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, awardId=502GWXM2024101003, language=CN, fundingSource=北京航空航天大学科研敢为行动计划重点项目(502GWXM2024101003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322282077446324288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282077454712897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, companyId=1322282077446324288, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Aluminum-6061, copper-H62, titanium-TC4, magnesium-AZ31B alloys,and the solid-state phase transformation alloy used in the performance test of temperature control, figureFileSmall=tqoOIBv5A7tAskBdD4Adhw==, figureFileBig=xTfRdIy9wJ9SSUH1KNDKZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087416184990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
温控性能测试所用的6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金、AZ31B镁合金和固态相变合金, figureFileSmall=tqoOIBv5A7tAskBdD4Adhw==, figureFileBig=xTfRdIy9wJ9SSUH1KNDKZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087684620447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Experimental setup in the performance test of temperature control(a)photograph of the experimental setup;(b)schematic diagram of using Ti-Ni-Cu alloys, figureFileSmall=+max/eUWVOoT43GbSjyBkg==, figureFileBig=ph5Vjz+QPred0/guORr+mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087768506528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
温控性能测试使用的实验装置(a)实验装置照片;(b)采用Ti-Ni-Cu合金的示意图, figureFileSmall=+max/eUWVOoT43GbSjyBkg==, figureFileBig=ph5Vjz+QPred0/guORr+mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087831421089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Phase transformation characteristics of 6061 aluminum, H62 copper,TC4 titanium,AZ31B magnesium alloys and the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy, figureFileSmall=jZsNqIFjFhvbB1UR9da3oA==, figureFileBig=/AKwwLAbOMB3BngPl0gL6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087890141346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金、AZ31B镁合金和Ti-Ni-Cu合金的相变特性, figureFileSmall=jZsNqIFjFhvbB1UR9da3oA==, figureFileBig=/AKwwLAbOMB3BngPl0gL6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087961444515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Theoretical thermal energy storage capacity comparison of the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy with 6061 aluminum,H62 copper,TC4 titanium,AZ31B magnesium alloys as temperature from 60 ℃ to 90 ℃(a)thermal energy storage capacity per unit volume ();(b)thermal energy storage capacity per unit mass (), figureFileSmall=2/cfJq0Bo4As5pM+rTnYrQ==, figureFileBig=ge4nCM3vqah38vjiCj3zjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088062107812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
60~90 ℃升温过程中,Ti-Ni-Cu合金与6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金、AZ31B镁合金的理论储热量对比(a)单位体积储热量();(b)单位质量储热量(), figureFileSmall=2/cfJq0Bo4As5pM+rTnYrQ==, figureFileBig=ge4nCM3vqah38vjiCj3zjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088145993893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Transient temperature rise curves of the chip using different thermal energy storage materials, figureFileSmall=cgEqueMP01WjTSuTDNtUvA==, figureFileBig=pFynH287A/tEXuYcmBhPSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088208908454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
使用不同类型储热材料时芯片的瞬态温升曲线(a)2 W;(b)4 W;(c)6 W(a)2 W;(b)4 W;(c)6 W
, figureFileSmall=cgEqueMP01WjTSuTDNtUvA==, figureFileBig=pFynH287A/tEXuYcmBhPSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088280211623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Effects of heating power and the thickness of the thermal energy storage alloy layers on transient temperature rise behavior of the chip, figureFileSmall=V6sWoTrsn1G3NpSi1vgxCg==, figureFileBig=YAP76coY2rfiB+b9YFO1hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088338931880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
加热功率和储热合金层厚度对芯片瞬态温升行为的影响, figureFileSmall=V6sWoTrsn1G3NpSi1vgxCg==, figureFileBig=YAP76coY2rfiB+b9YFO1hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088406040745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Coupling effects of the thickness of the thermal energy storage alloy layers and heating power on the time to reach critical temperature, figureFileSmall=c3+fQLQj1on0NAVI/9XxmQ==, figureFileBig=9MZbAqzQHPazuYw/6eP19g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088460566698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
储热合金层厚度与加热功率对临界温度到达时间的耦合影响, figureFileSmall=c3+fQLQj1on0NAVI/9XxmQ==, figureFileBig=9MZbAqzQHPazuYw/6eP19g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088565424299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Overview of existing cooling technologies and physical properties
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Cooling type | Material/ structure | Density/ (g·cm-3) | Latent heat | Specific heat capacity/ (J·g-1·K-1) | Thermal conductivity/ (W·m-1·K-1) | Thermal control time | Thermal expansion/ (10-6 K-1) | Mechanical strength/MPa | Packaging |
|---|
Sensible heat of structural materials | Aluminum alloy | Low (≈2.7) | No | Medium (≈0.9) | High (≈144) | Short time (seconds to one minute) | High (≈20) | High (>200) | No |
| Copper alloy | High (≈8.4) | No | Medium (≈0.4) | High (≈128) | Medium (≈15) | High (>200) | No |
| Titanium alloy | Medium (≈4.3) | No | Medium (≈0.5) | Medium (≈8) | Low (<10) | High (>200) | No |
| Magnesium alloy | Low (≈1.8) | No | High (≈1.1) | High (≈102) | High (≈25) | High (>200) | No |
Sensible heat of structural materials +latent heat of phase transformation materials | Solid-state phase transformation alloy (Ti-Ni-based) | Medium (≈6.4) | Yes | High (without phase change:≈0.5; during phase change:≈3.1) | High (without phase change:≈12; during phase change:≈72) | Short and medium time (seconds to ten minutes) | Low (≈11) | High (>200) | No |
Latent heat of phase transformation materials | Paraffin | Low (≈0.9) | Yes | High (≈2.0) | Low (<0.5) | Medium time (five minutes and above) | High (≈100) | Low (<200) | Yes |
| KNO3 | Low ≈2.1) | Yes | High (≈1.4) | Low (≈0.5) | High (>100) | | Yes |
Liquid metal (Ga-In-Sn) | Medium (≈6.4) | Yes | Medium (≈0.4) | Medium (≈17) | High (>100) | | Yes |
| Polyhydric alcohols | Low (≈1.0) | Yes | High (≈2.0) | Low (<1) | High (≈60) | Low (<200) | Yes |
| Air cooling | Fan/ air channel | Low (<1.0) | No | High (≈1.0) | Low (<1) | Long time (run continuously) | High (≈34) | | Yes |
| Liquid cooling | Coolant/ pipeline | Low (≈1.0) | No | High (≈4.2) | Low (<1) | High (≈60) | | Yes |
), ArticleFig(id=1322282090234757292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
现有冷却技术和物性参数概览
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Cooling type | Material/ structure | Density/ (g·cm-3) | Latent heat | Specific heat capacity/ (J·g-1·K-1) | Thermal conductivity/ (W·m-1·K-1) | Thermal control time | Thermal expansion/ (10-6 K-1) | Mechanical strength/MPa | Packaging |
|---|
Sensible heat of structural materials | Aluminum alloy | Low (≈2.7) | No | Medium (≈0.9) | High (≈144) | Short time (seconds to one minute) | High (≈20) | High (>200) | No |
| Copper alloy | High (≈8.4) | No | Medium (≈0.4) | High (≈128) | Medium (≈15) | High (>200) | No |
| Titanium alloy | Medium (≈4.3) | No | Medium (≈0.5) | Medium (≈8) | Low (<10) | High (>200) | No |
| Magnesium alloy | Low (≈1.8) | No | High (≈1.1) | High (≈102) | High (≈25) | High (>200) | No |
Sensible heat of structural materials +latent heat of phase transformation materials | Solid-state phase transformation alloy (Ti-Ni-based) | Medium (≈6.4) | Yes | High (without phase change:≈0.5; during phase change:≈3.1) | High (without phase change:≈12; during phase change:≈72) | Short and medium time (seconds to ten minutes) | Low (≈11) | High (>200) | No |
Latent heat of phase transformation materials | Paraffin | Low (≈0.9) | Yes | High (≈2.0) | Low (<0.5) | Medium time (five minutes and above) | High (≈100) | Low (<200) | Yes |
| KNO3 | Low ≈2.1) | Yes | High (≈1.4) | Low (≈0.5) | High (>100) | | Yes |
Liquid metal (Ga-In-Sn) | Medium (≈6.4) | Yes | Medium (≈0.4) | Medium (≈17) | High (>100) | | Yes |
| Polyhydric alcohols | Low (≈1.0) | Yes | High (≈2.0) | Low (<1) | High (≈60) | Low (<200) | Yes |
| Air cooling | Fan/ air channel | Low (<1.0) | No | High (≈1.0) | Low (<1) | Long time (run continuously) | High (≈34) | | Yes |
| Liquid cooling | Coolant/ pipeline | Low (≈1.0) | No | High (≈4.2) | Low (<1) | High (≈60) | | Yes |
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