Article(id=1321927851641778697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927171292123557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751299200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineDate=1793101760062, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101760062, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101760062, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101760062, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927171292123557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101597855, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101597855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927852002488842, articleId=1321927851641778697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Preparation, characterization and pharmacological activity analysis of baicalin antimicrobial hydrogel, columnId=1321927727213556330, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE MULTIFUNCTIONAL GEL MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In addressing the inadequate water solubility and bioavailability of baicalin, this study develops a drug carrier that exhibits both antimicrobial and self-healing hydrogel by integrating konjac glucomannan (KGM)-based hydrogel with cyclodextrin encapsulation technology. The successful preparation of baicalin/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes is achieved through the utilisation of a saturated solution stirring-freeze-drying method. Subsequent FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrates the effective inclusion of baicalin within the cyclodextrin cavity. The inclusion complexes are loaded into KGM/sodium tetraborate dynamically crosslinked hydrogels, and the resulting hydrogels exhibit excellent swelling properties with a swelling rate of 630.23%. Mechanical tests demonstrate that the hydrogel has significant self-healing capability, with a tensile strength retention rate of 97.80% after healing. In vitro release experiments demonstrate that the system conforms to First-order release model, the cumulative release rate of baicalin reaches 84.33% at 48 h. Antimicrobial experiments confirm that its inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reaches 99.12%, 98.07% and 98.82%, respectively, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate is as high as 93.54%. This study proposes a viable methodology for the development of innovative antimicrobial materials and drug carriers, addressing the challenges of low solubility and poor stability associated with baicalin.

, authors=Weizhao HOU1, Wenjuan GUO2, Zhao DAI1, Xingran LUO1, Qingsong ZHANG3, authorsList=Weizhao HOU, Wenjuan GUO, Zhao DAI, Xingran LUO, Qingsong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjuan GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927857979372070, articleId=1321927851641778697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=黄芩苷抗菌水凝胶的制备、表征及药理活性分析, columnId=1321927727377134188, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能多功能凝胶材料的设计和应用专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对黄芩苷水溶性差、生物利用度低的问题,本研究以环糊精包合技术结合魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)基水凝胶,开发了一种兼具抗菌和自修复功能的药物载体。通过饱和溶液搅拌-冷冻干燥法成功制备黄芩苷/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,FTIR和XRD分析表明黄芩苷成功嵌入环糊精空腔。将包合物负载于KGM/四硼酸钠动态交联水凝胶中,所得水凝胶表现出优异的溶胀性能,溶胀率高达630.23%。力学测试显示水凝胶具有显著的自修复能力,修复后拉伸强度保持率达97.80%。体外释放实验表明,该体系符合一级动力学模型,48 h黄芩苷累计释放率达到84.33%。抗菌实验证实其对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌率分别达到99.12%、98.07%和98.82%,DPPH自由基清除率高达93.54%。该研究为开发新型抗菌材料和药物载体提供了有效策略,解决了黄芩苷溶解性低和稳定性差的难题。

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郭文娟(1980—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为天然产物化学,联系地址:天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学(300387),E-mail:
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黄芩苷抗菌水凝胶的制备、表征及药理活性分析
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侯伟钊 1 , 郭文娟 2 , 代昭 1 , 罗兴然 1 , 张青松 3
材料工程 | 高性能多功能凝胶材料的设计和应用专栏 2026,54(3): 39-48
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材料工程 |高性能多功能凝胶材料的设计和应用专栏 2026 , 54 (3) : 39 -48
黄芩苷抗菌水凝胶的制备、表征及药理活性分析
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侯伟钊1, 郭文娟2 , 代昭1, 罗兴然1, 张青松3
作者信息
  • 1.天津工业大学 化学工程与技术学院,天津 300387
  • 2.天津工业大学 药学院,天津 300387
  • 3.天津工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300387
通讯作者:
郭文娟(1980—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为天然产物化学,联系地址:天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学(300387),E-mail:
Preparation, characterization and pharmacological activity analysis of baicalin antimicrobial hydrogel
Weizhao HOU1, Wenjuan GUO2 , Zhao DAI1, Xingran LUO1, Qingsong ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
  • 2.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
  • 3.School of Material Science and Engineering,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292
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针对黄芩苷水溶性差、生物利用度低的问题,本研究以环糊精包合技术结合魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)基水凝胶,开发了一种兼具抗菌和自修复功能的药物载体。通过饱和溶液搅拌-冷冻干燥法成功制备黄芩苷/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,FTIR和XRD分析表明黄芩苷成功嵌入环糊精空腔。将包合物负载于KGM/四硼酸钠动态交联水凝胶中,所得水凝胶表现出优异的溶胀性能,溶胀率高达630.23%。力学测试显示水凝胶具有显著的自修复能力,修复后拉伸强度保持率达97.80%。体外释放实验表明,该体系符合一级动力学模型,48 h黄芩苷累计释放率达到84.33%。抗菌实验证实其对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌率分别达到99.12%、98.07%和98.82%,DPPH自由基清除率高达93.54%。该研究为开发新型抗菌材料和药物载体提供了有效策略,解决了黄芩苷溶解性低和稳定性差的难题。

黄芩苷  /  环糊精包合物  /  自修复水凝胶  /  抗菌材料  /  药物释放

In addressing the inadequate water solubility and bioavailability of baicalin, this study develops a drug carrier that exhibits both antimicrobial and self-healing hydrogel by integrating konjac glucomannan (KGM)-based hydrogel with cyclodextrin encapsulation technology. The successful preparation of baicalin/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes is achieved through the utilisation of a saturated solution stirring-freeze-drying method. Subsequent FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrates the effective inclusion of baicalin within the cyclodextrin cavity. The inclusion complexes are loaded into KGM/sodium tetraborate dynamically crosslinked hydrogels, and the resulting hydrogels exhibit excellent swelling properties with a swelling rate of 630.23%. Mechanical tests demonstrate that the hydrogel has significant self-healing capability, with a tensile strength retention rate of 97.80% after healing. In vitro release experiments demonstrate that the system conforms to First-order release model, the cumulative release rate of baicalin reaches 84.33% at 48 h. Antimicrobial experiments confirm that its inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reaches 99.12%, 98.07% and 98.82%, respectively, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate is as high as 93.54%. This study proposes a viable methodology for the development of innovative antimicrobial materials and drug carriers, addressing the challenges of low solubility and poor stability associated with baicalin.

baicalin  /  cyclodextrin inclusion complex  /  self-healing hydrogel  /  antimicrobial material  /  drug release
侯伟钊, 郭文娟, 代昭, 罗兴然, 张青松. 黄芩苷抗菌水凝胶的制备、表征及药理活性分析. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (3) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292
Weizhao HOU, Wenjuan GUO, Zhao DAI, Xingran LUO, Qingsong ZHANG. Preparation, characterization and pharmacological activity analysis of baicalin antimicrobial hydrogel[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (3) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292
黄芩是在我国多地均有分布的一种唇形科黄芩属多年生草本植物,在传统中医药领域广泛使用。黄芩苷(baicalin,BA)是从黄芩的根中分离得到的重要黄酮类活性成分,具有抗氧化[1-2]、抗炎[3]、抗病毒[4]、抗菌[5]、抗过敏[6]、抗抑郁[7]、降血压[8]和免疫调节[9]等药理活性。在新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)感染的治疗上也表现出一定的潜在能力[10],而其毒副作用几乎可以忽略[11],因此具有广阔的应用前景。但由于黄芩苷的水溶性和脂溶性均较差,这种溶解性差的特性使得黄芩苷在体内的吸收受到限制,口服生物利用度较低,进而影响其药理作用的发挥[12]。为突破这一瓶颈,研究人员尝试采用环糊精包合技术改善其溶解性。环糊精(cyclodextrin,CD)是一种新型的水溶性药物辅料,其疏水内腔可以与大量亲脂性客体分子形成包合物[13],从而增强客体分子的水溶性,还可以提高化合物的稳定性[14]。最重要的是,客体分子的一些化学特性并不会因为形成包合物而发生改变[15]。将黄芩苷和环糊精合成水溶性包合物,可以进一步结合新型药物载体来扩展黄芩苷的应用。
在此背景下,水凝胶因其独特的亲水网络结构成为理想药物载体。这种含水量超50%的软物质在生物医学[16]、药物输送[17]、组织工程[18]等领域有广泛的应用,黄芩苷/环糊精包合物负载于水凝胶中,可以有效发挥其药理作用。在医药领域,水凝胶可作为功能性载体实现药物的持续释放或环境响应型控释,尤其对于水溶性较差的治疗剂,如抗脂肪肝药物、抗肿瘤制剂及抗炎化合物等,传统固体分散体给药系统存在缓释性能不足的局限性,而水凝胶载体可有效改善其药物释放特性[19]。水凝胶还可以与多种抗菌剂配合使用来实现抗菌治疗,是一种良好的抗菌材料[20]。水凝胶对药物和抗菌剂的高效负载和有效释放,在抗菌材料方面具有显著优势,可以大大提高抗菌剂的利用率[21-22]。然而传统抗菌水凝胶多为抗生素类负载水凝胶,随着抗生素的广泛使用,细菌对抗生素的耐药性不断增强,传统抗菌水凝胶也逐渐失去优势,无抗生素负载的新型抗菌水凝胶开始备受关注,而利用具有广谱抗菌性的植物提取物替代抗生素可以为新型抗菌水凝胶的开发提供了新思路[23-24]。
本研究旨在用魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)基水凝胶负载黄芩苷/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,制备具有自修复能力的无抗生素抗菌水凝胶,顺应“绿色化学”的研究趋势,利用天然产物代替传统抗生素实现抗菌效果,同时减少细菌抗生素耐药性带来的影响。通过优化制备工艺,探讨其在药物释放、力学性能和自修复能力等方面的表现,以期为新型药物抗菌水凝胶的开发提供理论依据和实验支持。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术手段,对包合物和水凝胶的物理化学性质进行深入分析,评估其在抗菌材料领域的应用潜力。
采用饱和溶液搅拌-冷冻干燥法制备包合物。称取16 g羟丙基-β-环糊精溶于10 mL去离子水中,将黄芩苷用少量无水乙醇分散后加入羟丙基-β-环糊精水溶液中,在60 ℃下回流 2 h,然后在室温下搅拌24 h,搅拌速度200~300 r/min, 40 ℃下减压蒸馏去除乙醇,再过滤未反应的黄芩苷,滤液冷冻干燥12 h,得到淡黄色的包合物固体粉末[25]。
用魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)与四硼酸钠发生反应制备自修复水凝胶。将四硼酸钠溶于去离子水中配置成浓度为0.2%(质量分数,下同)的硼砂溶液;取10 g魔芋葡甘聚糖加入100 mL的四硼酸钠溶液中,在室温条件下搅拌1~3 h,搅拌速度200~300 r/min;待到溶液中产生部分凝胶且无明显魔芋甘露聚糖粉末后停止搅拌,静置至溶液无明显分层,然后将试样迅速倒入凝胶模具中[26]。将凝胶样品置于室温下静置12~24 h,得到水凝胶。
将5 g黄芩苷/环糊精包合物溶于100 mL 0.2%的四硼酸钠溶液中制成黄色的包合物溶液,再往溶液中加入10 g 魔芋葡甘聚糖,室温条件下搅拌1~3 h,搅拌速度200~300 r/min;待到溶液中产生部分凝胶后停止搅拌,静置至溶液无明显分层,然后将试样迅速倒入凝胶模具中;将凝胶样品置于室温下静置12~24 h,保证凝胶完全,随后进行表征测试[26]。以相同质量的羟丙基-β-环糊精代替黄芩苷包合物做对比实验。
采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对自修复水凝胶进行表征测试,以确认水凝胶的形成。
将水凝胶分别用罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝染成红色和蓝色,然后裁切成直径约1 cm,长约2~3 cm的长条状。将蓝色水凝胶和红色水凝胶的切面拼接在一起且不额外施加外界刺激,将水凝胶置于密封盒中以防止水分蒸发对实验结果产生影响,水凝胶在室温条件下自修复12 h。并用电子拉力试验机(WDW-1000N)对自修复前后的水凝胶的力学拉伸性能进行测试。为确保测试的准确性,本实验采用了三组平行样本进行测试。
(1)溶胀性能测试
准确称取一定量的冻干的黄芩苷水凝胶和环糊精水凝胶,记录其质量为Wd,将冻干水凝胶放入pH值为7.0的PBS缓冲溶液中,室温浸泡溶胀,经过24 h充分溶胀后,小心取出样品,使用滤纸轻柔吸附表面残留液体,随后准确测定溶胀态水凝胶的质量,记为Ws。根据式(1)计算水凝胶的溶胀率(Rs)。为确保测试的准确性,本实验采用了三组平行样本进行测试。
Rs=Ws-WdWd×100%
(2)自修复性能测试
对黄芩苷水凝胶和环糊精水凝胶进行自修复性能测试,并对自修复前后的水凝胶都进行力学拉伸测试。为确保测试的准确性,本实验一共采用了三组平行样本进行测试。
(3)抗氧化活性检测
采用DPPH自由基清除实验测试样品的抗氧化性能。在自由基清除体系中,抗氧化剂供给的电子或氢原子被DPPH接受后,变成稳定的DPPH-H化合物,体系颜色会由深紫色变成黄色[27]。称取500 mg黄芩苷包合物水凝胶和与其相同质量的环糊精水凝胶以及与黄芩苷包合物水凝胶等效黄芩苷含量的包合物和黄芩苷包合物,分别加入5 mL以乙醇水溶液(乙醇和水体积比为1∶1)为溶剂100 μg/mL DPPH溶液中。室温下避光保存0.5 h后,测定溶液在522 nm波长处吸光度,实验重复三次[28]。根据式(2)计算自由基清除率(Rf):
Rf=Ab-AaAb×100%
式中:Ab是DPPH溶液在522 nm波长下的吸光度;Aa是反应后黄芩苷、环糊精、包合物和纳米纤维0.5 h后在522 nm波长处的吸光度。
(4)体外释放测试
将黄芩苷包合物水凝胶(黄芩苷的有效质量为5 mg)加入盛有5 mL的PBS溶液(pH=7.2~7.4)的透析袋中。接着将透析袋封好放入含有 195 mL PBS溶液的烧杯中。在预定的时间间隔中,每次取样1 mL并补充等量10% PBS溶液[28]。用HPLC测量并计算出黄芩苷的含量,最后将药物释放表示为释放量与时间的百分比。 所有反应均在37 ℃,180 r/min的恒温加热搅拌器中进行,所有实验均进行了三次测量,根据式(3)计算黄芩苷累积释放百分比[28]。
Er=Ve∑1n-1Ci+V0Cnm×100%
式中:Er为黄芩苷累计释放百分比;Ve为PBS溶液的置换量;V0为释放介质总体积;Ci 为第i次置换取样时释放液的浓度;m为黄芩苷总质量;n为置换的次数。
对黄芩苷累积释放量数据进行拟合处理,采用零级释放模型(式(4))、一级释放模型(式(5))、Higuchi 模型(式(6))和Ritger-Peppas模型(式(7))研究黄芩苷包合物水凝胶的释放机制。
MtM∞=kt
MtM∞=1-exp (-kt)
MtM∞=kt1/2
MtM∞=ktn
式中: t为释放时间;Mt 为t时刻下的药物释放量;M∞为完全释放量;k为释放速率常数;n为溶胀系数。
(5)抗菌活性检测
本研究检测了黄芩苷包合物水凝胶对大肠杆菌、金色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的抗菌活性。参考国家标准WS/T 650—2019,对于膏体或半固体凝胶类、黏稠状抑菌产品对微生物抑菌效果的测定,采用菌落计数法进行测定。使用0.3 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)将三种微生物悬浮液稀释至3×107~1.5×108 CFU/mL。用移液枪取100 μL菌悬液加入10 mL PBS中,再加入500 mg的黄芩苷水凝胶,置于37 ℃,180 r/min的摇床中震荡12 h(黄芩苷释放时间)。用环糊精水凝胶以同样的方法处理菌液作为对比。12 h后,取100 μL菌液接种至固体培养基上(大肠杆菌和金色葡萄球菌用肉汤培养基,白色念珠菌用沙氏培养基),用涂布器将菌液涂抹均匀。然后将培养皿倒置,大肠杆菌组和金色葡萄球菌菌组置于(36±1) ℃的培养箱中培养48 h,白色念珠菌组置于25~28 ℃下培养72 h。按照式(8)来计算抑菌率(X),50%≤ X ≤90%,判有抑菌作用;X ≥90%,判有较强抑菌作用。
X=A0-A1A0×100%
式中:A0为对照样品的平均菌落数,单位为CFU/plate;A1为被试样品的平均菌落数,单位为CFU/plate。
通过观察XRD特征衍射峰的变化,进行XRD分析,研究黄芩苷、羟丙基-β-环糊精、黄芩苷/环糊精物理混合物和黄芩苷/环糊精包合物之间的结构差异可以判断黄芩苷/环糊精包合物是否形成。图1(a)为黄芩苷、羟丙基-β-环糊精、黄芩苷/环糊精物理混合物和黄芩苷/环糊精包合物的XRD图谱。黄芩苷的化合物呈晶体结构,其特征是在8.5°、12.3°、14.6°、16.9°、20.6°、21.2°、23.7°、25.3°、28.0°和34.7°处出现尖锐的特征衍射峰[29]。羟丙基-β-环糊精在衍射图谱表现为两个宽大的弥散峰,并没有明显的晶型尖峰,这也证实了其无定形的非晶结构[30]。在黄芩苷/环糊精物理混合物的XRD图谱中可以清楚地观察到黄芩苷和羟丙基-β-环糊精的特征衍射峰,表明物理混合物只是黄芩苷和羟丙基-β-环糊精的简单混合物。相比之下,黄芩苷/环糊精包合物的XRD图谱与羟丙基-β-环糊精非常相似,黄芩苷的特征衍射峰并未被观察到。这一观察结果表明,黄芩苷的晶体结构完全封装在环糊精疏水空腔内。一旦药物分子进入环糊精腔,它们就会彼此分离,并且由于环糊精空腔的屏蔽作用而无法形成任何结晶聚集体[31]。这进一步证实了黄芩苷/环糊精包合物的成功合成,因为XRD图谱表明黄芩苷的结晶已经被阻止。
图1(b)列出了黄芩苷、羟丙基-β-环糊精、黄芩苷环糊精物理混合物和黄芩苷/环糊精包合物的傅里叶变换红外光谱。在黄芩苷的傅里叶变换红外光谱中,3490 cm-1的吸收峰对应于羧基中—O—H的伸缩振动吸收峰,1720 cm-1处的吸收峰是羰基C̿    O伸缩振动峰,1650 cm-1处的吸收峰对应C̿    C的伸缩振动,1200 cm-1处的吸收峰是羧酸中的C—O伸缩振动,910 cm-1的吸收对应̿    C—H的弯曲振动,680 cm-1处的吸收峰为含五个相邻氢的Ar—H面外弯曲振动[11,32-34]。羟丙基-β-环糊精的特征峰主要出现在3330 、2910 cm-1和1340 cm-1处[30,35]。而黄芩苷/环糊精物理混合物的红外吸收谱图则呈现为黄芩苷和羟丙基-β-环糊精各个吸收峰的简单堆积。在黄芩苷/HP-β-CD包合物的红外光谱中,由于环糊精的屏蔽作用,黄芩苷在3490、1720、1650、1200、910 cm-1和680 cm-1 处的特征吸收峰减弱甚至消失。这表明黄芩苷成功地进入了环糊精的空腔,包合物的形成导致客体分子的峰位和峰强度发生变化[36]。
图2(a)为KGM粉末和KGM水凝胶的XRD图谱。由图可以看到,KGM在和四硼酸钠反应后,其晶体结构发生了明显变化,KGM粉末的XRD图谱中在18.940°处有一个明显吸收宽峰,而在制备成水凝胶后该吸收峰已经消失,仅在27.840°处有一个弱吸收峰。XRD图谱的变化表明KGM和硼砂成功地发生了反应,而KGM的晶体结构也因此发生了改变。
KGM与硼砂反应生成水凝胶,也会涉及红外谱图中的一些功能基团的产生、消失或者移动,图2(b)为KGM和KGM水凝胶的红外光谱图。在KGM的红外谱图中,1640 cm-1和3309 cm-1处的宽吸收峰为—OH基团的弯曲振动和伸缩振动吸收,2896 cm-1处为—CH2基团的伸缩振动吸收,1002 cm-1为C—O的伸缩振动吸收,520 cm-1处为吡喃型糖环的特征吸收。而在KGM水凝胶的红外光谱中,由于KGM链上的—OH与硼酸根离子之间的络合反应以及分子链间产生的氢键作用,3309 cm-1处的宽吸收峰发生了红移,移动到了3259 cm-1处,并且吸收强度也得到了加强;此外,由于氢键的形成,KGM水凝胶在1640 cm-1处的吸收强度也比KGM粉末的吸收强度更强。这种吸收峰红移和吸收峰强度增加的现象也证明了凝胶结构的形成,这种现象在PVA-borax复合物凝胶中也曾被观察到[37]。
图3为KGM粉末和KGM水凝胶的微观形貌图。由图可以看到,KGM的药品粉末为不规则的颗粒。在制备成水凝胶后,KGM和硼酸根离子相互连接形成了疏松多孔的立体结构,凝胶内部具有很多的空洞间隙,这些孔隙结构有利于凝胶吸收更多的水分,也为水凝胶负载黄芩苷包合物提供了保障。
图4(a)展示了KGM水凝胶自修复实验的过程,在没有任何外力干预的情况下,凭借水凝胶中聚合物的柔韧性和亲水性,两块不同的水凝胶的分离界面逐渐相互黏合,合并恢复成一个整体。图中可以观察到,凝胶的断裂界面处在自修复过程中开始变得模糊,两侧的染料也出现了相互扩散的现象。
另外,从图4(b)中可以看到,KGM水凝胶的拉伸强度由自修复前的3.23 kPa降到3.13 kPa,伸长率由原来的127.96%降至117.75%,拉伸强度和伸长率均有所下降,但下降幅度并不明显,由此可以证明KGM水凝胶具有良好的自修复能力。KGM良好的自修复能力,一方面是因为KGM分子链上的大量—OH基团,与硼酸根离子(B(OH)4-)发生络合反应,形成动态的硼酸酯键,在水凝胶发生断裂时,动态的硼酸酯键可以在没有外界刺激的情况下恢复交联从而完成水凝胶的自修复。另一方面,游离的硼酸根离子(B(OH)4-)仍有部分存在于交联点周围,当水凝胶的断面接触到一起时,—OH基团与硼酸根离子(B(OH)4-)之间络合反应以及KGM分子间氢键的可逆交联实现了水凝胶的自修复[38]。这些相互作用共同促进了KGM水凝胶的自修复,其机理如图5所示。
水凝胶的溶胀测试是水凝胶材料质量控制的重要环节,这对水凝胶在医疗器械、药物载体领域的应用尤为重要。图6展示了黄芩苷包合物水凝胶和环糊精水凝胶的溶胀测试结果,其中,黄芩苷包合物水凝胶的溶胀率为630.23%,环糊精水凝胶的溶胀率为627.89%。高溶胀水凝胶可以吸收大量水分,从而促进药物的扩散和释放。
图7为自修复前后黄芩苷包合物水凝胶和环糊精水凝胶的力学拉伸测试结果,可以看到,拉伸强度和伸长率出现了小幅下降,可能是因为无法保证水凝胶的切面可以完全贴合,导致拉伸强度有所下降,但拉伸强度仍能达到2.90 kPa,伸长率也有114.77%,这对实际应用没有影响。
DPPH溶液的自由基清除实验由图8所示。从图8(a)可以看到,空白组DPPH溶液在避光保存0.5 h后颜色仍为紫色,而DPPH溶液在与黄芩苷包合物反应0.5 h后溶液开始逐渐变成浅黄色,这表明黄芩苷包合物具备强抗氧化活性。此外,DPPH溶液在与环糊精水凝胶避光反应0.5 h后颜色并未发生改变,这说明不含黄芩苷的水凝胶并不具备抗氧化活性。而黄芩苷包合物在与DPPH溶液避光反应0.5 h后的颜色与黄芩苷包合物组的基本一致。根据图8(b)所测得的上述DPPH溶液吸光度,再结合式(2)计算自由基清除率。黄芩苷包合物的自由基清除率为93.97%,黄芩苷包合物水凝胶的自由基清除率为93.54%,两组样品的自由基清除率基本没有变化。而加入环糊精水凝胶的DPPD溶液与空白的DPPD溶液吸光度几乎一致。该结果进一步证明将黄芩苷包合物与KGM水凝胶结合不会影响黄芩苷包合物的抗氧化活性,自由基清除率并不会因为水凝胶的合成而发生改变,KGM水凝胶疏松多孔的立体结构易于黄芩苷包合物的负载,也不影响黄芩苷包合物的释放。
黄芩苷包合物水凝胶在PBS介质中进行的体外释放模型如图9所示。由图可以看到,水凝胶的药物释放量随着时间增加而增加,在12 h后,黄芩苷的累计释放量趋于稳定,最终的累计释放率为84.33%。黄芩苷的高释放率证明了黄芩苷包合物水凝胶在药物递送系统中的潜在应用价值。
零阶释放模型、一阶释放模型、Higuchi模型和Ritger-Peppas模型常用于研究药物载体的释放机制[39]。体外释放测试结果表明,一级释放模型的相关系数R2>0.96,释放曲线拟合程度最好,黄芩苷在体外的释放过程遵循一级动力学释放模型特征。
由水凝胶抗菌实验(图10)可以看到,黄芩苷水凝胶对金色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌都表现出强抑菌作用。其中,对金色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为99.12%,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率为98.07%,对白色念珠菌的抑菌率为98.82%。综上所述,黄芩苷环糊精包合物在制备成水凝胶后,仍然保留着优异的抗菌活性,对革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌都表现出强抑菌作用。
(1)用羟丙基-β-环糊精与黄芩苷反应合成包合物,可以有效改善黄芩苷的水溶性。黄芩苷/环糊精包合物能够负载于具有自修复能力的KGM水凝胶中,制备出无抗生素负载的抗菌水凝胶。
(2)黄芩苷/环糊精包合物水凝胶具有高溶胀性能,溶胀率为630.23%,高溶胀性有助于黄芩苷药物的扩散和释放。
(3)黄芩苷/环糊精包合物表现出了极好的抗氧化活性,这一性能在负载于水凝胶中仍然得到了保留,其DPPH自由基清除率达到了93.54%。
(4)黄芩苷包合物水凝胶的体外释放模型符合一级释放模型,48 h的黄芩苷累计释放率达84.33%,释放模型方程为y=86.77(1-exp-0.12x),R2=0.9654。
(5)黄芩苷包合物水凝胶对革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌都表现出强抗菌活性,其中,对金色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为99.12%,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率为98.07%,对白色念珠菌的抑菌率为98.82%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32472022)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000292
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
  • 录用日期:2025-07-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(32472022)
作者信息
    1.天津工业大学 化学工程与技术学院,天津 300387
    2.天津工业大学 药学院,天津 300387
    3.天津工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300387

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郭文娟(1980—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为天然产物化学,联系地址:天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学(300387),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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