Article(id=1321508727115600150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749571200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-11, onlineDate=1793001832988, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793001832988, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793001832988, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793001832988, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321508727337898263, articleId=1321508727115600150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloys, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cobalt-based superalloys are widely used in aerospace,energy power,and nuclear industries due to their excellent resistance to thermal corrosion and fatigue,as well as good weldability. However,high-temperature oxidation leads to performance degradation of the alloys, becoming a key factor limiting their service life. This paper reviews the progress in the study of oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloys,focusing on the different stages of oxidation and their mechanisms of the oxidation process. It further explores the effects of alloying elements and temperature on the formation and evolution of oxide scales,and critically analyzes the limitations and challenges of current research. Finally,it points out that future key research directions include the design of novel cobalt-based superalloy compositions and the optimization of synergistic mechanisms, control of oxide scale and phase transformations, as well as conducting oxidation studies under dynamic environments combined with intelligent methods to accelerate materials optimization.

, authors=Songlin LI1, 2, Chenghao PEI1, 2, Qingshuang MA1, 2, Chenxi LIU3, Liming YU3, Jingwen ZHANG3, Huijun LI4, Qiuzhi GAO1, 2, authorsList=Songlin LI, Chenghao PEI, Qingshuang MA, Chenxi LIU, Liming YU, Jingwen ZHANG, Huijun LI, Qiuzhi GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingshuang MA, Qiuzhi GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321508728717824292, articleId=1321508727115600150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=钴基高温合金氧化行为研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钴基高温合金因其优异的抗热腐蚀性、抗热疲劳性能和焊接性能,在航空航天、能源动力和核工业等领域具有重要应用。然而,高温氧化会导致合金性能退化,成为限制其服役寿命的关键因素。本文综述了钴基高温合金的氧化性能研究进展,重点分析了氧化过程的不同阶段及其机理,探讨了合金元素和温度对氧化层形成及演变的影响,并分析了现有研究的不足与挑战。最后指出新型钴基高温合金成分设计与协同机制优化、氧化层调控与相转变控制以及开展动态环境下的氧化行为研究并结合智能方法加速材料优化是未来的重点研究方向。

, authors=李松林1, 2, 裴成蒿1, 2, 马庆爽1, 2, 刘晨曦3, 余黎明3, 张竟文3, 李会军4, 高秋志1, 2, authorsList=李松林, 裴成蒿, 马庆爽, 刘晨曦, 余黎明, 张竟文, 李会军, 高秋志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马庆爽, 高秋志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马庆爽(1989—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
高秋志(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
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Oxidation of Metals, 2000, 53(3): 351-360., articleTitle=High-temperature oxidation behavior of the Co-base superalloy DZ40M in air, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321926749387076240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, awardId=52471004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52471004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321926749454185105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, awardId=52201203, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52201203), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321926749546459794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, awardId=52171107, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52171107), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321926749626151571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, awardId=241791237A, language=CN, fundingSource=驻冀高校与石家庄市产学研合作项目(241791237A), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321926742961402434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926742973985347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926742961402434, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Resources and Materials,Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao,Qinhuangdao 066004,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743003345476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926742961402434, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.东北大学秦皇岛分校 资源与材料学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321926743095620165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743104008774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743095620165, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743116591687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743095620165, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321926743217254984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743225643593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743217254984, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School;of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300354,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743234032202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743217254984, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321926743334695499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743347278412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743334695499, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences,University;of Wollongong,Wollongong NSW 2522,Australia), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926743355667021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, companyId=1321926743334695499, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.伍伦贡大学 工程与 信息科学学部,澳大利亚 伍伦贡 NSW2522)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321926748061676162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n2grHVAppp36iGniq1A7IA==, figureFileBig=VPbzN9F1RZ5geWzTrXqQUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748145562243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图1, caption=钴基合金氧化过程示意图(a)初始阶段;(b)稳态氧化阶段;(c)氧化物的挥发;(d)加速阶段Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the oxidation process of cobalt-based alloys

(a)initial stage;(b)steady-state oxidation stage;(c)volatilization of oxides;(d)accelerated stage

, figureFileSmall=n2grHVAppp36iGniq1A7IA==, figureFileBig=VPbzN9F1RZ5geWzTrXqQUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748250419844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic illustrating the oxidation processes on the time dependence (t1 <t2 <t3) of the 10Al samples oxidized at 900 ℃ and 1000 ℃[42], figureFileSmall=LaRFxRrxSsHrXcjFxHtDiA==, figureFileBig=vJvcgjuoVJBqpYvLCnngYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748330111621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图2, caption=10Al样品在900 ℃和1000 ℃下氧化的时间相关性(t1 <t2 <t3)示意图[42], figureFileSmall=LaRFxRrxSsHrXcjFxHtDiA==, figureFileBig=vJvcgjuoVJBqpYvLCnngYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748409803398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Activity of the alloying elements and Gibbs free energy of formation of oxides at 1000 ℃ calculated using Thermo-Calc 2021a with the TCNI10 database (a)chemical activity of alloying elements in the Cr-containing Co-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-30Ni-yCr(y=0-15) alloys; (b)Gibbs free energy of formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 in the Co-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-30Ni-yCr(y=0-15) alloys[18], figureFileSmall=uecnlbKhIIFpcTQGmYNyKg==, figureFileBig=wEIFSycPPlKlyuBSHdDpHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748489495175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图3, caption=采用Thermo-Calc 2021a和TCNI10数据库计算的合金元素活性及1000 ℃ 时氧化物形成的吉布斯自由能(a)在含Cr的Co-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-30Ni-yCr(y=0~15)合金中的合金元素活性;(b)在含Cr的Co-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-30Ni-yCr (y=0~15)的合金中形成Al2O3和Cr2O3的吉布斯自由能[18], figureFileSmall=uecnlbKhIIFpcTQGmYNyKg==, figureFileBig=wEIFSycPPlKlyuBSHdDpHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748573381256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic representation of the morphological characteristics of the oxide layers of different Co/Ni based alloys and their elemental transport[62], figureFileSmall=RbGwTR7wJ/4k8Wdn2nS9SA==, figureFileBig=3In8uNXpTWtp6JG27KdsgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748695016073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同Co/Ni基合金氧化层形态特征及其元素传输示意图[62], figureFileSmall=RbGwTR7wJ/4k8Wdn2nS9SA==, figureFileBig=3In8uNXpTWtp6JG27KdsgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748778902154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Morphologies of oxide layer for Co-EXP after cyclic oxidation for 400 h at 800 ℃(a),1000 ℃(b),and 1100 ℃(c)[38], figureFileSmall=lm5Cd09BheH9iyPHKTfFEg==, figureFileBig=PH0Ml5EMvfG1qxe0Y/ThMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748875371147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Co-EXP在800 ℃(a)、1000 ℃(b)和1100 ℃(c)下循环氧化400 h后氧化层的形态[38], figureFileSmall=lm5Cd09BheH9iyPHKTfFEg==, figureFileBig=PH0Ml5EMvfG1qxe0Y/ThMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926748980228748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic representation of outer oxidation-layer formation on DZ40M alloy[90], figureFileSmall=Nab+1a9q/VhlJskOZuip/A==, figureFileBig=cvKQDCEQT4AF09IOA8nxRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926749047337613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DZ40M合金外部氧化层形成示意图[90], figureFileSmall=Nab+1a9q/VhlJskOZuip/A==, figureFileBig=cvKQDCEQT4AF09IOA8nxRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926749131223694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of element-optimal content-oxide type-temperature sensitivity-synergistic/antagonistic effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element

Optimal content

range/%

OxideTemperature sensitivity*Synergistic/antagonistic effect
Al8-11[43,45,78]α-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3High (θ-Al2O3 transforms into protective α-Al2O3 at high temperatures of around 1000 ℃)

Acts synergistically with Cr to form a protective oxide layer

A higher Al content can suppress the negative impact of Ti doping

Cr5-8[18,50]Cr2O3ModerateActs synergistically with Al to form a bilayer oxide film,the formation of Cr2O3 reduces the local oxygen partial pressure at the oxide layer-alloy interface,promoting the formation of Al2O3
Ti2-3[32,36]TiO2Moderate

Forms a TiO2 film on the outer layer,effectively suppressing the excessive oxidation of Cr at high temperatures and promoting the formation of a dense Cr2O3 layer

Ti doping disrupts the continuity of the Al2O3 layer

Si0-2[59-60]SiO2ModeratePromotes the selective oxidation of Al and Cr elements
CoCoO and Co3O4High (Co3O4 primarily forms at 800-900 ℃,while above 900 ℃,it mainly exists as CoO)
Ni>20[29,52,67]NiOModerateAccelerates the diffusion of Cr in the matrix and promotes the formation of the Cr2O3 layer
WWO3High (around 1000 ℃,the formation of low-melting-point eutectic CoWO4 and the volatilization of WO3 tend to exacerbate oxidation)
MoMoO3High (above 700 ℃,volatile MoO3 forms,which accelerates oxidation)
NbNb2O5High (above around 1000 ℃,the volatility and volume expansion of Nb2O5 can easily lead to the structural damage of the oxide film)Nb tends to promote the formation of NbCrO4,hindering the formation of Cr2O3
), ArticleFig(id=1321926749215109775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508727115600150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

元素-最佳含量-氧化物种类-温度敏感性-协同/拮抗效应汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element

Optimal content

range/%

OxideTemperature sensitivity*Synergistic/antagonistic effect
Al8-11[43,45,78]α-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3High (θ-Al2O3 transforms into protective α-Al2O3 at high temperatures of around 1000 ℃)

Acts synergistically with Cr to form a protective oxide layer

A higher Al content can suppress the negative impact of Ti doping

Cr5-8[18,50]Cr2O3ModerateActs synergistically with Al to form a bilayer oxide film,the formation of Cr2O3 reduces the local oxygen partial pressure at the oxide layer-alloy interface,promoting the formation of Al2O3
Ti2-3[32,36]TiO2Moderate

Forms a TiO2 film on the outer layer,effectively suppressing the excessive oxidation of Cr at high temperatures and promoting the formation of a dense Cr2O3 layer

Ti doping disrupts the continuity of the Al2O3 layer

Si0-2[59-60]SiO2ModeratePromotes the selective oxidation of Al and Cr elements
CoCoO and Co3O4High (Co3O4 primarily forms at 800-900 ℃,while above 900 ℃,it mainly exists as CoO)
Ni>20[29,52,67]NiOModerateAccelerates the diffusion of Cr in the matrix and promotes the formation of the Cr2O3 layer
WWO3High (around 1000 ℃,the formation of low-melting-point eutectic CoWO4 and the volatilization of WO3 tend to exacerbate oxidation)
MoMoO3High (above 700 ℃,volatile MoO3 forms,which accelerates oxidation)
NbNb2O5High (above around 1000 ℃,the volatility and volume expansion of Nb2O5 can easily lead to the structural damage of the oxide film)Nb tends to promote the formation of NbCrO4,hindering the formation of Cr2O3
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钴基高温合金氧化行为研究进展
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李松林 1, 2 , 裴成蒿 1, 2 , 马庆爽 1, 2 , 刘晨曦 3 , 余黎明 3 , 张竟文 3 , 李会军 4 , 高秋志 1, 2
材料工程 | 综述 2025,53(12): 56-69
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材料工程 |综述 2025 , 53 (12) : 56 -69
钴基高温合金氧化行为研究进展
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李松林1, 2, 裴成蒿1, 2, 马庆爽1, 2 , 刘晨曦3, 余黎明3, 张竟文3, 李会军4, 高秋志1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学秦皇岛分校 资源与材料学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004
  • 2.东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819
  • 3.天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354
  • 4.伍伦贡大学 工程与 信息科学学部,澳大利亚 伍伦贡 NSW2522
通讯作者:
马庆爽(1989—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
高秋志(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
Research progress in oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloys
Songlin LI1, 2, Chenghao PEI1, 2, Qingshuang MA1, 2 , Chenxi LIU3, Liming YU3, Jingwen ZHANG3, Huijun LI4, Qiuzhi GAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Materials,Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao,Qinhuangdao 066004,Hebei,China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China
  • 3.School;of Materials Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300354,China
  • 4.Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences,University;of Wollongong,Wollongong NSW 2522,Australia
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251
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钴基高温合金因其优异的抗热腐蚀性、抗热疲劳性能和焊接性能,在航空航天、能源动力和核工业等领域具有重要应用。然而,高温氧化会导致合金性能退化,成为限制其服役寿命的关键因素。本文综述了钴基高温合金的氧化性能研究进展,重点分析了氧化过程的不同阶段及其机理,探讨了合金元素和温度对氧化层形成及演变的影响,并分析了现有研究的不足与挑战。最后指出新型钴基高温合金成分设计与协同机制优化、氧化层调控与相转变控制以及开展动态环境下的氧化行为研究并结合智能方法加速材料优化是未来的重点研究方向。

钴基合金  /  高温氧化  /  合金元素  /  热力学

Cobalt-based superalloys are widely used in aerospace,energy power,and nuclear industries due to their excellent resistance to thermal corrosion and fatigue,as well as good weldability. However,high-temperature oxidation leads to performance degradation of the alloys, becoming a key factor limiting their service life. This paper reviews the progress in the study of oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloys,focusing on the different stages of oxidation and their mechanisms of the oxidation process. It further explores the effects of alloying elements and temperature on the formation and evolution of oxide scales,and critically analyzes the limitations and challenges of current research. Finally,it points out that future key research directions include the design of novel cobalt-based superalloy compositions and the optimization of synergistic mechanisms, control of oxide scale and phase transformations, as well as conducting oxidation studies under dynamic environments combined with intelligent methods to accelerate materials optimization.

cobalt-based alloy  /  high-temperature oxidation  /  alloying element  /  thermodynamic
李松林, 裴成蒿, 马庆爽, 刘晨曦, 余黎明, 张竟文, 李会军, 高秋志. 钴基高温合金氧化行为研究进展. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 56 -69 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251
Songlin LI, Chenghao PEI, Qingshuang MA, Chenxi LIU, Liming YU, Jingwen ZHANG, Huijun LI, Qiuzhi GAO. Research progress in oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloys[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 56 -69 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251
高温合金是一类能够在高温环境下保持良好的力学性能和热稳定性能的合金材料,广泛应用于航空航天、能源、化工等领域[1-4]。其主要特点是具有优异的耐高温、耐腐蚀和抗蠕变性能[5-6]。常见的高温合金包括钴基、镍基和铁基合金。与镍基高温合金相比,固溶强化和碳化物强化的钴基高温合金具有更好的抗热腐蚀性、抗热疲劳性能和焊接性能,是航空航天、能源动力和核工业等先进推进系统热端部件的关键材料之一[7-8]。然而,由于高温条件下缺乏类似镍基高温合金稳定存在的γ′强化相,传统钴基合金在高温下的应用相当有限。
为提升钴基高温合金的高温性能与组织稳定性,其成分设计策略不断优化。2006年,Sato等[9]在钴基合金中发现了一种具有与镍基高温合金中相似L12结构的Co3(Al,W)有序强化相,并且在温度高于900 ℃时,显示出比传统镍基高温合金更高的高温强度[10]。这一发现使具有γ/γ′双相组织结构的Co-Al-W合金体系开始广泛应用于高温领域。该结构中,γ相为面心立方固溶体基体,γ′相则为具有L12有序结构的Co3(Al,W)析出强化相。在此基础上,研究者们逐步引入多种合金元素,进一步拓展了钴基高温合金的性能边界。如Cr的添加可增强合金的热稳定性并改善界面特性[11-12];Mo的添加进一步提升了合金的高温强度[13-14];Ti的添加可与Al协同作用于γ′相的形成与稳定性,增强沉淀强化效果[15];Ni的引入则拓展了γ′相的稳定区间,并改善了合金的塑性与加工性[16];Nb则有助于形成强化相或稳定分布的碳化物,显著增强高温服役下的结构稳定性[17];基于这些元素的复合设计,已形成诸如Co-Ni-Al-Cr、Co-Al-W-Ti-Cr、Co-Al-Mo-Nb等多元高温合金体系。
此外,合金的抗氧化性能同样是钴基合金高温服役性能的关键影响因素之一[18-19]。大量研究表明,即使钴基高温合金具有较高的高温强度和抗蠕变性能,在长期暴露于高温环境中时,仍会发生氧化降解引起的力学性能的下降[20-21]。钴基高温合金的力学性能完整性会随着碳化物网络在高温服役期间逐渐氧化而退化[22]。Moffat等[23]研究发现,在900~1200 ℃下的高温氧化会导致Co-101合金形成的钝化表面和碳化物网络快速衰退,并形成氧化碳化物通道,极大限制了合金长时间在高温下的服役寿命。Murray等[24]也指出,钴基高温合金在950 ℃的氧化气氛下,氧化诱发的疲劳裂纹萌生会加速钴基高温合金的疲劳失效。由此可见,氧化是限制高温条件下钴基高温合金部件服役寿命的关键挑战。因此,了解高温氧化行为和机理对更好地调控钴基高温合金的抗氧化性能至关重要。
氧化反应的复杂性与合金成分、温度等因素密切相关,并且这些因素在合金氧化层形成和结构演变中起着关键作用[25-26]。本文系统综述了钴基高温合金的氧化性能研究进展,重点分析了氧化过程的不同阶段以及合金元素和温度对氧化性能的影响。首先,总结了钴基合金在不同氧化阶段的行为和机理,概述了氧化层的形成及其演变过程。其次,探讨了不同合金元素对氧化性能的贡献,尤其是元素间的相互作用对氧化层结构和稳定性的影响。最后,从热力学和动力学角度,分析了温度对氧化层结构和形貌演变的影响,并讨论了高温条件下氧化层的稳定性对抗氧化性能的影响。通过对现有研究的系统梳理,本文旨在为钴基高温合金的优化设计和应用提供理论支持,同时指出当前研究中存在的挑战及其未来发展方向,以期为钴基高温合金的设计与工程应用提供参考。
高温氧化是指金属材料在高温下与氧气反应形成氧化物的金属腐蚀过程[27]。钴基高温合金氧化特性主要表现为形成致密的氧化层,从而保护基体金属免受进一步氧化。氧化过程通常包括以下3个阶段:暴露初期瞬态氧化阶段和随后的稳态氧化阶段以及后期可能发生的氧化加速阶段。以Co-Al-W-Ti-Cr-Mo多元合金体系的氧化过程为例。
(1)第一阶段:界面反应控制的瞬态氧化阶段
在氧化的初期,氧气与合金表面的活泼金属原子等发生反应,生成相应的氧化物。此时,氧化速率较高[28]。这一过程中,主要形成CoO、Cr2O3和Al2O3以及其他含有Co、Al和Cr的复杂固态反应氧化物[20,28-30]。随着氧化反应的进行,氧化物不断增加并逐渐富集,形成初期氧化膜,如图1(a)所示。
初期氧化阶段的特点是不同合金元素之间存在协同和竞争的氧化过程。元素的氧化受多种因素影响,包括元素活度[31]、元素扩散速率[32]以及氧化物的吉布斯自由能[33]等。在这一阶段,合金元素之间的选择性氧化现象表现较为明显。例如,Al、Cr和Co在氧化过程中优先氧化,而其他元素则氧化较慢或形成较少的氧化物。
(2)第二阶段:元素扩散控制的稳态氧化阶段
随着氧化时间的延长,氧化膜的厚度逐渐增加,并趋于致密,如图1(b)所示。致密的氧化层Cr2O3和Al2O3有效阻碍了金属阳离子向外扩散和氧负离子向内扩散,使氧化速率逐渐降低[34]。氧化过程由初期的选择性氧化阶段转变为稳态氧化阶段。
在这一阶段,氧化反应的机制发生了变化,从原始合金界面与空气直接反应转变为金属阳离子向外扩散,氧负离子向内扩散,进而通过氧化膜进行扩散反应[28]。此时,氧化膜的生长主要受元素的扩散控制,氧化层的结构趋于稳定,氧化反应进入较为平稳的状态。
(3)第三阶段:氧化物蒸发和剥落引起的氧化加速阶段
在高温氧化过程中,氧化物的蒸发和剥落是常见的现象,通常发生在氧化的后期,尤其在较高温度和长时间的氧化作用下。常见的挥发性氧化物包括MoO、(Mo,W)O3和CrO3,它们分别在700 ℃以上、900 ℃和950 ℃左右开始蒸发[35-38]。氧化物的蒸发破坏了氧化膜的致密性,导致氧化膜的保护作用减弱,进而加速了氧化反应的进行,如图1(c),(d)所示。此外,在氧化过程中,由于不同氧化物的热膨胀系数不同,氧化物生长应力和热应力的形成[39]与聚集同样会导致氧化层的破裂和剥落[40]。
总之,无论是氧化物的蒸发,还是氧化物的剥落,均会在氧化层中产生空隙和局部破坏,从而导致氧化层完整性的破坏,进一步提升了氧气的渗透速度,促使氧化反应加剧,最终导致合金的氧化进入加速阶段。
综上所述,钴基高温合金的氧化行为呈现出由瞬态到稳态,再到可能发生加速阶段的复杂演变过程,其核心机制受到氧化膜结构、组成及其稳定性的显著影响。为深入理解氧化膜的生成与演化机制,必须进一步探讨关键合金元素的作用与相互关系。
合金元素对合金的氧化性能具有决定性作用。不同的合金元素通过改变合金的化学成分、氧化物的种类及其稳定性以及合金的结构特性,进而影响其在高温氧化环境下的氧化行为。这些元素的添加会影响氧化的致密性、稳定性以及耐久性,从而直接影响合金的抗氧化性能。以下是钴基高温合金中常见元素对氧化性能的影响机制。
(1)Al元素对高温氧化的影响
Al在钴基合金高温氧化过程中的作用主要是通过形成连续、致密且稳定的Al2O3薄膜,阻碍氧原子与基体的进一步氧化。在初始氧化阶段,氧化速率由空气与合金界面的反应控制,表现为氧化增重的快速增加。然而,当Al被选择性氧化,形成完好的Al2O3保护膜后,氧化过程逐渐转变为由离子扩散控制的阶段。连续且致密的Al2O3层形成,显著提高合金的抗氧化性能[41]。
近年来,学者们进一步探讨了Al元素含量对氧化性能的影响。Yu等[42]通过对新型Co-20Cr-(5,10)Al高温合金在900 ℃和1000 ℃空气中氧化的研究表明,含5%(质量分数)Al的试样无法形成连续的Al2O3层,而含10%(质量分数)Al的试样则能形成连续、致密的Al2O3层,表现出更好的抗氧化性能。类似地,Zhang等[43]则研究了Al含量为6%(原子分数,下同)、7%、8%、9%的钴基合金在800 ℃和900 ℃下的氧化行为,结果表明,随Al含量的增加,合金中Al2O3层的致密性得以提高,从而增加了合金的抗氧化能力。然而,适量的Al含量可以保证Al2O3层的稳定性和致密性,并提供良好的抗氧化性能,而过多的Al则可能导致组织析出有害相并对力学性能产生不利影响[44]。例如,Zhang等[45]在研究不同含量的Al元素对Co-30Ni-xAl-5Mo-10Cr-2Ta-0.03B合金微观结构影响时发现,尽管高浓度的Al有利于γ′相的形成,但是过量地添加Al则会引入B2相和μ相等其他有害相。因此,为了保证良好的抗氧化性能和同时避免有害相的析出,该体系合金中的Al含量选择在10%左右。
此外,不同Al2O3的相结构对抗氧化性的贡献也是值得探讨的问题。Liu等[28]通过XRD分析发现在900 ℃和1000 ℃空气中氧化的涂层表面形成了α-Al2O3和θ-Al2O3,而在1050 ℃氧化时,仅形成了α-Al2O3。值得注意的是,在900 ℃和1000 ℃氧化后的涂层氧化增重均超过了1050 ℃下的氧化增重。这是由于α-Al2O3具有稳定性较高、结构紧凑等特点,因此提供了较好的保护性。相比之下,θ-Al2O3的晶体结构较大、稳定性较差,其保护性较弱。另外,Tang等[37]还探讨了α-Al2O3和θ-Al2O3之间的转变关系。研究发现,在1000 ℃下氧化10~50 h后,试样表面检测到了α-Al2O3和θ-Al2O3的X射线衍射峰,其中θ-Al2O3衍射峰的相对强度随着氧化时间的延长而降低,α-Al2O3衍射峰逐渐增强,最终θ-Al2O3完全转变为α-Al2O3。Yu等[42]对不同温度下α-Al2O3和θ-Al2O3转变速度进行了研究,结果显示,在1000 ℃下,θ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3的转变速度相比900 ℃时显著加快,同时揭示了不同Al2O3相结构的生长机制,如图2所示。θ-Al2O3是通过阳离子向外扩散而生长,而α-Al2O3则是通过氧气向内扩散而生长。由于在1000 ℃下获得了更多的α-Al2O3转变,相比于900 ℃下的试样,其氧化增重更小,表现出更好的抗氧化性能。因此,未来可以利用Al2O3相结构的转变特点,并通过预氧化热处理工艺[46],以获得更多的α-Al2O3转变,对于钴基合金抗氧化性能的提升具有重要意义。
(2)Cr元素对高温氧化的影响
Cr对钴基合金的高温氧化性能具有显著的提升作用[47-48]。一方面,Cr可以通过形成致密的Cr2O3层来增强合金的抗氧化性能。例如,Chen等[49]对含Cr和不含Cr的钴基高温合金在1000 ℃的氧化行为进行了对比,结果表明,未添加Cr的Co-7Al-8W-1Ta-4Ti合金氧化层较厚,外层为多孔的富Co氧化物,内层为富Al氧化物。而在含Cr的(Co0.8Ni0.2)-5.3Al-4.3W-8Ti-8Cr-Si合金中的氧化层中,富Co氧化层被致密的富Cr氧化层所取代,氧化层的厚度大幅减小了约50 μm,显著提升了合金的抗氧化性能。此外,Kandula等[50]采用高通量方法研究了Cr含量对Co-30Ni-10Al-5Mo-2Ta-2Ti-xCr(x=0~14)钴基合金高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,致密的Cr2O3层形成有助于细化晶粒并抑制氧化动力学。随着Cr元素含量的增加,合金表层的Co3O4氧化物从多孔、粗糙的结构转变为细小、紧密排列的结构,进一步提高了合金的抗氧化性能。当Cr含量在5%~8%范围内时,合金的力学性能与抗氧化性能达到最佳平衡。
另一方面,Cr还可以通过与其他元素之间的协同作用来提高合金的抗氧化性能。例如,有研究表明Cr和Al之间存在显著的协同效应[20,24]。在氧化过程中,Cr2O3的形成显著降低了氧化层与合金基体界面处的局部氧分压,使其降至Al外氧化所需的临界值以下,从而促进了连续Al2O3的形成。Yu等[51]研究发现,在1000 ℃空气中等温氧化时,添加与未添加Cr的Co-(20Cr)-10Al-2.4Hf-1.5Y2O3高温合金呈现出完全不同的氧化动力学。未添加Cr的试样发生了急剧的氧化质量增加,而含Cr的合金则保持平稳的氧化过程,其原因在于Cr的添加促进了Al2O3氧化膜的形成,从而提升了合金的抗氧化性能。此外,Li等[18]通过CALPHAD计算研究表明,在Co-30Ni-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-yCr(y=0~15)合金中,当Cr含量为8%时,Al的化学活性达到最大,Al2O3形成的吉布斯自由能达到最小,如图3所示。Cr的加入不仅促进了连续Cr2O3的形成,还与Al2O3共同作用,阻碍了Co和Ni的向外扩散和氧气的向内扩散[52]。这种协同作用不仅提高了合金的高温抗氧化性能,也为设计高性能抗氧化合金提供了理论依据。
(3)Ti元素对高温氧化的影响
Ti在钴基合金高温氧化中通过形成致密且稳定的TiO2氧化膜来提高合金的抗氧化性。在氧化初期,Ti在富集Co、Al、W的氧化层中形成致密的Ti氧化物膜,有效阻碍了氧气的扩散。Ma等[53]在添加4%Ti的Co-9Al-10W-4Ti-0.05B合金的氧化研究中表明,Ti的添加使Co-Al-W-B合金的氧化激活能从163.71 kJ·mol-1增加到189.96 kJ·mol-1,在一定程度上提高了合金的抗氧化性能。Zhu等[32]研究了不同Ti含量对Co-Ni基合金在900 ℃下的氧化行为,发现含1.4%(质量分数)Ti合金的表面形成了由CoO组成的外氧化层,由不连续的TiO2加上连续的Cr、富W氧化物组成中间氧化层以及由Al2O3组成的内氧化区。而含2.1%(质量分数)Ti合金的氧化层形成了由CoO组成的外氧化层,连续的TiO2、Cr2O3和WO3组成的中间氧化层以及Al2O3组成的内氧化区。随着Ti含量的增加,中间氧化层中形成了连续的TiO2层,阻碍了Cr的向外扩散,并促进致密的Cr2O3层形成,提高了合金的抗氧化性能。此外,Berthod等[54]在研究1.6%(质量分数)Ti对含25%(质量分数)Cr钴基合金氧化行为的影响时发现,尽管是在1250 ℃的高温环境下,但Cr的氧化及其氧化物(CrO3)的蒸发并不强烈,这是由于在外层形成连续的TiO2膜,有效覆盖并抑制了Cr的过度氧化,避免了严重氧化现象的发生。这一结果表明,Ti能够形成稳定的TiO2保护层,有效保护了合金基体,并防止Cr的进一步氧化,从而提高合金的抗氧化性能。
然而,Ti对合金高温氧化性能的影响并不总是有益的。Liu等[28]在研究钴基高温合金表面铝化物涂层的高温氧化行为时发现,在相同温度下,含Ti的铝化物涂层氧化速率明显高于不含Ti的涂层。研究表明,Ti的加入加快了涂层的氧化和降解,使氧化过程提前进入加速阶段。Roy等[55]在研究不同Ti含量的Co-30Ni-10Al-8Cr-5Mo-2Nb-xTi(x=0,2,4)的钴基高温合金氧化性能中进一步揭示了Ti对氧化层微观结构及其保护性的影响。研究表明,在900 ℃的氧化过程中,Ti元素能促进暴露在表面上的钝化氧化层(尖晶石CoCr2O4/CoAl2O4)的早期形成,但却不能有效减少氧化引起的质量增加。其原因在于Ti的掺杂增加了CoCr2O4和α-Al2O3相中的空位缺陷,打破了α-Al2O3的连续性,不利于合金的抗氧化性能。
关于应对Ti带来的负面影响,Zhang等[36]的研究进一步表明,通过增加Al含量可以调控Ti的活性,从而优化合金的抗氧化性能。在800 ℃和900 ℃下,高Al含量能够抑制Ti的活性,降低+4价Ti离子的扩散通量与Cr2O3层中Cr空位浓度,使Cr2O3层的稳定性增加,进而提升合金的抗氧化性能。这一发现为通过成分设计优化Ti和Al之间的协同作用提供了重要依据。因此,在实际应用中,可通过调控Al含量来平衡Ti的积极作用,以实现合金抗氧化性能的优化。
(4)Si元素对高温氧化的影响
在合金的高温氧化过程中,Si的添加也可以提高合金的抗氧化性能[48,56]。Si的主要作用是通过形成连续的SiO2氧化层,阻碍金属阳离子和氧阴离子的进一步扩散,从而充当有效的扩散屏障。Buscail等[57]对含Si和无Si的铸造合金进行了氧化实验,结果表明,相较于无Si的铸造合金,含Si的铸造合金的氧化层中形成了连续的SiO2层,降低了合金的氧化速率。Feng等[58]采用包埋钠法在新型γ′强化的钴基高温合金表面制备了添加Si和未添加Si的铝化物涂层,并对两种涂层在1050 ℃下循环氧化行为进行研究。结合第一性原理计算的结果表明,Si的加入形成了较强的O—Si共价键,显著增加了O在Co、Al相中的扩散能垒,阻碍了O在涂层中的扩散。在含Si的涂层表面,形成了连续的Al2O3和SiO2氧化膜,且氧化膜中的孔洞和裂纹明显减少;而未添加Si的涂层则形成了疏松、多孔且伴有裂纹的氧化膜。因此,Si的添加可以显著改善涂层的循环抗氧化性能。
此外,Si也可以通过促进Al和Cr元素的选择性氧化来进一步提高合金的抗氧化性能。Klein等[59]对Co-Al-W-B-Si合金在900 ℃和1000 ℃下的氧化研究表明,2%Si添加增强了Al的选择性氧化,并促进了保护性内层Al2O3的形成。这是提高合金抗氧化性能的关键因素。Liang等[60]在900 ℃下分别对Co-9Al-9W、Co-9Al-9W-2Si和Co-9Al-9W-yCr(y=2,4)这4种成分的钴基高温合金氧化行为进行研究。结果表明,相较于原始合金成分,尽管Cr或Si的添加均能够减小氧化膜的厚度,提高合金的抗氧化性能,但Si的作用更加显著。这是由于添加2%(质量分数)Si的Co-Al-W合金促使连续且致密的Al2O3保护层的形成。Tunthawiroon等[20]对Co-Cr-Mo-xSi(x=0.1~5,质量分数/%)合金在700 ℃下进行等温氧化处理时发现,Si的加入不仅促进SiO2层的生成,还通过影响Cr原子的选择性氧化,促使Cr2O3保护层的形成。连续的Cr2O3层和SiO2亚层构成了有效的扩散屏障,阻止了O和 Cr的向内和向外扩散,并抑制了合金表面钴氧化物的生成。同时,合金表面氧化层的厚度随Si浓度的增加而减小,从600 nm减小到300 nm左右,合金的抗氧化性能得到了显著改善。
然而,尽管Si对钴基合金的抗氧化性能有益,在实际应用中,钴基合金中添加Si并不常见。这归因于Si会严重损害高温合金的力学性能和蠕变性能[49,61],因此在合金成分设计中需谨慎评估Si的利弊。
(5)基体元素Co和Ni对高温氧化的影响
Co作为基体元素,在高温氧化过程中,Co扩散至表面与O原子反应,形成Co的氧化物。在初期选择性氧化阶段,由于Al和Cr对O的亲和度远高于Co,Al2O3和Cr2O3的迅速形成会消耗到达表面的氧气分子。在这一阶段,表面Co氧化物的形成受到限制。而在稳态氧化阶段,Co氧化物的生长不再受限于氧气的获取,Co不断向外扩散,并在表面形成Co的氧化层[30]。但是,与Al、Cr等元素形成的稳定、致密的氧化膜相比,Co形成的氧化物层通常较为松散、多孔,无法有效地防止氧气进一步侵入基体。Weiser等[62]对3种不同Co/Ni比的高温合金NC00sx、NC50sx和NC100sx在900 ℃氧化时的研究表明(图4),随着合金中Co含量的增加,氧化层内部会形成更宽的扩散微通道,从而导致氧气更容易接触到合金表面,进一步加剧氧化。
为了优化钴基合金的高温氧化性能,加入Ni元素已成为一种常见的成分调控策略。在含有Ni的钴基高温合金中,氧化过程始于Co和Ni向外扩散并与大气中的氧反应,形成(Co,Ni)O氧化物[55]。Ni对钴基高温合金氧化行为的影响与其对氧化层的形成和微观结构稳定性的影响有关,并且Ni的加入对钴基合金氧化性能产生了有利影响[63-64]。Esleben等[29]研究了3种不同Ni含量的Co-xNi-17Re-23Cr(x=8,15,25)合金在800、900、1000 ℃和1100 ℃下的氧化行为,热重分析和微观结构表征结果表明,随着Ni含量增加,合金氧化性能得到改善。Li等[18]研究了30%Ni对Co-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta合金在900 ℃和1000 ℃的高温抗氧化性能影响。研究发现,Ni替代部分Co后,能够有效减少阳离子向外扩散,降低金属空位浓度,从而提高合金的抗氧化性。Yu等[52]则对添加不同Ni含量(10%、20%和30%)的弥散强化钴基高温合金Co-20Cr-15Al合金在900 ℃空气中的氧化行为进行研究。结果显示,随Ni含量的增加,氧化膜的生长速率逐渐减缓,尤其在含30%Ni时,氧化速率显著降低。Ni的添加促进了内层α-Al2O3的优先形成,并抑制了外层θ-Al2O3生长,同时加速了Cr的扩散,促进了Cr2O3保护层的形成。类似地,Gao等[65]研究了不同Ni添加量(16%、20%和24%)的γ′强化的钴基高温合金在800 ℃和900 ℃下的氧化行为,并对尖晶石氧化层中Cr3+浓度和厚度进行测试。结果表明,随着Ni添加量的增加,尖晶石氧化层中Cr3+浓度也逐渐增大,这有助于形成保护性的Cr2O3层,并有效阻碍Co的外扩散,延缓了氧化过程。Berthod等[66-67]先后对不同Co/Ni比的aCo-bNi-25Cr-6Ta在1200 ℃氧化170 h和aCo-bNi-25Cr-1.6Ti在1250 ℃等温氧化70 h的氧化行为进行研究,也都证实Ni替代部分Co的情况下,Cr更容易在基体中扩散,有利于形成保护性的Cr2O3层。
(6)W、Mo和Nb元素对高温氧化的影响
W元素对钴基合金氧化性能的提升有一定的积极作用。Weiser等[68]在800~900 ℃温度范围内,研究了具有不同W含量的三元钴基合金Co-9Al-xW(x=7,9,10)瞬态氧化过程中氧化层的生长机制。发现随着W含量的增加,Co向原始合金表面传输活性下降,外氧化层厚度逐渐减小。Hagen等[69]的研究也发现了相似的现象,这是由于W含量增加促使更多γ′相的形成,随γ′相体积分数的增加,引起γ相中通道变窄,导致γ通道中内氧化前沿的生长速率降低。这种因W含量变化引起的氧化动力学的变化差异,减缓了合金的氧化速率,提升了合金的氧化性能。
然而,在更高温度下的氧化过程中,W的存在增加了合金进入氧化加速阶段的风险。Levi等[70]在对成分为Co-Ni-Cr-W的188合金于1050~1200 ℃的高温环境下长达1500 h氧化过程中发现,W与Co的氧化物之间发生反应,形成了低熔点共晶CoWO4,并加速了合金的进一步氧化腐蚀。
近年来,为顺应材料轻量化的发展,研究者们正积极探索用Mo(密度为10.22 g·cm-3)和Nb(密度为8.57 g·cm-3)等轻质元素替代高密度W(密度为19.3 g·cm-3)的可能性,致力于开发兼具优异高温性能和低密度特性的新型钴基高温合金[71-72],但研究结果并不理想。Migas等[40]通过对比Co-10Al-5Mo-2Nb和Co-9Al-9W两种合金在800 ℃下的循环氧化行为,发现Co-10Al-5Mo-2Nb合金在第一个循环后质量略有增加,但在随后的每个循环中,其质量变化曲线均呈下降趋势,表明氧化层的剥落现象严重。相比之下,Co-9Al-9W合金表现出更好的循环氧化性能,其质量变化曲线呈上升趋势,氧化层的剥落程度显著低于Co-10Al-5Mo-2Nb合金。Mo和Nb取代W会导致钴基高温合金在冷却到室温过程中更容易发生氧化和氧化层的剥落[73]。
Nb在高温条件下一般会对合金的抗氧化性能产生不利影响,这一结果在1000~1200 ℃的氧化实验中得到了验证。Ritouet等[74]系统研究了Nb对钴基高温合金抗氧化性能的影响,结果显示,在高温氧化过程中Nb的存在劣化了合金的抗氧化性能。相比于不含Nb的合金在1100 ℃氧化时能够形成连续致密的Cr2O3层,并有效保护合金基体,Nb的加入则促进了NbCrO4的形成,抑制了Cr2O3保护层的形成,降低了合金的抗氧化性能。此外,Migas等[40]和Yu等[75]研究发现,Nb的不利因素还在于其高温氧化生成的Nb2O5氧化物,高孔隙率的Nb2O5氧化物颗粒会降低氧化层的稳定性,削弱氧化层与基体之间的附着力,这同样会加速合金的氧化。
对于含Mo的钴基高温合金,在较高温度和较长时间的氧化过程中,外部氧化层中含Mo氧化物选择性蒸发会导致空隙的形成和外部氧化层的局部破坏。Yu等[76]研究表明,当氧化温度超过MoO3的熔点900 ℃时,孔洞的形成将不可避免地导致晶界周围Cr2O3层的局部失效,并加速氧化。Wongpromrat等[77]在Co-27Cr-6Mo合金800~1000 ℃的纯氧中氧化时,也发现了相似的Mo氧化物挥发行为。这种行为显著影响合金的抗氧化性能,并对氧化层的结构稳定性产生了不利影响。
综上所述,尽管以Mo和Nb替代W能够显著降低钴基高温合金的密度,但其引发的氧化层剥落和Mo氧化物挥发等问题严重制约了合金的高温抗氧化性能。因此,探索其他元素替代W,设计出兼具优异高温性能和低密度特性的新型钴基高温合金仍是重要的研究课题。
综合以上对各合金元素在钴基高温合金氧化行为中作用机制的讨论,可以发现,不同元素在促进保护性氧化膜形成、提升膜致密性、抑制有害相生成等方面各具特点,并在特定温度区间内表现出不同的敏感性。同时,部分元素间还存在协同增强或拮抗效应。为更清晰地梳理这些规律,本文对主要合金元素的关键影响因素进行了归纳总结,如表1所示[18,29,32,36,43,45,50,52,59-60,67,78]。
从表1中可以看出,尽管合金元素本身具有影响氧化行为的内在特性,其具体作用往往受到外部温度条件的显著调节。在给定温度下,氧化膜的类型、结构均受到温度的影响。因此,探讨温度对氧化行为的调节作用,有助于揭示氧化过程中的结构演变机制及其驱动因素。
温度作为影响合金高温氧化行为的关键外部因素,在氧化层的形成和演变过程中发挥着重要作用。氧化层的结构演变不仅受合金元素的热力学稳定性影响,同时也受到氧化过程的扩散动力学控制。温度升高会提高元素的扩散速率,增强氧化反应的驱动力,导致氧化速率增大和氧化物的快速形成。以下将从热力学和动力学两方面进行讨论,阐述温度对合金高温氧化行为的影响。
根据氧化热力学,合金元素M的氧化可表示为[79]:
2xyM+O2=2yMxOy
Mx O y 氧化物形成的吉布斯自由能可表示为[80]:
ΔG'=ΔGo+RTlnaMxOy2yaM2xy·PO2
式中:ΔG′为实际条件下反应吉布斯自由能变化;ΔGo为标准条件下反应吉布斯自由能变化;T为热力学温度;R为理想气体常数;aMxOy为氧化物的活度;aM 为合金中元素M的活度;PO2为氧分压。
从式(2)可以看出,氧化层的结构演变受氧分压与氧化物标准吉布斯自由能之间差异的影响,这决定了合金元素的选择性氧化过程。根据热力学原理,ΔG′更小的稳定氧化物倾向于优先形成,这由其较低的形成能决定[27]。Li等[81]结合氧化热力学,对成分复杂的Co-30Ni-9Al-5W-2Ti-2Ta-6Cr钴基合金在900 ℃短时间氧化后氧化层中不同氧化物形成机理进行讨论,显示了选定氧化物的标准形成自由能随温度变化曲线及其相应的平衡氧分压,在900 ℃下的吉布斯自由能ΔGo表明,氧化物的形成顺序为Al2O3>TiO2>Cr2O3>CoCr2O4>CoAl2O4>CoWO4>CoO>NiO。热力学上更稳定的氧化物更容易形成,这也在实验中得到了验证。Kubacka等[30]对钴基高温合金氧化的早期阶段(t<25 s)进行了研究,发现Al和Cr相较于基体元素Co表现出优先氧化的特性,会选择性形成Al2O3和Cr2O3。同样,Klein等[82]对三元钴基合金Co-9Al-9W在800 ℃和900 ℃下的氧化行为进行了热力学模拟,结果表明,计算得到的氧化层序列与合金表面形成的氧化膜具有较好的一致性。这些研究都展示了热力学对氧化层结构演变的预测性,但需要注意的是,关于合金氧化层中氧化物演变顺序并不固定。合金元素氧化和实时化学成分总是试图达到热力学的动态平衡[83]。合金元素的含量是影响氧化顺序的主要因素之一。由于氧化过程会消耗基体中相应的元素,从而导致合金的化学成分发生变化。因此,多种元素的氧化反应将同时进行,而不按顺序进行[84],最终氧化层的组成主要由各氧化物形成的热力学平衡所决定[80,85]。
从动力学来看,氧化过程本质上是扩散控制的过程,伴随着氧阴离子的内扩散和金属阳离子的外扩散,并发生氧化反应形成不同的氧化层,从而影响氧化反应速率。这与基于Wagner理论[86]的氧化速率直接相关。一般来说,氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律[87]:
W2=kt
式中:W为合金试样的氧化增重;k为抛物线速率常数;t为氧化时间。W与t之间呈抛物线关系。
根据Arrhenius方程,氧化速率常数k可表示为[88]:
k=Aexp-QRT
式中:A为指前因子;Q为氧化活化能;R为气体常数;T为热力学氧化温度。从式(4)可以看出,温度越高,氧化速率常数k越大,这表明氧阴离子与金属阳离子的扩散反应速率加快。Ma等[53]计算了Co-Al-W-B合金在800、900、1000 ℃氧化时的平均氧化速率常数分别为0.136、0.246、0.574 mg·cm-2·s-1。可以看出,随着温度的升高,合金的氧化速率显著增加,并促使氧化层中氧化物的快速形核,表现为氧化增重的显著增加[73,89]。
由此可见,温度对合金氧化行为的影响受热力学和动力学机制的共同作用。温度的升高,会显著提高合金元素的扩散速率,并增加各元素氧化反应的驱动力,加速氧化层的形成。然而,这种温度变化引起氧化层的快速形成对氧化层的结构稳定性存在不利影响。例如,Klein等[56]在800 ℃和900 ℃下对Co-Al-W-B合金的氧化行为进行研究。结果表明,温度升高增加了氧化反应的驱动力,导致800 ℃下形成的Co3O4在900 ℃下分解成热稳定性较低且致密性较差的CoO,同时还会生成更多富含Co、Al和W的复杂氧化物。这些氧化物的形成占据了氧化层中Al2O3的形成位置,阻碍了连续的Al2O3保护层的生成。另外,Ma等[53]在相同条件下对该体系合金进行研究还发现,随温度的升高,氧离子的内扩散速率提高导致更严重的合金内部氧化,抑制了Al2O3横向生长过程,使其保护作用减弱。此外,Forsik等[38]在对Co-Al-W-Ni-Cr-Ti合金于800、1000 ℃和1100 ℃下的氧化实验研究中也表明,温度变化对氧化层结构稳定性产生了较大影响。相比于800 ℃和1000 ℃的氧化层,在1100 ℃氧化后的合金表面氧化层出现了严重的破裂现象,并再次经历了瞬态氧化过程,最终形成由CoO、TiO2和富W氧化物构成的复杂突起结节结构,氧化层厚度呈现较大的分布范围,介于3.5~60 μm之间变化,同时可以观察到Al2O3层的均匀性明显降低,如图5所示。同样,Cr2O3层形成机制也受到温度的影响,图6为DZ40M合金外部氧化层在不同温度下的结构形态[90]。氧化温度越高,外部氧化层越松散,连续的Cr2O3层转变为断续的Cr2O3层,氧化层厚度增加,合金的抗氧化性能下降[90]。此外,在1000 ℃左右的高温条件下,也会促使一些有害相如CoCr2O4和CrO3的形成,造成部分氧化层的剥落和挥发,恶化了合金的抗氧化性能[34,37]。
综上所述,温度的升高虽然加速氧化层的形成,但会导致氧化层结构的松散、不均匀,不能有效阻碍氧原子的向内扩散,从而降低其对基体金属的保护作用。为了在高温下实现有效的防护,必须阐明氧化物的形成机制和氧化层的演变过程。此外,研究合金元素在不同温度下的添加量及其在氧化过程中的作用,设计出在高温环境中具有更好抗氧化性能的合金体系,确保氧化层能够在较高温度下保持致密、连续的结构,从而提供持久的保护作用。
本文系统综述了钴基高温合金的氧化行为,重点分析了氧化过程的不同阶段、合金元素对氧化层结构与抗氧化性能的影响以及温度变化对氧化行为的调控机制。首先,通过对初始氧化、稳态氧化以及可能发生的加速氧化阶段的机理进行概述,阐明钴基高温合金氧化过程的演变特征。其次,深入分析了合金元素(Al、Cr、Ti、Si、Co、Ni、W、Mo和Nb)对氧化层形成和结构稳定性的影响,并指出合金元素之间的协同作用在氧化层致密性和保护性方面起到的关键作用。最后,从热力学和动力学角度阐述了温度对氧化过程及氧化层结构的显著影响。
尽管钴基高温合金在抗氧化研究方面取得了一定进展,但仍存在诸多挑战和研究空白,未来工作可以从以下方面展开:
(1)新型成分设计与协同机制优化。虽然以Mo和Nb替代W可显著降低合金密度,但由此引发的氧化层剥落、Mo氧化物挥发等问题会削弱其高温抗氧化性能。未来仍需探讨其他低密度、稳定性更强的元素替代W策略,并进一步理清多元合金体系中元素协同作用的本质,以实现成分轻质化与抗氧化性能的协同优化。
(2)氧化层调控与相转变控制。温度升高虽可促进氧化层的快速生长,但往往导致其结构疏松、保护性下降。因此,需深化对氧化层形成与演变机制的理解,尤其关注Al2O3相从θ相向α相转变的关键条件和路径。未来可借助预氧化等工艺手段,促进α-Al2O3的形成,以构建更为致密、稳定的保护性氧化层。
(3)动态环境下的氧化行为研究。目前研究主要集中在恒定高温条件下的静态氧化行为,难以真实反映复杂服役环境中的氧化过程。未来应结合高温实时表征技术与多尺度动态模拟方法,深入研究氧化过程中氧化层的生成、破裂、挥发与再生等演变过程,以更全面地评估材料在实际工况下的抗氧化能力。
(4)结合智能方法加速材料优化。随着材料基因工程和机器学习等新技术的发展,未来可将实验数据与预测模型相结合,构建高通量筛选体系,辅助设计具有高抗氧化性与低密度特性的钴基高温合金,以提高材料开发效率。
钴基高温合金的氧化行为研究仍面临诸多挑战,发展空间广阔。未来通过深入揭示氧化机理、优化合金成分与结构设计,并结合前沿原位实验技术与人工智能方法,必将为开发新一代抗高温氧化合金、推动其在极端环境下的可靠应用奠定坚实的科学与技术基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52471004)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52201203)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52171107)
  • 驻冀高校与石家庄市产学研合作项目(241791237A)
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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 录用日期:2025-06-11
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52471004)
国家自然科学基金项目(52201203)
国家自然科学基金项目(52171107)
驻冀高校与石家庄市产学研合作项目(241791237A)
作者信息
    1.东北大学秦皇岛分校 资源与材料学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004
    2.东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819
    3.天津大学 材料科学与工程学院,天津 300354
    4.伍伦贡大学 工程与 信息科学学部,澳大利亚 伍伦贡 NSW2522

通讯作者:

马庆爽(1989—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
高秋志(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事高温合金领域的研究工作,联系地址:河北省秦皇岛市海港区东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院(066004),E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/clgc/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000251
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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