Article(id=1220689384282706664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000155, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745596800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-26, onlineDate=1768964628524, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1763568000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964628524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964628524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964628524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689383687115496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='238', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964628383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964982596, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690869431222608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1220689383687115496, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=182, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689384551142123, articleId=1220689384282706664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Thermophysical properties and high temperature properties of Sc2O3 doped ZrO2 thermal barrier coating ceramic materials, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

8%(mass fraction)Y2O3 partially stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) is a currently commonly-used top-coat material for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) applied to turbine blades in aero-engines. However, its volume change induced by high-temperature phase transitions above 1200 ℃ can easily lead to cracking and failure of TBCs. Sc2O3 is employed as an alternative stabilizer to fabricate 8%Sc2O3-92%ZrO₂(mole fraction) ceramics (8SSZ) via a solid-state synthesis method. The thermophysical properties of 8SSZ and conventional 8YSZ, including thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), thermal conductivity, and high-temperature phase/grain stability, are systematically compared. The results show that after heat treatment at 1400 ℃ in a muffle furnace, the CTE of 8SSZ measured by a dilatometer ranges from 8.91×10-6 K-1 to 10.7×10-6 K-1, which is comparable to that of 8YSZ. Thermal conductivity tests reveal that 8SSZ exhibits a thermal conductivity of 2.59 W/(m·K), approximately 20% lower than that of 8YSZ. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrate that 8SSZ maintains phase stability without phase transitions after 500 h at 1400 ℃, outperforming 8YSZ in high-temperature phase stability. However, 8SSZ still exhibits the issue of excessive grain growth.

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质量分数为8%Y2O3部分稳定的氧化锆(8YSZ)是目前航空发动机涡轮叶片常用的热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)面层材料,但其在1200 ℃以上高温相变诱发的体积变化易导致涂层开裂失效。采用Sc2O3作为稳定剂,使用固相合成法制备了摩尔分数为8%Sc2O3-92%ZrO2陶瓷(8SSZ),对比研究了8SSZ与传统8YSZ陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数、热导率以及高温相与晶粒的热稳定性等热物理性能。结果表明:试样经马弗炉1400 ℃热处理后,热膨胀仪测得8SSZ的热膨胀系数(CTE)为(8.91~10.7)×10-6 K-1,与8YSZ材料相当;热导率测试仪测得8SSZ的热导系数为2.59 W/(m·K),较8YSZ降低了约20%;X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等分析表明,8SSZ在1400 ℃保持500 h无相变,高温相稳定性比8YSZ的高,但仍然存在晶粒长大过快的问题。

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常振东(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热障涂层材料研究与工艺开发,联系地址:北京市81信箱5分箱(100095),E-mail:
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(a)0 h;(b)50 h;(c)100 h;(d)150 h;(e)200 h;(f)300 h;(g)500 h

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(a)0 h;(b)50 h;(c)100 h;(d)150 h;(e)200 h;(f)300 h;(g)500 h

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(a)0 h;(b)50 h;(c)100 h;(d)150 h;(e)200 h;(f)300 h;(g)500 h

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(a)0 h;(b)50 h;(c)100 h;(d)150 h;(e)200 h;(f)300 h;(g)500 h

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Sc2O3掺杂ZrO2热障涂层陶瓷材料热物理性能及高温性能研究
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刘亮 1, 2 , 常振东 2 , 王志刚 3 , 牟仁德 2 , 蔡妍 2 , 谢敏 3 , 彭晓 1 , 舒小勇 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(11): 182-188
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材料工程 | 研究论文 2025, 53(11): 182-188
Sc2O3掺杂ZrO2热障涂层陶瓷材料热物理性能及高温性能研究
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刘亮1, 2, 常振东2 , 王志刚3, 牟仁德2, 蔡妍2, 谢敏3, 彭晓1, 舒小勇1
作者信息
  • 1.南昌航空大学 材料科学与工程学院,南昌 330063
  • 2.中国航发 北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095
  • 3.内蒙古科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

通讯作者:

常振东(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热障涂层材料研究与工艺开发,联系地址:北京市81信箱5分箱(100095),E-mail:
Thermophysical properties and high temperature properties of Sc2O3 doped ZrO2 thermal barrier coating ceramic materials
Liang LIU1, 2, Zhendong CHANG2 , Zhigang WANG3, Rende MU2, Yan CAI2, Min XIE3, Xiao PENG1, Xiaoyong SHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Nanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang 330063,China
  • 2.AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Baotou 014010,Inner Mongolia,China
出版时间: 2025-11-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000155
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质量分数为8%Y2O3部分稳定的氧化锆(8YSZ)是目前航空发动机涡轮叶片常用的热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)面层材料,但其在1200 ℃以上高温相变诱发的体积变化易导致涂层开裂失效。采用Sc2O3作为稳定剂,使用固相合成法制备了摩尔分数为8%Sc2O3-92%ZrO2陶瓷(8SSZ),对比研究了8SSZ与传统8YSZ陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数、热导率以及高温相与晶粒的热稳定性等热物理性能。结果表明:试样经马弗炉1400 ℃热处理后,热膨胀仪测得8SSZ的热膨胀系数(CTE)为(8.91~10.7)×10-6 K-1,与8YSZ材料相当;热导率测试仪测得8SSZ的热导系数为2.59 W/(m·K),较8YSZ降低了约20%;X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等分析表明,8SSZ在1400 ℃保持500 h无相变,高温相稳定性比8YSZ的高,但仍然存在晶粒长大过快的问题。

热障涂层  /  Sc2O3  /  相稳定性  /  热导率  /  晶粒长大

8%(mass fraction)Y2O3 partially stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) is a currently commonly-used top-coat material for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) applied to turbine blades in aero-engines. However, its volume change induced by high-temperature phase transitions above 1200 ℃ can easily lead to cracking and failure of TBCs. Sc2O3 is employed as an alternative stabilizer to fabricate 8%Sc2O3-92%ZrO₂(mole fraction) ceramics (8SSZ) via a solid-state synthesis method. The thermophysical properties of 8SSZ and conventional 8YSZ, including thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), thermal conductivity, and high-temperature phase/grain stability, are systematically compared. The results show that after heat treatment at 1400 ℃ in a muffle furnace, the CTE of 8SSZ measured by a dilatometer ranges from 8.91×10-6 K-1 to 10.7×10-6 K-1, which is comparable to that of 8YSZ. Thermal conductivity tests reveal that 8SSZ exhibits a thermal conductivity of 2.59 W/(m·K), approximately 20% lower than that of 8YSZ. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrate that 8SSZ maintains phase stability without phase transitions after 500 h at 1400 ℃, outperforming 8YSZ in high-temperature phase stability. However, 8SSZ still exhibits the issue of excessive grain growth.

TBC  /  Sc2O3  /  phase stability  /  thermal conductivity  /  grain growth
刘亮, 常振东, 王志刚, 牟仁德, 蔡妍, 谢敏, 彭晓, 舒小勇. Sc2O3掺杂ZrO2热障涂层陶瓷材料热物理性能及高温性能研究. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (11) : 182 -188 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000155
Liang LIU, Zhendong CHANG, Zhigang WANG, Rende MU, Yan CAI, Min XIE, Xiao PENG, Xiaoyong SHU. Thermophysical properties and high temperature properties of Sc2O3 doped ZrO2 thermal barrier coating ceramic materials[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (11) : 182 -188 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000155
为满足航空发动机不断提高推重比以及燃烧室进气口温度的需求,具有隔热、抗氧化腐蚀作用的热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)在提升发动机涡轮叶片的使用寿命方面发挥越来越重要的作用1-3。质量分数为6%~8%的Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2(YSZ)是目前使用最为广泛的热障涂层陶瓷面层材料,但是YSZ在1200 ℃下长期服役时易发生严重的相变及烧结问题,相变带来的体积变化最终会导致涂层失效,烧结则导致热导率升高4-5。因此YSZ逐渐不能满足更高性能发动机叶片热障涂层的使用需求,对现有的YSZ材料进行改进成为国内外热障涂层材料重点研究方向之一。目前常用的改进方法是掺杂新的稀土氧化物,此时稀土元素将占据ZrO2晶格中部分Zr4+的位置6。目前常被用于掺杂使用的稀土氧化物主要有Sc2O37、La2O38、Yb2O39、CeO210等。
而Sc与Y同属一个主族,其外层电子结构相似,因此Sc2O3常被用于替代Y2O3共掺杂来稳定氧化锆。而Sc在所有稀土元素中具有最小的原子质量及原子半径,所以Sc的引入所制备的ScYSZ相比于YSZ具有更优异的力学以及热物理性能611,同时得益于Sc更小的离子半径,其进入ZrO2晶格时所引起的晶格畸变较小从而保持稳定的四方结构12。同时基于Sc2O3-ZrO2二元相图,Sc2O3的含量在5%~9%(摩尔分数,下同)时,陶瓷材料能在低温到高温下保持四方相结构13。此外,有学者研究表明,掺杂Sc的YSZ具有更好的耐钙镁铝硅酸盐(CMAS)腐蚀14以及含钒的Na2SO4熔融盐热腐蚀15。因此Sc2O3被认为是用于改性ZrO2最有潜力的稀土氧化物之一。但目前针对单一Sc2O3掺杂改性ZrO2的高温相稳定性以及热物理性能的研究相对较少。鉴于此,本研究通过固相合成法合成了摩尔分数为8%的Sc2O3-ZrO2(8SSZ)陶瓷材料,重点研究了Sc掺杂对1400 ℃下的高温相稳定性以及对热物理性能的影响,并与传统8YSZ进行比较。同时研究了8SSZ的晶粒生长行为,讨论了这一问题对8SSZ作为新型热障涂层陶瓷材料的影响并提出解决方向。
采用固相合成法制备了Sc2O3掺杂ZrO2陶瓷材料,合成步骤如下:将99.9%Sc2O3、ZrO2粉末使用马弗炉在800 ℃下烘干3 h。随后加入去离子水倒入球磨罐中以65 r/min的速度球磨24 h,之后加入适量去离子水,确保浆料中固体质量分数达到40%,并采用2700 r/min的高转速进行3 h的高能球磨。将所获得的浆料干燥后使用不同大小的模具在200 MPa的压力下压制成不同尺寸的陶瓷块,最后进行1450 ℃的高温烧结得到实验所需的热障涂层陶瓷材料。
相稳定性研究使用KSL-1400X-A2型箱式马弗炉将所制的陶瓷试片在1400 ℃空气气氛下保温50、100、150、200、300、500 h,升温速率为10 ℃/min,保温后空冷至室温。使用D8 ADVANCE X射线衍射仪对实验后的陶瓷材料进行物相组成分析,使用Cu靶Kα1射线,波长λ=0.154 nm,电压40 kV,电流40 mA,扫描速度6 (°)/s,根据衍射峰强度使用式(1),(2)计算样品中的单斜相(monoclinic, m相)含量。使用TESCAN CLARA GMH场发射电子显微镜对打磨抛光后的样品表面进行观察。
MmMc,t/t'=0.82Im111+Im(1¯11)Ic,t/t'
McMt/t'=0.88Ic(400)Ic004+It/t'(400)
式中:MmMcMt/t'分别表示m相、c相、t/t′的摩尔分数;I表示各衍射峰的积分强度。
使用LFA 467 HyperFlash闪射法导热仪测试样品在25、200、400、600、800、1000、1200 ℃下的热扩散系数D,执行ASTME—1461标准进行测试,重复三次以获得平均值绘制热导率随温度变化曲线。热导率由式(3)计算得出:
λ=DCpρ
式中:Cp为比热容;ρ为材料密度。
使用DIL 402 Expedis Supreme水平推杆式热膨胀仪对样品的热膨胀系数进行测定。升温速率为5 ℃/min,采用Al2O3基线标样,重复三次以获得平均值。陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数α可由式(4)得出:
α=ΔLL0ΔT
式中:ΔL为样品长度变化;L0为样品初始长度;ΔT为样品温度变化量。
使用MIPAR软件对SEM所拍摄得到的材料微观形貌照片进行晶粒尺寸的测量。
图1为上述过程合成的8SSZ及8YSZ陶瓷材料的XRD图谱。XRD图谱表明8SSZ只在2θ=30°、35°、50°、60°、63°、74°出现衍射峰,与标准PDF卡片PDF# 50-1089较为一致,其中并未出现Sc2O3的衍射峰,表明所制备的8SSZ陶瓷样品只含有单一的t′-ZrO2相,Sc2O3已完全溶入ZrO2晶格,形成亚稳态四方相的固溶体。而在8YSZ陶瓷样品中,不仅出现了和8SSZ一样的衍射峰,还在28°以及31°附近出现了微量的(111)以及(111)晶面的单斜相衍射峰。通过式(1)计算得出,m相含量为17.8%。这可能是由于在1450 ℃下烧结所导致的相变。m相由于在高温下容易向四方相t转变并伴有约3.5%的体积变化,这容易造成涂层在服役过程中产生裂纹致使涂层脱落,所以在热障涂层材料设计中需控制m相的含量16。而8SSZ在相同的制备条件下并未出现m相并保持单一的亚稳态四方相t′,72°~75°中的衍射图谱表示其并未出现立方相c(400)晶面的衍射峰,表明其具有更好的高温相稳定性。为验证8SSZ的高温相稳定性,使用马弗炉在1400 ℃下对所制备的样品进行不同时间烧结。为更直观地观察相变行为,对烧结后的样品进行XRD检测,烧结后的XRD图谱如图2所示。
图2(a)可以看出,在烧结500 h后,8SSZ陶瓷材料仍保持单一的亚稳态四方相,其四方度(c/2a,其中晶胞参数a=3.596 nm,c=5.111 nm)为1.0049<1.010,并未出现m相的衍射峰,说明在1400 ℃的条件下8SSZ能保持至少500 h不发生相变。由图2(b)可以得出,8YSZ材料烧结50 h后m相的衍射峰强度明显增大,出现了2θ=24°、34°、41°、45°、55°、74°、75°的单斜相特征峰,并随烧结时间增加,衍射峰的强度也不断增强。由式(1)计算得出的m相含量如图3所示, 8YSZ的m相含量在前100 h上升速度快,由17.8%上升至57.4%,200 h后m相含量增长趋势趋于平稳维持在70%左右。由此可得,8SSZ相较于8YSZ具有更高的相稳定性,这是由于Sc2O3或Y2O3在掺杂进入ZrO2晶格的过程中导致部分Zr4+被Sc3+/Y3+所取代,改善了ZrO2中氧空位的形成1,而Sc3+的半径(0.087 nm)小于Y3+(0.1019 nm),因此Sc2O3中的Sc3+与O2-的距离(0.215 nm)小于Y2O3中Y3+与O2-之间的距离(0.225 nm),随着离子之间的距离减小,原子间吸引力增强,离子扩散和迁移难度增加,因此Sc2O3作为稳定剂具有更好的高温相稳定作用17
图4为8SSZ的热膨胀系数(thermal expansion coefficient,TEC)及线变化率随温度变化曲线,由图可见其热膨胀系数随温度升高而线性增大,说明该陶瓷样品相稳定性能优异,具有稳定的晶体结构18。在目前所使用的经典热障涂层体系中,8YSZ的热膨胀系数在200~1000 ℃为(8.92~11.20)×10-6 K-1[19,而本研究所制备的8SSZ热膨胀系数在此温度区间的范围为(8.91~10.7)×10-6 K-1,与传统8YSZ材料相当,作为热障涂层陶瓷面层材料具有较好的匹配性。
8YSZ以及8SSZ的热扩散系数如图5(a)所示,两者的热扩散系数都随温度上升而下降。8YSZ的热扩散系数由25 ℃时的1.054 mm2/s下降到1200 ℃时的0.642 mm2/s,同样条件下8SSZ的热扩散系数由0.791 mm2/s下降到0.580 mm2/s。热导率遵循先降低后升高的趋势,1200 ℃时8YSZ热导率为3.28 W/(m·K),8SSZ的热导率为2.59 W/(m·K),明显低于8YSZ,下降幅度约20%。根据绝缘固体的热导率理论,热传递取决于声子散射20,声子的散射可以减小其平均自由程从而降低材料热导率,由式(5)声子平均自由程与原子质量之间的关系式21可以得出声子平均自由程和置换与被置换的质量差ΔM成反比,即ZrO2中Zr与Sc/Y之间的质量差。由于ΔMZr/Sc(约为42.26 g/mol)大于ΔMZr/Y(约为2.31 g/mol),因此Sc2O3所掺杂的8SSZ的热导率低于传统8YSZ。
1ιp=cα3ω42πv4MM¯
式中:ιp为平均自由程;c为置换原子的浓度;α3 为原子平均体积;v为声子速度;M¯与ΔM分别为置换与被置换原子的平均质量以及质量差。
图6为8SSZ在原始状态以及热处理50~500 h后SEM观察的微观组织形貌,右上角为其晶粒尺寸分布,由图可见晶粒表面气孔数量较少,说明孔隙率较低,结构致密,晶粒展现出不规则多边形形貌。由晶粒尺寸分布图表明晶粒总体呈单峰态,符合正态分布。8YSZ在1400 ℃晶粒热处理后表面形貌如图7所示,8YSZ晶粒尺寸分布较为均匀,由于其尺寸区间分布较小,故未绘制晶粒尺寸分布图。8YSZ和8SSZ材料经热处理50~500 h后晶粒生长情况对比见图8,由图可见,随着热处理时间增加晶粒平均尺寸不断增加,8SSZ材料晶粒尺寸由原始状态的2.30 μm增长至500 h的7.05 μm,增长率超200%;而8YSZ材料晶粒增长趋势较为平缓,原始状态下晶粒平均尺寸为0.65 μm,热处理500 h后晶粒平均尺寸为1.35 μm,增长了约100%。说明仅引入Sc2O3单一稳定剂的条件下,ZrO2基块体材料的晶粒尺寸长大趋势明显。有研究表明,热障涂层在长期的高温服役下所产生的热应力诱导开裂与热导率的上升和晶粒长大有关22。因此低的晶粒生长速度符合热障涂层体系的长寿命使用需求,而8SSZ的晶粒生长速度较快,需要进一步改进以确保其长期服役的能力。
(1)使用固相合成法制备的8SSZ由单一的亚稳态四方相组成,在1400 ℃下保持500 h无相变,较8YSZ具有更加优异的高温相稳定性。
(2)8SSZ在室温至1200 ℃的热膨胀系数为(8.91~10.7)×10-6 K-1,与8YSZ相当,可与目前所使用的热障涂层体系相匹配。
(3)室温至1200 ℃范围内,8SSZ材料的热导率明显低于8YSZ;1200 ℃时8SSZ热导率为2.59 W/(m·K),相较于8YSZ的3.28 W/(m·K),下降幅度约20%。
(4)经1400 ℃/500 h热处理后,8SSZ材料晶粒尺寸由初始态的2.30 μm增长至7.05 μm,增长率超200%,该材料在高温下晶粒快速长大的特性可能限制其在热障涂层体系中的应用。
  • 国家科技重大专项项目(J2019-Ⅶ-0010-0150)
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2025年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000155
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
  • 录用日期:2025-04-26
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国家科技重大专项项目(J2019-Ⅶ-0010-0150)
作者信息
    1.南昌航空大学 材料科学与工程学院,南昌 330063
    2.中国航发 北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095
    3.内蒙古科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

通讯作者:

常振东(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热障涂层材料研究与工艺开发,联系地址:北京市81信箱5分箱(100095),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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