Article(id=1321927443351450228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321926982078681131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744041600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-08, onlineDate=1793101662719, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101662719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101662719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101662719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321926982078681131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='311', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101552742, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101552742, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927443586331253, articleId=1321927443351450228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in indium tin oxide resistive thin film strain gauges, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the advancement of high-performance aero-engines and the growing future requirements for intelligent engine design, monitoring the strain of critical components subjected to combined thermal and mechanical stresses has evolved as a vital data source. This data is essential for evaluating material performance during service, enhancing design accuracy, and achieving comprehensive lifecycle management.Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have emerged as a preferred material for measuring high-temperature strain in structural materials due to their stability at elevated temperatures,excellent strain measurement sensitivity,and excellent electrical conductivity. This paper expounds on the fundamental principles,basic structures,and preparation methods of resistive thin-film strain gauges,and analyzes and investigates strategies for enhancing the performance of ITO resistive thin film strain gauges,thereby promoting their engineering applications in the aerospace industry.

, authors=Xueying CHENG1, Lili CAO1, Bingwei LUO1, 2, authorsList=Xueying CHENG, Lili CAO, Bingwei LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lili CAO, Bingwei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927447717720719, articleId=1321927443351450228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=氧化铟锡电阻式薄膜应变计研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着高性能航空发动机和未来智能发动机的研制需求的不断提升,对关键部件在热、力复合作用下的应变情况进行监测成为评价材料服役性能、提升设计精准性、实现全生命周期管理的重要基础数据来源。氧化铟锡(indium tin oxide,ITO)薄膜因其在高温下的稳定性、优异的应变测量灵敏度、导电性等优点,成为测量结构材料高温应变的优选材料。本文概述了电阻式薄膜应变计的基本原理、基本结构和制备方法,并且对目前ITO电阻式薄膜应变计性能提升策略进行了综合分析,以期推动薄膜应变计在航空航天领域的工程化应用。

, authors=程雪颖1, 曹丽莉1, 罗炳威1, 2, authorsList=程雪颖, 曹丽莉, 罗炳威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹丽莉, 罗炳威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曹丽莉(1985—),女,副研究员,博士,从事薄膜材料与器件等相关研究工作,联系地址:北京信息科技大学沙河校区(102206),E-mail:
罗炳威(1986— ),男,高级工程师,博士,从事薄膜热电偶技术研究工作,联系地址:北京市海淀区环山村8号中国航发北京航空材料研究院(100095),E-mail:
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label=Fig.4, caption=Flow chart of the DIW-based fabrication process of the ITO strain gauge[39], figureFileSmall=5O7J3fdQx7B7FnFctoIxSg==, figureFileBig=7ZbX5fy2BUHONtoLMTltOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927452599890615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927443351450228, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DIW法制备ITO应变计流程图[39], figureFileSmall=5O7J3fdQx7B7FnFctoIxSg==, figureFileBig=7ZbX5fy2BUHONtoLMTltOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927452671193784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927443351450228, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Element doping strategy(a)TCR-Ag content relationship[41];(b)GF-Ag content relationship[41];(c)schematic diagram of co-sputtering[43], figureFileSmall=2q2AZqBGwF1WW9z5B2CwMg==, figureFileBig=17UXA9zW/Y+T6bJg2gXeeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927452742496953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, 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Comparison and summary of common preparation methods for ITO films and their properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Preparation methodAdvantageDisadvantageRef.
Magnetron sputtering

Strong controllability in thin film preparation

Excellent film uniformity

Higher equipment costs

Requires a high vacuum environment

[25-29]
Electron beam evaporation

Simple process flow

Capable of producing high-purity thin films

Thin films prone to resistance drift at high temperatures

Relatively low sensitivity

[30]
Sol-gel method

Low cost and simple operation

Enables complex shapes

Suitable for large-area thin film preparation

Smaller film grain size

Higher resistivity

[31]
Atomic layer deposition

Atomic-level thickness control

High uniformity and consistency in deposited films

High equipment requirements

Long preparation cycle

Unsuitable for large-scale production

[32-33]
Pulsed laser deposition

High deposition rate with low substrate temperature

High film uniformity and flexible composition adjustment

Ideal for multilayer/heterojunction thin films

Outstanding high-temperature stability

Higher equipment costs

Complex optimization of laser parameters

Difficult to scale up for mass production

[34-37]
), ArticleFig(id=1321927455317799621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927443351450228, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ITO薄膜常见制备方法对比与性能总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Preparation methodAdvantageDisadvantageRef.
Magnetron sputtering

Strong controllability in thin film preparation

Excellent film uniformity

Higher equipment costs

Requires a high vacuum environment

[25-29]
Electron beam evaporation

Simple process flow

Capable of producing high-purity thin films

Thin films prone to resistance drift at high temperatures

Relatively low sensitivity

[30]
Sol-gel method

Low cost and simple operation

Enables complex shapes

Suitable for large-area thin film preparation

Smaller film grain size

Higher resistivity

[31]
Atomic layer deposition

Atomic-level thickness control

High uniformity and consistency in deposited films

High equipment requirements

Long preparation cycle

Unsuitable for large-scale production

[32-33]
Pulsed laser deposition

High deposition rate with low substrate temperature

High film uniformity and flexible composition adjustment

Ideal for multilayer/heterojunction thin films

Outstanding high-temperature stability

Higher equipment costs

Complex optimization of laser parameters

Difficult to scale up for mass production

[34-37]
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氧化铟锡电阻式薄膜应变计研究进展
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程雪颖 1 , 曹丽莉 1 , 罗炳威 1, 2
材料工程 | 综述 2026,54(2): 161-173
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材料工程 |综述 2026 , 54 (2) : 161 -173
氧化铟锡电阻式薄膜应变计研究进展
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程雪颖1, 曹丽莉1 , 罗炳威1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京信息科技大学 信息与通信工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095
通讯作者:
曹丽莉(1985—),女,副研究员,博士,从事薄膜材料与器件等相关研究工作,联系地址:北京信息科技大学沙河校区(102206),E-mail:
罗炳威(1986— ),男,高级工程师,博士,从事薄膜热电偶技术研究工作,联系地址:北京市海淀区环山村8号中国航发北京航空材料研究院(100095),E-mail:
Research progress in indium tin oxide resistive thin film strain gauges
Xueying CHENG1, Lili CAO1 , Bingwei LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information and Communication Engineering Beijing Information Science & Technology University,Beijing 102206,China
  • 2.AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099
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随着高性能航空发动机和未来智能发动机的研制需求的不断提升,对关键部件在热、力复合作用下的应变情况进行监测成为评价材料服役性能、提升设计精准性、实现全生命周期管理的重要基础数据来源。氧化铟锡(indium tin oxide,ITO)薄膜因其在高温下的稳定性、优异的应变测量灵敏度、导电性等优点,成为测量结构材料高温应变的优选材料。本文概述了电阻式薄膜应变计的基本原理、基本结构和制备方法,并且对目前ITO电阻式薄膜应变计性能提升策略进行了综合分析,以期推动薄膜应变计在航空航天领域的工程化应用。

ITO  /  薄膜  /  应变传感  /  高温  /  性能增强

With the advancement of high-performance aero-engines and the growing future requirements for intelligent engine design, monitoring the strain of critical components subjected to combined thermal and mechanical stresses has evolved as a vital data source. This data is essential for evaluating material performance during service, enhancing design accuracy, and achieving comprehensive lifecycle management.Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have emerged as a preferred material for measuring high-temperature strain in structural materials due to their stability at elevated temperatures,excellent strain measurement sensitivity,and excellent electrical conductivity. This paper expounds on the fundamental principles,basic structures,and preparation methods of resistive thin-film strain gauges,and analyzes and investigates strategies for enhancing the performance of ITO resistive thin film strain gauges,thereby promoting their engineering applications in the aerospace industry.

ITO  /  thin-film  /  strain sensing  /  high temperature  /  performance enhancement
程雪颖, 曹丽莉, 罗炳威. 氧化铟锡电阻式薄膜应变计研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (2) : 161 -173 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099
Xueying CHENG, Lili CAO, Bingwei LUO. Research progress in indium tin oxide resistive thin film strain gauges[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (2) : 161 -173 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099
随着先进航空发动机推重比的提升,涡轮进口温度已经达到了2000 K以上[1-3],燃烧室压力达到10 MPa以上。恶劣的服役环境可能会导致关键部件的强度下降,疲劳寿命缩短,甚至引发变形、裂纹扩展或断裂,这不仅严重影响发动机性能,还可能导致飞行事故,威胁飞行安全[4]。关键部件在长时间热、力复合作用的条件下可能出现力学损伤问题。原位实时监测叶片,及时捕捉异常状态,对保障航空发动机安全可靠运行至关重要[5-6]。薄膜传感器具备小型化、轻量化和高灵敏度的特点[7],对工作环境中叶片的耐温稳定性和力学性能影响最小[8-9],测得的数据精确性高且可靠性强。因而薄膜应变计是精确监测涡轮叶片的表面应变变化的高性能电子元器件[10-12],图1为高温下薄膜应变计在不同基底上的应用[10-11]。然而,传统的电阻式金属薄膜应变计在极端高温条件下应用面临挑战。金属材料的高温敏感性导致温度波动会显著干扰应变计的测量准确性,且在高温环境下金属容易发生老化、氧化或疲劳,导致性能下降、灵敏度减弱,甚至完全失效[13]。因此,亟须开发新型高温应变计材料,以实现更高的稳定性和更长的使用寿命,满足极端条件下涡轮叶片表面应变测量器件的可靠性需求。
以ITO为主要材料制备的电阻式薄膜应变计[14-17],近年来逐渐成为研究者们关注的热点。首先,ITO薄膜具备较高的导电性和稳定的电阻特性,能够在宽温域范围内维持较强的电学响应信号。其次,ITO薄膜具有优异的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性,特别适合在高温氧化环境中使用[18-19]。对于航空发动机的高温复杂工况,ITO薄膜表现出优异的稳定性和耐久性,能够有效地在极端环境中长期工作。与传统金属基薄膜应变计相比,它避免了常见的性能退化问题,确保了传感器的可靠性和精确度。此外,ITO薄膜具有负的电阻温度系数,可以通过与金属材料结合的方式降低电阻温度系数,从而减少温度效应对应变测量的干扰,实现更加精准的应变监测[20-21]。在涡轮叶片监测中,ITO电阻式薄膜应变计可以被集成到叶片表面,用于实时监测叶片在高温、高压和高转速条件下的应变情况。这种实时监测能力对于预测叶片疲劳、优化发动机性能以及防止灾难性故障具有重要意义,且有研究在模拟航空发动机叶片的工作条件下,对ITO薄膜应变计进行了测试,结果表明,其能够稳定工作并提供准确的应变数据[22]。
本文旨在系统梳理ITO电阻式薄膜应变计的最新研究进展。从电阻式薄膜应变计的基本结构、工作原理、性能评估所需的关键参数、不同的制备方法及其对薄膜微观结构和性能的影响、探讨提升ITO基薄膜应变计性能的策略等方面进行归纳总结。这些研究进展不仅有助于促进应变计技术的发展,也为高温环境下各部件的健康监测提供了可靠的解决方案,有利于推动薄膜应变计在涡轮叶片等高温部件应变实时检测的进一步应用。
电阻式薄膜应变计的基本结构由基底、敏感栅和电极组成,如图2所示。其中,基底通常选用与实际应用环境相同的材料,如陶瓷氧化物、高温合金等。敏感栅是应变感知的核心部分,通常由测量栅、边栅和横栅构成,其中测量栅是应变感应的主要区域,边栅负责减少边缘效应,而横栅用于连接测量栅。由于泊松效应的影响,横栅会对应变计的准确性产生影响,需要通过优化设计或采用补偿方法消除横栅效应对测量的干扰[23-24]。电极则用于引出信号并连接外部电路,保证应变信号的稳定传输。
应变(strain)是物体在外力作用下形状或尺寸的变化程度,表示物体变形的相对大小。应变没有单位,因为它是尺寸变化与原始尺寸的比值。在工程应用中,主要关注的是线性应变。线性应变是物体在受到外力作用后,长度的变化与原始长度的比值,其计算式为:
ε=∆LL0
式中:ε为线性应变;ΔL为材料变形的长度;L0为原始长度。对于弹性材料,当应力较小、材料处于弹性变形阶段时,应力和应变之间通常呈线性关系,遵循胡克定律:
σ=Eε
式中:E 为材料的弹性模量(Young’s modulus),是材料的一个常数,表示材料抵抗弹性变形的能力。
当薄膜应变计收到外部载荷作用时,其内部晶体结构发生微观变形,导致晶格间距和电子输运路径的改变。这些变化会直接影响电子散射机制和载流子输运,从而引起薄膜电阻的变化。因此,可以看出薄膜的总电阻变化与应变相关,可通过测量电阻变化来计算外界应变。电阻的基本计算式为:
R=ρ0L0A0
式中:ρ0为材料的电阻率;A0为材料的原始横截面积。当薄膜受到拉伸应变时,薄膜长度增加,横截面积减小,电阻增大;当薄膜受到压缩应变时,薄膜长度减小,横截面积增大,电阻减小。由泊松比定义,横向应变为-2vε。对于圆形截面,面积变化率近似为:
∆AA0≈2∆rr0=2-vε=-2vε
式中:ΔA为面积变化量;r0为原始截面半径;Δr为半径变化量;v为材料的泊松比(Poisson’s ratio),是材料在单轴拉伸或压缩时,横向应变与纵向应变的比值。
代入后得到电阻的变化率为:
∆RR0=∆ρρ0+∆LL0-∆AA0=1+2vε+∆ρρ0
式中:ΔR为电阻变化量;R0为初始电阻;Δρ是电阻率的变化量[23]。
在评估ITO基薄膜应变计性能时,通常从灵敏度、稳定性、温度系数、线性度、响应时间等多个维度进行衡量。这些参数对于评估薄膜应变计的工作表现、调整优化策略,并最终实现其在高温环境中的应用至关重要。
应变灵敏系数(gauge factor,GF)反映了薄膜电阻变化率与应变之间的关系,是衡量应变计对机械应变敏感度的重要参数。GF定义为电阻变化率与应变之间的比值,表征了电阻对应变的响应能力,值越大表示应变计对微小应变的敏感度越高。应变计的灵敏度系数GF为:
GF=∆R/R0ε
对于在高温环境下工作的薄膜应变计,GF的稳定性尤为重要。高温可能导致薄膜材料的结构发生松弛、晶粒重新排列以及电子散射机制的改变,从而引起GF的非线性变化,严重影响测量的精度和可靠性。为了确保高温下应变计的稳定性能,设计时需考虑如何优化薄膜材料的微观结构和工艺参数,以减小温度对GF的影响,保持其线性响应,并确保应变计在极端条件下的长期稳定性和高灵敏度。
电阻温度系数(temperature coefficient of resistance,TCR)表征了材料的电阻随温度变化的敏感程度,是ITO薄膜应变计在高温环境中的关键性能参数。TCR定义为电阻随温度的相对变化率,即单位温度变化引起的电阻相对变化量,能够定量描述材料电阻在温度升高或降低时的变化趋势,在理想情况下,电阻式应变计的TCR值应尽可能接近零,以最大限度减少温度变化对测量结果的影响。较低的TCR值意味着材料对温度变化不敏感,能够有效避免温度与应变信号的交叉干扰,从而显著提高应变计在高温环境中的可靠性和测量精度。TCR通常表示为:
TCR=1R0dRdT
传统金属材料(如铜、铝、金、铂、钯等)通常具有正的电阻温度系数,即随着温度升高,电阻增加。金属的TCR在常温下相对稳定,但在高温下,其TCR可能显著增大,达到几十至几百(×10⁻⁶ ℃-1)。相比之下,ITO表现出负的TCR特性,即温度升高时,电阻逐渐减小,TCR值通常在-300×10⁻⁶~1000×10⁻⁶ ℃-1之间,这使得ITO薄膜在高温下的电阻变化趋势不同于传统金属,并在需要区分温度变化与应变变化的应用中展现出更好的调控性能。
高温稳定性(high-temperature stability,HTS)是指ITO薄膜在高温条件下能够维持其电阻、灵敏度和其他性能不发生显著变化的性能。高温可能导致薄膜氧化、晶粒增长、缺陷增多等问题,影响应变计的电阻和灵敏度。通过长期老化测试和热循环测试,能够评估薄膜在高温环境下的稳定性。长期老化测试可模拟薄膜在高温中长时间暴露的情况,观察电阻和灵敏度随时间变化的趋势;热循环测试则通过反复加热和冷却薄膜,揭示温度变化对薄膜材料内部结构的影响。
在实际应用中,ITO薄膜的高温稳定性不仅影响电阻稳定性,还涉及灵敏度、线性度和响应时间等性能指标。因此,通过优化薄膜微结构增强其抗氧化与耐高温特性,可同步增强薄膜应变计的高温稳定性,保障其在极端环境下的长期可靠运行与精准测量。
由于制备工艺对薄膜的厚度、晶粒结构、表面质量、电阻率及高温稳定性等具有重要的影响,导致ITO薄膜应变计的性能高度依赖于其制备工艺。表1对几种常用制备方式进行了总结[25-37]。其中,磁控溅射法(magnetron sputtering)因其可控性强和所制备薄膜均匀性好等优点,成为目前薄膜制备方法中应用最广泛的方法[29]。通过调整基底温度[28]、氧气比例和退火工艺,可获得低电阻率和高灵敏度的薄膜。电子束蒸发法(electron beam evaporation)[30]所制备的薄膜纯度高、缺陷少,但高温下薄膜容易出现电阻漂移,并且其灵敏度相对较低,适合对纯度要求高但应变需求较小的场合。溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel method)[31]是一种成本较低的化学沉积方法,适合大面积薄膜的制备,但这种方法的薄膜晶粒较小、电阻率偏高,尽管如此其灵敏系数在合理优化下仍具有一定应用价值。原子层沉积(atomic layer deposition,ALD)[32-33]作为一种精确控制薄膜厚度的技术,可以实现致密而稳定的超薄膜结构。ALD所制备的薄膜在高温环境中的电学性能极为稳定,是对长期稳定性要求较高应变传感器的理想选择,但ALD对设备要求较高,制备周期较长,不适合大规模生产。
脉冲激光沉积(pulsed laser deposition,PLD)是一种灵活的薄膜制备技术,能够根据需求通过调节工艺参数达到对薄膜材料性能调控的目的。与其他制备方法相比,PLD具有沉积速度快、低基底温度和高均匀性的优势。同时,PLD可以通过输入不同气体来调控薄膜的成分,并且易于切换靶材,适合制备多层薄膜或异质结结构[34-35]。与其他沉积法制备薄膜应变计的流程相似,PLD制备技术的典型工艺流程如图3所示[36]。Miller团队[35]采用PLD技术制备ITO薄膜,通过激光能量调控优化薄膜性能。研究表明,激光能量参数可精确控制沉积速率与微结构演变,获得高致密、均匀的薄膜表面。结合氧气氛围沉积工艺,薄膜导电性可得到显著提升,验证了工艺参数协同调控对薄膜电学性能的增强作用。Socol等[37]探讨了PLD工艺在控制ITO薄膜结构特性方面的独特优势,首先,指出PLD工艺技术能实现纳米级的厚度控制,并通过改变激光脉冲频率和靶材配比来精准调节薄膜的成分,并且PLD法沉积的ITO薄膜在高温下保持良好的稳定性,其电阻变化率与应变之间的线性关系也十分突出。整体来说,PLD技术提供了更高的工艺自由度和简化的制备流程,适用于多种薄膜材料的沉积。
随着3D打印技术的发展,直接墨水打印法(direct ink writing,DIW)为ITO薄膜应变计的制备提供了新的途径。该技术通过压力将油墨连续挤出,可以直接形成高精度图案[38]。DIW能打印不同直径的纤维并支持各种非线性图案,增强了制造灵活性,为制备具有特定功能的ITO薄膜应变计提供了新的应用可能性。Zhang等[39]使用DIW技术制备聚合衍生物陶瓷(PDC)/ITO薄膜应变计,制备流程如图4所示。将聚硅氮烷(PSN2)与ITO粉末混合形成墨水,通过DIW在氧化铝基底上打印特定图案,随后在1200 ℃下固化。该方法提高了ITO薄膜的高温稳定性,并通过PSN2生成的SiO₂保护层防止氧化,使得应变计能够在高达1400 ℃的环境下短期工作,展现出优异的高温稳定性和应变检测能力。
ITO薄膜应变计的性能提升主要依赖于对其关键物理参数的调控,这些参数包括TCR、高温稳定性、灵敏度和机械强度等。在实际研究中,TCR和高温稳定性是最直接影响器件在高温条件下应用的两个重要参数,其性能提升需要综合考虑材料成分、微观结构等材料基础特性。
TCR反映薄膜电阻随温度变化的敏感性,电阻式应变计通过电阻变化反映应变值,较大的TCR会导致其在温度波动环境中产生显著的温度漂移误差,直接影响测量结果。为确保应变计在不同温度条件下的测量信号准确性与稳定性,必须对TCR进行有效调控。调控的核心目标是最大限度降低TCR,理想状态下使其趋近于零,以减少温度变化对电阻的影响。针对ITO基薄膜应变计,可通过控制界面效应和利用不同结构、成分的材料组合进行温度补偿,削弱温度-电阻耦合效应,从而保证其在变温环境中的可靠数据输出。实现低TCR或零TCR的常见策略主要包括元素掺杂、纳米复合技术、多层叠加结构、器件自补偿技术以及结构优化等。
为降低ITO薄膜的TCR,研究者通过材料组成优化策略调控其电子结构与热稳定性,主要包括元素掺杂与纳米复合结构设计两类技术路径。元素掺杂通过原子级取代或间隙掺杂优化ITO薄膜的电子结构,平衡载流子浓度与迁移率,从而减小TCR。Gerdes等[40]研究了通过Ag掺杂ITO(Ag-ITO)薄膜来改善应变计特性。随着银含量增加,应变系数从负值增至约6.5,而电阻温度系数则由负转正。最优Ag含量为20%(原子分数,下同),GF达到+6.5且TCR接近零。尽管最高GF与TCR零交点不重合,但调控银含量可以实现高灵敏度和温度补偿的应变测量,为高温应用提供潜在优势。王迪[41]通过AFM分析发现,Ag掺杂的ITO薄膜在大量掺入Ag后,其柱状晶结构变得松散,颗粒大小减小,呈现交织的层片状结构。此外,掺入Ag改善了薄膜的电阻温度系数,提高了灵敏度,如图5(a),(b)所示。在高温下,复合薄膜的灵敏度系数高于未掺杂薄膜,且有助于降低方阻和表面粗糙度,从而提升传感器性能和可靠性。适当的Ag掺杂能优化ITO薄膜应变计的性能,增强其在高温环境下的应用价值。
纳米复合技术通过引入第二相纳米材料(如金属、陶瓷或聚合物),构建多相协同的复合薄膜,进一步分散热应力并增强界面稳定性。相对于掺杂,纳米复合的优势在于更灵活的材料组合与功能优化,能够实现如近零TCR或更优的力学稳定性[42]。这种性能调控策略显著提升了ITO薄膜应变计在极端环境中的可靠性和应用潜力。Gregory等[43]开发了一种基于ITO和耐火金属的纳米复合薄膜应变计,以降低TCR,从而提高应变计在高温环境下的测量准确性,图5(c)为其制备过程中共溅射示意图。该传感器在高达1200 ℃的温度下进行静态应变测量,通过将ITO与铂、钯、镍等耐火金属混合,实现了在500~1100 ℃范围内近零的TCR。这种纳米复合材料的GF保持在26.0,表明其应变响应受其他物理机制的影响,简单的加法混合规则不再适用。研究结果证明,这种新型应变计能够有效减少温度变化对测量结果的影响,提供了在极端温度条件下的可靠温度补偿方案。
多层叠加结构如图6所示。通过将ITO薄膜与其他材料构建复合多层敏感层来减小TCR,其主要思路是利用不同材料之间的不同的TCR变化趋势来抵消温度变化对电阻的影响,从而降低薄膜整体的TCR。此外,多层结构不仅可以改善材料的导电性和稳定性,还可以通过减小应力集中来增强薄膜的机械韧性,从而降低薄膜在高温条件下的机械强度劣化,使其在高温传感应用中表现更为出色。姚雪团队[44]成功研制出基于ITO/Pt异质结构的高温应变传感器,其复合薄膜结构示意如图6(a)所示。研究通过调控ITO与Pt的厚度比实现性能优化,实验表明:当二者厚度比达到5.5∶1时,传感器在1200 ℃的极端环境下仍保持优异的温度稳定性,TCR稳定维持在564.52×10-6 ℃-1。进一步测试显示,该器件在常温条件下具有3.10的高灵敏系数,且展现出了良好的线性应变响应。Yang等[45]提出基于纳米层状Pt-ITO复合薄膜的创新性温度自补偿技术结构示意如图6(b)所示。该方案通过交替沉积Pt与ITO纳米层构建周期性叠层结构,利用异质材料间的温度系数差异实现动态温度补偿,这种多级耦合自补偿架构能有效抑制温度漂移对应变信号的干扰。
器件自补偿技术是通过设计器件结构,使得传感器在温度变化时能够自动调整其响应,从而减少温度对测量结果的影响。在ITO薄膜应变计中,器件自补偿方案通常涉及在敏感元件中串联其他电阻(如铂电阻),以优化温度系数TCR。这种方法提高了应变计在动态温度条件下的稳定性和准确性。Gregory团队[46]创新性地提出基于ITO应变计与铂电阻串联架构的温度自补偿设计方案,结构示意图如图7(a)所示。该方案的核心是通过优化铂电阻与ITO电阻的尺寸比例,使复合器件的TCR趋近于零。实验结果表明,经补偿后器件的TCR得以显著降低,如图7(b),(c)所示。此外,经过多次热循环测试后,器件性能仍保持稳定,证实了该补偿方案在温度变化环境下的长期可靠性。
薄膜材料的微观结构(如晶体排列、晶界密度和取向)对薄膜的电阻温度稳定性有着显著影响。优化这些结构和工艺可以提高薄膜应变计在高温环境下的性能和耐变温稳定性。因此,在实际应用中,针对薄膜的微结构进行优化,不仅有助于提升其应变系数,还能够显著增强薄膜的温度稳定性,从而在极端条件下实现更精确的应变测量。
孙浩庭[47]系统研究了溅射功率密度对ITO薄膜应变计性能的调控规律。实验发现,提高溅射功率密度可显著提升薄膜沉积速率,并能诱导晶体取向发生从无择优取向到(100)择优取向的转变。进一步分析表明:无择优取向薄膜虽具有较高应变系数,但其温度稳定性较差,电阻值随温升波动显著;而(100)择优取向薄膜在高温下展现出优异的稳定性,应变系数虽略有减小,但受温度影响程度降低。该团队还发现直流脉冲溅射中的反向时间对ITO薄膜的晶体结构有显著影响。当反向时间从0 μs增加至4.0 μs时,薄膜结构从无择优取向转变为(100)择优取向。(100)择优取向的薄膜表现出更高的载流子浓度,如图8所示[48],更适合用于检测表面微小形变的应变传感器。这表明薄膜取向结构优化对应变计性能有重要作用。Zhao等[49]将 ITO 薄膜应变片沉积在不锈钢基板上,发现对于无优先取向的 ITO 薄膜,应变因子约为-4.55,主要受随机晶体方向的压阻效应和拉伸散射影响,而具有(100)择优取向的薄膜,其应变因子能够增加到-5.24,因而可通过(100)择优取向来提升ITO薄膜应变计的应变因子。
高温稳定性是ITO薄膜应变计在高温传感领域可靠应用的关键。在高温环境下,ITO薄膜常因材料退化和电阻漂移而导致性能下降,从而限制了其在极端条件下的应用[50-54]。为了确保ITO薄膜能够在高温下保持稳定的导电性和准确的测量性能,研究者们提出了多种优化策略。这些策略主要包括优化薄膜的成分、采用表面保护层以及后处理工艺等,旨在提高薄膜在高温下的抗氧化能力、耐热性以及长期稳定性,防止薄膜在高温下因应力引发的剥离或变形,从而确保ITO薄膜应变计在极端环境下依然能够提供精准的应变测量。
通过元素掺杂来提升ITO基薄膜材料的高温稳定性是最原始的调控手段。一方面,通过引入氮、铝等元素,可以减少氧空位,抑制Sn⁴⁺的挥发,从而减小由于氧缺陷引起的电阻变化。另一方面,通过精细调控掺杂元素的类型和浓度,可以在一定范围内调节薄膜的TCR,使其趋近零。对于提高ITO薄膜应变计在复杂、高温环境中的长期稳定性和准确性至关重要。
Gregory团队[55]通过铝掺杂策略有效提升了ITO薄膜应变传感器的高温稳定性和压阻响应特性。该团队系统研究了铝掺杂浓度对薄膜高温性能的影响规律,成功优化出最佳掺杂量。实验结果表明,在25~1450 ℃宽温域范围内,铝掺杂ITO应变传感器的电学稳定性与压阻特性均显著优于未掺杂试样的,共同印证了铝元素对高温工况下ITO薄膜结构的稳定性作用,如图9所示。进一步分析表明,ITO薄膜与Al₂O₃界面间的协同效应是维持高温稳定性的关键机制。该研究不仅揭示了掺杂改性与界面调控对高温传感性能的影响规律,更为发展高可靠性高温应变传感器提供了理论依据与实验范式[55]。刘至春等[56]通过制备不同氮分压下的ITO薄膜,发现氮分压增加会降低费米能级并减少导带电子数,使GF从2.28降至1.48,20%氮分压的薄膜在800 ℃和1000 ℃下展现出最佳的GF和优异的压阻响应,同时提升了薄膜在高温环境中的稳定性和性能。杨伸勇等[57]在高纯氮气氛中对制备的ITO薄膜应变计进行热处理,经处理后,薄膜的电阻温度系数稳定在-750×10-6 ℃-1,电阻漂移率在1200 ℃下降至0.0018 h-1,应变因子提高至16。研究表明,氮气热处理显著提升了薄膜在高温环境下的稳定性与性能,使其能在极端条件下实现更准确的应变测量。
在高温条件下,表面涂层保护能有效减缓ITO薄膜的氧化与降解,延长其使用寿命。常用的保护涂层如氧化铝(Al₂O₃)或氮化铝(AlN)等耐高温氧化物能够在极端温度下为核心敏感层形成抗氧化屏障,防止环境中的氧与薄膜直接反应。除此之外,ITO、AlN和Al₂O₃的热膨胀系数相近,有助于高温下薄膜间的黏合,减少因热膨胀不匹配引起的问题。但高温条件下,单层保护层可能形成微细通道,增加氧渗透,引起应变敏感材料氧化,导致测试误差[58]。因此,开发复合膜保护层成为研究热点。研究人员采用如Al₂O₃/Al复合膜的策略,在高温下通过金属氧化形成额外保护层,增强防护效果。但持续氧化仍可能引起应变计电阻变化,影响测试准确性。
Zhang等[59]通过使用Al/Al₂O₃异质保护涂层,图10(a)为其SEM图,显著提高了ITO薄膜电阻温度检测器在高温环境中的性能,尤其在重复性和电阻漂移率方面得到了显著改善。Li等[60]在氧化铝陶瓷基片上制备了ITO薄膜应变计,并覆盖AlN/Al₂O₃复合膜作为保护层,实物图及结构图分别如如图10(b),(c)所示。该复合膜高密度、无裂纹,有效阻止氧渗透,增强了ITO薄膜在高温下的电阻稳定性(见图10(d))。复合膜应变计在1100 ℃时TCR为-521×10-6 ℃,800 ℃下的GF达到8.12,并表现出良好的循环重复性。杨涛[22]在ITO薄膜应变计上制备α-Al₂O₃钝化层,该结构通过Al₂O₃阻隔氧气扩散,磷酸铝和SiO₂协同填补薄膜微缺陷,能够显著提升致密度,有效抑制高温氧化反应,提升高温稳定性。
在ITO薄膜应变计的后处理过程中,退火处理能够优化ITO薄膜的结晶质量,促进薄膜中掺杂元素的均匀分布,增强薄膜的电导性和应变灵敏度。同时,退火还可以有效地减少薄膜制备过程中产生的内应力,避免薄膜因应力集中而出现剥离或破裂,从而提高薄膜的稳定性和长期使用的可靠性。
Mala等[61]研究了氧化ITO纳米颗粒的合成及退火温度对薄膜微观结构和电学性能的影响。结果表明:退火温度升高可增加晶粒尺寸、载流子浓度,增大应变因子,适合用于高温传感器应用。杨涛等[62]研究了退火时间对ITO薄膜应变计性能的影响。随着退火时间增加,薄膜的结晶性和导电性先提高后下降。20 h退火的样品表现最佳,具有最稳定的电阻、最低的电阻漂移率和一致的应变响应,这些结果为优化高温应变计的设计提供了参考。Liu等[63]使用两步混合气氛退火技术优化了氮掺杂ITON薄膜的高温稳定性。相比在真空中退火,N2-air退火薄膜在1000 ℃下表现出更低的电阻漂移和更稳定的GF,主要因氧空位补偿所致。这一研究表明,优化退火工艺可以显著提高ITO薄膜应变计的高温性能。
本文系统梳理了ITO电阻式薄膜应变计的最新研究进展,全面总结了其基本结构、工作原理、关键性能参数、不同制备方法及其对薄膜微观结构和性能的影响,并探讨了提升ITO电阻式薄膜应变计性能的有效策略。随着高温传感领域需求的持续增长,特别是在航空航天、核能等对材料耐高温性能和稳定性要求极高的应用环境中,开发能够承受更高温度并具有动态响应特性的ITO电阻式薄膜应变计将是一个重要的发展方向。随着柔性电子学和智能材料技术的快速发展,柔性ITO薄膜应变计[64-65]的研发与应用具有重要的研究价值与研究意义。柔性薄膜应变计能够在复杂形状和动态变化的结构中进行高效监测,提升薄膜应变计对环境变化的响应能力,广泛应用于可穿戴设备、智能传感器和自适应结构等领域。此外,随着人工智能的崛起,将ITO薄膜应变计与数智监测等相结合,可为自感知、自修复系统的开发提供新的技术支持。因此,进一步聚焦于提高薄膜应变计在柔性、智能化等多模态环境下的性能,将为多个新兴应用领域的需求提供解决方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2341223)
  • 中国航发自主创新基金项目(JK65200309)
  • 中国航发航材院创新基金项目(KJSJ230312)
  • 中国航发航材院创新基金项目(KJSZ240312)
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2026年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000099
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 录用日期:2025-04-08
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2341223)
中国航发自主创新基金项目(JK65200309)
中国航发航材院创新基金项目(KJSJ230312)
中国航发航材院创新基金项目(KJSZ240312)
作者信息
    1.北京信息科技大学 信息与通信工程学院,北京 102206
    2.中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095

通讯作者:

曹丽莉(1985—),女,副研究员,博士,从事薄膜材料与器件等相关研究工作,联系地址:北京信息科技大学沙河校区(102206),E-mail:
罗炳威(1986— ),男,高级工程师,博士,从事薄膜热电偶技术研究工作,联系地址:北京市海淀区环山村8号中国航发北京航空材料研究院(100095),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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