Article(id=1322276129600295837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741708800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-12, onlineDate=1793184795998, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793184795998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793184795998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793184795998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322276007797702769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793184766959, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793185369041, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322278533200728093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322278533200728094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322276129864536990, articleId=1322276129600295837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints with novel low-melting Ni-based brazing filler metal, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem that the brazing temperature of existing filler metals for joining the superalloy GH4169 exceeds its δ phase solid solution temperature, which leads to the dissolution of the δ phase during brazing and consequently degrades the high-temperature performance of the alloy, this work conducts a study on a novel low-temperature Ni-based brazing filler for GH4169 and optimizes the brazing process. The brazing temperature is set at 980 ℃, which is comparable to the solid solution temperature of the alloy, in order to achieve a good match between brazing and heat treatment temperatures. Based on the binary phase diagrams, with Pd as the primary melting point depressant and B and Si as the secondary melting point depressants, a novel Ni-based brazing filler of 36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni is configured and smelted. The melting point, wettability, and weldability of the novel filler on GH4169-GH536 butt joints are investigated. The results show that the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the novel filler are in the range of 828.82-961.43 ℃, and the wetting angle is 7.8°at 980 ℃ for 15 min, demonstrating excellent wettability, thereby optimizing the brazing process parameters. Under the process conditions of 980 ℃ for 60 min and a joint clearance-free assembly, the maximum room-temperature tensile strength of the brazed joint reaches 586 MPa, which exceeds that of the conventional BNi-2 brazing filler; the high-temperature creep rupture performance at high temperature exceeds 10 h, and the joint is free of obvious defects. Therefore, the novel low-melting Ni-based brazing filler of 36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni can be used to achieve effective brazing of GH4169 while preserving its original microstructure and properties.

, authors=Dongsheng HE1, 2, Hongshou ZHUANG2, Han MEI3, Jiaxuan CHI4, Wei GUO2, Hongqiang ZHANG2, Ying ZHU2, Jiaxin SHI2, Yanqiang XU2, 3, authorsList=Dongsheng HE, Hongshou ZHUANG, Han MEI, Jiaxuan CHI, Wei GUO, Hongqiang ZHANG, Ying ZHU, Jiaxin SHI, Yanqiang XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322276133261923255, articleId=1322276129600295837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=新型低熔镍基钎料钎焊接头的微观组织及力学性能, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决现有钎料焊接GH4169高温合金时工艺温度超过其δ相固溶温度,从而导致δ相在焊接过程中发生溶解并削弱合金高温性能的问题,本工作开展了GH4169高温合金新型低温镍基钎料的研究,并对钎焊工艺进行了优化。其钎焊温度设定为与合金固溶温度相当的980 ℃,以实现钎焊与热处理温度的良好匹配。根据二元相图,以Pd为主要降熔元素,B、Si为次要降熔元素,配置并熔炼了新型镍基钎料36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni,探究了新型钎料的熔点、润湿性以及对GH4169-GH536对接接头的可焊性。结果表明:新型钎料固液相线为828.82~961.43 ℃,在980 ℃/15 min条件下润湿角为7.8°,展现出优异的润湿性能,进而优化了钎焊工艺参数。在980 ℃/60 min、焊缝无装配间隙的工艺条件下,焊接接头室温抗拉强度最高可达到586 MPa,超过常规BNi-2钎料的焊接强度;高温持久性能超过10 h,且焊接接头无明显缺陷。因此,采用36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni新型低熔镍基钎料可在保证GH4169原有组织性能的前提下实现其有效焊接。

, authors=何东声1, 2, 庄鸿寿2, 梅寒3, 迟佳轩4, 郭伟2, 张宏强2, 朱颖2, 史佳鑫2, 徐彦强2, 3, authorsList=何东声, 庄鸿寿, 梅寒, 迟佳轩, 郭伟, 张宏强, 朱颖, 史佳鑫, 徐彦强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭伟(1976—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为钎焊、扩散焊、激光焊及激光冲击强化,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路37号北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院(100191),E-mail:
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pageEnd=185, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Liu Z X, Tang X, Zhu T F, journalName=Hot Working Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z X, Tang X, Zhu T F,et al.Research on brazeability improvement of GH4169[J].Hot Working Technology,2014,43(19):184-185., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322276142732660792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=53, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Azadian S, Wei L Y, Warren R, journalName=Materials Characterization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Azadian S, Wei L Y, Warren R.Delta phase precipitation in Inconel 718[J].Materials Characterization,2004,53(1):7-16., articleTitle=Delta phase precipitation in Inconel 718, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322276142812352569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=37, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=郑医, 张宇慧, 陈玉宝, journalName=电焊机, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑医,张宇慧,陈玉宝.BNi-2和BNi71CrSi钎料钎焊K405合金接头组织与性能比较[J].电焊机,2019,49(6):37-40., articleTitle=BNi-2和BNi71CrSi钎料钎焊K405合金接头组织与性能比较, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322276142871072826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=37, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Zheng Y, Zhang Y H, Chen Y B, journalName=Electric Welding Machine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Y, Zhang Y H, Chen Y B.Comparative study about microstructure and property of K405 alloy brazing joint by using BNi-2 and BNi71CrSi filler metals[J].Electric Welding 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Pd-Ni(a),Pd-B(b),and Pd-Si(c), figureFileSmall=NOyJG4t8o2VGrF3Pdwk5DQ==, figureFileBig=mTdpVhnSgfdmzojpUz5I9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276138999730178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Pd-Ni(a)、Pd-B(b)和Pd-Si(c)二元相图, figureFileSmall=NOyJG4t8o2VGrF3Pdwk5DQ==, figureFileBig=mTdpVhnSgfdmzojpUz5I9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139062644739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagrams of geometric dimensions of room temperature tensile specimen(a) and high-temperature rupture specimen(b), figureFileSmall=Dm4sCGp/5Oa+2WjNiAVqtQ==, figureFileBig=zFGX6etzcHvhU0pHZWUpdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139112976388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图4, caption=室温拉伸试样(a)及高温持久试样(b)几何尺寸示意图, 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figureFileBig=CuXprRqV/pyr3hJR871uFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139410771976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图6, caption=36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni钎料润湿角(母材为GH4169), figureFileSmall=knE6jS5mSIFXvwv8/zDNdg==, figureFileBig=CuXprRqV/pyr3hJR871uFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139486269449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microstructure of BNi-2 brazed joint, figureFileSmall=wXzgQVdBExWN+gNyxtPL9Q==, figureFileBig=fDXDku7H7MNqfqpr6gJzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139544989706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图7, caption=BNi-2钎焊接头微观组织, figureFileSmall=wXzgQVdBExWN+gNyxtPL9Q==, figureFileBig=fDXDku7H7MNqfqpr6gJzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139612098571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Microstructures of joints at 970 ℃/2 h(a)joint morphology (including defects);(b)joint morphology (no defects);(c)overall morphology of weld;(d)compound phase morphology, figureFileSmall=WzofNdsRLMmpEMwUhNw6ew==, figureFileBig=e60Pus+iasL5Qy+P0BiQhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139691790348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图8, caption=970 ℃/2 h接头微观组织 (a)接头形貌(含缺陷);(b)接头形貌(无缺陷);(c)焊缝整体形貌;(d)化合物相形貌, figureFileSmall=WzofNdsRLMmpEMwUhNw6ew==, figureFileBig=e60Pus+iasL5Qy+P0BiQhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276139763093517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=SEM images of joints at 980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min at different distances from the brazing filler metal filling point(a)500 μm;(b)800 μm;(c)1000 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figureFileSmall=Ca0+vEGItdfHJuwK25TrPg==, figureFileBig=EkeUBg67igHWsykGb8jsXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276140044111889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=SEM images of joints at 980 ℃/60 min at different distances from the brazing filler metal filling point(a)500 μm;(b)800 μm;(c)1000 μm;(d)2000 μm, figureFileSmall=txhvpzywQs0m6ULdecvhoQ==, figureFileBig=E7hWwAWU399SIk74MLeTtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276140115415058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图11, caption=980 ℃/60 min钎焊接头距填放钎料处不同距离微观组织SEM图(a)500 μm;(b)800 μm;(c)1000 μm;(d)2000 μm, figureFileSmall=txhvpzywQs0m6ULdecvhoQ==, figureFileBig=E7hWwAWU399SIk74MLeTtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276140186718227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Microstructure of GH4169 alloy after brazing at 980 ℃/60 min, figureFileSmall=xO6Ub7t6OwLWnrFvQJHp9Q==, figureFileBig=wcLPZ62oIK3SHcSXWLYmiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276140245438484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=图12, caption=经980 ℃/60 min焊接后GH4169合金的微观组织, figureFileSmall=xO6Ub7t6OwLWnrFvQJHp9Q==, figureFileBig=wcLPZ62oIK3SHcSXWLYmiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276140304158741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical compositions of base metal GH4169 and GH536 (mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Base metalCrMoCoNbTiAlWNiFe
GH416918.03.0—5.00.90.5—54.0Bal.
GH53620.58.00.5——0.10.2Bal.17.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140371267606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

母材GH4169及GH536化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Base metalCrMoCoNbTiAlWNiFe
GH416918.03.0—5.00.90.5—54.0Bal.
GH53620.58.00.5——0.10.2Bal.17.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140438376471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical compositions of Pd-containing low-melting Ni-based brazing filler metal (mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ValuePdCrBSiNi
Theoretical36.010.03.01.0Bal.
Measured36.39.82.81.1Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140505485336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

含钯低熔镍基钎料化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ValuePdCrBSiNi
Theoretical36.010.03.01.0Bal.
Measured36.39.82.81.1Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140585177113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Brazing process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Brazing filler metalWelding processAssembly gap/mm
BNi-21040 ℃/15 minNo
PdNi970 ℃/120 min0.03
PdNi980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 minNo
PdNi980 ℃/60 minNo
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140648091674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

钎焊工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Brazing filler metalWelding processAssembly gap/mm
BNi-21040 ℃/15 minNo
PdNi970 ℃/120 min0.03
PdNi980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 minNo
PdNi980 ℃/60 minNo
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140702617627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mechanical properties and high-temperature creep rupture performance of joints under brazing conditions at 1040 ℃ for 30 min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A4218.4
B5349.1
C589>10
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140765532188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1040 ℃/30 min钎焊条件下接头的力学性能及高温持久性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A4218.4
B5349.1
C589>10
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140841029661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mechanical properties and high-temperature creep rupture performance of joints under brazing conditions at 970 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A1771.47
B2061.38
C3812.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140908138526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

970 ℃钎焊条件下接头的力学性能及高温持久性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A1771.47
B2061.38
C3812.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322276140966858783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276129600295837, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mechanical properties and high-temperature creep rupture performance of joints under brazing conditions at 980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A3958.35
B3887.36
C4757.96
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980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min钎焊条件下接头的力学性能及高温持久性能

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SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A3958.35
B3887.36
C4757.96
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EDS spot scanning results of joints at 980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min(mass fraction/%)

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SpotNiPdCrSiMoNb
191.73.74.30.10.10.1
293.43.53.1———
32.10.889.40.37.20.2
44.767.60.227.4——
539.143.51.116.10.2—
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980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min钎焊接头EDS点扫描结果(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpotNiPdCrSiMoNb
191.73.74.30.10.10.1
293.43.53.1———
32.10.889.40.37.20.2
44.767.60.227.4——
539.143.51.116.10.2—
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Mechanical properties and high-temperature creep rupture performance of joints under brazing conditions at 980 ℃/60 min

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SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
A499>10
B562>10
C586>10
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980 ℃/60 min焊接条件下接头的力学性能及高温持久性能

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SpecimenTensile strength/MPaHigh-temperature rupture/h
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新型低熔镍基钎料钎焊接头的微观组织及力学性能
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何东声 1, 2 , 庄鸿寿 2 , 梅寒 3 , 迟佳轩 4 , 郭伟 2 , 张宏强 2 , 朱颖 2 , 史佳鑫 2 , 徐彦强 2, 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(9): 99-106
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (9) : 99 -106
新型低熔镍基钎料钎焊接头的微观组织及力学性能
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何东声1, 2, 庄鸿寿2, 梅寒3, 迟佳轩4, 郭伟2 , 张宏强2, 朱颖2, 史佳鑫2, 徐彦强2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.清华大学 机械工程系,北京 100084
  • 2.北京航空航天大学 机械工程及自动化学院,北京 100191
  • 3.中国航发沈阳黎明航空发动机有限责任公司,沈阳 110862
  • 4.北京石油化工学院 工程师学院,北京 102617
通讯作者:
郭伟(1976—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为钎焊、扩散焊、激光焊及激光冲击强化,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路37号北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院(100191),E-mail:
Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints with novel low-melting Ni-based brazing filler metal
Dongsheng HE1, 2, Hongshou ZHUANG2, Han MEI3, Jiaxuan CHI4, Wei GUO2 , Hongqiang ZHANG2, Ying ZHU2, Jiaxin SHI2, Yanqiang XU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Mechanical Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 3.AECC Shenyang Liming Aero-engine Co. ,Ltd. ,Shenyang 110862,China
  • 4.School of Engineers,Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology,Beijing 102617,China
出版时间: 2026-09-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860
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为解决现有钎料焊接GH4169高温合金时工艺温度超过其δ相固溶温度,从而导致δ相在焊接过程中发生溶解并削弱合金高温性能的问题,本工作开展了GH4169高温合金新型低温镍基钎料的研究,并对钎焊工艺进行了优化。其钎焊温度设定为与合金固溶温度相当的980 ℃,以实现钎焊与热处理温度的良好匹配。根据二元相图,以Pd为主要降熔元素,B、Si为次要降熔元素,配置并熔炼了新型镍基钎料36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni,探究了新型钎料的熔点、润湿性以及对GH4169-GH536对接接头的可焊性。结果表明:新型钎料固液相线为828.82~961.43 ℃,在980 ℃/15 min条件下润湿角为7.8°,展现出优异的润湿性能,进而优化了钎焊工艺参数。在980 ℃/60 min、焊缝无装配间隙的工艺条件下,焊接接头室温抗拉强度最高可达到586 MPa,超过常规BNi-2钎料的焊接强度;高温持久性能超过10 h,且焊接接头无明显缺陷。因此,采用36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni新型低熔镍基钎料可在保证GH4169原有组织性能的前提下实现其有效焊接。

镍基钎料  /  GH4169  /  抗拉强度  /  高温持久性能  /  微观组织

To solve the problem that the brazing temperature of existing filler metals for joining the superalloy GH4169 exceeds its δ phase solid solution temperature, which leads to the dissolution of the δ phase during brazing and consequently degrades the high-temperature performance of the alloy, this work conducts a study on a novel low-temperature Ni-based brazing filler for GH4169 and optimizes the brazing process. The brazing temperature is set at 980 ℃, which is comparable to the solid solution temperature of the alloy, in order to achieve a good match between brazing and heat treatment temperatures. Based on the binary phase diagrams, with Pd as the primary melting point depressant and B and Si as the secondary melting point depressants, a novel Ni-based brazing filler of 36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni is configured and smelted. The melting point, wettability, and weldability of the novel filler on GH4169-GH536 butt joints are investigated. The results show that the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the novel filler are in the range of 828.82-961.43 ℃, and the wetting angle is 7.8°at 980 ℃ for 15 min, demonstrating excellent wettability, thereby optimizing the brazing process parameters. Under the process conditions of 980 ℃ for 60 min and a joint clearance-free assembly, the maximum room-temperature tensile strength of the brazed joint reaches 586 MPa, which exceeds that of the conventional BNi-2 brazing filler; the high-temperature creep rupture performance at high temperature exceeds 10 h, and the joint is free of obvious defects. Therefore, the novel low-melting Ni-based brazing filler of 36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni can be used to achieve effective brazing of GH4169 while preserving its original microstructure and properties.

Ni-based brazing filler metal  /  GH4169  /  tensile strength  /  high-temperature creep rupture performance  /  microstructure
何东声, 庄鸿寿, 梅寒, 迟佳轩, 郭伟, 张宏强, 朱颖, 史佳鑫, 徐彦强. 新型低熔镍基钎料钎焊接头的微观组织及力学性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (9) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860
Dongsheng HE, Hongshou ZHUANG, Han MEI, Jiaxuan CHI, Wei GUO, Hongqiang ZHANG, Ying ZHU, Jiaxin SHI, Yanqiang XU. Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints with novel low-melting Ni-based brazing filler metal[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (9) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860
GH4169、GH536合金是含铌、钼等元素的高温合金。GH4169为沉淀硬化型镍铬铁合金,在650 ℃以下具有高强度、良好的韧性以及优异的耐腐蚀性,其650 ℃以下的屈服强度居变形高温合金的首位,因此可应用于航空发动机、液体燃料火箭及核工程等领域的各种金属部件。GH536为固溶强化型镍基变形高温合金,在900 ℃以下具有中等的持久和蠕变强度,适用于制造航空发动机燃烧室等高温部件。而航空发动机涡轮叶片、蜂窝结构密封环等部件涉及大量同质和异质材料的连接。其中,GH4169合金中δ相的数量、形貌及分布对其变形行为和力学性能具有显著影响[1]。δ相可促进动态再结晶形核,具有钉扎晶界、抑制晶粒长大的作用,同时可提高合金塑性、降低缺口敏感性[2-4]。GH4169合金中δ相在780~980 ℃析出[5-6],在温度超过980 ℃后开始溶解,当温度升高至1020 ℃左右时可完全固溶于γ基体,从而影响合金的蠕变、高温持久等性能[7]。
目前,针对具有复杂形状和结构的GH4169/GH536镍基合金发动机热端部件,通常采用钎焊精密连接工艺[8]。对此,国内外学者进行了大量研究,主要涉及银基、钛基、金基及镍基钎料体系。其中,伊朗研究人员采用Ag-Cu-Zn-Sn钎料真空钎焊GH4169合金,接头组织主要由α-Cu固溶体和α-Ag固溶体组成,其抗拉强度为348.5 MPa[9]。Sequeiros等[10]采用Ag-27.5Cu-12.5In-1.25Ti(质量分数,下同)钎料研究了GH4169与γ-TiAl的真空钎焊连接,所有接头中均有A1Ni2Ti和A1Cu2Ti反应层形成,在730 ℃/10 min规范下获得最大抗剪强度228 MPa。陈波等[11]采用Ti-13Zr-21Cu-9Ni钎料真空钎焊了GH536合金,指出接头性能不佳的原因是形成了较多的Ti-Ni、Ti-Fe等脆性化合物,导致在靠近GH536基体侧的钎缝中形成纵向裂纹,在960 ℃/5 min规范下接头抗剪强度仅为86 MPa。金基钎料凭借其优异的高温性能备受关注,在金基钎料中加入Cu可降低钎料的熔点与成本;加入Ni可降低熔点的同时提高高温强度、耐腐蚀性能,并改善润湿性和流动性;添加Pd、Cr可提高抗氧化性能;添加In可降低钎料的熔点。任海水[12]采用Ag-21Cu-25Pd和Au-17.5Ni钎料钎焊连接GH536与Ti3Al基合金。结果表明,Ti3Al/AuNi/GH536接头在980 ℃/10 min钎焊条件下室温抗拉强度达到434 MPa,650 ℃条件下抗拉强度为314 MPa。
然而,银基、钛基、金基钎料虽可实现GH4169/GH536高温合金的钎焊连接,但银基、钛基钎料难以满足钎焊制备过程中的多次热循环制备工艺要求,且钎焊接头高温性能无法达到服役要求;金基钎料价格高、使用成本昂贵,应用受到了极大限制。镍基钎料是镍基合金钎焊连接中最常用的钎料合金体系。在传统的Ni-Cr-Si-B系钎料中,BNi-2是钎焊温度较低的典型牌号,也是目前焊接GH4169/GH536镍基合金发动机热端部件时优先选用的钎料,其钎焊温度通常为1040 ℃[13]。然而,在该温度下进行钎焊时,GH4169合金中的δ相会发生明显溶解,同时晶粒迅速长大,导致焊后合金的高温持久性能受到严重破坏。即使后续进行固溶和时效处理,也难以使其完全恢复至焊前状态[14]。
因此,本研究根据相图原理及工艺实验,以传统NiCrSiB合金体系为基础,开发了一种新型低熔点镍基钎料,探究了新型钎料的熔点、润湿性以及对GH4169-GH536对接接头的可焊性,并对焊接工艺进行优化,以解决目前因焊接温度过高而导致GH4169高温性能降低的问题。
为满足工程应用需求,本实验对GH4169-GH536对接接头进行焊接。GH4169合金为锻造态,在970 ℃的温度下进行1 h的固溶处理,随后进行720 ℃/8 h+620 ℃/8 h时效处理(标准热处理),合金微观组织如图1所示。标准热处理后的合金组织由等轴晶粒(γ+γ〃+γ′)、少量碳化物和δ相组成,平均晶粒尺寸约为81 μm。经热处理后的GH4169合金室温抗拉强度为1318 MPa,650 ℃时抗拉强度为1103 MPa。GH536合金室温抗拉强度为690 MPa。母材GH4169及GH536化学成分如表1所示。
采用线切割将钎料切为8 mm×1 mm×1 mm钎料条并将表面打磨光亮;将母材GH4169及GH536切成32 mm×15 mm×2.5 mm金属片,表面磨光并在对接处各开一0.3 mm倒角以用于放置钎料条,母材及钎料装配图如图2所示。
国内外研究表明,钯镍合金具有良好的高温强度、抗氧化性能以及耐腐蚀性能,可在极端环境下长期服役;其熔点与多种常用航空航天材料相匹配,可以实现良好的钎焊连接效果。然而,钯的熔点为1552 ℃,根据Pd-Ni相图(图3(a)),当钯含量为60%(质量分数,下同)时,可形成熔点为1237 ℃的低熔固溶体,但熔点仍较高。进一步根据Pd-B(图3(b))、Pd-Si(图3(c))二元相图,Pd-B共晶熔点低于Ni-B共晶熔点(1045 ℃),且加入少量B即可显著降低熔点;B在Pd中的固溶度较大,共晶温度下可达2.3%,合金脆性较小。Pd与Si在15.5%(原子分数)Si处发生共晶反应,共晶温度为780 ℃,表明B和Si对降低Pd-Ni合金熔点的作用极为显著。B在Pd中的固溶度较大,共晶温度下可达2.3%,合金脆性较小。Pd与Si在15.5%(原子分数)Si处发生共晶反应,共晶温度为780 ℃,表明B和Si对降低Pd-Ni合金熔点的作用极为显著。在此基础上,添加少量Cr可提高钎料的抗氧化性能,实验表明Cr含量约为11%时钎料熔点较低。此外,Pd基钎料组织由Ni(Pd)固溶体、Ni(Pd)固溶体与镍硼化物的共晶体及少量硼化铬组成,硬度较低,塑性优于常规镍基钎料。
因此,可采用Pd作为主要降熔元素,B、Si作为次要降熔元素设计新型低熔点镍基钎料对GH4169合金进行焊接,钎料具体化学成分如表2所示。
按照表2所示元素目标质量分数称取各种高纯原料,将称取后的纯金属单质在丙酮溶液中超声清洗15 min,然后在酒精溶液中超声清洗5 min,并烘干;将镍原料、铬原料、钯原料、硅原料、硼原料混合均匀,置于真空电弧熔炼炉中,抽低真空后通入氩气,在真空电弧熔炼炉中反复熔炼4次,得到镍基合金铸锭,待冷却后从真空电弧熔炼炉中取出,即为含钯镍基钎料。
钎焊实验采用真空钎焊炉进行,将试样按图2装配放入真空钎焊炉中,待真空度达到5×10-3以下运行加热程序。焊接工艺参数如表3所示,采用3个工艺参数对新型低熔钎料进行钎焊实验并与目前工程上主要使用的BNi-2钎料和相应工艺参数钎焊接头做对照。其中,无装配间隙工艺参数下,直接将GH4169及GH536对接并用夹具固定;0.03 mm装配间隙则在对接两金属片焊缝两侧夹入0.03 mm镍箔后采用夹具固定。
钎料固液相线采用Netzsch-STA设备进行测试;母材及钎焊接头微观组织采用Carl Zeiss扫描电镜进行表征;钎焊接头拉伸性能按照GB/T 228.1—2021在Instron 8801拉伸试验机上进行测试;钎焊接头高温持久性能按照GB/T 2039—2012在RD-100高温持久试验机上进行,测试温度为650 ℃、应力水平为200 MPa;拉伸试样及高温持久试样尺寸如图4所示,每种测试重复3个试样。
对含钯镍基钎料固液相线进行检测,结果如图5所示,钎料固相线为828.82 ℃、液相线为961.43 ℃,远低于GH4169常规焊接钎料BNi-2熔化范围[15]。此外,图6所示为该新型低熔钎料在980 ℃/15 min条件下,于GH4169上润湿铺展的SEM图,可见润湿角约为7.8°,该钎料在母材GH4169上具有良好的润湿铺展能力,可在GH4169固溶温度范围内对其进行焊接,实现钎焊与热处理温度的良好匹配。
表4为目前工程应用常规钎料BNi-2在1040 ℃/15 min、无装配间隙条件下接头的力学性能及高温持久性能,由表可见,接头抗拉强度分别为421、534、589 MPa,计算可得平均强度约为515 MPa,可达到母材强度(690 MPa)的74.6%。此外,在650 ℃/200 MPa条件下其高温持久性能可超过10 h。通过钎焊微观组织(图7)可见,焊缝间隙在22 μm左右,焊缝充分填充且无缺陷,但存在未完全扩散的化合物相。由于焊接温度过高,远超GH4169合金中δ相的固溶温度,尽管将焊接保温时间控制在15 min以内,但仍可观察到大量δ相溶入基体,从而导致接头的高温性能遭到严重破坏。
采用36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni新型低温镍基钎料对GH4169-GH536对接接头进行焊接,焊接工艺参数为970 ℃/120 min,焊缝装配间隙为0.030 mm。焊接接头力学性能如表5所示,接头室温抗拉强度为177、206 MPa以及381 MPa,整体焊接强度偏低;且在650 ℃/200 MPa条件下其高温持久性能未达到预期的10 h以上,持久性能较差。
对970 ℃/120 min接头微观组织进行观察,结果如图8所示。在970 ℃条件下,虽然钎料铺展面积良好,但对焊缝的填充并不充分,焊缝中仍可观察到缺陷存在,这是导致焊接接头力学性能较差的首要因素。此外,较低的焊接温度以及过宽的焊缝间隙致使焊缝中元素扩散速率较低、扩散路径较长,焊缝内残留大量未扩散的化合物相,这是造成焊接接头力学性能较差的次要因素。
基于以上分析,为加快元素扩散速率、缩短扩散路径,将焊接温度提高至980 ℃,且焊缝无装配间隙,焊后于900 ℃保温30 min以使元素充分扩散。表6为980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min焊接条件下接头的力学性能。可见接头力学性能明显提升,室温抗拉强度为395、388 MPa以及475 MPa,平均值约为420 MPa;最高可达到母材抗拉强度(690 MPa)的68.8%,但未达到BNi-2钎焊强度。同时,焊接接头在650 ℃/200 MPa条件下的高温持久性能也有明显提高,平均约为8 h,但与行业指标要求的超过10 h仍存在差距。
图9为980 ℃/20 min+900 ℃/30 min钎焊接头微观组织SEM 图。可见,钎焊质量良好,焊缝中未见明显缺陷;与970 ℃焊接条件下的接头相比,该条件下焊缝中化合物相所占区域明显减小,焊缝组织得到改善。但焊缝中心区域仍存在少量固溶体组织,对图9(a)中的块状相进行EDS检测,结果如图10和表7所示,表明该区域除含有富Ni、富Pd固溶体相外,还存在高脆性富Cr化合物。这些富Cr脆性相的存在,对接头强度产生了一定程度的影响。在远离钎料填充一侧,因焊缝间隙逐渐减小,该区域元素扩散趋于完全。为确保扩散充分,应进一步增加焊接保温温度和时间,以提升钎焊接头强度。
在焊接温度保持980 ℃不变的条件下,将保温时间延长至60 min。该条件下焊接接头的力学性能如表8所示,其抗拉强度可达到499、562 MPa以及586 MPa;平均抗拉强度为549 MPa;最高可达母材抗拉强度(690 MPa)的84.9%,已超过传统BNi-2钎料的焊接强度。焊接接头在650 ℃/200 MPa条件下高温持久性能均超过10 h(未断),可达到服役要求。
图11为980 ℃/60 min接头微观组织SEM图。其中图11(a)为整个焊缝区域,可见钎料填缝充分,无明显缺陷,焊缝质量良好。由图11(b)~(d)可见,焊缝中未出现大面积未扩散完全的化合物相,元素扩散充分。
图12为经980 ℃/60 min焊接后GH4169合金的
微观组织。可以看出,在该工艺参数下进行钎焊后,GH4169合金的微观组织相较于焊接前无明显变化,且未见针状δ相溶解现象,表明该钎焊工艺在保证接头质量的同时,能够保持母材GH4169的原始力学性能。
(1)本研究设计并熔炼了新型含钯镍基钎料36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni,新型钎料固液相线为828.82~961.43 ℃,润湿性能优异,在980 ℃/15 min条件下润湿角为7.8°。
(2)采用36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni新型低温镍基钎料对GH4169-GH536对接接头进行焊接,并优化了焊接工艺参数。在980 ℃/60 min、焊缝无装配间隙条件下焊接后,焊缝无明显缺陷,元素得到充分扩散,未观察到明显化合物相存在。焊接接头室温抗拉强度为499、562 MPa以及586 MPa,超过BNi-2钎焊GH4169接头强度;其高温持久性能可超过10 h(未断)。
(3)在经过980 ℃/60 min、无装配间隙焊接工艺后,母材GH4169中δ相未发生明显溶解,微观组织无明显变化,可采用36Pd-10Cr-3B-1Si-Ni新型低熔镍基钎料在保持GH4169原本组织性能的前提下对其进行焊接。
  • 中国航发产学研合作项目(HFZL2022CXY019)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000860
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
  • 录用日期:2025-03-12
基金
中国航发产学研合作项目(HFZL2022CXY019)
作者信息
    1.清华大学 机械工程系,北京 100084
    2.北京航空航天大学 机械工程及自动化学院,北京 100191
    3.中国航发沈阳黎明航空发动机有限责任公司,沈阳 110862
    4.北京石油化工学院 工程师学院,北京 102617

通讯作者:

郭伟(1976—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为钎焊、扩散焊、激光焊及激光冲击强化,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路37号北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院(100191),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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