Article(id=1321927717793157810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927171292123557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741536000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-10, onlineDate=1793101728150, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101728150, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101728150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101728150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927171292123557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101597855, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101597855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=113, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927718636212916, articleId=1321927717793157810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Influence of brazing thermal cycling on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4169 alloy, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To delve into the impacts of multiple brazing thermal cycles at varying peak temperatures on the microstructure and properties of GH4169 alloy, this study conducted a comprehensive examination of how brazing thermal cycle processes influence the precipitates, grain size, tensile properties, and stress-rupture properties of the alloy.The findings reveal that as the thermal cycle temperature rises, the quantity of δ-phase precipitation diminishes, and its morphology undergoes a transformation from needle-like to rod-like and eventually to granular. Within the temperature range of 970-1010 ℃, the grain size experiences minimal alteration. However, when the temperature surpasses 1020 ℃, significant grain growth occurs. Both tensile strength and hardness initially ascend and then descend with an increase in the thermal cycle temperature, reaching their peak values at 1010 ℃. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the dissolution of an appropriate amount of δ phase and the complete precipitation of γ″ and γ′ strengthening phases at this temperature, while the grain size does not show significant coarsening.The room-temperature impact toughness demonstrates distinct trends across different thermal cycle ranges. In the 970-990 ℃ range, it decreases with rising temperature due to the partial transformation of the δ-phase morphology from needle-like to rod-like. In the 990-1010 ℃ range, it increases with temperature as the δ phase dissolves and the strengthening-phase-free zone vanishes. Nevertheless, a further increase in the thermal cycle temperature leads to a reduction in toughness because of grain growth.The stress-rupture life initially declines and then rises with an increase in the thermal cycle temperature, hitting its lowest point in the 990-1000 ℃ range. This is caused by the partial transformation of the δ-phase morphology from needle-like to rod-like, which promotes microvoid nucleation and reduces the alloy's creep resistance. When the temperature further rises above 1020 ℃, the extensive precipitation of γ″ strengthening phases, along with significant grain growth, substantially enhances the alloy's creep performance. However, the substantial decrease in the needle-like δ-phase content results in increased notch sensitivity.Taking into account both mechanical properties and notch sensitivity, it is recommended to employ brazing thermal cycles around 1010 ℃ to achieve a well-balanced combination of strength and stress-rupture performance. For service environments with higher notch sensitivity requirements, a thermal cycle temperature in the range of 970-980 ℃ can be selected to minimize the risks of creep failure.

, authors=Shiyang WANG1, Shiwei LIU2, Zhendong WU1, Han MEI3, Caiwei ZHANG1, Yanqiang XU3, Jiapeng DONG3, Wei GUO4, Yuan SUN1, Hongyu ZHANG1, authorsList=Shiyang WANG, Shiwei LIU, Zhendong WU, Han MEI, Caiwei ZHANG, Yanqiang XU, Jiapeng DONG, Wei GUO, Yuan SUN, Hongyu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927722784379600, articleId=1321927717793157810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与力学性能的影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同峰值温度的多次钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与性能的影响规律,以GH4169合金为研究对象,系统研究了钎焊热循环工艺对GH4169合金的析出相、晶粒尺寸、拉伸性能及持久性能的影响。结果表明:δ相的析出量随热循环温度的升高呈下降趋势,形态由针状转变为棒状后再转变为颗粒状;在970~1010 ℃范围内,晶粒尺寸变化不大,而当温度升高至1020 ℃以上时,晶粒显著长大。抗拉强度和硬度均随热循环温度的升高先增加后降低,并在1010 ℃时达到峰值,这主要得益于该温度下适量δ相溶解与γ″、γ′强化相的充分析出,而晶粒尺寸并未发生明显粗化;室温冲击韧性在不同的热循环范围具有不同的变化趋势,970~990 ℃范围内随温度升高而降低,这是由δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状所导致;990~1010 ℃范围内随着温度升高而增加,是由δ相溶解,无强化相析出带消失所导致,而继续增加热循环温度导致冲击韧性下降则是由于晶粒尺寸长大。持久寿命随热循环温度的升高先缩短后延长,在990~1000 ℃范围内达到最低点,这是由δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状,促进微孔形核,降低合金的抗蠕变能力所致。当温度进一步升高至1020 ℃以上时,γ″强化相大量析出并辅以晶粒显著长大,合金的蠕变性能得以显著改善,但针状δ相含量大幅度降低导致缺口敏感性增强。综合考虑力学性能与缺口敏感性,建议在1010 ℃左右进行钎焊热循环,可获得较为平衡的强度与持久性能;若服役环境对缺口敏感性要求较高,可选择970~980 ℃的热循环温度,以降低蠕变失效风险。

, authors=王诗洋1, 刘士伟2, 武震东1, 梅寒3, 张财伟1, 徐彦强3, 董佳鹏3, 郭伟4, 孙元1, 张洪宇1, authorsList=王诗洋, 刘士伟, 武震东, 梅寒, 张财伟, 徐彦强, 董佳鹏, 郭伟, 孙元, 张洪宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙元(1980—),女,研究员,博士,从事高温合金焊接及稀贵金属回收研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市沈河区文化路72号(110016),E-mail:
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articleTitle=GH4169镍基高温合金的组织和性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927849188110856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI H Y, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI H Y.Study of microstructures and properties of GH4169 superalloy[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321927844066865633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, awardId=2024JH2/102400043, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2024JH2/102400043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321927844129780194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, awardId=52201054, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52201054), fundOrder=null, 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caption=BSE images of GH4169 alloy after standard heat treatment under SEM, figureFileSmall=r8/rrUQCqltg4suq/7bZVw==, figureFileBig=EqkmV5NnxGMgSAUWikEClQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842070376906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=CN, label=图1, caption=标准热处理态后GH4169合金SEM下的BSE图像, figureFileSmall=r8/rrUQCqltg4suq/7bZVw==, figureFileBig=EqkmV5NnxGMgSAUWikEClQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842175234507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Brazing thermal cycling process curves, figureFileSmall=VXcAOWcpcCDTqLr/EpOaqA==, figureFileBig=zg1t/RFyxP2yV65x6y6wgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842275897804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=CN, label=图2, caption=钎焊热循环工艺曲线, figureFileSmall=VXcAOWcpcCDTqLr/EpOaqA==, figureFileBig=zg1t/RFyxP2yV65x6y6wgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842338812365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Notched sample, figureFileSmall=iZdZk/8flZcNOYbWXZegDQ==, figureFileBig=6JfyV3VT8DVHC43ZqXKmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842414309838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=CN, label=图3, caption=缺口试样, figureFileSmall=iZdZk/8flZcNOYbWXZegDQ==, figureFileBig=6JfyV3VT8DVHC43ZqXKmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842489807311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microstructure of GH4169 base material under different thermal cycling process conditions, figureFileSmall=7ilVE/mi70HjUz4ZP9IAig==, figureFileBig=C6h7gxseGdhAcr/zn5XEgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927842586276304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同热循环工艺条件下的GH4169母材显微组织(a)970 ℃;(b)990 ℃;(c)1010 ℃;(d)1030 ℃;(1)OM;(2)低倍SEM-BSE;(3)高倍SEM-BSE

(a)970 ℃;(b)990 ℃;(c)1010 ℃;(d)1030 ℃;(1)OM;(2)low-magnification SEM-BSE;(3)high-magnification SEM-BSE

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(a)970 ℃;(b)990 ℃;(c)1010 ℃;(b)1030 ℃

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(a)970 ℃;(b)980 ℃;(c)990 ℃;(d)1000 ℃;(e)1010 ℃;(f)1020 ℃;(g)1030 ℃;(h)1040 ℃

(a)970 ℃;(b)980 ℃;(c)990 ℃;(d)1000 ℃;(e)1010 ℃;(f)1020 ℃;(g)1030 ℃;(h)1040 ℃

, figureFileSmall=q+xrJmMTKBUPgruXNtr/Hw==, figureFileBig=hg3ycj6XQr9MGA+LJNpmpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927843815207391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of GH4169 superalloy (mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrSiCuMnMoNiTiAlNbBCoFe
0.002717.890.0620.050.132.9253.141.010.515.420.0380.28Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321927843903287776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927717793157810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GH4169合金化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrSiCuMnMoNiTiAlNbBCoFe
0.002717.890.0620.050.132.9253.141.010.515.420.0380.28Bal.
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钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与力学性能的影响
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王诗洋 1 , 刘士伟 2 , 武震东 1 , 梅寒 3 , 张财伟 1 , 徐彦强 3 , 董佳鹏 3 , 郭伟 4 , 孙元 1 , 张洪宇 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(3): 113-121
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (3) : 113 -121
钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与力学性能的影响
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王诗洋1, 刘士伟2, 武震东1, 梅寒3, 张财伟1, 徐彦强3, 董佳鹏3, 郭伟4, 孙元1 , 张洪宇1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院金属研究所 高温结构材料研究部,沈阳 110016
  • 2.空装驻辽阳地区军事代表室,沈阳 110000
  • 3.中国航发沈阳黎明航空发动机有限责任公司,沈阳 110043
  • 4.北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
孙元(1980—),女,研究员,博士,从事高温合金焊接及稀贵金属回收研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市沈河区文化路72号(110016),E-mail:
Influence of brazing thermal cycling on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4169 alloy
Shiyang WANG1, Shiwei LIU2, Zhendong WU1, Han MEI3, Caiwei ZHANG1, Yanqiang XU3, Jiapeng DONG3, Wei GUO4, Yuan SUN1 , Hongyu ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.High Temperature Structural Materials Research Department,Institute of Metal Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China
  • 2.Air Military Representative Office in Liaoyang,Shenyang 110000,China
  • 3.AECC Shenyang Liming Aero Engine Co. ,Ltd. ,Shenyang 110043,China
  • 4.School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809
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为探究不同峰值温度的多次钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与性能的影响规律,以GH4169合金为研究对象,系统研究了钎焊热循环工艺对GH4169合金的析出相、晶粒尺寸、拉伸性能及持久性能的影响。结果表明:δ相的析出量随热循环温度的升高呈下降趋势,形态由针状转变为棒状后再转变为颗粒状;在970~1010 ℃范围内,晶粒尺寸变化不大,而当温度升高至1020 ℃以上时,晶粒显著长大。抗拉强度和硬度均随热循环温度的升高先增加后降低,并在1010 ℃时达到峰值,这主要得益于该温度下适量δ相溶解与γ″、γ′强化相的充分析出,而晶粒尺寸并未发生明显粗化;室温冲击韧性在不同的热循环范围具有不同的变化趋势,970~990 ℃范围内随温度升高而降低,这是由δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状所导致;990~1010 ℃范围内随着温度升高而增加,是由δ相溶解,无强化相析出带消失所导致,而继续增加热循环温度导致冲击韧性下降则是由于晶粒尺寸长大。持久寿命随热循环温度的升高先缩短后延长,在990~1000 ℃范围内达到最低点,这是由δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状,促进微孔形核,降低合金的抗蠕变能力所致。当温度进一步升高至1020 ℃以上时,γ″强化相大量析出并辅以晶粒显著长大,合金的蠕变性能得以显著改善,但针状δ相含量大幅度降低导致缺口敏感性增强。综合考虑力学性能与缺口敏感性,建议在1010 ℃左右进行钎焊热循环,可获得较为平衡的强度与持久性能;若服役环境对缺口敏感性要求较高,可选择970~980 ℃的热循环温度,以降低蠕变失效风险。

钎焊热循环  /  GH4169  /  显微组织  /  力学性能  /  缺口敏感性

To delve into the impacts of multiple brazing thermal cycles at varying peak temperatures on the microstructure and properties of GH4169 alloy, this study conducted a comprehensive examination of how brazing thermal cycle processes influence the precipitates, grain size, tensile properties, and stress-rupture properties of the alloy.The findings reveal that as the thermal cycle temperature rises, the quantity of δ-phase precipitation diminishes, and its morphology undergoes a transformation from needle-like to rod-like and eventually to granular. Within the temperature range of 970-1010 ℃, the grain size experiences minimal alteration. However, when the temperature surpasses 1020 ℃, significant grain growth occurs. Both tensile strength and hardness initially ascend and then descend with an increase in the thermal cycle temperature, reaching their peak values at 1010 ℃. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the dissolution of an appropriate amount of δ phase and the complete precipitation of γ″ and γ′ strengthening phases at this temperature, while the grain size does not show significant coarsening.The room-temperature impact toughness demonstrates distinct trends across different thermal cycle ranges. In the 970-990 ℃ range, it decreases with rising temperature due to the partial transformation of the δ-phase morphology from needle-like to rod-like. In the 990-1010 ℃ range, it increases with temperature as the δ phase dissolves and the strengthening-phase-free zone vanishes. Nevertheless, a further increase in the thermal cycle temperature leads to a reduction in toughness because of grain growth.The stress-rupture life initially declines and then rises with an increase in the thermal cycle temperature, hitting its lowest point in the 990-1000 ℃ range. This is caused by the partial transformation of the δ-phase morphology from needle-like to rod-like, which promotes microvoid nucleation and reduces the alloy's creep resistance. When the temperature further rises above 1020 ℃, the extensive precipitation of γ″ strengthening phases, along with significant grain growth, substantially enhances the alloy's creep performance. However, the substantial decrease in the needle-like δ-phase content results in increased notch sensitivity.Taking into account both mechanical properties and notch sensitivity, it is recommended to employ brazing thermal cycles around 1010 ℃ to achieve a well-balanced combination of strength and stress-rupture performance. For service environments with higher notch sensitivity requirements, a thermal cycle temperature in the range of 970-980 ℃ can be selected to minimize the risks of creep failure.

brazing thermal cycling  /  GH4169  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property  /  notch sensitivity
王诗洋, 刘士伟, 武震东, 梅寒, 张财伟, 徐彦强, 董佳鹏, 郭伟, 孙元, 张洪宇. 钎焊热循环对GH4169合金组织与力学性能的影响. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (3) : 113 -121 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809
Shiyang WANG, Shiwei LIU, Zhendong WU, Han MEI, Caiwei ZHANG, Yanqiang XU, Jiapeng DONG, Wei GUO, Yuan SUN, Hongyu ZHANG. Influence of brazing thermal cycling on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4169 alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (3) : 113 -121 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809
GH4169合金是一种典型的沉淀强化型镍基高温合金,主要依赖γ″(Ni3Nb)相的BCC结构强化,同时辅以FCC结构的γ′(Ni3(Al,Ti))相进行辅助强化[1-5]。得益于沉淀相和基体之间的共格畸变,GH4169合金在-253~650 ℃的宽温度范围内表现出优异的组织稳定性和力学性能。由于其广泛的温度适应性,易于加工焊接,且价格低廉,因此成为使用量最大的高温合金[6],虽然目前已有新的变形镍基高温合金投入使用,但GH4169仍是当前使用最广泛的发动机涡轮盘制备材料之一[7-12]。
航空发动机构件制造过程中,复杂结构的组装和焊接通常需要多次钎焊热循环,而多次热循环对GH4169合金微观组织和性能的影响较为复杂。研究表明,热循环处理可以显著改变高温合金的析出相、晶粒尺寸及分布,进而影响材料的强度、塑性和持久性能[13-14]。例如,Huang等[15]研究发现,GH4169合金在热处理过程中,钉扎效应会使得δ相在晶界处析出;Yadav等[16]研究发现,当母材的晶粒尺寸增加后,δ相的钉扎效应会减弱,由此降低GH4169合金在热处理后的强度;Zhang等[17]研究发现δ相降低了强度,但提高了合金的塑性;Ran等[18]研究表明,大量的δ相可有效提高塑性;Liu等[19]发现强化相尺寸增大会显著提高强度,但晶粒尺寸增大则削弱了持久寿命[20]。
卞宏友等[21]采用热处理工艺优化激光沉积修复GH4169合金中显微组织,使枝晶间析出连续Laves相重新溶解,热处理后的合金拉伸强度接近锻件标准,断后伸长率超出锻件标准27.1%。郑建军等[22]研究了两种热处理工艺下的GH4169合金组织性能,结果表明:标准热处理不仅能够获得更高的室温强度,且维持了高温强度;而高强热处理可有效改善冲击韧性。
本研究揭示了热循环对GH4169合金微观组织和力学性能的部分规律,但其研究多数是针对单次热循环下的组织演变规律,而针对多次钎焊热循环作用的系统研究仍然较少,尤其是峰值温度对δ相和γ″相演变的影响尚不明确。此外,多次热循环条件下晶粒尺寸的变化及其对力学性能和缺口敏感性的综合影响缺乏深入探讨。基于此,本工作以GH4169合金为研究对象,在970~1040 ℃设置不同钎焊峰值温度的多次热循环处理,系统研究不同峰值温度对δ相和γ″相析出行为、晶粒尺寸及其力学性能的影响规律,并分析缺口敏感性的变化趋势。其研究结果可为航空发动机构件的制造工艺优化提供理论支持。
选用工业级锻态GH4169合金,其化学成分如表1所示。试件经标准热处理(970 ℃固溶1 h,720 ℃保温8 h以50 ℃/h速率冷却至620 ℃,再次保温8 h)后,显微组织如图1所示。材料由等轴晶粒(γ基体+γ″相+γ′相)和少量MC型碳化物、碳氮化物及δ(Ni3Nb)相组成,平均晶粒尺寸为81 μm,室温抗拉强度为1318 MPa,650 ℃抗拉强度为1103 MPa。
为研究钎焊峰值温度的影响,在970~1040 ℃钎焊热循环区间内设置不同温度。试件从室温以10 ℃/min升至峰值温度,保温2 h后随炉冷却至300 ℃,完成4次循环后进行双步时效处理(720 ℃保温8 h,以50 ℃/h速率冷却至620 ℃,保温8 h后空冷),工艺曲线如图2所示。
热处理采用箱式电阻热处理炉。热处理后制备金相试样用于显微组织分析,并采用光学显微镜(OM,Leica DMi8型)和扫描电子显微镜(FEI Nova Nano SEM 450型)观察析出相和晶粒尺寸变化。
拉伸试样按GB/T 2651—2022标准加工,进行室温拉伸测试;采用 HR-150A 型洛氏硬度计测试其硬度,加载100 N;采用摆锤冲击试验机进行冲击实验,样品尺寸 10 mm×10 mm×55 mm,开U型口,室温拉伸实验、硬度实验、冲击实验均进行3次测试,取其平均值。为检测GH4169合金在高温条件下的缺口敏感性,采用常规的持久滑轨试样和缺口持久试样分开的方式进行测试。实验温度设置为650 ℃,加载应力为690 MPa。
实验用的持久试样和缺口试样均根据GB/T 2039—2024标准制备。持久滑轨试样为圆柱形无缺口试样,用以测试材料在高温应力条件下的持久断裂寿命;缺口试样则在试样中部加工一个标准的半圆形缺口,缺口如图3所示,用以模拟材料在高温应力下的缺口断裂特性。
持久滑轨试样与缺口试样的测试条件相同,通过比较两种试样的持久断裂时间,计算缺口敏感性系数 K 来表征材料的缺口敏感性,其计算为式为:
K=τcτr
式中:τc为缺口试样的断裂时间;τr为无缺口试样的断裂时间。
根据K值的大小,判断材料的缺口敏感性:K>1,材料表现为缺口强化,无缺口敏感性;K≤1,材料表现为缺口敏感性增强。在实验中持久滑轨试样和缺口试样分别进行650 ℃/690 MPa条件下的高温持久性能测试,记录断裂时间并计算缺口敏感性系数K,以评价GH4169合金在不同热处理和热循环条件下的缺口敏感性。
经过不同温度多次热循环后的GH4169合金显微组织如图4所示。由图可见,δ相的析出行为随多次热循环峰值温度的升高发生显著变化。
在970 ℃热循环条件下,多次热循环后δ相主要以针状形式大量析出于晶界。这是由于δ相的开始析出温度为700 ℃,析出峰值温度为930 ℃,开始溶解的温度为980 ℃,完全溶解的温度为1010 ℃[19],在此温度区间,部分γ″(Ni3Nb)相和γ′(Ni3(Al,Ti))相会发生溶解,使基体中溶质元素(主要为Nb、Ti)浓度升高,为δ相的析出提供了充足的元素来源。然而,当多次热循环峰值温度升高至990 ℃,δ相的析出量略有减低,同时形态表现为针状与棒状并存。这是由于在钎焊热循环温度超过了δ相的开始溶解温度,降低了δ相析出的热力学驱动力,此时母材中原始δ相发生部分溶解,使其含量下降。当多次热循环峰值温度进一步升高至1010 ℃时,δ相的析出量进一步下降,且由棒状转变为颗粒状。其原因在于:随着温度接近δ相的固溶温度,其析出的热力学驱动力逐渐减弱,部分δ相开始溶解。此外,δ相形态改变过程中会释放出更多Nb元素,导致基体中溶质浓度进一步增加,为随后的时效处理过程中γ″相的析出和长大提供了条件。在1030 ℃条件下,不仅晶界处δ相的析出量大幅减少,而且δ相在晶内也以颗粒状形式出现,这表明高温热循环已显著改变δ相的析出行为。
综上所述,δ相的析出量随多次热循环峰值温度的升高呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,形态由针状→棒状→颗粒状转变,在970 ℃时达到析出量峰值。这一析出行为的演变规律表明:δ相的析出对晶界稳定性和基体Nb浓度的调控具有重要作用,同时对GH4169合金的力学性能产生重要影响。
为确定不同热循环下GH4169母材在晶粒尺寸上的差异性,采用EBSD表征其IPF图如图5所示,并对平均晶粒尺寸进行统计,结果如图6所示。由图5和图6可知在970~1010 ℃峰值温度内热循环处理时,晶粒尺寸未发生显著变化,这主要有两个原因,一是由于在这个温度范围内,合金中的原子扩散速率相对较低,这可能导致晶粒生长速率较低。二是由于晶界处的δ相具有钉扎晶界的作用,大量细小的针状δ相在晶界处析出,提高晶粒的稳定性。
而随着热循环峰值温度超过1010 ℃后,GH4169合金的晶粒尺寸显著增加,主要有四方面原因: (1)原子扩散速率因素,在高温下热循环处理显著增加了晶界的迁移速率,加速了晶粒的长大过程;(2) 热循环处理通过多次加热和冷却,导致热应力和内能增大,增加了晶粒长大的热力学驱动力,促使晶界迁移速率加快;(3) δ相在接近固溶温度时析出量降低,弱化了钉扎晶界作用;(4) 热循环处理过程中,γ″相和γ′相的溶解释放了大量固溶元素,这些元素的再分配促进了晶粒长大。
对不同温度热循环下的GH4169合金进行洛氏硬度测试,结果如图7所示。可知在970~1010 ℃范围内,GH4169合金的硬度随热循环温度提高而增加,在1010 ℃达到峰值,这是由于较低热循环温度(970 ~980 ℃)时,针状δ相在晶界大量析出,部分 Nb 元素被δ相所消耗,使得基体中可用于析出强化相(γ″、γ′)的 Nb、Ti 含量相对不足,γ″、γ′在时效阶段的析出相对较少,因此具有较低的硬度;而当热循环温度在 990~1010 ℃之间时,部分针状δ相溶解,释放出更多 Nb、Ti 溶入基体,促进γ″、γ′强化相在两步时效中的析出,从而使硬度明显提高;之后随着热循环温度继续增加,硬度显著降低,这是由于虽然 δ 相几乎完全溶解,γ″、γ′强化相最大程度地析出,但同时晶粒显著长大,使合金的“细晶强化”作用降低,导致GH4169合金的硬度显著降低。
对不同温度热循环下的GH4169合金进行室温冲击韧性测试,结果如图8所示。由图可知,在970~990 ℃温度范围内,GH4169合金的硬度随热循环温度提高而降低,这是由于δ相形态由针状向棒状转变,导致更多微孔形核源,并且在棒状δ相周围会形成贫γ″相析出区,沿晶δ相析出会形成无强化相析出带,从而成为裂纹的扩展路径[23];随着热循环温度继续升高,在990~1010 ℃范围内,δ相的大量溶解,使得无强化相析出带消失,从而提高了合金的冲击韧性;但随着温度继续升高,晶粒尺寸增加,使得合金的冲击韧性继续降低。
不同温度下热循环处理后GH4169母材的拉伸性能如图9所示,由图可见抗拉强度随着热循环温度的升高先增加后降低,并在1010 ℃时达到峰值。这一现象主要归因于钎焊热循环温度对合金强化相的析出行为和晶粒尺寸的综合影响。在较低的热循环温度(970 ℃)下,δ相(Ni₃Nb)在晶界处大量析出,起到钉扎晶界的作用,抑制了晶粒长大[24]。然而,这也导致了基体中Nb等合金元素的固溶度不足,限制了在随后的时效处理中γ''(Ni₃Nb)和γ'(Ni₃(Al,Ti))强化相的充分析出,因而强化效果有限。随着热循环温度升高至1010 ℃,δ相逐渐溶解,更多的Nb和Ti元素固溶进入基体,在时效过程中能够析出更多、更细小、分布更均匀的γ''和γ'相,这些强化相有效地阻碍了位错运动,显著提高了合金的抗拉强度。同时,在此温度范围内,晶粒尺寸尚未发生显著增大,晶界强化作用仍然存在,进一步提升了材料的强度。然而,当钎焊热循环温度继续升高至1030 ℃时,δ相完全溶解,虽然强化相的析出达到最大,但过高的钎焊热循环温度导致晶粒显著长大,晶界面积减少,晶界强化作用下降。此外,晶粒粗化可能引起应力集中区域减少,位错源减少,降低了材料的加工硬化能力和塑性,使抗拉强度反而下降。综上所述,GH4169合金抗拉强度随固溶温度的变化是δ相溶解、强化相析出和晶粒尺寸三者相互作用的结果,在1010 ℃时达到最佳平衡,形成了最优的微观组织,使得抗拉强度达到峰值。
不同温度下热循环处理后GH4169合金进行650 ℃/690 MPa持久性能测试和持久缺口敏感性测试,结果如图10所示。发现其持久寿命随着钎焊热循环温度的升高先降低后升高,在990 ℃至1000 ℃之间达到最低值;在1000 ℃以下,合金无缺口敏感性,但当热循环温度超过1000 ℃后,缺口敏感性显著增强。持久性能和缺口敏感性的变化规律主要是由于GH4169合金的微观组织改变导致持久测试时合金的失效机制发生改变,图11给出了对应的持久断口形貌。
在970~1000 ℃温度区间内,断口多表现出韧窝特征,但韧窝的纵深与尺寸也随着热循环温度升高而逐渐降低,这也对应了该温度段的GH4169合金持久性能呈现逐渐降低,其主要原因有两点:首先,在该温度段下晶粒尺寸较细,并且未发生明显粗化,较高的细晶比例使得晶界未得到有效稳定或未能很好地强化,在高温下更易发生晶界滑动、微孔洞沿晶界聚集长大,导致材料持久寿命下降[25],此外,当钎焊热循环温度升高至990~1000 ℃时,δ相的形态发生变化,部分δ相由针状转变为棒状,而棒状δ相会促进微孔形核,从而降低韧窝的纵深与尺寸,导致材料的持久寿命下降[24]。由于晶界处仍然存在大量的针状δ相,使得GH4169合金仍保持较低缺口敏感性[24,26]。随着热循环温度进一步提高至1020 ℃以上时,GH4169合金持久断口逐渐由晶间断裂转变为“部分晶间断裂+剪切穿晶”并存的形式,但GH4169合金的持久性能大幅度提升。其主要原因有两点:首先由于δ相的大量溶解,导致合金元素如Nb和Ti充分固溶。在随后的两步时效处理中,细小的γ''和γ'强化相的析出并最大程度地保留在基体内;其次缺少针状δ相在晶界处发生钉扎[27],晶粒尺寸大幅度提升,较粗的晶粒在高温下更有利于抑制晶界滑动,从而减缓蠕变变形速率。而针状δ相的完全溶解和晶粒长大,也使得GH4169母材的缺口敏感性大幅度提升,材料在缺口处更容易发生蠕变损伤和断裂。
由此可见,采用较高热循环温度可显著改善合金的蠕变寿命,但需权衡由此带来的缺口敏感性提升。若工程应用对缺口敏感性要求较高,在制定钎焊工艺时,可考虑使用970 ~980 ℃范围进行钎焊,以兼顾蠕变性能与安全裕度;若更注重持久寿命,则可选择1010 ℃左右的钎焊温度,以获得强度与持久性能的最佳平衡。
(1) δ相的析出量随热循环温度的升高呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,形态由针状转变为棒状后再转变为颗粒状;在970~1010 ℃范围内,晶粒尺寸变化不显著,当热循环温度超过1020 ℃后,晶粒显著长大。
(2) GH4169合金的抗拉强度和硬度均随着热循环温度的升高先增加后降低,并在1010 ℃时达到峰值,这是由于该温度热循环下δ相的适量溶解使得晶粒尺寸变化不大,而γ″和γ′强化相更加充分地析出。
(3) GH4169合金的室温冲击韧性在不同的热循环范围具有不同的变化趋势,970~990 ℃范围内随温度升高而降低,这是由于δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状导致的;990~1010 ℃范围内随着温度升高而增加,是由于δ相溶解,无强化相析出带消失导致的,而继续增加热循环温度导致冲击韧性下降是由于晶粒尺寸长大。
(4) GH4169合金的持久寿命随热循环温度的升高先降低后增加,在990 ~1000 ℃范围内达到最低点,这是曲δ相的部分形态由针状转变为棒状所导致的。当温度进一步升高至1020 ℃以上时,γ″强化相的最大程度析出和晶粒长大显著改善蠕变性能,但针状δ相含量大幅度降低导致缺口敏感性增强。
(5) 为获得最佳的综合性能,建议在1010 ℃进行钎焊热循环处理,可实现力学性能与持久性能的平衡。在对缺口敏感性要求较高的服役环境中,应选择970~980 ℃的钎焊温度,以降低蠕变敏感性。
  • 辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2024JH2/102400043)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52201054)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金(2023010404-JH3/101)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金(2023010697-JH3/107)
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2026年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000809
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 录用日期:2025-03-10
基金
辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2024JH2/102400043)
国家自然科学基金(52201054)
辽宁省自然科学基金(2023010404-JH3/101)
辽宁省自然科学基金(2023010697-JH3/107)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院金属研究所 高温结构材料研究部,沈阳 110016
    2.空装驻辽阳地区军事代表室,沈阳 110000
    3.中国航发沈阳黎明航空发动机有限责任公司,沈阳 110043
    4.北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100083

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孙元(1980—),女,研究员,博士,从事高温合金焊接及稀贵金属回收研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市沈河区文化路72号(110016),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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