Article(id=1321927487454557134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321926982078681131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734710400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-21, onlineDate=1793101673234, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101673234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101673234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101673234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321926982078681131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='311', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101552742, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101552742, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=174, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927487731381199, articleId=1321927487454557134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in thermal modification of phenolic resin materials based on pyrolysis mechanism, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phenolic resin materials have a wide range of applications in aerospace thermal protection due to their excellent thermal stability, as well as their low cost and short preparation cycle. By means of chemical and physical modification, more functions or new features can be integrated into phenolic resin matrix composites to make them develop in the direction of high performance and further broaden their application areas. In this paper, the research progress of heat-resistant modification of phenolic resin matrix composites in recent years is reviewed in detail, and the modification methods for synthetic raw materials, molecular structure, and pyrolytic morphology are discussed from the thermal decomposition mechanism. The application prospects are elaborated, and the current problems are analyzed in depth, such as the performance needs in extreme environments still need to be further improved, and the development direction of the high performance and multifunctionality of phenolic resin matrix composites is proposed, and the development direction of further improving its serviceability is discussed. The development direction of high performance and multifunctionalization of phenolic resin matrix composites is proposed, which is of great significance for further improving its service performance and expanding its application scope.

, authors=Yanyan LU, Liuying WANG, Gu LIU, Chaoqun GE, Bin WANG, Kejun XU, Weichao WANG, Jie HUANG, authorsList=Yanyan LU, Liuying WANG, Gu LIU, Chaoqun GE, Bin WANG, Kejun XU, Weichao WANG, Jie HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liuying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927489199387612, articleId=1321927487454557134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于热解机理的酚醛树脂材料耐热改性研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

酚醛树脂材料因具有优异的热稳定性,以及低廉的成本和较短的制备周期,在航空航天热防护领域有广泛应用。通过化学和物理改性的手段,能够将更多功能或新特征集成到酚醛树脂基复合材料中,使其朝着高性能方向发展,进一步拓宽其应用领域。本文详细梳理了近年来酚醛树脂基复合材料在耐热改性方面的研究进展,从热分解机理出发,探讨了针对合成原料、分子结构和热解形貌的改性方法,阐述了其应用前景,深入分析了当前面临的问题,如在极端环境的性能需求仍需进一步提升,提出了酚醛树脂基复合材料高性能化和多功能化的发展方向,对进一步提升其使役性能,扩展应用范围具有重要的意义。

, authors=鲁艳艳, 汪刘应, 刘顾, 葛超群, 王滨, 许可俊, 王伟超, 黄洁, authorsList=鲁艳艳, 汪刘应, 刘顾, 葛超群, 王滨, 许可俊, 王伟超, 黄洁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪刘应, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
汪刘应(1971—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为特种功能材料与涂层技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市灞桥区同心路2号火箭军工程大学智剑实验室(710025),E-mail:
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Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2024, 44(5): 17-36., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321927497093066785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, awardId=2020-44, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省高层次人才专项支持计划(2020-44), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321927491040687069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927491057464286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, companyId=1321927491040687069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Rocket Force University of Engineering,Xi’an 710025,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321927491074241503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, companyId=1321927491040687069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=火箭军工程大学,西安 710025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321927495549562897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Thermal modification methods for phenolic resins, figureFileSmall=V/DJgBSZyft1rrAUZjA7rA==, figureFileBig=bAkb00d/9M2aVOhgOtA34g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927495629254674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酚醛树脂的热改性方法, figureFileSmall=V/DJgBSZyft1rrAUZjA7rA==, figureFileBig=bAkb00d/9M2aVOhgOtA34g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927495847358483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pyrolysis mechanism of phenolic resins(a)pyrolysis products into pathways[7];(b)type of product[7];(c)molecular modeling[8];(d)high temperature distribution map[8], figureFileSmall=1PRbegY50wg/SYvQgSFRUw==, figureFileBig=bloSj9UhWL79Mj9wpBhWZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927495922855956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酚醛树脂的热解机制(a)热解产物成路径[7];(b)产物种类[7];(c)分子模型构建[8];(d)高温分布图[8], figureFileSmall=1PRbegY50wg/SYvQgSFRUw==, figureFileBig=bloSj9UhWL79Mj9wpBhWZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927495998353429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structure and properties of raw material substituted phenolic resins(a)resin structure characterization[17];(b)thermogravimetric curves[20];(c)macroscopic and microscopic images of APF and PPF foams[20], figureFileSmall=j3LEX3GYIEOjK8lKifJ5Tw==, figureFileBig=X0ZitH+HV2O7FbURNIKNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496086433814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图3, caption=木质素部分取代酚醛树脂的结构及性能

(a)树脂结构表征[17];(b)热重曲线[20];(c)APF和PPF泡沫的宏观和微观图像[20]

, figureFileSmall=j3LEX3GYIEOjK8lKifJ5Tw==, figureFileBig=X0ZitH+HV2O7FbURNIKNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496182902807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Study of pyrolytic properties of hybridized modified phenolic resins(a)SEM image of graphitization[30];(b)ablation mechanism of hybridized resin aerogel composites[32];(c)schematic diagram of the variation rule of Gibbs free energy with temperature in ceramic reaction and the thermal protection mechanism of CF/ZrPR composites[33];(d)anti-ablation mechanism of modified resins[34];(e)two-dimensional crystallization model of POSS[39];(f)thermal degradation behavior of BPOSSPR[41];(g)ablation rate and thermal conductivity of fiber-reinforced composites[41], figureFileSmall=D2gVEIcX+najLEB/cDVDHg==, figureFileBig=mcQwfzfb5jdvwZ7YC8KOPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496258400280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图4, caption=杂化改性酚醛树脂热解性能的研究(a)石墨化的SEM照片[30];(b)杂化树脂气凝胶复合材料的烧蚀机理[32];(c)陶瓷反应中吉布斯自由能随温度的变化规律及CF/ZrPR复合材料的热保护机理示意图[33];(d)改性树脂的抗烧蚀机理[34];(e)POSS二维结晶模型[39];(f)BPOSSPR的热降解行为[41];(g)纤维增强复合材料的烧蚀率和导热系数[41], figureFileSmall=D2gVEIcX+najLEB/cDVDHg==, figureFileBig=mcQwfzfb5jdvwZ7YC8KOPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496346480665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of change in curing mode on resin properties(a)TGA curves of thermal decomposition of modified BMI resins[48];(b)TGA curves and microphotographs of PBN resins and phenolic resins[54];(c)TGA mass loss spectra in N2[57];(d)flexural strength of A-ph/CE/GF composite laminates[58];(e)microscopic infrared imaging analysis of phenolic fibers[59], figureFileSmall=OZEHU1OWmrELAj4xZHNWDQ==, figureFileBig=fLhlLILAuoKykFIGAAn07w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496421978138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图5, caption=固化方式的改变对树脂性能的影响

(a)改性BMI树脂热分解的TGA曲线[48];(b)PBN树脂和酚醛树脂的TGA曲线和显微照[54];(c)N2中TGA失重谱[57];(d)A-ph/CE/GF复合层压板的抗弯强度[58];(e)酚醛纤维的显微红外成像分析[59]

, figureFileSmall=OZEHU1OWmrELAj4xZHNWDQ==, figureFileBig=fLhlLILAuoKykFIGAAn07w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496497475611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Structure and heat resistance of filler-modified phenolic resin

(a)hybrid coated polyurethane foam making[61];(b)EPS-PF/ATH/FA foam flame retardant mechanism[67];

(c)surface structure of ablated specimens with different SiC contents[68];(d)pyrolysis mechanism of carbon-based polymer matrix[69]

, figureFileSmall=JwNGlsNSUeg0rRB6LEisUw==, figureFileBig=KAmyvShaRFtXPqz1Eo3+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496589750300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=图6, caption=填料改性酚醛树脂的结构及耐热性能(a)混合涂层聚氨酯泡沫的制备[61];(b)EPS-PF/ATH/FA泡沫阻燃机理[67];

(c)不同SiC含量烧蚀试样的表面结构[68];(d)碳基聚合物基体热解机理[69]

, figureFileSmall=JwNGlsNSUeg0rRB6LEisUw==, figureFileBig=KAmyvShaRFtXPqz1Eo3+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927496698802205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types of cross-linked structure modification and thermal decomposition performance of resin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Crosslinking typemodifierPyrolysis temperature/℃Residual carbon ratio/%Ref.
Addition formAllyl27145.40[44]
Propargyl34559.60[44]
Maleamide40041.00[52]
CyclizationPhthalonitrile44633.00[57]
Cyanate ester40045.00[48]
Open loop typeEpoxy resin58459.38[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1321927496786882590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

树脂的交联结构改性类型及热分解性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Crosslinking typemodifierPyrolysis temperature/℃Residual carbon ratio/%Ref.
Addition formAllyl27145.40[44]
Propargyl34559.60[44]
Maleamide40041.00[52]
CyclizationPhthalonitrile44633.00[57]
Cyanate ester40045.00[48]
Open loop typeEpoxy resin58459.38[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1321927496895934495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structure control and ablative properties of resin pyrolysis layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material typePacking nameLine ablation rate/(mm·s-1)Volume ablation rate/(g·s-1)Ref.
Ceramizable materialMica0.00600.0340[63]
Montmorillonite0.02340.0705[64]
SiC0.03200.0425[68]
TiSi20.02830.0107[70]
Carbon nanomaterialsCNTs0.03800.0510[75]
GO0.04300.0586[79]
), ArticleFig(id=1321927496984014880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927487454557134, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

树脂热解层结构调控的方式及烧蚀性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material typePacking nameLine ablation rate/(mm·s-1)Volume ablation rate/(g·s-1)Ref.
Ceramizable materialMica0.00600.0340[63]
Montmorillonite0.02340.0705[64]
SiC0.03200.0425[68]
TiSi20.02830.0107[70]
Carbon nanomaterialsCNTs0.03800.0510[75]
GO0.04300.0586[79]
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基于热解机理的酚醛树脂材料耐热改性研究进展
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鲁艳艳 , 汪刘应 , 刘顾 , 葛超群 , 王滨 , 许可俊 , 王伟超 , 黄洁
材料工程 | 综述 2026,54(2): 174-187
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材料工程 |综述 2026 , 54 (2) : 174 -187
基于热解机理的酚醛树脂材料耐热改性研究进展
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鲁艳艳, 汪刘应 , 刘顾, 葛超群, 王滨, 许可俊, 王伟超, 黄洁
作者信息
  • 火箭军工程大学,西安 710025
通讯作者:
汪刘应(1971—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为特种功能材料与涂层技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市灞桥区同心路2号火箭军工程大学智剑实验室(710025),E-mail:
Research progress in thermal modification of phenolic resin materials based on pyrolysis mechanism
Yanyan LU, Liuying WANG , Gu LIU, Chaoqun GE, Bin WANG, Kejun XU, Weichao WANG, Jie HUANG
Affiliations
  • Rocket Force University of Engineering,Xi’an 710025,China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765
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酚醛树脂材料因具有优异的热稳定性,以及低廉的成本和较短的制备周期,在航空航天热防护领域有广泛应用。通过化学和物理改性的手段,能够将更多功能或新特征集成到酚醛树脂基复合材料中,使其朝着高性能方向发展,进一步拓宽其应用领域。本文详细梳理了近年来酚醛树脂基复合材料在耐热改性方面的研究进展,从热分解机理出发,探讨了针对合成原料、分子结构和热解形貌的改性方法,阐述了其应用前景,深入分析了当前面临的问题,如在极端环境的性能需求仍需进一步提升,提出了酚醛树脂基复合材料高性能化和多功能化的发展方向,对进一步提升其使役性能,扩展应用范围具有重要的意义。

酚醛树脂  /  耐热改性  /  元素杂化  /  固化方式  /  可陶瓷化

Phenolic resin materials have a wide range of applications in aerospace thermal protection due to their excellent thermal stability, as well as their low cost and short preparation cycle. By means of chemical and physical modification, more functions or new features can be integrated into phenolic resin matrix composites to make them develop in the direction of high performance and further broaden their application areas. In this paper, the research progress of heat-resistant modification of phenolic resin matrix composites in recent years is reviewed in detail, and the modification methods for synthetic raw materials, molecular structure, and pyrolytic morphology are discussed from the thermal decomposition mechanism. The application prospects are elaborated, and the current problems are analyzed in depth, such as the performance needs in extreme environments still need to be further improved, and the development direction of the high performance and multifunctionality of phenolic resin matrix composites is proposed, and the development direction of further improving its serviceability is discussed. The development direction of high performance and multifunctionalization of phenolic resin matrix composites is proposed, which is of great significance for further improving its service performance and expanding its application scope.

phenolic resin  /  heat-resistant modification  /  elemental hybridization  /  curing mode  /  ceramizable
鲁艳艳, 汪刘应, 刘顾, 葛超群, 王滨, 许可俊, 王伟超, 黄洁. 基于热解机理的酚醛树脂材料耐热改性研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (2) : 174 -187 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765
Yanyan LU, Liuying WANG, Gu LIU, Chaoqun GE, Bin WANG, Kejun XU, Weichao WANG, Jie HUANG. Research progress in thermal modification of phenolic resin materials based on pyrolysis mechanism[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (2) : 174 -187 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765
随着太空探索技术的不断进步,航天器材料的性能需求日益提高。在航天器的运行过程中,由于高速气流的冲刷,材料表面会承受十分严重的气动加热,短时间内表面温度可上升至1000 ℃以上,这对航天器的运行状态构成了严重威胁[1]。酚醛树脂由于具有优异的抗氧化性和热稳定性,是目前高温防热领域最常见的基体材料之一。
然而,传统的酚醛树脂已经很难满足航天器材热防护的需求。其分子结构中的酚羟基和亚甲基易氧化,导致耐氧化性和热稳定性能降低[2]。在成型固化的过程中,小分子或挥发性有机化合物的释放,导致成品样貌差[3],孔洞的存在还会严重影响材料的力学性能。此外,其原料苯酚和甲醛的释放也会对环境造成危害[4],违背了可持续发展的理念。因此,为了满足航空航天领域对材料性能的更高要求,对酚醛树脂进行改性,提高其耐热性、减少有害物质的排放,并增强环境可持续性已成为当务之急。
国内外许多科研机构和高校正致力于酚醛树脂的耐热改性研究。在深入了解酚醛树脂热分解机制的前提下,常见的改性策略包括:(1)通过对分子结构进行调整,引入更多交联点以增强网络结构,提高分子链的刚性,或者向分子链中引入具有高耐热性的官能团以提升酚醛树脂的基本性能;(2)调整酚醛树脂的化学组成,如所用酚类和醛类的种类及其比例,优化树脂的物化性能;(3)添加各种助剂,如无机填料和纳米材料等,以提升树脂基体的耐热性能。这些手段和方法将为酚醛树脂的耐热改性研究提供理论依据和技术支撑。
基于以上内容,本文以酚醛树脂的耐热改性为核心,对酚醛树脂的热分解机制进行了探讨。从关键原材料的结构优化、分子结构设计和热解后表面层的结构调控三个关键维度出发,全面综述了近年来酚醛树脂耐热改性的研究进展,主要内容如图1所示。此外,还对具有优异耐热性能的酚醛树脂在各领域的应用潜力及未来的发展前景进行了分析和展望,以期为航空航天等高温应用领域提供支撑。
酚醛树脂的耐热性能与其在高温环境中的热解过程密不可分。早在20世纪50年代末,就开始了对于酚醛树脂热解机制的研究。其中最经典是Fitzer等[5]提出的热解过程:随着温度的升高,酚醛树脂首先发生的是缩聚反应,即酚醛低聚体之间脱水形成亚甲基桥,此为固化阶段。随后开始缓慢进行裂解反应,即两个酚羟基反应形成醚键。当温度达到400 ℃以上时,酚羟基间会产生缩聚和环化反应。最后的裂解反应过程以酚醛树脂的深度碳化和脱氢反应为主,最终形成无定形碳的结构。除此之外,还有多种关于酚醛树脂热解机制的研究,如Jackson等[6]提出的氧化裂解机理:树脂在氧化性气氛的作用下,亚甲基被氧化成羰基;苯基甲醇氧化成苯基甲酸。随着温度的进一步上升,酚醛的缩合物开始逐步裂解。这些研究为酚醛树脂在高温下的热解行为提供了科学依据。
随着分子动力学的发展,酚醛树脂的热解机制有了更深入的研究。Zheng等[7]结合热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱实验和ReaxFF分子动力学模拟方法,对酚醛树脂的热解行为进行了研究。实验结果验证了酚醛树脂热解过程三阶段化的理论,如图2(a)所示。研究发现加热速率会影响酚醛树脂的初始热解温度,但对热解产物的类型没有明显的影响,如图2(b)所示。这项研究为酚醛树脂热响应计算模型的建立提供了理论数据基础。Huang等[8]在得出上述结论的同时,还探讨了氧气轰击过程中释放气体副产物的反应机理,如图2(c)所示。通过这些模型成功模拟验证了氧气对树脂的侵蚀作用,发现氧气比原子氧更易破坏树脂结构,产生更多样化的产物,如图2(d)所示。这一结论为极端条件下酚醛树脂的热解提供了新的理论见解,并为设计耐氧化和耐烧蚀树脂材料提供了科学依据。
这些研究提供了对酚醛树脂热解机制更深入的理解。因此,提高酚醛树脂耐热性能的方式应针对热解的三个阶段进行。首先,控制树脂的合成固化过程;其次,基于分子结构设计,通过元素杂化来调控酚羟基的反应活性,或通过调整固化方式来优化树脂的交联网络结构;最后,对树脂裂解过程中表面形成的无定形碳层进行调控。这些策略为酚醛树脂耐热性能的改性研究奠定了基础,指明了研究方向。
苯酚和甲醛作为合成酚醛树脂的核心原料,通过缩聚反应生成酚醛树脂。在该合成过程中,原料的种类和配比是决定酚醛树脂结构和性能的关键因素。然而,在酚醛树脂的热解过程中,苯酚等小分子物质可能会挥发并释放到环境中,对环境构成了潜在威胁[9]。为了缓解这种不利影响,研究人员正在积极探索原料的改性方法或寻找合适的替代原料。这些方案不仅有望减少对环境的负面影响,还有可能提升酚醛树脂的耐热性能。
在众多苯酚的替代原料中,腰果酚和木质素因其环保优势和优异的性能,成为了研究的热点。腰果酚又称为3-十五烷基苯酚[10],存在一个酚羟基基团,可以部分取代苯酚后合成腰果酚改性的酚醛树脂。腰果酚与苯酚的主要区别在于其分子结构中嵌入了一个脂肪族的C15长链。这一长链基团不仅赋予了腰果酚独特的化学特性,而且能够有效降低酚醛树脂的脆性,同时显著增强其抗冲击能力[11],因此腰果酚常做增韧剂使用。蔡学广[12]研究发现,在腰果酚改性的酚醛树脂复合材料中,当腰果酚含量达到20%(质量分数,下同)时,复合材料在250 ℃和300 ℃时的剪切强度较未改性酚醛树脂分别提高了23%和31%。腰果酚改性的酚醛树脂不仅在力学性能有显著提升,耐热性能也得到了改善。此外,腰果酚中的酚基或双键可以进行聚合反应,为其分子结构的灵活设计奠定了基础[13]。Bo等[14]合成了一种基于腰果酚的硅氧烷(SAECD),该化合物含有硅基团和反应性的环氧基团。基于此制备了不同SAECD含量的酚醛树脂泡沫。结果表明,酚醛泡沫的弯曲强度从0.281 MPa增加到0.390 MPa,提高了38.79%。含有4% SAECD的PF,极限氧指数(LOI)提高了9.41%。这些成果进一步证实了腰果酚改性酚醛树脂在力学性能和耐热性能上的显著提升,为酚醛树脂应用领域的拓展提供了新的可能性。
与腰果酚类似,木质素也是一种天然的多酚化合物,主要存在于一些树皮和木材中[15],在酚醛树脂的合成过程中也可部分或完全取代苯酚。木质素中丰富的羟基基团有效地补偿了由于空间位阻和甲氧基存在而导致的反应活性不足的缺陷[16]。Liu等[17]采用一锅两步法(苯化和共聚)成功制备了含有30%木质素的木质素-苯酚-甲醛树脂(LPF),并发现当甲醛/苯酚官能团比例(F/P)为0.68∶1时,树脂展现出更高的硬化效果。这种增强效应归因于木质素形成的超支化结构,其中多个酚类臂充当交联中心,促进了有效网络的形成,如图3(a)所示。在此基础上,黄世俊等[18]通过正交实验优化了木质素改性酚醛树脂的合成工艺,确定最优合成条件为摩尔比0.84、木质素用量10%、催化剂用量0.9%。使用该种方法合成的酚醛树脂模塑料展现出更优异的力学性能和耐热性能,其拉伸强度从57 MPa提升至60 MPa,弯曲强度从96 MPa提升至102 MPa,此外,热变形温度也从168 ℃提升至177 ℃。这证明木质素的存在对酚醛树脂的耐热性能也有影响。此外,研究者常通过羟甲基化、去甲基化、酚化等方式对木质素进行改性,来提高其反应活性[19]。Zhou等[20]通过固体酸催化的苯化反应对碱性木质素(AL)进行解聚和活化,成功制备了木质素基的酚醛泡沫(LPF),如图3(b),(c)所示。结果表明,苯化处理有效降低了AL的分子量,并增加了酚羟基含量,从而提高了木质素的反应性。同时,LPF泡沫在不同阶段的热分解温度范围内表现出比PF泡沫更好的热稳定性,尤其是在第一阶段热分解中,LPF泡沫的失重量普遍低于PF泡沫。这证明了其在较低温度下的热稳定性得到提升。
除了以上这些常见的取代剂外,研究人员还探索了多种新型改性剂以增强材料的性能。例如,间硝基苯酚[21]、3-氨基苯酚[22]和硼烷双酚[23]等化合物。这些改性剂能够部分或完全取代苯酚,从而改变分子结构,有效提升酚醛树脂的热稳定性和化学稳定性,同时还具有良好的环境保护效应,为酚醛树脂的应用领域带来了更广阔的发展前景。
在酚醛树脂的合成固化改性中,除了苯酚外,甲醛的替代研究也取得了显著进展。Chaussoy等[24]通过使用对苯二甲醛替代甲醛,以及2-羟甲基苯酚替代苯酚,成功合成了一种具有优异热稳定性能的树脂。该树脂在热分解过程中,其质量损失5%的温度(Td5%)显著提升至390 ℃,该树脂的残碳率也达到了62%。同时,Yao等[25]也采用对苯二甲醛作为原料,合成了一种新型的无甲醛酚醛树脂(PTPA)。随后,通过向PTPA中进一步添加不同含量的费烯羧醛(Fc),制备了Fc-PTPA树脂,并深入分析其固化过程。研究结果表明,15%Fc-PTPA在800 ℃时的残碳率达到76.0%。这是由于Fc的催化作用促进了苯环的脱氢和碳化,形成了更有序的碳化物结构,从而提高了Fc-PTPA的热性。此外,Briou等[26]通过化学改性将卡南醇转化为8-(3-羟基苯基)辛醛,替代了传统的含甲醛酚醛热固性树脂。研究中合成的树脂显示出较低的玻璃化转变温度和良好的热稳定性,能够在高达400 ℃的温度下保持稳定。综上所述,通过酚醛树脂的原料优化设计的改性方法,不仅有助于保护环境,还显著提高了材料的耐热性能,这为酚醛树脂的环保和高性能应用提供了新的可能性。
在酚醛树脂热解的过程中,分子结构对热解行为具有决定性作用。对于线性酚醛树脂而言,通过分子链上酚羟基的取代反应,可以引入新的官能团或改变化学键的连接方式,从而实现对分子结构的精细调控。这种优化的分子结构能够显著提升树脂的性能,如增强其热稳定性和机械强度等。
传统酚醛树脂由线性芳香环结构组成,通过交联反应形成稳定的三维网络结构。在热解过程中,酚醛树脂常表现为C—C键、C—H键、C—O键的断裂和重组。为了提升酚醛树脂的热稳定性能,常通过引入高键能元素,如硼、硅等进行改性。其中,硼改性酚醛树脂(BPR)因优异的抗氧化性、高温稳定性和热解性能,且在热解过程中不释放有毒气体[27],成为了最成功的酚醛改性品种之一,目前已实现工业化生产。Gao等[28]通过共前驱体策略,利用苯基硼酸与酚醛树脂的溶胶-凝胶聚合反应制备了硼改性酚醛气凝胶。引入的B—O键有助于在高温下维持结构的稳定性,显著提高了气凝胶的热稳定性能。Wang等[29]深入研究了BPR的化学结构及其在高温下的结构演变。研究发现,BPR在固化过程中形成的苯基硼酸酯是其高成炭率的主要原因。这种化合物能够封闭部分酚羟基,从而有效抑制酚羟基的热分解反应,减少了碳的损失。此外,在热解过程中,苯基硼酸酯的C—O键断裂,生成的硼氧化物覆盖在碳化产物表面形成保护层,这层保护层防止了二氧化碳的挥发,并抑制了碳化产物微观结构缺陷的进一步发展。此外,硼元素还提升了碳化产物的石墨化程度和石墨微晶,促进了热解过程中更有序的玻璃碳的形成,如图4(a)所示[30]。对于硅改性的酚醛树脂(SiPR),Du等[31]对其耐热性能提升的机理进行了研究。结果表明,通过在酚醛树脂中引入Ph—O—Si结构,能够有效改变Ph—O—H的断裂行为,促进了PR交联骨架上氧原子的脱离,减少了热解过程中CO热解气体的释放,从而提高了SiPR的耐高温性能。同时,在高温环境中,Si单元的聚集形成了具有优异热稳定性的Si—O富集相(SiO相),这有助于材料在高温下保持结构的稳定性。除了以上非金属元素外,锆[32-34]、钼[35-36]等金属元素对酚醛的改性也得到了广泛研究,如图4(b)~(d)所示。
目前单一元素改性技术已相对成熟,而多元素协同改性则能够进一步优化材料的综合性能。这种方法利用不同元素之间的协同作用,实现了性能的互补和提升。其中,硼硅改性的酚醛树脂(BSiPR)因具有良好的协同效应而受到了广泛的研究。Wang等[37]采用超临界二氧化碳技术制备了硼硅改性的酚醛树脂泡沫(SiBPF),该泡沫具有规则且密集的内部结构,无穿孔或塌陷缺陷。在800 ℃时,SiBPF的碳残余率达到了77.61%,热分解温度T5%和Tmax分别达到了355.21 ℃和702.70 ℃,显示出卓越的耐热性能。除了硼硅的协同改性外,Bao等[38]还研制了一种含有磷和硅元素的改性酚醛树脂(SPPR)。SPPR不仅展示了卓越的热稳定性,其最大分解温度超过500 ℃,在氮气中700 ℃时的残碳率达到了60.1%。而且力学性能也得到了显著改善,特别是冲击强度从普通酚醛树脂的4.3 kJ/m²提升至了16.5 kJ/m²。这表明引入的柔性Si—O链对提升SPPR的力学性能起到了重要作用。总之,多元素协同改性技术在提升酚醛树脂的耐热性、烧蚀性能以及机械强度方面展现出了显著的效果。
多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)作为一种具有独特结构的有机-无机杂化材料,也被广泛应用于酚醛树脂的改性研究中。如图4(e)为POSS大分子的二维结晶模型[39]。Lei等[40]发现,通过引入不同取代度的环氧基POSS(EPOSS),可以调整酚醛树脂的内部交联网络结构。当EPOSS的取代度适中时,它与酚醛树脂之间形成的共聚结构占主导地位,促进了致密交联网络的构建。这一过程不仅增强了酚醛树脂的热力学性能,还能显著提升其拉伸性能。然而,当EPOSS的取代度过高时,其自聚反应则会破坏酚醛树脂原有的交联网络,导致拉伸强度和模量的大幅下。这一发现揭示了POSS在酚醛树脂改性中的作用机制,即通过精细调控POSS的取代度,可以实现对酚醛树脂性能的优化。在此基础上,Niu等[41]使用双功能碱性七苯基三硅醇钠盐多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(3ONa-POSS)作为催化剂和硅源,成功合成了一种新型的硼硅杂化酚醛树脂(BPOSSPR)。BPOSSPR的初始分解温度提高到453.0 ℃,1000 ℃时的残碳率达到72.7%,同时,线性烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别达到了0.003 mm/s和0.0354 g/s,复合材料的抗烧蚀能力得到了显著提升,如图4(f),(g)所示。总之,将硼、硅、钛等元素引入酚醛树脂的结构中,生成的高键能赋予了酚醛树脂良好的耐热抗烧蚀性能,同时,多种元素之间也存在一定的协同作用,是酚醛树脂耐热改性的有效方法之一。
酚醛树脂的固化是一个涉及热处理和化学反应的交联过程,其核心在于通过分子链上基团间的化学反应构建起坚固的三维网络结构。对于传统酚醛树脂而言,这一过程主要是通过分子链中的酚羟基与甲醛在酸性或碱性条件下发生反应,产生亚甲基桥接,从而实现固化[42]。正确控制固化反应的过程及条件对于获得理想的材料性能至关重要。在当前的研究中,研究者们常向酚醛树脂的分子链中引入不同的基团进行改性。这些基团通过特定的化学反应,为酚醛树脂引入了多样的交联类型和固化机制,产生不同的三维分子网络结构。这种精确的分子结构调控,能进一步优化材料的性能。其中,常见的固化机制类型包括加成型固化、成环型固化和开环型固化三种[43]。
携带烯丙基、炔丙基和马来酰胺基等基团的酚醛树脂通常采用加成型方式进行固化。这种方法从本质上避免了固化过程中小分子的逸出,使材料具有较高的质量,同时也降低了对固化工艺的要求[44]。Nechausov等[45]分别合成了炔丙基和烯丙基/炔丙基改性的酚醛树脂,使用真空灌注成型工艺制备了碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP),含烯丙基的聚合物基体力学性能得到明显提升,并且增加了CFRP的热稳定性。在研究中实现烯丙基醚化程度的精准调控,对树脂性能至关重要。Zhong等[46]通过调整烯基酚醛树脂的醚化度改变了树脂的极性,从而影响了其与硅溶胶纳米粒子之间的相容性。当醚化度处于适当范围时,树脂与硅溶胶纳米粒子之间具有良好的相容性,实现了纳米级别的均匀分散。然而,当醚化度偏离这个适当范围时,由于极性差异增大,导致相容性变差,从而出现了更严重的相分离。因此,通过调控烯丙基醚化程度,能改善树脂与纳米粒子的相容性,同时,烯丙基与炔丙基的协同改性也能有效提高酚醛树脂的耐热性能。
与烯丙基酚醛树脂类似,双马来酰亚胺(BMI)分子结构中含有酰亚胺环状结构,这种不饱和结构可以与其他活性基团进行共聚交联,从而实现树脂的固化[47]。将双马来酰亚胺引入酚醛树脂中,不仅能够显著提升酚醛树脂的耐热性[48],也能改善其韧性[49],如图5(a)所示。Wang等[50]指出,BMI分子链中的酰亚胺环和苯环结构增加了分子链的刚性,是材料耐温性能提升的主要原因。BMI分子链的刚性也使其在宽温度范围内的偶极损耗减小,赋予了复合材料更优异的介电性能,这使得BMI改性树脂在高温电子封装材料领域有广泛的应用前景。
此外,成环型和开环型两种固化方式也得到了广泛的研究。成环型固化方式的代表包括邻苯二甲腈改性的酚醛树脂[51]和酚醛型的氰酸酯树脂[52-53]。李芝华等[54]采用邻苯二甲腈与联苯型酚醛树脂反应,如图5(b)所示,制备出的腈基树脂中空微球具有优越的耐热性能。Zhang等[55]采用邻苯二甲腈对热固性酚醛树脂进行改性,发现改性后的树脂5%热失重温度、残碳率和剪切强度均有提高。由此可见,邻苯二甲腈改性后的酚醛树脂能实现耐热性能和力学性能的同步提升。此外,氰酸酯树脂由于固化后生成以三嗪环结构为主的网状高聚物,具有优异的耐热性、低介电性和高温力学性能[56]。Li等[57]以环氧树脂为主体,将其与酚醛型氰酸酯进行熔融共混,得到的改性树脂显示出极佳的耐热性能,如图5(c)所示。氰酸酯的引入也可增强树脂的力学性能。Chen等[58]通过共聚改性的方式,将氰酸酯、腈基树脂和苯并噁嗪三种材料进行结合。研究发现当氰酸酯用量为10%时,该复合材料层压板的弯曲强度达到了622 MPa,如图5(d)所示,展现出了优异的力学性能。
环氧树脂改性酚醛树脂是一种典型的开环固化体系。Yin等[59]通过湿法纺丝技术制备了环氧改性酚醛纤维,该纤维的耐热性有明显提升。这种耐热性能的提升主要归因于环氧基团与酚羟基之间的开环反应,这一反应增加了分子间的化学键结合,从而提高了酚醛树脂的交联密度,如图5(e)所示。
综上所述,酚醛树脂固化方式的改性研究较为丰富,且这些改性均可显著提升复合材料的耐热性能和力学性能,具体性能提升数据如表1[44,48,52,57,59]所示。这些研究成果为酚醛树脂在高性能应用领域的进一步发展提供了坚实的基础。
在酚醛树脂热解过程的后期,外部的热流会持续侵入材料内部,引发材料的迅速破坏和分解。在这个过程中,材料表面无定形碳层的形态和组成对整体的耐热性能具有重要影响。因此,向酚醛基体中引入改性填料,可以对高温下材料表面的形貌进行调控。填料在酚醛树脂中分散后,可以在材料表面形成一层保护层。该保护层作为物理屏障保护基材免受热量和氧气的影响,减缓了在聚合物热降解过程中产生的易燃挥发物的生成速率[60]。基于生成保护层的种类,可将填料分为可陶瓷化材料和碳纳米材料改性两种。
可陶瓷化复合材料是一种新型的热防护材料,一般由聚合物基体、成瓷填料、助熔剂以及其他增强填料组成,如图6(a)所示[61]。这种材料在常温下具有与普通树脂相同的性能,但在高温环境中,基体会由聚合物基逐步转化为致密的陶瓷保护层,该陶瓷层能有效阻止聚合物基体在热解过程中产生的挥发性组分扩散至燃烧区,降低材料的热损失,还能作为一道屏障有效地防止氧气与内部材料接触,进而减少聚合物的氧化分解,提升材料的热稳定性[62]。
常见的成瓷填料通常可以分为三类:无机矿物填料、金属氧化物填料以及陶瓷填料。在无机矿物填料中,硅酸盐矿物类填料如云母和蒙脱土等,因其独特的物理化学性质而被广泛应用在各种材料的改性中。Zhang等[63]通过添加二硅化钼(MoSi2)和云母来改性碳纤维/硼酚醛树脂(CF/BPR)复合材料,以提高其在1500 ℃下的力学性能、耐热性能和烧蚀性能。结果表明,材料的力学性能和耐热性能均有显著的提升。同时,Xu等[64]在无碱条件下合成硼改性热固性酚醛树脂,并进一步制备了蒙脱土/硅的纳米复合材料。与未改性的树脂相比,纳米复合材料的热稳定性得到了显著提高,随着蒙脱土和硅含量的增加,酚醛树脂的耐热性能和烧蚀性能都得到了显著的改善。
与无机矿物类材料不同,金属氧化物填料在热解过程中会释放出水蒸气,这种特性有助于稀释燃烧区域内的氧气和可燃气体,进而降低燃烧区域的局部温度[65]。氢氧化铝和氢氧化镁是最常见的此类填料,它们因具有优异的热稳定性和阻燃性能被广泛研究。Shi等[66]通过向硼酚醛树脂中引入MgO-Al2O3-SiO2作为填料,成功制备了可陶瓷化复合材料。经过高温处理后,该复合材料表面形成了一层白色致密的陶瓷层,构成了有效的防护屏障。Wang等[67]则将酚醛树脂作为基体,选用Al(OH)3和粉煤灰作为填料制备了一种新型复合材料。结果表明,在高温环境下,该复合材料表面形成了均匀的Al2O3-SiO2层。这一均匀的陶瓷层显著增强了材料的耐热性,如图6(b)所示。
此外,陶瓷填料因其卓越的耐热性能和高温结构稳定性而被广泛应用。常见的陶瓷填料包括碳化硅(SiC)、碳化硼(B4C)和硼化锆(ZrB2)等。Wang等[68]在碳纤维增强的酚醛树脂中引入SiC颗粒,研究发现,这种复合材料的热稳定性、导热性和耐烧蚀性能均得到了提升。如图6(c)所示,表明SiC的添加有效降低了材料的热传导。Sanoj等[69]对微米级B4C改性酚醛树脂的性能进行了深入研究,揭示了B4C/酚醛复合材料在高温下的烧蚀碳化机理,如图6(d)所示。在超过800 ℃的温度条件下,B4C与氧气以及树脂高温分解产生的CO、H2O等小分子发生化学反应,这一过程会促进了无定型碳的生成。这些反应不仅增强了复合材料的热稳定性,还提升了其力学性能和耐烧蚀性能。Qi等[70]利用SiO2纤维、TiSi2、ZrB2来对硼酚醛树脂进行增强,经过高温处理后,材料表面形成了TiO2-SiO2共晶陶瓷层,显著提高了材料的耐烧蚀性能。这些研究结果表明,通过向树脂基体中添加成瓷填料,可以根据填料与树脂基体之间的不同作用机理来有效提升复合材料的烧蚀性能。这些发现为设计和开发具有优异高温性能的复合材料提供了重要指导。
碳纳米材料因其独特的特性,如尺寸小、比表面积大、表面非配对原子多等,在改性酚醛树脂时展现出优异性,能有效提高材料的韧性、强度和耐热性能等[71-74]。在碳纳米材料中,碳纳米管(CNTs)和氧化石墨烯(GO)是常见的两种材料。
Nguyen等[75]研究了羧基化碳纳米管对酚醛/石墨复合材料微观结构和热性能的影响。研究发现,CNTs的引入不仅增加了复合材料的耐热性能,还显著降低了复合材料的开放孔隙率,使其从15%降低到了10%,进一步证明了碳纳米管对酚醛基体耐热性能的积极影响。这些结果也揭示了碳纳米管含量及其在基体中的分散状态对复合材料性能的重要性。Ciritcioglu等[76]探讨了不同比例(1%~5%)单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对酚醛树脂性能的影响。实验发现,SWCNTs的加入能有效提高酚醛树脂的热稳定性,并且随着SWCNTs含量的增加,这种稳定性提升效果逐渐增强。Ding等[77]进一步研究了碳纳米管含量对复合材料性能的影响,发现其含量并非越多越好。通常情况下,随着碳纳米管含量的增加,复合材料的线烧蚀速率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势。这一现象归因于较低浓度的碳纳米管更易在基体中均匀分散,从而有效提升材料的烧蚀性能。而碳纳米管在基体中的分散状态,尤其是其是否形成团聚,对复合材料的最终性能同样起着决定性作用。这些研究为优化碳纳米管在酚醛树脂中的分散和应用提供了宝贵的指导。
氧化石墨烯作为一种二维碳基单层材料,因其独特的层状结构、巨大的比表面积及出色的电子和热传导性能而受到广泛的关注和研究。在烧蚀过程中,氧化石墨烯的引入能够促进纤维的石墨化,从而增强碳层的稳定性[78],显著提升材料的残碳率,为基体提供更有效的热保护。Sabagh等[79]采用GO改性碳纤维/酚醛复合材料。结果表明复合材料的线烧蚀速率降低,隔热性能提升。这一现象主要归因于GO的纳米级层状结构和大的比表面积,使其能够与树脂分子链形成共价键。这种键接结构促进了碳纤维与树脂基体的连接,使烧蚀后形成的碳化层更加致密和完整,极大提高了复合材料的耐烧蚀性能。Chen等[80]则采用静电自组装技术制备了石墨烯杂化材料(SiO2-GO),并通过化学还原方法制备了SiO2-RGO杂化材料。结果表明,与单独添加GO或者纳米SiO2相比,纳米SiO2颗粒与GO之间存在协同效应,因此SiO2-RGO和SiO2-GO杂化材料改性酚醛树脂的耐热性能提升更为明显。当SiO2-RGO的添加含量为1%时,改性酚醛树脂的最大热分解温度提升了32.50 ℃,同时800 ℃时的残碳率增加了6.54%。针对以上改性方法,具体的性能数据如表2[63-64,68,70,75,79]所示,这些研究结果进一步证实了可陶瓷化材料和碳纳米材料在提高酚醛树脂耐热性能方面的潜力。
本文以酚醛树脂的热解机理为依据,并围绕原料优化、分子设计和无定形碳层的构建三点,详细阐述了提升酚醛基材料耐热性能的策略。具有良好耐高温性能的酚醛树脂在航空航天领域将有广泛的应用前景[81],但面对日益复杂的应用环境,除了需要不断提高树脂基体的耐高温性能外,还要开发具有多功能一体化特性的复合材料。因此,未来对于酚醛树脂的研究将聚焦在以下几个方面:(1)尽管酚醛树脂已具有优良的耐热性和抗烧蚀性,但在某些极端环境下,其性能仍需进一步优化;(2)除了对酚醛树脂性能的进一步优化外,也应该进一步开发能够在高温环境下实现多功能一体化的复合材料,以满足航空航天领域对高性能复合材料的迫切需求;(3)高性能的酚醛树脂往往成本较高,限制了其在某些领域的应用。如何降低生产成本、提高经济效益,是酚醛树脂行业需要解决的问题之一。因此,未来的研究还需进一步深入,不断开发出具有高性能低成本的材料,推动航空航天技术的进步。
  • 陕西省高层次人才专项支持计划(2020-44)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000765
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
  • 录用日期:2024-12-21
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陕西省高层次人才专项支持计划(2020-44)
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    火箭军工程大学,西安 710025

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汪刘应(1971—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为特种功能材料与涂层技术,联系地址:陕西省西安市灞桥区同心路2号火箭军工程大学智剑实验室(710025),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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