Article(id=1321967908973031508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729180800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733932800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-12, onlineDate=1793111310474, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111310474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111310474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111310474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967818057298402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='248', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111288799, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111414358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=97, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967909203718229, articleId=1321967908973031508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=One step preparation and sensing performance of polypyrrole/polyurethane three-dimensional high-sensitivity flexible pressure sensor, columnId=1321967818942296547, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=INTELLIGENT MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE DEVICES COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flexible wearable sensors, as a new generation of artificial intelligence devices, have shown great potential for applications in fields such as human health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence due to their outstanding performance. However, the rapid development of pressure sensors with high compressibility and sensitivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, we successfully polymerize polypyrrole conductive particles on a polyurethane sponge substrate using a one-step method. A highly compressible sponge is prepared economically and efficiently, and a flexible pressure sensor has been successfully assembled. Due to the three-dimensional porous structure of the polyurethane sponge, it exhibits a high sensitivity response (range of pressure≤1.3 kPa, sensitivity=98.73 kPa-1) and good reproducibility (>2000 compression cycles) under applied pressure. Due to its excellent performance response, the sensors can be placed in different parts of the human body for practical monitoring of physiological and motion signals. In addition, a 5×5 pixel sensing array was prepared for spatial position and pressure analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of sensors in monitoring personal physiological parameters and human-machine interfaces.

, authors=Wei LI, Wentao YAO, Yue SUN, Chunhong LI, Caiyun ZHANG, authorsList=Wei LI, Wentao YAO, Yue SUN, Chunhong LI, Caiyun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Caiyun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967912118759522, articleId=1321967908973031508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=聚吡咯/聚氨酯三维高灵敏度柔性压力传感器的一步法制备及传感性能, columnId=1321967819202343397, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柔性可穿戴式传感器作为新一代人工智能设备,以极其出色的性能在人体健康监护、人机交互、人工智能等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力。但快速开发具有高压缩性和高灵敏度的压力传感器仍然是一个不小的挑战。本文通过一步法在聚氨酯海绵基底上成功聚合聚吡咯导电颗粒,以经济、高效的方法制备高压缩性海绵体,成功组装柔性压力传感器。因聚氨酯海绵体高度的三维多孔结构,可在压力作用下具有高灵敏度响应(当压力范围≤1.3 kPa,灵敏度=98.73 kPa-1)和良好的再现性(>2000次的压缩循环)。因其良好的性能响应,传感器可置于人体的不同部位进行人体生理及运动信号的实际应用。此外,还制备了5×5像素的传感阵列进行空间位置及压力大小的分析,证明了传感器在个人生理参数监测和人机界面领域的可行性应用。

, authors=李伟, 姚文涛, 孙悦, 李春红, 张彩云, authorsList=李伟, 姚文涛, 孙悦, 李春红, 张彩云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张彩云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张彩云(1985—),女,讲师,博士研究生,研究方向为智能纺织品、纺织品染整,联系地址:山东省淄博市张店区新村西路266号山东理工大学鲁泰纺织服装学院(255000),E-mail:
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sensors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967922180894907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=53, issue=11, pageStart=8409, pageEnd=8419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=WANG Y D, ZHANG Y, ZHONG W B, journalName=Journal of Materials Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y D, ZHANG Y, ZHONG W B,et al.Flexible supercapacitor with high energy density prepared by GO-induced porous coral-like polypyrrole (PPy)/PET non-woven fabrics[J].Journal of Materials Science,2018,53(11):8409-8419., articleTitle=Flexible supercapacitor with high energy density prepared by GO-induced porous coral-like polypyrrole (PPy)/PET non-woven fabrics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967922256392380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=8, issue=45, 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al.Flexible and compressible PEDOT:PSS@melamine conductive sponge prepared via one-step dip coating as piezoresistive pressure sensor for human motion detection[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2018,10(18):16077-16086., articleTitle=Flexible and compressible PEDOT:PSS@melamine conductive sponge prepared via one-step dip coating as piezoresistive pressure sensor for human motion detection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967922407387326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=16, pageStart=19211, pageEnd=19220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=LI W, JIN X, HAN X, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI W, JIN X, HAN X,et al.Synergy of porous structure and microstructure in piezoresistive material for high-performance and flexible pressure sensors[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(16):19211-19220., articleTitle=Synergy of porous structure and microstructure in piezoresistive material for high-performance and flexible pressure sensors, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321967912387194979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967912399777892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, companyId=1321967912387194979, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Luthai School of Textile and Garment,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 255000,Shandong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967912412360805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, companyId=1321967912387194979, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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(a)schematic diagram of one-step method for preparing PPy/PU sponge;(b)SEM image of the sponge before the polymerization;(c)SEM image of the sponge after the polymerization;(d)photos before and after sponge aggregation;(e)photos of copper electrode,PPy/PU sponge, and assembled sensor;(f)sensing mechanism of piezoresistive sensors

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(a)一步法制备PPy/PU海绵体示意图;(b)海绵体聚合前的SEM图;(c)海绵体聚合后的SEM图;(d)海绵体聚合前后的照片;(e)铜电极、PPy/PU海绵体、组装传感器照片;(f)电阻式传感器的传感机理

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(a)stress-strain curves of PU sponge in different strain ranges;(b)stress-strain curves of sponge after polymerization with FeCl3 solutions of different concentrations;(c)curves of the resistance change rate-pressure of the sponge sensor after the polymerization of FeCl3 solutions in different concentrations;(d)curves of the resistance change rate-pressure of sponge like sensors polymerized in 0.6 mol/L FeCl3 solution at different times;

(e)sensitivity changes under different pressure ranges;(f)loading-unloading curves of PPy/PU sensor within the pressure range of 0-20 kPa

, figureFileSmall=TEhbeYOZlYhKIYFv/f32og==, figureFileBig=/cd2YyG+M1hQtEJQMOB1rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917135147152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PPy/PU传感器性能

(a)PU海绵在不同应变范围内的应力-应变曲线;(b)不同浓度的FeCl3溶液聚合后的海绵体的应力-应变曲线;(c)不同浓度的

FeCl3溶液聚合后的海绵体传感器电阻变化率-压力曲线;(d)0.6 mol/L的FeCl3溶液聚合不同时间的海绵体传感器电阻变化率-压力曲线;

(e)不同压力范围下的灵敏度变化;(f)在0~20 kPa的压力范围内,PPy/PU传感器的加载-卸载曲线

, figureFileSmall=TEhbeYOZlYhKIYFv/f32og==, figureFileBig=/cd2YyG+M1hQtEJQMOB1rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917193867409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Performance of PPy/PU sensors

(a)response time under loading and unloading of 1 g load;(b)loading-holding-unloading cycles under 5 g and 10 g pressure;(c)continuous 2000 cycles of resistance change under a pressure of 0.3 N (3 kPa)

, figureFileSmall=aiL+rpSsq/UbHEUI5GynBQ==, figureFileBig=LvfY01kwHSToVDclaDJXlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917269364882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PPy/PU传感器性能

(a)在1 g砝码加载和卸载下的响应时间;(b)在5 g和10 g压力下的加载-保持-卸载循环;(c)在0.3 N (3 kPa)压力下连续2000次的循环电阻变化

, figureFileSmall=aiL+rpSsq/UbHEUI5GynBQ==, figureFileBig=LvfY01kwHSToVDclaDJXlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917336473747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Practical application of PPy/PU sensors

(a)monitoring of respiratory signals after walking;(b)monitoring of respiratory signals after running;(c)sensors for monitoring different bending angles of fingers;(d)voice recognition of volunteers by sensors

, figureFileSmall=OXvGun8oELoKRUhKPT5XqQ==, figureFileBig=D7trENt3VYlGJvyUpVkW0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917420359828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PPy/PU传感器的实际应用

(a)步行后的呼吸信号监测;(b)跑步后的呼吸信号监测;(c)传感器对手指不同弯曲角度的监测;(d)传感器对声音识别

, figureFileSmall=OXvGun8oELoKRUhKPT5XqQ==, figureFileBig=D7trENt3VYlGJvyUpVkW0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917495857301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Diagram of a 5×5 pixels sensing array assembled based on PPy/PU sensors(1) and their mapping of pressure magnitude and position in(2)

(a)array shape of the Chinese character “人”;(b)array shape of the Chinese character “山”

, figureFileSmall=fLea6cBXYFuukBZMF+zuUA==, figureFileBig=BvXAmY/rZilsBwTQjRR4Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967917562966166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967908973031508, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于PPy/PU传感器组装的5×5像素的传感阵列的示意图(1)及其对应的压力大小及位置映射(2)

(a)汉字“人”形阵列;(b)汉字“山”形阵列

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聚吡咯/聚氨酯三维高灵敏度柔性压力传感器的一步法制备及传感性能
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李伟 , 姚文涛 , 孙悦 , 李春红 , 张彩云
材料工程 | 面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026,54(6): 97-104
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材料工程 |面向柔性可穿戴器件的智能材料专栏 2026 , 54 (6) : 97 -104
聚吡咯/聚氨酯三维高灵敏度柔性压力传感器的一步法制备及传感性能
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李伟, 姚文涛, 孙悦, 李春红, 张彩云
作者信息
  • 山东理工大学 鲁泰纺织服装学院,山东 淄博 255000
通讯作者:
张彩云(1985—),女,讲师,博士研究生,研究方向为智能纺织品、纺织品染整,联系地址:山东省淄博市张店区新村西路266号山东理工大学鲁泰纺织服装学院(255000),E-mail:
One step preparation and sensing performance of polypyrrole/polyurethane three-dimensional high-sensitivity flexible pressure sensor
Wei LI, Wentao YAO, Yue SUN, Chunhong LI, Caiyun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Luthai School of Textile and Garment,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 255000,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713
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柔性可穿戴式传感器作为新一代人工智能设备,以极其出色的性能在人体健康监护、人机交互、人工智能等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力。但快速开发具有高压缩性和高灵敏度的压力传感器仍然是一个不小的挑战。本文通过一步法在聚氨酯海绵基底上成功聚合聚吡咯导电颗粒,以经济、高效的方法制备高压缩性海绵体,成功组装柔性压力传感器。因聚氨酯海绵体高度的三维多孔结构,可在压力作用下具有高灵敏度响应(当压力范围≤1.3 kPa,灵敏度=98.73 kPa-1)和良好的再现性(>2000次的压缩循环)。因其良好的性能响应,传感器可置于人体的不同部位进行人体生理及运动信号的实际应用。此外,还制备了5×5像素的传感阵列进行空间位置及压力大小的分析,证明了传感器在个人生理参数监测和人机界面领域的可行性应用。

柔性  /  压力传感器  /  高灵敏度  /  三维结构  /  聚氨酯  /  聚吡咯

Flexible wearable sensors, as a new generation of artificial intelligence devices, have shown great potential for applications in fields such as human health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence due to their outstanding performance. However, the rapid development of pressure sensors with high compressibility and sensitivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, we successfully polymerize polypyrrole conductive particles on a polyurethane sponge substrate using a one-step method. A highly compressible sponge is prepared economically and efficiently, and a flexible pressure sensor has been successfully assembled. Due to the three-dimensional porous structure of the polyurethane sponge, it exhibits a high sensitivity response (range of pressure≤1.3 kPa, sensitivity=98.73 kPa-1) and good reproducibility (>2000 compression cycles) under applied pressure. Due to its excellent performance response, the sensors can be placed in different parts of the human body for practical monitoring of physiological and motion signals. In addition, a 5×5 pixel sensing array was prepared for spatial position and pressure analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of sensors in monitoring personal physiological parameters and human-machine interfaces.

flexible  /  pressure sensor  /  high sensitivity  /  three-dimensional structure  /  PU  /  PPy
李伟, 姚文涛, 孙悦, 李春红, 张彩云. 聚吡咯/聚氨酯三维高灵敏度柔性压力传感器的一步法制备及传感性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (6) : 97 -104 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713
Wei LI, Wentao YAO, Yue SUN, Chunhong LI, Caiyun ZHANG. One step preparation and sensing performance of polypyrrole/polyurethane three-dimensional high-sensitivity flexible pressure sensor[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (6) : 97 -104 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713
经济的快速发展、人口生育率的降低与人均寿命的延长推动了人们对人工智能、人机交互及人体健康监测领域的发展,并提出了更高的性能及使用要求。可穿戴式柔性压力传感器作为新一代人工智能设备,以极其出色的性能在医疗保健、信息监测等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力。目前,常见的柔性传感器按照信号压力的转换机制可分为压电式[1-2]、电容式[3-4]、电阻式[5-6]和离子式[7-8]。其中,电阻式传感器因其简单的结构和信号转换机制受到了广泛的关注,不仅可以推动技术发展、拓展应用领域与市场需求,还可以促进实现智能化与自动化生产。柔性电阻式传感器包含了柔性基底、电极和导电材料3个部分,当传感器受到机械刺激时导电材料伴随柔性基底发生形变引起电阻值变化[9]。
然而,电阻式传感器的性能受到多种因素的影响,如传感器的材料、结构、制造工艺等,快速开发具有高压缩性和高灵敏度的电阻式传感器仍然是一个不小的挑战。因材料本身力学性能的限制,单纯的材料改变无法很好地改善材料的压缩性,因此,科研人员聚焦于结构的设计进行传感器性能的提高。一般可将结构设计分为界面结构设计和三维多孔结构设计[10-11]。如Zhang等[12]通过标准光刻程序设计了微金字塔阵列结构,组装成柔性压力传感器。微结构的设计可以将应力集中,在低压作用下有效改变传感层与电极之间的接触面积,获得高灵敏度响应。除金字塔结构外,激光刻蚀技术还可以快速制备半球形、圆柱形等不同的几何结构[13-16]。然而,激光刻蚀技术需要大型仪器设备的支持,同时,受仪器大小的限制,难以进行大面积的制备。而Cheng等[17]受人体皮肤结构启发,以简单的砂纸为模板进行棘突状微结构的打印,方法简单,成本低廉。但由于微观尺寸原因,微结构设计在压力作用下很容易达到形变饱和,导致灵敏度的迅速下降。为解决这些问题,研究者对三维多孔结构的设计进行了详细研究。如Sang等[18]以压敏油墨和柔性基材油墨的混合材料为基底,通过3D打印技术制备了三维电子皮肤,实现了毛发的穿透和生长,同时获得了相对较好的传感器性能。除此之外,也可以采取牺牲模板法[19-20]、静电纺丝技术[21-22]或购买商业海绵[23-25]等方法进行三维结构的获取。气相聚合法是非常先进的无溶剂沉积技术,其主要原理是借助两种气体材料发生化学反应生成薄膜,具有工艺流程简单、聚合物性能可控等优点[9,26-27]。不同的方法需依靠不同的仪器设备,而商用海绵良好的可压缩性和三维骨架结构,为快速制备柔性传感器提供了良好的条件。其中聚氨酯基泡沫具有质量轻、拉伸性和压缩性良好等优点,是实现应变和压力传感功能的理想基础材料。为了实现聚氨酯海绵的导电性,选择吡咯作为导电成分,其具有优异的导电性、良好的环境稳定性、易于合成和无毒等特性,非常适合用作压阻式传感器的导电材料[28-29]。
本工作采用商用聚氨酯海绵为基材,通过聚合聚吡咯颗粒形成导电海绵体,以铜箔为电极组装柔性压力传感器,通过调整聚合浓度和时间,获得最佳传感性能,可用于人体生理及运动信号监测和阵列空间位置及大小分析。一步成形技术兼具经济高效与工艺简便的显著优势,实现了传感器高灵敏度与高稳定性的协同优化,为柔性传感器的规模化应用提供了新思路。
吡咯(Py,CP)、三氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O,纯度98%),均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;无水乙醇,AR,购自天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;聚氨酯海绵(PU),厚度3 mm,购自锦兴海绵有限公司;铜箔,购自致腾电子科技企业;去离子水(自制)。
(1)三维PU导电海绵的制备
准备9块PU海绵,均裁剪为1 cm×1 cm大小,用去离子水清洗后烘干备用。将9块海绵均分为3份,分别置于0.5、0.6、0.7 mol/L的FeCl3溶液中浸泡5 min,让海绵的三维结构体与FeCl3溶液充分接触。完成后将海绵体悬挂于内置吡咯溶液的密闭容器中进行气相聚合,分别聚合1、3、5 h后取出。将聚合后的海绵体分别用无水乙醇和去离子水进行多次清洗,去掉多余的FeCl3溶液和未附着的聚吡咯颗粒后烘干,得到导电PU海绵。
(2)柔性传感器的制备
将铜箔裁剪为1 cm×1 cm大小作为传感器的柔性电极使用,为方便后期测量时与仪器的测量钳连接,铜箔电极会有1 cm×0.2 cm的延伸。将导电PU海绵置于上下铜箔电极中间形成稳定的“三明治”结构,从而获得柔性压力传感器。
采用台式扫描电镜(EM-30AX型)对海绵三维结构的形貌进行分析;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS50型)对聚合聚吡咯前后的海绵体进行化学结构表征;将万用数字表(SDM3055X型)、压力传感器与万能强力机(TM550型)连接,对传感器进行力学性能测试和电信号采集分析。
图1为传感层物理性能。图1(a)为PU导电海绵体的制备流程示意图。初始海绵SEM图如图1(b)所示,海绵的框架结构清晰,清洗后保持了原来的形状。聚合后的海绵电镜图如图1(c)所示海绵体呈现粗糙状态,聚吡咯均匀附着在海绵体框架上,形成海绵导电体。如图1(d)所示,PPy/PU海绵在聚合前后颜色由单纯海绵体的白色变为了PPy/PU的黑色。图1(e)显示了铜电极、PPy/PU海绵体以及组装传感器被压缩和弯曲的照片,证明PPy/PU海绵体具有高度的柔性和可压缩性。图1(f)为传感器的传感机理图,可以看到在压力的作用下,传感器受到挤压,内部导电网络变形,导电路径变短,电阻变小;当压力消失时,传感器会恢复到初始状态,导电路径增大,电阻变大。
图2显示了海绵体在聚合吡咯前后的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)图,可以看到聚合前的黑色曲线与聚合后的红色曲线有明显差异,在968、1026 cm-1处红色曲线增加了2个特征峰,该峰为C—H键的弯曲振动[30]。其他各个峰值也有较大差距,如1294 cm-1处的峰值对应C—N键的拉伸,1540 cm-1处的峰值可归因于PPy环C═C键的拉伸振动[31]。这些结果也进一步证明PPy成功聚合在海绵体上。
PU海绵具有良好的弹性和恢复性,可轻松压缩到80%而不发生塑性变形(图3)。图3(a)展示了原始PU海绵在20%、40%、60%、80%的应变下的应力-应变曲线。压缩曲线表现出了泡沫结构材料的3个特征变形区域。当应变小于10%时,海绵体处于弹性变形区,此阶段应力呈线性增长;当应变范围为20%~60%时,应力增长趋于平缓;继续增加应变,应力开始急速增长,这是由于此阶段下,海绵多孔结构已趋于饱和。图3(b)展示了不同FeCl3溶液浓度下聚合PPy/PU海绵体的应力-应变曲线。在应变小于10%的弹性区域,3种海绵体的应力均呈线性增加,在10%应变时,应力达到0.3 kPa;继续增加应变,3种海绵体呈现出不同的增长方式,FeCl3溶液浓度为0.7 mol/L的样品在相同的应力作用下具有最小的应变,这可能是由于过量的PPy附着增加了海绵体的硬度;当FeCl3溶液浓度为0.6 mol/L时,海绵体发生了最大应变,高于浓度为0.5 mol/L时海绵体的应变,这可能与海绵体的弹性变形和致密化程度有关[32]。
为了研究PPy/PU海绵体的压阻响应,实验将不同FeCl3溶液浓度的海绵体组装成传感器进行分析,负载的移动速度为0.02 mm/s,最大压力设置为2 N。图3(c)显示了3种不同FeCl3溶液浓度的海绵体在压力作用下的电阻变化率曲线,从图中可以看出,3条曲线在小压力作用下均具有很高的电信号响应,持续增大压力,电阻变化率趋于稳定。当FeCl3溶液浓度为0.6 mol/L时,其电阻变化率变化最明显。此结果可与应力-应变曲线相关联,证明0.6 mol/L的FeCl3溶液浓度制备的海绵体具有良好的电信号响应。同时,实验还分析了不同聚合时间对传感器性能影响,固定FeCl3溶液浓度为0.6 mol/L,将海绵体分别聚合1、3、5 h后取出,组装成传感器进行测试,实验结果如图3(d)所示。当聚合时间为5 h时,聚吡咯的增加会降低海绵体的初始电阻,影响压力作用下的电信号响应;而过短的聚合时间,减少了海绵体骨架的导电通路,降低了电阻变化率。聚合3 h的海绵体传感器具有最佳的电信号响应,因此,选用0.6 mol/L的FeCl3溶液浓度聚合3 h的样品进行传感器性能的分析。
图3(e)为0.6 mol/L的FeCl3溶液浓度在聚合3 h后制备的PPy/PU海绵体传感器的灵敏度分析图,灵敏度的定义为:
S=ΔR/(R0ΔP)
式中:ΔR为压力施加前后的电阻变化;R0为无压力状态下的初始电阻;ΔP为施加压力前后差值。当压力范围≤1.3 kPa时,灵敏度高达98.73 kPa-1;当压力范围在1.5~20 kPa内,灵敏度出现了显著的降低,稳定在0.11 kPa-1,这与大压力下海绵体的应变饱和息息相关[33]。图3(f)展示了在0~20 kPa的宽压力范围内进行连续加载-卸载的迟滞性分析。实验结果显示,PPy/PU海绵体传感器具有相对较小的迟滞,可忽略不计。
图4(a)展示了传感器的响应时间评估,实验在传感器上方快速放置和取下1 g重的砝码,通过万用数字表以恒定速度实时记录电信号变化。结果表明,压力传感器的压缩和释放时间约为460 ms,响应时间的长短与万用数据表信号采集的频率相关,若排除仪器限制,传感器的响应时间可能小于460 ms。此外,电信号的变化在压缩和释放过程中几乎是对称的,这个结果也证明传感器的滞后性相对较小。图4(b)展示了传感器在5 g和10 g压力下进行5次压缩-保持-释放循环,结果显示,在5次的循环过程中,传感器在加载和卸载过程中电信号变化迅速且可逆,同时保持了良好的稳定性,无明显波动。如图4(c)所示,为进一步检测传感器的循环稳定性,在0.2 mm/s的移动速度下,以0.3 N (3 kPa)的负载进行了2000多次的加载-卸载循环。图4(c)中的插图显示了循环初始阶段和最终阶段的电信号变化,相对稳定的电阻变化表明PPy/PU传感器具有良好的耐用性和稳定性。
图5展示了传感器在人体生理及运动信号监测方面的实际应用。PPy/PU传感器可以用于监测轻柔的信号(如呼吸、语音识别等生理信号)和相对较大的身体运动(如手指弯曲)。将压力传感器置于志愿者手部,放置在鼻下,在一段时间的步行和跑步后,图5(a),(b)分别展示了志愿者的呼吸频率和强度变化。当志愿者在进行简单的步行后,呼吸较为平缓、稳定,电阻变化率相对较小;在跑步一段时间后,志愿者的呼吸频率明显加快,强度也有明显的提高,电阻变化率可达到60%左右。这些结果的变化证明PPy/PU传感器可用于人体呼吸频率和强度的监测。
手指的弯曲运动是人体操作时的常见动作,将传感器置于手指关节部位,可用于手指的弯曲监测。图5(c)展示了手指在不同的弯曲角度下电信号的变化,当手指轻轻弯曲,电阻变化率变化相对较小,随着手指弯曲角度的增大,电阻变化率也随之快速增大。实验结果表明,PPy/PU传感器能够监测人体日常的关节运动,在人机交互、运动员训练、特殊人群运动监测等方面具有广泛的应用前景。
除此之外,实验将传感器置于弹力绷带中间,附着在志愿者喉部,进行非侵入性语音识别。如图5(d)所示,当志愿者读出不同的单词(如“hello”“bye-bye”“good”等),电阻会出现不同大小的峰值、面积和波峰。值得注意的是,语音的重复性相对较好,具有相似的电阻变化率输出,这些结果表明此压力传感器可用于语音识别。
PPy/PU传感器良好的柔性和灵敏度、快速的响应时间使其集成传感阵列进行压力映射成为可能。图6展示了PPy/PU传感器组成的一个具有5×5像素的传感阵列,阵列由5条竖电极、5条横电极和电极的之间固定PPy/PU海绵体传感层组成。图6(a-1),(b-1)分别以汉字“人”和“山”的形状在传感阵列上的不同位置放置了大小相似的石头进行压力的施加,对每个位置的电阻值进行记录。图6(a-2),(b-2)分别为上述形状的压力映射,从图中可以清楚看出汉字“人”和“山”的形状,且由于石头质量之间的差异,对压力的大小也出现了明显的区别,表明传感阵列可以很好的映射出物体的位置和压力。
(1)通过一步法在PU海绵基底上聚合聚吡咯导电颗粒,形成可压缩的PPy/PU三维海绵体柔性传感器。导电体PPy/PU具有良好的可压缩性,压缩形变可达80%而不发生塑性变形。
(2)PPy/PU海绵体传感器在压力作用下具有良好的信号响应,在压力范围小于1.3 kPa内,灵敏度高达98.73 kPa-1,在1 g压力的加载和卸载条件下,响应时间稳定在460 ms左右,且2000多次的循环后无明显的信号偏移。
(3)传感器成功应用于人体呼吸、语音识别、运动等信号的监测。组装了5×5像素大小的传感阵列,用于识别空间位置及压力大小,在电子皮肤、人机交互、人体健康监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000713
  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
  • 录用日期:2024-12-12
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    山东理工大学 鲁泰纺织服装学院,山东 淄博 255000

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张彩云(1985—),女,讲师,博士研究生,研究方向为智能纺织品、纺织品染整,联系地址:山东省淄博市张店区新村西路266号山东理工大学鲁泰纺织服装学院(255000),E-mail:
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