Article(id=1322276044577558898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000639, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000639, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730908800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-07, onlineDate=1793184775727, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793184775727, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793184775727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793184775727, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322276007797702769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793184766959, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793185369041, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322278533200728093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322278533200728094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322276007797702769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322276044787274099, articleId=1322276044577558898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Formation and analysis of pore defects in TC4 alloy by SLM printed, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
This study investigates the characteristics and formation mechanisms of pore defects in TC4 titanium alloy fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) through numerical simulation and industrial computed tomography (CT) analysis. Numerical simulations find that the temperature at the laser beam spot is high, while the temperature away from the laser beam spot is low. After printing, microstructural characterization reveals well-overlapped melt tracks; however, both spherical and irregularly shaped pores are observed within the consolidated material. Using the same parameters as the simulation, the TC4 alloy prepared by SLM has a density of 97.7%. Microstructural analysis shows that the grains along the scanning direction and building direction are equiaxed and columnar crystals, respectively, and the microstructure is composed of primary β-Ti and α'/α-Ti. Metallographic structure, SEM images, and industrial CT reconstruction images demonstrate the presence of spherical and irregular pores in the material that are similar to the numerical simulation results. The appearance of spherical pore defects is due to the vapor pressure difference between the molten pool and the solid metal surface, which causes the gas at the interface to be carried into the molten pool without overflowing, ultimately remaining inside the material; the appearance of irregular pores is due to the uneven temperature distribution that makes it difficult for the pores enclosed inside the material to be completely filled by the liquid phase when the melt track passes over each other.
, authors=Chunjin WANG
1, Wenge CHEN
1, Xinwen ZHOU
2, Awei SHI
2, authorsList=Chunjin WANG, Wenge CHEN, Xinwen ZHOU, Awei SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenge CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322276048276935052, articleId=1322276044577558898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=SLM打印TC4合金孔隙缺陷形成与分析, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
通过数值模拟和工业CT等方法,对选区激光熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)制备TC4合金过程中产生的孔隙缺陷特征和形成机制进行研究。数值模拟发现,激光束斑点处的温度高,远离激光束斑点的温度低。打印结束后,熔道间搭接良好,材料内部出现球形和异形孔隙缺陷。采用与模拟相同的参数,通过SLM制备的TC4合金致密度为97.7%。显微组织分析表明,沿打印方向和垂直打印方向的晶粒分别为等轴晶和柱状晶,组织均为初生β-Ti和α'/α-Ti。金相、扫描电镜照片和工业CT重构图证明,材料内出现与数值模拟结果相似的球形和异形孔隙。球形孔隙缺陷的出现,是由于熔池与固态金属表面产生蒸汽压差,导致界面处气体被裹挟至熔池内未溢出,最终保留在材料内部;异形孔隙的出现,是由于熔道相互搭接时封闭在材料内部的孔隙因温度分布不均难以完全被液相填满所致。
, authors=王春锦
1, 陈文革
1, 周新文
2, 师阿维
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陈文革(1969—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为功能材料、先进粉末冶金及新金属材料,联系地址:陕西省西安市碑林区西安理工大学材料科学与工程学院(710048),E-mail:
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2.金堆城钼业股份有限公司 金属分公司,西安 710056)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322276050286006703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Strategy of laser scanning(a) and printed sample(b), figureFileSmall=fYUPbLRP79hu0VnyxJpWdA==, figureFileBig=Zx7CWgj4XUFXAh3XdRAjtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276050353115568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
激光扫描策略(a)和打印样品(b), figureFileSmall=fYUPbLRP79hu0VnyxJpWdA==, figureFileBig=Zx7CWgj4XUFXAh3XdRAjtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276050508304817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Simplified SLM powder laying model and powder laying process(a)powder laying model;(b)t0;(c)t0 +0.05 s;(d)t0 +0.1 s, figureFileSmall=uU9THFqGHFo/UGOSyjOf2A==, figureFileBig=duOqbodEsDSFKE5Yd4DXlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052152471986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
简化SLM铺粉模型和铺粉过程(a)铺粉模型;(b)t0;(c)t0 +0.05 s;(d)t0 +0.1 s, figureFileSmall=uU9THFqGHFo/UGOSyjOf2A==, figureFileBig=duOqbodEsDSFKE5Yd4DXlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052227969459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic diagrams of volumetric heat source(a) and powder bed(b) models, figureFileSmall=lfI/LDyBYmIiD/PRjXDuBw==, figureFileBig=R3HyUrS/bX7VPFBNqkL0VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052303466932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
体积热源(a)和粉末床(b)模型示意图, figureFileSmall=lfI/LDyBYmIiD/PRjXDuBw==, figureFileBig=R3HyUrS/bX7VPFBNqkL0VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052378964405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Melt track morphologies at different moments during simulated SLM fabrication of TC4 alloy(a)0 μs;(b)10 μs;(c)20 μs;(d)30 μs;(e)150 μs;(f)360 μs;(g)560 μs;(h)700 μs, figureFileSmall=D6UfyC0N0/enOIkl16EMKQ==, figureFileBig=H7s+subuU2EtAQl9aJjxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052450267574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
模拟SLM制备TC4合金过程中不同时刻熔道形貌(a)0 μs;(b)10 μs;(c)20 μs;(d)30 μs;(e)150 μs;(f)360 μs;(g)560 μs;(h)700 μs, figureFileSmall=D6UfyC0N0/enOIkl16EMKQ==, figureFileBig=H7s+subuU2EtAQl9aJjxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052508987831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Temperature field distributions of XZ cross-section at different moments during simulated SLM fabrication of TC4 alloy(a)73 μs;(b)89 μs;(c)95 μs;(d)176 μs;(e)183 μs;(f)251 μs, figureFileSmall=kO+ieRDqZkTjVV2pIDCMDw==, figureFileBig=d221Suwhf/NgjJQYgXIbZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052571902392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
模拟SLM制备TC4合金过程中不同时刻XZ截面温度场分布 (a)73 μs;(b)89 μs;(c)95 μs;(d)176 μs;(e)183 μs;(f)251 μs, figureFileSmall=kO+ieRDqZkTjVV2pIDCMDw==, figureFileBig=d221Suwhf/NgjJQYgXIbZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052639011257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Temperature field distributions of YZ cross-section at different moments during simulated SLM fabrication of TC4 alloy(a)150 μs;(b)360 μs;(c)480 μs;(d)700 μs, figureFileSmall=ikdCNR5wwMmAHYHdzCE3YA==, figureFileBig=/Mb9gPq2zY7jPFAYoskS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052693537210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
模拟SLM制备TC4合金过程中不同时刻YZ截面温度场分布 (a)150 μs;(b)360 μs;(c)480 μs;(d)700 μs, figureFileSmall=ikdCNR5wwMmAHYHdzCE3YA==, figureFileBig=/Mb9gPq2zY7jPFAYoskS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052781617595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Pore distributions with molten pool at different moments and within final melt track during simulated SLM fabrication of TC4 alloy(a)149 μs;(b)184 μs;(c)226 μs;(d)pore distributions within melt track, figureFileSmall=qtfvdz1AgrLqnM5vfgaEQg==, figureFileBig=p2lL9KvIw9e074VaZ1DdTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052873892284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
模拟SLM制备TC4合金过程中不同时刻和最终熔道内孔隙分布(a)149 μs;(b)184 μs;(c)226 μs;(d)熔道内孔隙分布, figureFileSmall=qtfvdz1AgrLqnM5vfgaEQg==, figureFileBig=p2lL9KvIw9e074VaZ1DdTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276052936806845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
XRD patterns of TC4 alloy prepared by SLM, figureFileSmall=Tua2ZoUYJncjSezWrAxblQ==, figureFileBig=0kFC5ksuKlmmhkft72Fz7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053012304318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
SLM制备TC4合金XRD谱图, figureFileSmall=Tua2ZoUYJncjSezWrAxblQ==, figureFileBig=0kFC5ksuKlmmhkft72Fz7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053091996095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Metallographic structures of SLM prepared TC4 alloy in different directions(a),(b)scanning direction;(c),(d)building direction, figureFileSmall=P44mhmEQhj5IymQbZmAM3A==, figureFileBig=HxqSw3uAM0RHz83tIQTufw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053192659392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
SLM制备TC4合金不同方向金相组织(a),(b)沿打印方向;(c),(d)垂直打印方向, figureFileSmall=P44mhmEQhj5IymQbZmAM3A==, figureFileBig=HxqSw3uAM0RHz83tIQTufw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053259768257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
SEM images of SLM prepared TC4 alloy in different directions(a),(b)scanning direction;(c),(d)building direction, figureFileSmall=DkTjcrT7a3FHsSPRiRcDwA==, figureFileBig=1OACm/V9wgGiBkkIAt6FBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053314294210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
SLM制备TC4合金不同方向SEM图(a),(b)沿打印方向; (c),(d)垂直打印方向, figureFileSmall=DkTjcrT7a3FHsSPRiRcDwA==, figureFileBig=1OACm/V9wgGiBkkIAt6FBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053381403075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Industrial CT reconstruction images of SLM prepared TC4 alloy(a)3D morphology and defect reconstruction;(b)distribution of pore defects within melt track;(c)-(e)isolated defect reconstruction, figureFileSmall=JZGekpAwMy1lpz0OFNYE5Q==, figureFileBig=rPlRqOMraTvVrmtnSiuFew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053444317636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
SLM制备TC4合金工业CT重构图(a)三维形态和缺陷重构;(b)熔道内孔隙缺陷分布;(c)~(e)独立缺陷重构, figureFileSmall=JZGekpAwMy1lpz0OFNYE5Q==, figureFileBig=rPlRqOMraTvVrmtnSiuFew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053515620805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Schematic diagrams of defect formation mechanism in SLM prepared TC4 alloy (a)spherical pores;(b)irregular pores, figureFileSmall=RY7yzh8UPSCwXDa3GA8D0g==, figureFileBig=rSInplVShohNCOrH8rfSyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053595312582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
SLM制备TC4合金缺陷形成机制示意图 (a)球形孔隙;(b)异形孔隙, figureFileSmall=RY7yzh8UPSCwXDa3GA8D0g==, figureFileBig=rSInplVShohNCOrH8rfSyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322276053670810055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Physical properties of TC4 alloy[14,16-17]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Solidus temperature/℃ | Liquidus temperature/℃ | Boilling temperature/℃ | Surface tension/ (N·m-1) | Thermal conductivity/(W·m-1·K-1) |
|---|
| 1877 | 1923 | 3313 | 1.4 | 33.4 |
| Dynamic viscosity/(Pa·s) | Latent heat of fusion/(J·kg-1) | Density(1923 ℃)/(kg·m-3) | Density(25 ℃)/(kg·m-3) | Boltzmann constant |
| 0.005 | 286000 | 3682 | 4420 | 5.67×10-8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322276053779861960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
TC4合金物性参数[14,16-17]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Solidus temperature/℃ | Liquidus temperature/℃ | Boilling temperature/℃ | Surface tension/ (N·m-1) | Thermal conductivity/(W·m-1·K-1) |
|---|
| 1877 | 1923 | 3313 | 1.4 | 33.4 |
| Dynamic viscosity/(Pa·s) | Latent heat of fusion/(J·kg-1) | Density(1923 ℃)/(kg·m-3) | Density(25 ℃)/(kg·m-3) | Boltzmann constant |
| 0.005 | 286000 | 3682 | 4420 | 5.67×10-8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322276053863748041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Process parameters of SLM
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Power/W | Scanning speed/ (m·s-1) | Diameter of laser/μm | Radiance |
|---|
| 280 | 1.4 | 100 | 0.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322276053926662602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322276044577558898, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
SLM工艺参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Power/W | Scanning speed/ (m·s-1) | Diameter of laser/μm | Radiance |
|---|
| 280 | 1.4 | 100 | 0.2 |
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