Article(id=1321508723684655849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719849600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1725465600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-05, onlineDate=1793001832170, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793001832170, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793001832170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793001832170, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321508723902759658, articleId=1321508723684655849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress of CFRP interfacial modification methods based on multi- scale interfacial phase construction, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has the characteristics of high specific strength/modulus and strong designability, which has been widely used in aerospace and transportation. CFRP is mainly composed of carbon fiber, resin matrix and the interface between them. As a component of CFRP, the interface poses great influence on the properties of the composite. Due to the smooth surface morphology and chemical inertness as well as significant difference in the elastic modulus between the matrix, the interfacial compatibility of CFRP is rather poor. Therefore, searching for suitable interfacial modification methods has become a hot research topic. In this paper, interface modification methods of CFRP, including the conventional approaches and state-of-the-art approach based on multi-scale interface microstructure construction, as summarized. In general, the multi-scale interface microstructure construction method is advantageous over the conventional methods in regard to interface modification effect, which can change the physical and chemical properties of the fiber surface and alleviate the stress concentration caused by the large modulus difference between the fiber and the resin. Outlook is given on the trend of composite interfacial modification method based on multi-scale interfacial phase construction:exploring accurate interface normal characterization methods combined with micro and nano technologies, while developing controllable interface microstructure construction processes, and exploring a set of efficient and low-cost multi-scale interface construction methods, ultimately achieving the practical engineering application of the multi-scale interface microstructure construction method.

, authors=Hongbin ZHANG1, Jun LIU1, Pu ZHU2, Jinshui YANG1, Su JU1, Jianwei ZHANG1, Yonglyu HE1, Ke DUAN1, authorsList=Hongbin ZHANG, Jun LIU, Pu ZHU, Jinshui YANG, Su JU, Jianwei ZHANG, Yonglyu HE, Ke DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321508725723087613, articleId=1321508723684655849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)具有高比强度、高比模量和可设计性强等特点,在航空航天领域得到越来越广泛的应用。CFRP主要由碳纤维、树脂基体以及二者之间的过渡界面三部分构成,界面相作为其组成部分,对复合材料性能具有重大影响。由于碳纤维表面光滑且化学惰性高,再加上纤维与树脂的模量差异普遍较大,导致CFRP存在界面相容性难题,因此探寻合适的界面改性方法成为备受关注的研究热点。本文围绕CFRP的界面改性方法,首先介绍了常见的CFRP界面改性方法及其优缺点,然后综述了基于多尺度界面相构筑的复合材料界面改性方法,总结了不同种类多尺度界面相对复合材料界面的改性效果和作用机理,相比于常见的界面改性手段,基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法,在改变纤维表面物理化学性质的同时缓解了纤维与树脂之间较大的模量差异引起的应力集中,具有更好的改性效果和发展潜力。最后展望未来的研究方向:结合微纳米技术探索精确的界面法向表征方法,同时开发可控的界面微结构构筑工艺并探索出一套高效、低成本的多尺度界面构筑方法,最终实现基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法的实际工程化应用。

, authors=张红宾1, 刘钧1, 朱璞2, 杨金水1, 鞠苏1, 张鉴炜1, 贺雍律1, 段科1, authorsList=张红宾, 刘钧, 朱璞, 杨金水, 鞠苏, 张鉴炜, 贺雍律, 段科, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=段科, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
段科(1992—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事复合材料界面工程、复合材料结构设计以及人工智能辅助的高性能聚合物开发方面的研究,联系地址:湖南省长沙市开福区德雅路109号国防科技大学空天科学学院(410028),E-mail:
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Comparison of interface properties of composites with different surface modification methods of carbon fiber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleMethodModified mediumModified IFSS/MPa

Percentage increase in

IFSS/%

Modified ILSS/MPa

Percentage increase in

ILSS/%

Reference
CF/EPGas phase oxidationAir36.981.77[33]
Liquid phase oxidationHNO338.177.2[34]
Anodic oxidation(NH4)2SO410923.86[35]
Sizing/coatingTi3C2T x -MXene / EP85.947.1[36]
Chemical vapor depositionCNTs75.847.7977.226.97[37]
CNTs129.92153[38]
Liquid depositionGraphene carboxyl40.535[39]
Ti3C2T x -MXene82.5428.2[40]
Plasma treatmentAcrylic acid28.349[41]
O288.6197.39[42]
CF/PAEKGas phase oxidationAir[43]
Anodic oxidationNH4HCO372.578[44]
Sizing/coatingWater-based crosslinkable polyarylethe99.642.7[45]
PEKK82.870[46]
Plasma treatmentO2/Ar59.7341.01[32]
CF/PAGas phase oxidationO35660[47]
Liquid phase oxidationH2O2459.8[48]
Sizing/coatingPU/SiO231.1340[49]
PDA31.772.3[50]
Plasma treatmentAir82.7106.75[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1321926852327883619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321508723684655849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同碳纤维表面改性方法的复合材料的界面性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleMethodModified mediumModified IFSS/MPa

Percentage increase in

IFSS/%

Modified ILSS/MPa

Percentage increase in

ILSS/%

Reference
CF/EPGas phase oxidationAir36.981.77[33]
Liquid phase oxidationHNO338.177.2[34]
Anodic oxidation(NH4)2SO410923.86[35]
Sizing/coatingTi3C2T x -MXene / EP85.947.1[36]
Chemical vapor depositionCNTs75.847.7977.226.97[37]
CNTs129.92153[38]
Liquid depositionGraphene carboxyl40.535[39]
Ti3C2T x -MXene82.5428.2[40]
Plasma treatmentAcrylic acid28.349[41]
O288.6197.39[42]
CF/PAEKGas phase oxidationAir[43]
Anodic oxidationNH4HCO372.578[44]
Sizing/coatingWater-based crosslinkable polyarylethe99.642.7[45]
PEKK82.870[46]
Plasma treatmentO2/Ar59.7341.01[32]
CF/PAGas phase oxidationO35660[47]
Liquid phase oxidationH2O2459.8[48]
Sizing/coatingPU/SiO231.1340[49]
PDA31.772.3[50]
Plasma treatmentAir82.7106.75[51]
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基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法研究进展
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张红宾 1 , 刘钧 1 , 朱璞 2 , 杨金水 1 , 鞠苏 1 , 张鉴炜 1 , 贺雍律 1 , 段科 1
材料工程 | 综述 2025,53(12): 70-84
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材料工程 |综述 2025 , 53 (12) : 70 -84
基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法研究进展
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张红宾1, 刘钧1, 朱璞2, 杨金水1, 鞠苏1, 张鉴炜1, 贺雍律1, 段科1
作者信息
  • 1.国防科技大学 空天科学学院,长沙 410028
  • 2.上海复合材料科技有限公司,上海 201112
通讯作者:
段科(1992—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事复合材料界面工程、复合材料结构设计以及人工智能辅助的高性能聚合物开发方面的研究,联系地址:湖南省长沙市开福区德雅路109号国防科技大学空天科学学院(410028),E-mail:
Research progress of CFRP interfacial modification methods based on multi- scale interfacial phase construction
Hongbin ZHANG1, Jun LIU1, Pu ZHU2, Jinshui YANG1, Su JU1, Jianwei ZHANG1, Yonglyu HE1, Ke DUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aerospace Science,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410028,China
  • 2.Shanghai Compound Materials Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Shanghai 201112,China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477
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碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)具有高比强度、高比模量和可设计性强等特点,在航空航天领域得到越来越广泛的应用。CFRP主要由碳纤维、树脂基体以及二者之间的过渡界面三部分构成,界面相作为其组成部分,对复合材料性能具有重大影响。由于碳纤维表面光滑且化学惰性高,再加上纤维与树脂的模量差异普遍较大,导致CFRP存在界面相容性难题,因此探寻合适的界面改性方法成为备受关注的研究热点。本文围绕CFRP的界面改性方法,首先介绍了常见的CFRP界面改性方法及其优缺点,然后综述了基于多尺度界面相构筑的复合材料界面改性方法,总结了不同种类多尺度界面相对复合材料界面的改性效果和作用机理,相比于常见的界面改性手段,基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法,在改变纤维表面物理化学性质的同时缓解了纤维与树脂之间较大的模量差异引起的应力集中,具有更好的改性效果和发展潜力。最后展望未来的研究方向:结合微纳米技术探索精确的界面法向表征方法,同时开发可控的界面微结构构筑工艺并探索出一套高效、低成本的多尺度界面构筑方法,最终实现基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法的实际工程化应用。

碳纤维  /  复合材料  /  多尺度界面相  /  界面改性

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has the characteristics of high specific strength/modulus and strong designability, which has been widely used in aerospace and transportation. CFRP is mainly composed of carbon fiber, resin matrix and the interface between them. As a component of CFRP, the interface poses great influence on the properties of the composite. Due to the smooth surface morphology and chemical inertness as well as significant difference in the elastic modulus between the matrix, the interfacial compatibility of CFRP is rather poor. Therefore, searching for suitable interfacial modification methods has become a hot research topic. In this paper, interface modification methods of CFRP, including the conventional approaches and state-of-the-art approach based on multi-scale interface microstructure construction, as summarized. In general, the multi-scale interface microstructure construction method is advantageous over the conventional methods in regard to interface modification effect, which can change the physical and chemical properties of the fiber surface and alleviate the stress concentration caused by the large modulus difference between the fiber and the resin. Outlook is given on the trend of composite interfacial modification method based on multi-scale interfacial phase construction:exploring accurate interface normal characterization methods combined with micro and nano technologies, while developing controllable interface microstructure construction processes, and exploring a set of efficient and low-cost multi-scale interface construction methods, ultimately achieving the practical engineering application of the multi-scale interface microstructure construction method.

carbon fiber  /  composite material  /  multi-scale interface phase  /  interfacial modification
张红宾, 刘钧, 朱璞, 杨金水, 鞠苏, 张鉴炜, 贺雍律, 段科. 基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法研究进展. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 70 -84 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477
Hongbin ZHANG, Jun LIU, Pu ZHU, Jinshui YANG, Su JU, Jianwei ZHANG, Yonglyu HE, Ke DUAN. Research progress of CFRP interfacial modification methods based on multi- scale interfacial phase construction[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 70 -84 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477
碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP)是由树脂基体与碳纤维增强体组成,通过高温加压、固化脱模等一系列工艺制备而成[1],该材料具有高强高模、低密度、良好的抗腐蚀性和耐疲劳性、可设计性强、可大面积整体成形等特点[2-3]。随着科学技术的不断发展,碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料被广泛应用于各种不同的领域,其中在航空航天领域尤为突出,使用CFRP可以在满足航天器承载能力的同时减轻航天器本身的质量,有效降低了航天器的制备成本[4]。
复合材料的性能与增强纤维、树脂以及它们所构成的界面密切相关[5]。其中界面是由增强纤维和基体的共同边界形成,主要起基体纤维之间的应力传递作用[6-7],CFRP的界面示意图如图1所示。对于基体和增强相已经确定的复合材料体系,界面很大程度上决定了复合材料的综合力学性能、热性能、疲劳寿命等,是影响产品最终性能的关键因素[8-9]。然而自CFRP诞生以来,碳纤维与树脂基体间的界面相容性问题一直困扰着该领域的研究者们。具体而言,一方面碳纤维表面为高度石墨化的微晶结构,普遍存在较低的表面能和较小的化学活性,纤维与树脂之间的相互作用力为较弱的次价键(氢键、范德华力等)相互作用,导致复合材料界面的黏结能力较弱[10]。另一方面碳纤维与基体树脂的模量差异普遍较大,界面处变形不协调,易产生应力集中,在外界交变热载荷作用下易引起界面脱粘、开裂,严重限制了复合材料力学性能的发挥[11]。以航天器上的结构材料为例,CFRP要受到高真空、热循环(-150~150 ℃)等复杂的空间环境因素作用[12-14],在交变热/机械载荷作用下,复合材料的界面处会出现界面微裂纹以及纤维/基体脱粘等形式的界面热老化行为,导致复合材料界面结合性能下降[15],从而影响了复合材料的应用。因此探寻合适的界面改性方法对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料进行改性成为当下研究的热点。传统的界面改性方法大都集中在对碳纤维表面进行改性,通过提高纤维表面粗糙度、化学活性等来改善复合材料的界面性能,对界面相的模量和厚度关注较少,且大多会对纤维本身的性能产生不良影响,界面改性的效果受到限制。随着研究的不断深入,基于多尺度界面相构筑的界面改性方法成为研究热点,有望解决传统界面改性方法的不足。
基于以上问题,本文综述了CFRP界面改性方法的最新研究进展,首先概述了常见CFRP的界面改性方法及其优缺点,随后重点介绍不同种类多尺度结构界面相对碳纤维复合材料界面性能的改性效果和作用机理,最后对基于多尺度界面相构筑的复合材料界面改性方法的发展趋势进行了展望。本文可为后续研究者们了解基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法提供一定的指导作用。
针对CFRP界面结合较弱的问题,一般通过界面改性来改善复合材料的界面结合性能。界面改性大多发生在碳纤维上,现有研究多集中在对碳纤维表面进行改性,通过提高纤维表面粗糙度、化学活性以及纤维与树脂基体的润湿性等来改善复合材料的界面结合性能。常见的碳纤维表面改性方法包括氧化处理、涂层改性以及等离子体处理等[16],图2为常见碳纤维表面改性方法示意图,本文对不同的改性方法进行介绍,并对其优缺点进行对比。
碳纤维主要是由sp2杂化的碳原子构成的乱层状堆叠石墨组成,在乱层石墨边缘存在大量不饱和碳原子以及碳原子缺陷,处于这类化学环境下的碳原子活性高,容易被氧化剂氧化[17],其结构单元如图3所示。在碳纤维表面引入含氧的活性基团如羟基、羰基、羧基等,可以增加碳纤维表面的化学活性,进而提高碳纤维复合材料的界面结合性能。根据氧化剂的状态不同氧化处理可以分为气相氧化、液相氧化以及电化学氧化三种。
气相氧化是一种通过在高温高压下将碳纤维置于含氧气体或含氧气体混合物(如二氧化碳和臭氧)中来增加表面粗糙度和表面活性的方法[18]。通过气相氧化纤维表面活性基团数量明显增加,有利于改善复合材料的界面结合性能。Zhang等[19]研究了空气氧化对CF增强聚酰亚胺复合材料力学性能的影响,研究表明空气氧化处理后碳纤维的表面粗糙度明显增加,进而增强了纤维与树脂之间的机械啮合作用,同时空气氧化处理使得碳纤维表面形成了较多的含氧基团,有效提高了纤维的表面能,从而增强了纤维与树脂的界面结合能力。气相氧化法是一种较为成熟的氧化方法,具有简单、低成本、易于规模化生产等优点,但是气相反应的条件较难控制,产品稳定性差,且处理后的纤维力学性能下降严重。
液相氧化一般指使用液体氧化剂如硫酸、硝酸、过氧化氢等,通过将碳纤维浸泡在氧化剂溶液中,使其表面氧化产生活性集团,并增加粗糙度,从而改善纤维与树脂之间的化学结合和润湿性[20]。液相氧化法具有工艺简单、成本低的优点,且其对纤维性能影响较小。Yu等[21]以K2S2O8为液相氧化的氧化剂,以AgNO3作为催化剂对碳纤维进行表面处理,实验结果表明液相氧化在碳纤维表面成功引入了羟基、羧基等含氧集团,碳纤维的表面能从52.78 eV提高到70.55 eV,复合材料的界面剪切强度(interfacial shear strength, IFSS)由59.52 MPa提高至96.73 MPa,同时这种表面氧化工艺避免了过度氧化造成的纤维抗拉强度的损失。但液相氧化法处理时间较长,氧化过程使用的强氧化剂会附着在碳纤维表面,影响复合材料的界面结合强度和耐老化性能,在近几年的研究中,液相氧化法经常作为其他改性方法的预处理方法,通过氧化引入活性基团,以便于后续改性的进行[22] 。
电化学氧化是使用碳纤维作为阳极,石墨、铜板或镍板等为阴极,碳酸氢钠、硝酸溶液等作为电解液,在直流电场作用下对碳纤维进行表面改性的一种方法[23]。处理过程中,阳极产生的氧将碳纤维表面逐渐氧化,CF表面产生的官能团很大程度上取决于电解液的种类,而官能团数量取决于电压和电解液浓度。电化学氧化工艺以及原理示意图如图2(a)所示。
宫浩婷等[24]利用四种不同的铵盐电解质对聚丙烯腈基高模碳纤维(HMCF)进行电化学氧化处理,结果表明碳纤维表面成功引入了含氧以及含氮官能团,当电解质为弱酸性的NH4HCO3和弱碱性的NH4H2PO4时,复合材料的 IFSS相比于处理之前分别提升了49.86%和49.02%。
电化学氧化快速且均匀,通过调节电解质组成、电流密度、处理温度和处理时间可以精确控制碳纤维的氧化程度,有效改善复合材料的力学性能。电化学氧化法处理装置便于工业化生产,反应条件易于控制,是目前具有良好应用前景的氧化处理工艺,但其在提高碳纤维与聚合物基体之间的界面结合强度的同时,处理过程会降低碳纤维的抗拉强度 。
在碳纤维表面涂覆或沉积一层亲和碳纤维与树脂基体材料的物质,在复合材料界面形成一层过渡层,由此来改善碳纤维增强复合材料界面强度的改性方法,可统称为涂层改性[25]。根据处理方法的不同可以分为上浆涂覆法、液相沉积法、气相沉积法。
上浆法是指通过上浆或浸渍,在碳纤维表面形成具有良好相容性的涂层,是优化商用CFRP界面性能的重要方法,已实现连续工业化生产。上浆过程如图2(b)所示。上浆剂通常是能成膜的聚合物,将上浆剂引入到碳纤维表面可以提高纤维的化学活性和润湿性,使树脂与纤维充分接触,并与基体良好相容,加强物理和化学结合。
王清清等[26]利用水溶性热塑性聚酰亚胺上浆剂对国产高强高模碳纤维进行改性,并制备了复合材料,研究表明上浆处理后纤维表面的O/C比含量提升了125%,复合材料的界面性能得到明显改善,相比于未处理的复合材料,上浆处理后HMCF增强聚醚酮酮复合材料的层间剪切强度(interlaminar shear strength, ILSS)增幅高达54.3%。
表面上浆是一种简单、高效且适合工业化的改性方法,采用上浆剂对CF表面进行涂覆能有效改善CF与树脂基体的界面黏结力,且不会对CF自身的优异性能产生不利影响,通过上浆处理将纳米材料引入碳纤维表面进行微结构的构筑是一种具有巨大发展潜力的界面改性方法。但不同的复合材料体系需要使用不同的上浆剂才能达到所需的改性效果,目前关于上浆剂的选择还没有形成一个较为完整的理论[27]。
液相沉积法是将碳纤维浸泡在含有涂层物质的溶液中,通过物理或化学反应,将溶液中的涂层物质沉积在碳纤维的表面,形成涂层,达到提升碳纤维表面活性的目的。目前常用的液相沉积技术是电泳沉积技术。电泳沉积(electrophoretic deposition,EPD)是指在悬浮液中通过直流电场的作用,使得胶体粒子沉积在材料表面形成涂层。Li[28]通过电泳沉积将硅烷化碳纳米管沉积到碳纤维表面,以改善碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺(CF/PI)复合材料的界面性能,实验结果表明纤维与树脂之间形成了碳纳米管的界面过渡层,有利于均匀传递应力,减小应力集中,改性后CF/PI复合材料的层间剪切强度相比改性前提高了11%。电泳沉积法具有低污染、成本低、制备过程简单、涂层厚度可控等优点,但是其对界面增强效应有限,且难以实现规模化应用。
气相沉积法是一种使用高温将气体沉积物分解为小分子或活性原子,再在目标表面生长所需涂层的方法[25]。目前常用的气相沉积方法是化学气相沉积法(CVD)。化学气相沉积(CVD)是一种通过气态或液态反应物的蒸汽在CF表面发生化学反应从而生成涂层的工艺,Yang等[29]采用化学气相沉积的方法在碳纤维表面原位制备了垂直排列的碳纳米管(VACNTs),通过树脂预涂技术(RPC)来消除碳纳米管根部的空隙缺陷,实验结果表明,改性后复合材料的抗弯强度比未处理试样提高了27.1%。化学气相沉积反应条件易于控制、效率高且产品质量好,是有较大潜力的改性方法,但是存在工艺复杂、高温会对碳纤维有损伤、沉积物的均匀性与纯度难以控制等缺点,不易于大规模生产。
等离子体表面改性是一种利用等离子体中的粒子与材料表面之间的相互作用,对材料表面进行活化、蚀刻和化学修饰的改性工艺[30]。等离子体撞击碳纤维表面,会引发自由基反应,从而在碳纤维表面引入活性基团,同时会对碳纤维表面进行刻蚀,增大碳纤维表面的粗糙度和比表面积。等离子体处理的装置以及原理如图2(c)所示。
Li 等[31]研究了等离子体改性对碳纤维/酚酞聚芳醚酮复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,氧等离子体处理能在碳纤维表面引入含氧基团,提高纤维的化学活性,同时纤维的表面粗糙度增加,增强了纤维与树脂的机械啮合作用,从而增强了树脂与基体间的界面黏结能力,有效提高了复合材料的层间抗剪强度、弯曲强度等。
碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料因其高使用温度、出色的力学性能和尺寸稳定性受到广泛关注,然而针对混合预混料的改性方法研究较少,Lu等[32]采用空气以及氩气射频等离子体同时对CF和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)进行处理,实验结果表明,碳纤维表面的粗糙度以及含氧官能团数量明显增加,CF与PEEK之间的物理以及化学作用增强,改性后复合材料的IFSS相比改性前提升了41.01%。
等离子体表面处理操作简单、效率高、无污染,可以有改善复合材料的界面性能,但是等离子体法具有时效性,处理后的纤维性能存在随时间退化的现象,再加上处理设备成本较高,严重限制了其大范围应用。除此之外,过度的等离子体处理还会降低碳纤维自身的拉伸强度。
基于以上研究,表1[32-51]总结了不同CF表面改性方法对复合材料力学性能的影响,展示了各种方法对界面性能的提升效果。
以上改性方法大都集中在对纤维表面进行处理以增加表面反应基团、表面粗糙度和润湿性上,虽然能够提升纤维与基体之间的界面结合作用,然而对于缓解纤维与树脂基体间巨大的模量失配则作用较小,在承受冷-热循环载荷时因应力集中导致的界面脱粘和开裂等问题仍难以解决[52],因此对界面性能的提升效果有限。近年来基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法成为研究的热点,多尺度界面相的构筑可以在改变纤维表面物理化学性质的同时缓解纤维与树脂之间较大的模量差异引起的应力集中,有效改善了CFRP的界面结合性能。
为了进一步改善碳纤维复合材料的界面结合性能,研究者们结合常见的改性手段通过在碳纤维表面引入其他材料进行界面改性,改性后形成了多种不同结构的界面相,界面相结构对复合材料的界面性能影响较大[53]。根据改性后形成的界面相结构的数量不同,表面改性方法可以分为单一结构改性和多尺度结构改性。
在碳纤维表面引入单种材料,构筑单一结构进行改性可以通过改变纤维的表面活性、表面粗糙度以及润湿性等来提高纤维与树脂之间的相互作用,单一结构改性常用的方法为化学接枝,化学接枝一般通过气相氧化、液相氧化及等离子处理等方法在碳纤维表面引入具有反应活性的基团,再通过接枝共聚等化学反应将特定结构的分子链引到碳纤维表面,从而提升纤维与基体材料的界面性能[54]。根据引入的材料不同,单一结构改性可以分为小分子改性、聚合物改性以及纳米粒子改性[55]。
为解决纤维与树脂界面粘接能力较弱的问题,研究者发现在碳纤维表面接枝重氮化合物等小分子物质可以有效提高纤维表面的化学活性以及与树脂基体的浸润性,从而改善了复合材料的界面性能,小分子改性的原理如图4(a)所示。Servinis等[56]利用苯胺在碳纤维表面原位生成高活性的苯基重氮物质,成功得到了功能化的碳纤维,与未改性的碳纤维相比,功能化碳纤维强度、弹性模量、表面形貌和粗糙度等没有明显变化,但纤维的摩擦因数大幅增加,复合材料的界面剪切强度提升15%,这归因于纤维表面胺类官能团与环氧树脂的相互作用。Arnold 等[57]利用Kolbe脱羧机理将4-氟苯乙酸小分子放入电解槽中,同时进行纤维的氧化改性和化学接枝改性,复合材料的界面剪切强度相比处理前提高了112%,研究表明这是接枝的芳香环渗透到界面当中的原因,而机械啮合作用被认为是次要的。
通过在碳纤维表面引入小分子物质,可以提高纤维表面的化学活性,进而增强复合材料的界面结合性能,但是小分子改性存在化学反应复杂、过程中引入其他小分子杂质的问题,且其对纤维表面粗糙度影响较小,无法通过机械啮合作用改善复合材料的界面黏结能力,改性效果有限。
已有研究证明,在碳纤维表面接枝柔性聚合物是一种有效的界面改性手段,相比于接枝小分子,在CF表面接枝带有羟基[58]、环氧基[59]或胺基[60]的柔性聚合物可以获得更多的活性官能团,增强纤维与树脂的化学键合作用,从而有效改善复合材料的界面性能,柔性聚合物改性的原理如图4(b)所示。
Qiu等[61]通过上浆的方法将羧甲基纤维素(CMC)引入到纤维表面, CMC会自动填充纤维表面的缺陷,有效避免了裂纹尖端的应力集中,同时CMC的成膜特性会在纤维表面形成一层致密的薄膜,作为纤维与树脂连接的桥梁,有效改善了复合材料的界面结合性能。实验结果表明,改性后CFRP的层间剪切强度相比未处理的CFRP提升了18%。
通过在碳纤维表面引入柔性聚合物进行改性,可以显著提高纤维表面的化学活性,进而提高了纤维与树脂的界面结合能力,但是这种改性方法同样无法有效增大纤维表面粗糙度,导致纤维与树脂机械啮合作用较弱。
除了在CF表面引入小分子或聚合物外,在纤维表面引入刚性纳米颗粒也是一种高效的改性方法,例如碳纳米管、氧化石墨烯等。刚性纳米粒子不仅增强了纤维与树脂的机械啮合作用,而且可以有效地分散外部应力,进而提升复合材料的力学性能[62]。
Ja Ger等[63]通过上浆工艺将高岭土纳米管(HNT)引入到碳纤维表面,不同浓度HNTs的环氧上浆剂改变了碳纤维的表面粗糙度,从而增强了纤维与树脂的机械啮合作用,研究表明较高的HNTs含量会在纤维表面形成堵塞的纳米材料,从而限制环氧树脂基体对纤维表面的渗透。改性后复合材料的界面剪切强度相比未处理的碳纤维增加了23%。Sun等[64]采用电泳沉积法在碳纤维表面引入了两种不同形貌的氨基功能化氧化石墨烯,改性氧化石墨烯的存在显著提高了纤维的化学活性、比表面积以及渗透性,有效改善了复合材料的界面结合性能,与未经处理的碳纤维复合材料相比,两种改性后的复合材料界面剪切强度分别提升了30.8%和40.9%,其玻璃化转变温度以及储能模量也有一定的提升,表面形成了良好的界面层。
在碳纤维表面引入刚性纳米粒子会显著增加纤维表面的粗糙度和比表面积,从而增强纤维与树脂之间的机械啮合作用,功能化纳米粒子的引入还可以增强纤维与树脂之间的化学键合作用,如图4(c)所示,但是刚性纳米粒子引入会形成高刚性的界面,阻碍界面处集中应力的松弛响应,从而导致界面的脆性破坏[65],相比于柔性聚合物改性,单独引入刚性纳米粒子进行改性时纤维与树脂的化学结合作用较弱,且无法充分缓解纤维与树脂较大模量差异引起的应力集中问题。
在碳纤维表面单独构筑刚性纳米粒子层进行改性,虽然可以有效改善复合材料的界面性能,但是高刚性的界面容易导致界面脆性破坏,而在纤维表面单独构建柔性聚合物层进行改性则无法实现机械啮合作用与化学键合作用的协同增强。因此碳纤维表面单一结构改性存在较大的局限性,改性效果有限且无法有效缓解纤维与树脂之间较大的模量差异。随着研究的不断深入,采用两种及两种以上聚合物、小分子和纳米粒子对碳纤维进行改性成为当下研究热点[66]。通过借鉴生物材料的结构,在碳纤维表面同时引入有机和无机软硬材料,可以实现复合材料强度与塑性变形的协同增强[67]。
在碳纤维表面引入多种材料构筑多尺度界面相进行界面改性弥补了单一材料改性效果的不足,且形成的更厚的界面相可以有效分散应力,进而提高复合材料的性能。通过合理设计引入材料的分布和复合材料界面相的结构,还可以有效缓解纤维与树脂之间的模量差异,减小界面处应力集中[54]。目前针对碳纤维表面多尺度结构改性尚未有统一的分类方法,现有研究中构筑的常见的多尺度界面相包括柔-刚结构界面相、刚-柔结构界面相以及其他多尺度结构界面相,为方便研究者理解具有不同微结构的界面相的区别,本文针对不同结构的多尺度界面相进行了统一风格的绘图展示。
已有研究证明通过柔性高分子聚合物[聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高分子(PAMAM)、笼型聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)]将刚性纳米粒子引入到碳纤维表面形成多尺度柔-刚结构界面相是改善CFRP界面性能的有效手段[68],柔性聚合物和刚性纳米粒子的引入有效增强了纤维与树脂的浸润性、化学结合作用和机械啮合作用,同时形成的更厚的柔-刚结构界面层可以有效地传递应力,减小应力集中。
Wu等[69]利用化学接枝的方法,以分子链上具有大量氨基的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为中间体,在碳纤维表面引入了多孔氧化石墨烯(prGO)和氧化石墨烯(GO)。实验结果表明,与未经处理的碳纤维相比,引入prGO和GO的CFRP界面剪切强度分别提高了78.64%和 45.79%。分析得知界面剪切强度的提高归因于纤维与树脂丰富的界面相互作用(共价键、静电相互作用和氢键)、更好的润湿性以及纤维表面粗糙度的提高,如图5(a)所示。同时柔性分子和刚性氧化石墨烯形成的柔-刚结构界面层缓解了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异,可以有效地防止裂纹扩展,实现应力在纤维表面的重新分布,有助于缓解应力集中,构筑多尺度柔-刚结构界面相后复合材料的模量变化如图5(b)所示。
Zhao等[70]以八缩水甘油基二甲基甲硅烷基笼型倍半硅氧烷(POSS)为中间体,将碳纳米管(CNTs)均匀接枝到碳纤维表面,制备了碳纤维/多面体倍半硅氧烷/碳纳米管(CF-POSS-CNT)多尺度增强体,以改善碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面性能。实验结果表明,柔性POSS和刚性CNTs的引入有效增强了纤维与基体的机械啮合作用和化学键合作用,从而提高了复合材料的界面粘接性能。改性前复合材料的模量从碳纤维到基体区域急剧变化,基体的交联不受纤维表面的影响,而改性后复合材料的界面相厚度显著增加,界面相的模量位于高模量的碳纤维和低模量树脂基体中间,柔-刚结构界面相缓解了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异,形成的较厚的界面层可以充当应力传递介质,将载荷均匀地从树脂传递到纤维上,减少界面处应力集中,最终使复合材料的界面强度提升近100%。
在CF 表面先引入柔性聚合物,再引入刚性纳米粒子,可以提高纳米粒子在纤维表面的分散程度和结合力,发挥多种材料的协同增强作用,有效改善复合材料的界面结合性能。同时形成的多尺度柔 -刚结构界面相在一定程度上缓解了纤维与树脂之间较大的模量差异,减小界面处应力集中[71]。但是,由于基体的模量远低于刚性纳米粒子的模量,且纤维与刚性纳米粒子之间的柔性聚合物层造成从纤维到基体的模量变化不是梯度变化,因此 “柔-刚”结构界面相对模量的平衡作用是有限的,无法实现纤维与树脂之间良好的模量匹配,将产生一定的应力集中现象[72-73]。
纳米材料因其具有较大的比表面积和高刚性等优异性能而受到研究者们广泛关注,将纳米颗粒引入到纤维表面可以有效地分散外加应力,提高复合材料的力学性能。但是形成的刚性界面层会导致复合材料界面发生脆性破坏,因此使用柔性聚合物对纤维表面进行修饰,通过局部变形来耗散能量成为一种有效的界面改性手段[74]。构筑的刚-柔结构界面相可以同时发挥刚性纳米粒子以及柔性聚合物的优势,形成的梯度模量界面层减小了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异对复合材料界面性能的影响[52]。
Zhang等[75]构建了一种由一个四氨基邻酞菁(TAPc)核心和四个TAPc功能化聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA)臂组成的星状共聚物(Pc-PGMA/Pc)对碳纤维表面进行改性,来增强纤维与树脂之间的界面结合能力,实验结果表明,与CF-TAPc/EP和CF-(Pc-PGMA)/EP复合材料相比,CF-(Pc-PGMA/Pc)/EP复合材料的界面剪切强度分别提高了33.8%和40.6%。在CF-(Pc-PGMA/Pc)/EP 复合材料中,刚性部分主要由附着在CF表面的TAPc组成,柔性部分主要由PGMA和环氧基体之间的相互扩散和交联以及链间的相互缠结所贡献。通过引入星状共聚物在复合材料界面处形成了梯度模量界面层,有效缓解了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异引起的应力集中问题。同时TAPc与PGMA通过化学键合作用相互连接后,PGMA通过π-π作用沉积在碳纤维表面,可以作为“屏蔽层”防止裂纹直接接触纤维表面,改变裂纹的路径到界面区域[76]。改性前后不同复合材料的界面增强机理如图6(a)所示,在CF-(Pc-PGMA/Pc)/EP复合材料中,刚性部分作为模量中间层可以均匀地传递载荷,而柔性外层提高了复合材料界面处韧性和能量耗散能力,刚-柔结构界面相的构筑有效提升了载荷传递效率和界面结合能力,同时形成的梯度模量界面层减小了界面处应力集中,刚-柔结构界面相的模量变化如图6(b)所示。
Feng等[77] 通过简单的酯化和阴离子聚合反应将刚性GO和柔性聚酰胺( PA )先后引入到CF表面构筑了CF-GO-PA多尺度增强体,研究表明相比于CF-GO/EP复合材料,CF-GO-PA/EP复合材料的IFSS和ILSS分别提高了76.8%和46.4%。刚-柔结构界面相的构建增强了纤维表面的粗糙度和表面自由能,实现了机械啮合作用和化学键合作用的协同增强,有效改善了纤维与树脂的界面黏结能力,同时形成的多尺度梯度模量中间相,减小了界面处应力集中。
在碳纤维表面先构筑刚性模量层,再使用柔性聚合物进行修饰,构筑的刚-柔结构界面层能够均匀地分散和传递应力,有效提升了复合材料的界面结合性能。多尺度刚-柔结构界面相还可以平衡CF和树脂基体之间的模量,并提供更多的机械/化学联锁位点,以提高界面应力传递效率和附着力[78]。构筑刚-柔结构界面相与构筑柔-刚结构界面相相比,在复合材料中形成的界面层模量是梯度变化的,能够进一步减小界面处应力集中,但是由于碳纤维的模量明显高于树脂基体,构筑刚-柔结构界面相在平衡纤维与基体模量方面仍不充分,加上操作较为繁琐,仍需进一步探索合适的界面改性方法。
除常见的多尺度柔-刚结构界面相以及多尺度刚-柔结构界面相外,研究者还尝试构筑了其他多尺度结构界面相对复合材料进行改性,以期获得更好的改性效果,包括刚-柔-刚结构界面相、柔-刚-柔结构界面相、双向结构界面相等。
考虑到碳纤维与树脂基体的模量相差较大,刚-柔结构界面相在平衡二者之间模量时仍然有限,因此在刚柔结构末端接枝另一种刚性材料构筑刚-柔-刚结构界面相是一种有较大潜力的改性方法。Zheng等[79]采用化学接枝方法利用CNTs和聚醚胺(PEA)构建了多尺度刚-柔-刚结构界面层(CF-CNTs-PEA-CNTs),研究表明,改性后碳纤维的粗糙度、润湿性和活性都有所提高,与未经处理的CF/EP复合材料相比,改性后复合材料界面剪切强度提高了73.4%。改性前后复合材料的界面破坏机理如图7(a)所示,改性后纤维与树脂之间的粘附性较好,复合材料破坏方式为内聚破坏,刚-柔-刚结构界面相的模量变化如图7(b)所示,多尺度刚-柔-刚结构界面相有效平衡了纤维与树脂之间的模量差异,获得了更好的模量匹配,形成的较厚的多尺度界面层可以有效消散应力,减少界面处应力集中。
棕榈树因为独特的“软-硬-软”结构,具有良好的强度和韧性,在遭遇台风时可以保持自身稳定。Tan等[80]模仿棕榈树结构,以CNTs为刚性层,单宁酸(TA)和POSS聚合物作为柔性层,构建了具有多个柔性层的柔-刚-柔结构界面相,界面相的构建过程以及界面相互作用如图8(a)所示,柔性聚合物层显著增强了共价键、π-π相互作用和氢键相互作用。柔-刚-柔结构界面相有效提高了纤维的粗糙度、纤维与树脂的润湿性以及复合材料的界面性能。与改性前相比,改性后复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了84.08%。与传统柔-刚结构界面相相比,柔-刚-柔结构界面相使得应力先被聚合物偏转消耗,然后传递到碳纳米管进行相间多裂纹偏转,进一步增强了能量耗散能力,减小了应力集中。柔-刚-柔结构界面相的模量变化示意图如图8(b)所示,多尺度柔-刚-柔结构界面相的构筑有效缓解了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异,形成的更厚的界面相减小了界面处应力集中。
为进一步解决纤维与树脂模量不匹配的问题,有研究者提出通过同时对纤维和树脂进行结构设计来实现二者模量差异的减小和较为平缓的模量转变。Zheng等[81]利用常见的刚性CNTs和柔性PEA同时对碳纤维和树脂基体进行改性,制备了CF-CNTs-PEA/CNTs-PEA@EP复合材料,复合材料的制备过程以及界面相示意图如图9(a)所示。实验结果表明,双向结构设计使得CF/EP复合材料的层间剪切强度提高到82.6 MPa,分别比仅对CF表面改性和仅对EP改性提高了17.7%和8.0%。双向结构设计的复合材料模量示意图如图9(b)所示,双向结构设计提高了树脂基体的模量,减小了纤维与树脂的模量差异,同时形成的梯度模量界面层使二者之间的模量过渡更加平缓,减小了界面处应力集中,有效提升了复合材料的界面性能。这为复合材料的界面改性提供了新的思路。
碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料因其界面相容性难题,严重限制了力学性能的发挥,因此探寻合适的界面改性方法是一直以来的研究热点。本文介绍了常见的碳纤维表面改性方法,包括氧化处理、涂层处理、等离子体处理等,并对其改性效果以及优缺点进行了对比。常见的碳纤维表面改性方法大多集中在增加纤维表面反应基团、表面粗糙度和润湿性上,而较少关注界面层模量对复合材料性能的影响,无法有效缓解纤维与树脂较大模量差异引起的界面处应力集中问题,在承受冷-热循环载荷时因应力集中导致的界面脱粘和开裂等问题仍难以解决,因此基于多尺度界面相构筑的复合材料界面改性方法引起了广大研究者的关注,构筑多尺度界面相一方面可以通过增强纤维与树脂的浸润性、化学结合作用和机械啮合作用有效改善复合材料的界面结合能力,另一方面形成的梯度模量界面层平缓了纤维与树脂较大的模量差异,减小了界面处应力集中,是解决CFRP界面相容性难题的极具潜力的改性方法。
现阶段基于多尺度界面相构筑的CFRP界面改性方法仍处于实验探索阶段,构筑的不同种类多尺度界面相的有效性需进行实验验证。对于碳纤维多尺度界面相构筑的改性方法研究需要重点关注以下几个方面:(1)在冷热循环载荷下,树脂基体收缩引起的法向界面损伤是导致复合材料界面性能下降的关键因素,当前对于多尺度界面相的表征方法大多是沿着轴向的,法向的性能表征主要是通过宏观横向拉伸实验来评估,针对法向的微观表征手段缺乏,未来应结合微纳米技术探索精确的界面法向表征方法;(2)当前构筑具有不同界面微结构的CFRP技术路线较为复杂,无法精准调控构筑的界面层厚度以及界面相的模量,界面相模量过高或者过低均会对复合材料界面性能造成不良影响,未来应开发统一可控的界面微结构构筑工艺,实现CFRP界面微结构的精准调控;(3)现有研究中的具有多尺度界面相的CFRP仍处于实验探索阶段,尚未实现工程化应用,未来应针对现有研究中的多尺度界面相进行分析,摸清其距离实际工程应用的不足,探索出一套高效、低成本的多尺度界面构筑方法,从而促进该方法的实际工程化应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52303116)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52403125)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(2022JJ40548)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(2024JJ6461)
  • 湖南省重大科技攻关项目(2023ZJ1040)
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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000477
  • 接收时间:2024-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-02
  • 录用日期:2024-09-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52303116)
国家自然科学基金项目(52403125)
湖南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(2022JJ40548)
湖南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(2024JJ6461)
湖南省重大科技攻关项目(2023ZJ1040)
作者信息
    1.国防科技大学 空天科学学院,长沙 410028
    2.上海复合材料科技有限公司,上海 201112

通讯作者:

段科(1992—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事复合材料界面工程、复合材料结构设计以及人工智能辅助的高性能聚合物开发方面的研究,联系地址:湖南省长沙市开福区德雅路109号国防科技大学空天科学学院(410028),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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