Article(id=1321490158508163228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321490128967675980, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=1721145600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792997405887, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1768838400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792997405887, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792997405887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792997405887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321490128967675980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='259', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768838400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792997398845, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792997398845, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=193, endPage=202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321490158801764509, articleId=1321490158508163228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=column:Preparation and tribological properties of textured Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface thermal oxide film, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Utilizing laser processing techniques to fabricate groove-shaped microstructures on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and an oxide film is prepared on the surface of the textured samples using thermal oxidation method. Friction and wear tests are conducted to investigate the tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to different surface treatments under ambient dry sliding conditions. Surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, elemental distribution, surface microhardness before wear testing, as well as microstructural and three-dimensional wear profile changes after wear testing, are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), three-dimensional optical microscopy, and micro-Vickers hardness testing. The advantages of laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation treatments compared to single laser-textured or thermal oxidation treatment are revealed, as well as the mechanisms of wear resistance and friction reduction. The results indicate that the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples exhibit more stable friction coefficients with less fluctuation compared to samples undergoing single treatments. At a normal load of 3 N, the wear rates laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples decrease by 66% and 68% relative to the single laser-textured and single thermal oxidation samples,respectively. As the normal load increases to 10 N, the wear rate reductions are 27% and 38%. Furthermore, the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples show the disappearance of abrasive wear and a reduction in adhesive wear phenomena. They can simultaneously possess the ability to capture wear debris like a single laser-textured samples and the excellent load-carrying capacity of a single thermal oxidation samples, thereby forming multi-film protective mechanism on the substrate and effectively enhancing the tribological performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces under dry friction conditions.

, authors=Xiaoyi WANG1, Zhibiao XU1, 2, Haowen LU1, Xinyi ZENG1, Sen XIE1, Hao WU3, Wei LI4, authorsList=Xiaoyi WANG, Zhibiao XU, Haowen LU, Xinyi ZENG, Sen XIE, Hao WU, Wei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhibiao XU, Wei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321490162832490671, articleId=1321490158508163228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=织构化Ti-6Al-4V合金表面热氧化膜的制备及其摩擦学性能, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用激光加工技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面织构沟槽型微结构,利用热氧化技术在织构试样表面制备氧化膜。通过摩擦磨损实验,研究Ti-6Al-4V合金经不同表面技术处理后在室温干摩擦工况下的摩擦学性能。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱仪(EDS)、三维测量显微镜、显微维氏硬度仪等分析试样磨损实验前的表面形貌、截面形貌、元素分布、表面显微硬度以及磨损后的微观形貌、磨痕三维形貌等,揭示激光织构复合热氧化处理相较于单一激光织构或热氧化处理的优势以及减摩、抗磨作用机理。结果表明:激光织构复合热氧化试样相较于另两种单一处理试样的摩擦因数波动较小且稳定,当法向载荷为3 N时,与单一激光织构试样和单一热氧化试样相比磨损率分别下降66%,68%。当法向载荷增大到10 N时,与单一激光织构试样和热氧化试样相比磨损率分别下降27%,38%。激光织构复合热氧化试样表面磨粒磨损现象消失,黏着磨损现象降低,可兼具单一激光织构试样捕获磨屑的能力和单一热氧化试样优异的承载能力,对基体形成多重保护机制,很好地提升干摩擦工况下Ti-6Al-4V合金表面的摩擦学性能。

, authors=王校益1, 徐志彪1, 2, 陆浩文1, 曾心怡1, 谢森1, 吴昊3, 李卫4, authorsList=王校益, 徐志彪, 陆浩文, 曾心怡, 谢森, 吴昊, 李卫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐志彪, 李卫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐志彪(1989—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为微动摩擦学、摩擦磨损、表面技术等,联系地址:广东省江门市蓬江区五邑大学(529020),E-mail:
李卫(1988—),男,讲师,博士,研究方向为摩擦磨损、表面技术、连接结构动力学等,联系地址:广东省湛江市赤坎区岭南师范学院(524048),E-mail:
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figureFileBig=94xCAPttx2BtPJVcHickNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927218511593564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321490158508163228, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical compositions of Ti-6Al-4V alloy (mass fraction/%)

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TiAlVCO
80.925.562.717.243.57
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Ti-6Al-4V合金化学成分(质量分数/%)

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TiAlVCO
80.925.562.717.243.57
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Friction and wear test parameters

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Lubrication conditionNormal load/NReciprocating frequency/HzReciprocating length/mmTest time/sTest temperature/℃
Dry friction3,1052.590020-25
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摩擦磨损实验参数

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Lubrication conditionNormal load/NReciprocating frequency/HzReciprocating length/mmTest time/sTest temperature/℃
Dry friction3,1052.590020-25
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织构化Ti-6Al-4V合金表面热氧化膜的制备及其摩擦学性能
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王校益 1 , 徐志彪 1, 2 , 陆浩文 1 , 曾心怡 1 , 谢森 1 , 吴昊 3 , 李卫 4
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(1): 193-202
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (1) : 193 -202
织构化Ti-6Al-4V合金表面热氧化膜的制备及其摩擦学性能
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王校益1, 徐志彪1, 2 , 陆浩文1, 曾心怡1, 谢森1, 吴昊3, 李卫4
作者信息
  • 1.五邑大学 轨道交通学院,广东 江门 529020
  • 2.广州航海学院 智能制造学院,广州 510725
  • 3.广州航海学院 船舶与海洋工程学院 广东省高校海洋严酷环境使役材料与运维装备重点实验室,广州 510725
  • 4.岭南师范学院 机电工程学院,广东 湛江 524048
通讯作者:
徐志彪(1989—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为微动摩擦学、摩擦磨损、表面技术等,联系地址:广东省江门市蓬江区五邑大学(529020),E-mail:
李卫(1988—),男,讲师,博士,研究方向为摩擦磨损、表面技术、连接结构动力学等,联系地址:广东省湛江市赤坎区岭南师范学院(524048),E-mail:
column:Preparation and tribological properties of textured Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface thermal oxide film
Xiaoyi WANG1, Zhibiao XU1, 2 , Haowen LU1, Xinyi ZENG1, Sen XIE1, Hao WU3, Wei LI4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Rail Transportation,Wuyi University,Jiangmen 529020,Guangdong,China
  • 2.College of Intelligent Manufacturing,Guangzhou Maritime University,Guangzhou 510725,China
  • 3.Guangdong Key Laboratory of Materials and Equipment in Harsh Marine Environment,School of Ocean Engineering,Guangzhou Maritime University,Guangzhou 510725,China
  • 4.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang 524048,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2026-01-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386
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采用激光加工技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面织构沟槽型微结构,利用热氧化技术在织构试样表面制备氧化膜。通过摩擦磨损实验,研究Ti-6Al-4V合金经不同表面技术处理后在室温干摩擦工况下的摩擦学性能。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱仪(EDS)、三维测量显微镜、显微维氏硬度仪等分析试样磨损实验前的表面形貌、截面形貌、元素分布、表面显微硬度以及磨损后的微观形貌、磨痕三维形貌等,揭示激光织构复合热氧化处理相较于单一激光织构或热氧化处理的优势以及减摩、抗磨作用机理。结果表明:激光织构复合热氧化试样相较于另两种单一处理试样的摩擦因数波动较小且稳定,当法向载荷为3 N时,与单一激光织构试样和单一热氧化试样相比磨损率分别下降66%,68%。当法向载荷增大到10 N时,与单一激光织构试样和热氧化试样相比磨损率分别下降27%,38%。激光织构复合热氧化试样表面磨粒磨损现象消失,黏着磨损现象降低,可兼具单一激光织构试样捕获磨屑的能力和单一热氧化试样优异的承载能力,对基体形成多重保护机制,很好地提升干摩擦工况下Ti-6Al-4V合金表面的摩擦学性能。

Ti-6Al-4V  /  激光织构  /  热氧化  /  摩擦磨损  /  磨损机制

Utilizing laser processing techniques to fabricate groove-shaped microstructures on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and an oxide film is prepared on the surface of the textured samples using thermal oxidation method. Friction and wear tests are conducted to investigate the tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to different surface treatments under ambient dry sliding conditions. Surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, elemental distribution, surface microhardness before wear testing, as well as microstructural and three-dimensional wear profile changes after wear testing, are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), three-dimensional optical microscopy, and micro-Vickers hardness testing. The advantages of laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation treatments compared to single laser-textured or thermal oxidation treatment are revealed, as well as the mechanisms of wear resistance and friction reduction. The results indicate that the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples exhibit more stable friction coefficients with less fluctuation compared to samples undergoing single treatments. At a normal load of 3 N, the wear rates laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples decrease by 66% and 68% relative to the single laser-textured and single thermal oxidation samples,respectively. As the normal load increases to 10 N, the wear rate reductions are 27% and 38%. Furthermore, the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples show the disappearance of abrasive wear and a reduction in adhesive wear phenomena. They can simultaneously possess the ability to capture wear debris like a single laser-textured samples and the excellent load-carrying capacity of a single thermal oxidation samples, thereby forming multi-film protective mechanism on the substrate and effectively enhancing the tribological performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces under dry friction conditions.

Ti-6Al-4V  /  laser texturing  /  thermal oxidation  /  friction and wear  /  wear mechanism
王校益, 徐志彪, 陆浩文, 曾心怡, 谢森, 吴昊, 李卫. 织构化Ti-6Al-4V合金表面热氧化膜的制备及其摩擦学性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (1) : 193 -202 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386
Xiaoyi WANG, Zhibiao XU, Haowen LU, Xinyi ZENG, Sen XIE, Hao WU, Wei LI. column:Preparation and tribological properties of textured Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface thermal oxide film[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (1) : 193 -202 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386
钛合金具有低密度、高比强度、耐高温、耐腐蚀等诸多优点[1],是一种理想的工程材料,在海洋船舶[2]、航空航天[3]和生物医学[4]等领域应用广泛。然而,由于钛合金表面固有特性如耐磨性差和承载能力低等缺点限制了其应用[5-6]。因此,通过表面处理技术提升钛合金表面的耐磨性和承载能力,对其在苛刻的服役环境中的应用具有重要意义。目前,提升材料表面摩擦学性能的处理技术主要有激光表面织构[7-8]、热氧化[9-10]、离子注入[11-12]、微弧氧化[13-14]等。其中激光表面织构和热氧化技术因经济、高效、无污染等优势而被广泛应用于表面改性。Zhang等[15]研究了硬质合金表面线形、正弦形和菱形三种微织构与钛合金球干摩擦30 min后的摩擦学性能,发现在三种织构中,线槽织构的摩擦因数最小,抗磨效果好,且沟槽织构的存在能有效保留磨损碎屑,减少黏结磨损,减弱犁沟效应。张娜等[16]采用最佳激光加工参数在硬质合金表面加工出四种不同方向的正弦型沟槽织构,发现正弦中心线与摩擦方向成0°的正弦型沟槽织构的减摩抗磨效果最优,且摩擦因数比光滑试样降低了25%。Aniołek等[17]研究了在不同温度下热氧化Ti-6Al-7Nb合金表面的硬度及其摩擦学性能,当处理温度为700 ℃时,涂层具备最佳的滑动耐磨性能,磨损降低了70%。曹磊等[18]研究了TC4钛合金经不同温度热氧化处理后在生理盐水中的耐腐蚀磨损性能,发现700 ℃下热氧化处理获得的氧化层膜与基体结合性能最好,表面硬度最高,耐腐蚀磨损性能最好。
随着社会与科技的发展,单一表面处理技术已经不能够满足人们所期望的性能要求。因此有研究者提出在激光织构改形的基底上进行涂层处理,以实现协同效应,从而进一步提升钛合金的摩擦学性能。Liu等[19]研究了TA2基体经激光表面织构和热氧化复合处理后的摩擦学性能,发现复合处理显著降低了TA2基体的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损倾向,耐磨性也得到明显提升,进一步延长了其使用寿命。Niu等[20]对Ti-Zr合金表面进行了热氧化和韧窝型激光表面织构处理,发现热氧化和激光表面织构技术的协同作用可以进一步改善摩擦学性能。马震等[21]在TC4合金表面将表面织构、热氧化膜与PTFE润滑薄膜相复合,制备了自润滑复合耐磨结构,并研究了其在滑动条件下的摩擦性能。发现与单一的织构化表面相比,激光织构复合热氧化处理增强了表面润滑薄膜的耐磨损性能。Kashyap等[22]分析了激光织构和热处理在改善氧扩散深度和整体表面特性方面的重要作用,发现复合处理Ti-6Al-4V表面硬度显著提高,此外合金表面还具有优异的质量黏附强度和低幅度的拉伸残余应力。由此可见相比于单一处理,激光织构复合热氧化处理能够有效延长磨损寿命。然而,目前关于复合处理增强摩擦学性能机理方面的研究还不够深入,特别是在改善Ti-6Al-4V合金干摩擦工况下的摩擦学性能方面。因此,本工作将激光织构与热氧化加工技术相结合,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备出具有较厚氧化膜的微沟槽,通过干摩擦工况下的摩擦磨损实验,揭示激光织构复合热氧化加工处理表面的摩擦磨损机制,为钛合金的表面复合处理技术提供理论依据及数据参考。
本实验中选用的基材为尺寸40 mm×20 mm×5 mm的Ti-6Al-4V合金(广东兴旺达金属材料有限公司),其化学成分如表1所示。在激光织构前,依次选用400,800,1000,1200,1500,2000目砂纸对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面进行打磨,在抛光机上依次使用1.5,0.5 μm金刚石抛光膏、0.04 μm二氧化硅悬浮液进行精细抛光,以达到无划痕、光滑效果,然后在乙醇溶液中超声清洗20 min去除表面残留物,最后在室温下风干并放入恒温箱储存备用。
采用激光打标机(LSF20DH)在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面织构沟槽型微结构,通过正交实验确定最佳激光参数:激光光斑直径50 μm、波长1064 nm、功率10 W、脉冲频率150 kHz、沟槽间距100 μm、扫描速度1000 mm/s、扫描次数40次。随后将原始试样以及激光织构后的试样转移至箱式电阻炉(BF1200-30)中,以10 ℃/min升温至700 ℃,并保温5 h,然后随炉冷却至室温,得到热氧化试样和激光织构热氧化复合试样。热氧化过程可大致分为吸收氧气→氧元素扩散→产生薄氧化膜→氧化层继续生长→形成厚氧化层[23]。采用带电子能谱仪(EDS)功能的扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS SIGMA 300)对不同试样表面形貌、截面形貌以及表面元素进行分析;采用显微维氏硬度仪(HVT-100A)测量不同试样表面硬度,测试载荷为1.96 N (HV0.2),保荷时间为15 s,为保证测量的一致性和可靠性,对每个硬度点重复测量3次以上。
摩擦磨损实验在多功能摩擦磨损试验机(UMT-TriboLab)上进行。采用球-平面接触往复式运动,选择直径为6 mm的Si3N4球作为摩擦对偶,经不同表面处理技术所得Ti-6Al-4V合金试样作为下试样,摩擦因数及其曲线由实验设备自动记录,摩擦磨损实验参数如表2所示。采用三维测量显微镜(Micro 1000)分析不同试样表面磨损三维形貌,从磨损区域取6条垂直于磨损区域的二维轮廓曲线,通过对磨损区域二维截面边界内的封闭区域进行积分来确定横截面面积,为保证测量的一致性和可靠性,对每个横截面重复测量3次以上。磨损体积V和磨损率W分别按照公式V=AL[24]和W=V/(F×L)[25]计算,其中A为表面磨痕的平均横截面面积,L为总摩擦往复长度,F为法向载荷;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS SIGMA 300)对不同试样表面磨损形貌进行分析,揭示激光织构复合热氧化处理相较于单一激光织构或热氧化处理的优势以及减摩抗磨作用机理。
图1为不同处理方式试样表面及截面SEM图。由图1(a-1),(a-2)可知,在激光作用下,沟槽型激光表面织构(laser surface texture,LST)试样表面形成平行且均匀分布的沟槽,沟槽深约124 μm,呈倒锥形,沟槽周围存在基体受到激光热作用熔凝飞溅产生的颗粒状突起重铸层,飞溅熔融物大部分堆积在沟槽两侧,堆积高度约17 μm,导致表面粗糙度增大[26]。由图1(b-1),(b-2)可知,热氧化(thermal oxidation,TO)试样表面均匀、致密地生长着一层鳞片和颗粒状突起,基体完全被氧化层和扩散层覆盖。表面氧化膜厚度约8 μm,氧化膜与基底之间未发现明显裂纹现象,表明氧化膜与基底结合紧密。由图1(c-1),(c-2)可知,沟槽型激光表面织构复合热氧化(LST+TO)试样表面被激光织构飞溅形成的颗粒状突起以及热氧化形成的鳞片状颗粒突起复合覆盖,氧化膜覆盖导致沟槽的宽度和深度减小,且沟槽倒锥形底部部分被氧化物填充。
图2为不同处理方式试样表面SEM图及相应EDS分析。可知,与原始表面相比,LST试样表面钛元素含量降低22.62%,碳元素含量增加9.65%,氧元素含量增加15.45%,铝和钒元素变化较小,其中碳元素含量增加是因大气环境下进行激光表面织构时,表面受温度变化以及微纳结构的作用发生有机污染,吸附碳元素形成少量的含碳化合物,氧含量增加说明激光织构过程中表面形成少量的氧化物[27];TO试样表面钛元素含量降低54.8%,铝元素含量增加11.35%,氧元素含量增加45.7%,钒和碳元素变化较小,其中铝元素、氧元素含量增加,表明热氧化处理使表面产生氧化物TiO2与Al2O3[28];LST+TO试样表面钛元素含量降低55.35%,铝元素含量增加8.28%,碳元素含量增加3.66%,氧元素含量增加44.59%,钒元素变化较小,其中钛元素、氧元素含量变化量与TO试样相近,铝元素含量的增加量略小于TO试样,表明经激光织构热氧化复合处理后表面产生的氧化物Al2O3较TO试样略减少。
图3为Ti-6Al-4V合金原始试样及经不同表面技术处理后试样表面的显微硬度。在原始试样和TO试样表面选取4个硬度测试点,间隔为25 µm,而LST试样和LST+TO试样表面的硬度测试点开始于沟槽边缘,沿远离沟槽方向每间隔25 µm取1个硬度测试点,共选取4个。可以发现,经不同表面技术处理后的试样表面硬度存在明显差异,原始试样和TO试样表面硬度均匀,且可明显看出经单一热氧化处理后表面硬度显著提升。而LST试样和LST+TO试样表面沿远离沟槽方向的硬度逐渐减小,表明沟槽边缘硬度受激光热影响区以及热氧化技术影响较大。
图4为不同处理方式试样在不同法向载荷下的实时摩擦因数及平均摩擦因数。由图4(a)可知,在不同的法向载荷作用下摩擦因数曲线随摩擦时间的增加呈现出上升阶段和稳定阶段两个阶段,LST试样相较于另两种试样波动较小且稳定。在上升阶段处于磨合期,随着摩擦磨损实验的持续进行,LST试样、TO试样、LST+TO试样表面的激光飞溅熔融物、氧化薄膜等不断脱落形成磨屑,磨屑的参与导致摩擦因数曲线出现不同幅度的波动,摩擦因数的大幅波动也显示出摩擦失稳的特性[29]。当试样表面磨损到一定程度时,表面的不规则颗粒、凹坑已被磨损去除或填平,从而增大接触面积提高承载能力,此时表面磨屑的产生与排出达到动态平衡状,摩擦因数曲线进入平稳阶段,摩擦因数达到稳定值[30],表现出典型的干滑动摩擦磨损特性[31]。图4(b)为稳定阶段的平均摩擦因数,可以看出曲线进入稳定阶段之后,摩擦因数并没有随着法向载荷增加而出现较大波动。表面氧化膜的覆盖使LST+TO试样相较于LST试样的平均摩擦因数略大,表面沟槽的存在使LST+TO试样的平均摩擦因数相较于TO试样略小。
图5为不同处理方式试样在不同法向载荷下的磨损体积及磨损率。可知在相同法向载荷下,LST+TO试样的磨损体积和磨损率都是最小的。法向载荷为3 N时,与LST试样和TO试样相比,LST+TO试样的磨损体积和磨损率分别下降了66%,68%;法向载荷为10 N时,磨损体积和磨损率分别下降了27%,38%。表明干摩擦工况下,相较于单一处理,经激光表面织构复合热氧化技术处理后,表面形成的沟槽形纹理结构以及耐磨氧化物在摩擦过程中达到良好减摩效果,进一步减小磨损损伤,特别是在3 N法向载荷作用下减摩效果更为显著。
图6为不同处理方式试样在不同法向载荷下的表面磨损形貌。从图6中可以观察到,随着法向载荷的增大,不同表面处理方式试样的磨痕宽度都随之增大,表面的磨损加剧。由图6(a-1),(a-2)可知,不同法向载荷下,LST试样磨损表面沟槽两侧堆积的飞溅熔融物被磨掉,沟槽完全被磨屑填充,且都存在犁沟、剥落坑和裂纹现象。随法向载荷的增大,试样表面织构形貌磨损加剧,磨损表面的犁沟、剥落坑和裂纹增多,表明LST试样表面的磨损机制为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。由图6(b-1),(b-2)可知,不同法向载荷下,TO试样磨损表面都存在剥落坑和裂纹现象。法向载荷3 N时,TO试样表面氧化膜磨损较轻,剥落坑和裂纹较少,随着法向载荷增大到10 N,表面氧化膜磨损加剧,导致与基体发生摩擦,磨损表面剥落坑和裂纹增多,表明其磨损机制主要为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损。由图6(c-1),(c-2)可以看出,LST+TO试样表面最先被磨损的是沟槽两侧堆积的飞溅熔融物及其上覆盖的氧化膜部分,其次是未被熔融物覆盖表面,其原因是两侧堆积的飞溅熔融物高于其他部分最先与对偶球接触。不同法向载荷下,LST+TO试样磨损表面都存在少量剥落坑和裂纹现象,法向载荷3 N时,LST+TO试样表面磨损较轻微,未被熔融物覆盖表面仍保留有部分氧化膜未被磨损。随着法向载荷增大到10 N,表面磨损加剧,未被熔融物覆盖表面的氧化膜被磨损掉,磨损表面裂纹现象增多,表明其磨损机制为轻微黏着磨损和疲劳磨损。对比可以发现,相较于单一处理,经激光织构复合热氧化处理表面磨粒磨损现象消失,黏着磨损现象降低。
图7为不同处理方式试样在法向载荷10 N下的磨痕三维形貌和截面轮廓图。可以看出,LST+TO试样相较于LST试样、TO试样的表面磨痕深度浅,LST试样和LST+TO试样磨损痕迹为圆底“U”型,而TO试样磨损痕迹为平底“凵”型。这是因为,一方面,试样表面有无沟槽的差异导致摩擦过程中对偶球与试样之间接触面积不同;另一方面,热氧化膜从基体上剥落。摩擦过程中,LST试样与LST+TO试样最先被磨损的是沟槽两侧堆积的飞溅熔融物部分,其次是未被熔融物覆盖表面,LST试样表面沟槽两侧堆积的飞溅熔融物因与对偶球接触面积小、承受应力大而磨损较快,TO试样与对偶球接触面积大,承受应力相对分散。相较于LST试样,LST+TO试样经热氧化后形成的表面被硬质氧化膜覆盖,可提高表面承载能力,从而减轻沟槽两侧堆积熔融物的磨损率。相较于TO试样,LST+TO试样表面存在的沟槽可以捕获磨屑从而减小磨损,即采用激光织构复合热氧化处理获得的独特结构使其兼具单一激光织构捕获磨屑的能力和单一热氧化优异的承载能力。
为了进一步阐明激光织构复合热氧化处理相较于单一激光织构或热氧化处理的优势,对干摩擦工况下激光织构复合热氧化处理试样的抗磨机理进行总结,其示意图如图8所示。经激光织构加工后,一方面,Ti-6Al-4V合金表面受热影响区作用,容易形成一定厚度的耐磨硬质层[32];另一方面,表面形成的沟槽纹理结构,在摩擦过程中能够减小接触面积,使接触区形成高低应力交替分布的局面,且应力集中点的位置会随着摩擦的进行发生不断变化[33],同时微沟槽能够通过捕获磨屑碎片减少磨粒磨损[34]。经热氧化加工后,Ti-6Al-4V合金表面形成的硬质氧化膜可以改善表面硬度,提升表面承载能力,从而达到保护基体的作用[35-36]。采用激光织构技术“改形”复合热氧化技术“改性”可将两者优势结合,Ti-6Al-4V合金表面既可形成捕获磨屑的沟槽以及一定区域的激光硬化区,又可进一步形成一层硬质氧化膜覆盖在表面。相较于单一激光织构或热氧化处理,激光织构复合热氧化处理可对基体形成多重保护机制,从而进一步提升Ti-6Al-4V合金表面干摩擦工况下的摩擦学性能。
(1)相较于单一的LST和TO处理试样,LST+TO试样的摩擦因数波动小而稳定,且磨损体积最小,特别是在法向载荷3 N作用下减摩效果更为显著,其磨损率相比LST试样和TO试样分别下降了66%,68%。
(2)LST试样表面磨损机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,TO试样为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,LST+TO试样为轻微黏着磨损和疲劳磨损。相比LST试样和TO试样,LST+TO试样表面磨粒磨损现象消失,黏着磨损现象降低。
(3)LST+TO试样兼具LST试样捕获磨屑的能力和TO试样优异的承载能力,可对基体形成多重保护机制,从而进一步提升干摩擦工况下Ti-6Al-4V合金表面的摩擦学性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52105202)
  • 教育部人才培养产学研合作项目(231106429201145)
  • 湛江市海洋青年创新项目(2023E0014)
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2026年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000386
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2026-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2024-07-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(52105202)
教育部人才培养产学研合作项目(231106429201145)
湛江市海洋青年创新项目(2023E0014)
作者信息
    1.五邑大学 轨道交通学院,广东 江门 529020
    2.广州航海学院 智能制造学院,广州 510725
    3.广州航海学院 船舶与海洋工程学院 广东省高校海洋严酷环境使役材料与运维装备重点实验室,广州 510725
    4.岭南师范学院 机电工程学院,广东 湛江 524048

通讯作者:

徐志彪(1989—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为微动摩擦学、摩擦磨损、表面技术等,联系地址:广东省江门市蓬江区五邑大学(529020),E-mail:
李卫(1988—),男,讲师,博士,研究方向为摩擦磨损、表面技术、连接结构动力学等,联系地址:广东省湛江市赤坎区岭南师范学院(524048),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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