Article(id=1321927386862563563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927171292123557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000829, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1704643200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-08, onlineDate=1793101649251, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101649251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101649251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101649251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927171292123557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101597855, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101597855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=213, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927387084861676, articleId=1321927386862563563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of halogen-free direct coating process on free air ball morphology of palladium-coated copper wire, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The characteristics of palladium layer on the surface of copper wire are important factors affecting the quality of free air ball (FAB) and bonding during chip packaging. In this paper, palladium-coated copper wires with different coating speeds and coating temperatures are prepared by halogen-free direct coating process. The effects of coating speed on the morphology of the coating and the characteristics of FAB are studied. The results show that with the increase of coating speed, the coating time decreases, and the uniformity of the distribution of palladium particles on the surface of the copper wire becomes worse. The agglomeration of palladium particles with uneven local distribution causes the concentration of palladium particles to be too high, and the agglomeration area of palladium particles on the surface of the coating increases. Under the plating speed of 50 m/min, the distribution of palladium on the surface of the coating is more uniform. With the increase of coating speed, the diameter of FAB decreases gradually. The difference of palladium content between the agglomeration area and the non-agglomeration area of Pd particles on the surface of Pd-coated copper wire increases, and the consistency of FAB sphere size gradually decreases. At a lower coating speed of 50 m/min, the distribution of palladium content on the surface of FAB is relatively uniform. At a higher coating speed of 100 m/min, a large number of agglomerated palladium particles on the surface of the coating are remelted to form a large area of continuous palladium-rich area on the surface of the FAB, and the uniformity of palladium redistribution is poor. Considering the uniformity of FAB size and surface palladium redistribution, the coating speed of 50 m/min and the coating temperature of 400 ℃ are the better process parameters for the coating of palladium-coated copper wire.

, authors=Jiyuan LI1, Shaolin LI1, Kexing SONG1, 2, Yanjun ZHOU1, Jun CAO3, Fei CAO4, Hui SU1, authorsList=Jiyuan LI, Shaolin LI, Kexing SONG, Yanjun ZHOU, Jun CAO, Fei CAO, Hui SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kexing SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927388510925051, articleId=1321927386862563563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=无卤直接涂镀工艺对镀钯铜线无空气焊球形貌的影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铜线表面钯层特征是影响芯片封装过程中烧球和键合质量的重要因素。采用无卤直接涂镀工艺,制备了不同涂镀速度和涂镀温度下的镀钯铜线,研究了涂镀速度对镀层形貌和无空气焊球(free air ball, FAB)特征的影响。结果表明:随着涂镀速度增加,涂镀时间减少,钯颗粒在铜线表面分布的均匀性变差,局部分布不均匀的钯颗粒团聚引起钯颗粒浓度较高,镀层表面钯颗粒团聚区域增加。在涂镀速度50 m/min下,镀层表面钯分布较为均匀。随着涂镀速度的增加,FAB球直径逐渐减小;镀钯铜线表面Pd颗粒团聚区域和未团聚区域的钯含量差增大,FAB球尺寸的一致性逐渐下降。在较低涂镀速度50 m/min下,FAB球表面钯分布比较均匀;在较高的涂镀速度100 m/min下,镀层表面大量团聚的钯颗粒重熔后在FAB球表面呈大面积连续的富钯区,钯再分布的均匀性较差。从FAB球尺寸的一致性和表面钯再分布的均匀性方面考虑,涂镀速度50 m/min和涂镀温度400 ℃为镀钯铜线涂镀较佳的工艺参数。

, authors=李纪渊1, 李韶林1, 宋克兴1, 2, 周延军1, 曹军3, 曹飞4, 苏辉1, authorsList=李纪渊, 李韶林, 宋克兴, 周延军, 曹军, 曹飞, 苏辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋克兴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋克兴(1967—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能铜合金,联系地址:河南省洛阳市洛龙区开元大道263号河南科技大学材料科学与工程学院(471023),E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Coating morphology of palladium-coated copper wire at different coating temperatures and coating speeds, figureFileSmall=as4VrZPhSKXahtCsJG+bWw==, figureFileBig=bwARehqGMrhlZ2K/G6mMsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393464398135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同涂镀温度和涂镀速度下镀钯铜线的镀层形貌(a)350 ℃,50 m/min;(b)350 ℃,75 m/min;(c)350 ℃,100 m/min;(d)400 ℃,50 m/min;(e)400 ℃,75 m/min;(f)400 ℃,100 m/min

(a)350 ℃,50 m/min;(b)350 ℃,75 m/min;(c)350 ℃,100 m/min;(d)400 ℃,50 m/min;(e)400 ℃,75 m/min;(f)400 ℃,100 m/min

, figureFileSmall=as4VrZPhSKXahtCsJG+bWw==, figureFileBig=bwARehqGMrhlZ2K/G6mMsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393552478520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Coating morphology and EDS surface scanning of palladium-coated copper wire under coating temperature of 350 ℃ at different coating speeds (a),(b)50 m/min;(c),(d)75 m/min;(e),(f)100 m/min, figureFileSmall=8X/wOww6r2eQKsyQzXGbAQ==, figureFileBig=0wYGGO6OA721E0TvSKlVZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393623781689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图3, caption=涂镀温度350℃、不同涂镀速度下镀钯铜线的镀层形貌及EDS面扫描(a),(b)50 m/min;(c),(d)75 m/min;(e),(f)100 m/min, figureFileSmall=8X/wOww6r2eQKsyQzXGbAQ==, figureFileBig=0wYGGO6OA721E0TvSKlVZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393703473466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TEM morphology of palladium-coated copper wire at coating temperature of 400 ℃ and coating speed of 75 m/min, figureFileSmall=2cGLO6kWdFFM2Kb1Sjl3jg==, figureFileBig=7dbe1XIgOxEicWNup3NOfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393778970939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图4, caption=涂镀温度400 ℃和涂镀速度75 m/min下镀钯铜线TEM形貌(a),(b)钯铜界面形貌;(c)图(b)方框区域的 HRTEM 图像;(d)~(f)图(c)中d,e,f区域的高分辨图像和傅里叶变换图

(a),(b)morphologies of palladium-copper interface;(c)HRTEM image in the dotted box area of Fig.(b);(d)-(f)high-resolution images and Fourier-transform images of d,e,f regions in Fig.(c)

, figureFileSmall=2cGLO6kWdFFM2Kb1Sjl3jg==, figureFileBig=7dbe1XIgOxEicWNup3NOfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393850274108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=FAB diameter distribution diagrams of palladium-coated copper wire at different coating temperatures and coating speeds, figureFileSmall=ZDkP/1n52YGwmJzBWD+ebA==, figureFileBig=4xLX7HS6V4X2cwICCh4OBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927393929965885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同涂镀温度和涂镀速度下镀钯铜线的FAB直径分布图

(a)350 ℃;(b)400 ℃

(a)350 ℃;(b)400 ℃

, figureFileSmall=ZDkP/1n52YGwmJzBWD+ebA==, figureFileBig=4xLX7HS6V4X2cwICCh4OBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927394009657662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=FAB morphology and point scanning of palladium-coated copper wire at different coating temperatures and coating speeds, figureFileSmall=Qd+aNDSwq32y6J9VszJo/g==, figureFileBig=kHNpqfyDBisnQ/DWqDYdaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927394085155135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同涂镀温度和涂镀速度下镀钯铜线的烧球形貌及点扫描(a)350 ℃,50 m/min;(b)350 ℃,75 m/min;(c)350 ℃,100 m/min;(d)400 ℃,50 m/min;(e)400 ℃,75 m/min;(f)400 ℃,100 m/min

(a)350 ℃,50 m/min;(b)350 ℃,75 m/min;(c)350 ℃,100 m/min;(d)400 ℃,50 m/min;(e)400 ℃,75 m/min;(f)400 ℃,100 m/min

, figureFileSmall=Qd+aNDSwq32y6J9VszJo/g==, figureFileBig=kHNpqfyDBisnQ/DWqDYdaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927394164846912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic illustration of effect of different coating characteristics on FAB morphology of palladium-coated copper wire, figureFileSmall=hNJABocMiF6RcC0CwkR+MQ==, figureFileBig=y32GHdpHlAuMpEdA52Vz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927394236150081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同镀层特征对镀钯铜线烧球形貌影响示意图

L:palladium-coated wire;B:FAB

, figureFileSmall=hNJABocMiF6RcC0CwkR+MQ==, figureFileBig=y32GHdpHlAuMpEdA52Vz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927394299064642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical properties of palladium-coated copper wire at different parameters

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Diameter die/mmCoating temperature/℃Coating speed/(m·min-1)Coating time/sBreaking force/cNElongstaion/%

Copper wire before

palladium coating

12.94±0.250.79±0.02
0.025350500.966.85±0.0911.32±0.85
750.646.86±0.0810.84±0.24
1000.487.03±0.0110.52±0.48
400500.967.12±0.1211.70±0.53
750.647.22±0.2911.11±1.00
1000.487.24±0.0510.01±1.31
), ArticleFig(id=1321927394378756419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927386862563563, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同涂镀参数下镀钯铜线的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Diameter die/mmCoating temperature/℃Coating speed/(m·min-1)Coating time/sBreaking force/cNElongstaion/%

Copper wire before

palladium coating

12.94±0.250.79±0.02
0.025350500.966.85±0.0911.32±0.85
750.646.86±0.0810.84±0.24
1000.487.03±0.0110.52±0.48
400500.967.12±0.1211.70±0.53
750.647.22±0.2911.11±1.00
1000.487.24±0.0510.01±1.31
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无卤直接涂镀工艺对镀钯铜线无空气焊球形貌的影响
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李纪渊 1 , 李韶林 1 , 宋克兴 1, 2 , 周延军 1 , 曹军 3 , 曹飞 4 , 苏辉 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(3): 213-221
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (3) : 213 -221
无卤直接涂镀工艺对镀钯铜线无空气焊球形貌的影响
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李纪渊1, 李韶林1, 宋克兴1, 2 , 周延军1, 曹军3, 曹飞4, 苏辉1
作者信息
  • 1.河南科技大学 河南省有色金属材料科学与加工技术重点实验室,河南 洛阳 471023
  • 2.河南省科学院,郑州 450052
  • 3.河南理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 4.西安理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,西安 710000
通讯作者:
宋克兴(1967—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能铜合金,联系地址:河南省洛阳市洛龙区开元大道263号河南科技大学材料科学与工程学院(471023),E-mail:
Effect of halogen-free direct coating process on free air ball morphology of palladium-coated copper wire
Jiyuan LI1, Shaolin LI1, Kexing SONG1, 2 , Yanjun ZHOU1, Jun CAO3, Fei CAO4, Hui SU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Key Laboratory of Non-ferrous Materials Science and Processing Technology,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang 471023,Henan,China
  • 2.Henan Academy of Sciences,Zhengzhou 450052,China
  • 3.School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454000,Henan,China
  • 4.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an 710000,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000829
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铜线表面钯层特征是影响芯片封装过程中烧球和键合质量的重要因素。采用无卤直接涂镀工艺,制备了不同涂镀速度和涂镀温度下的镀钯铜线,研究了涂镀速度对镀层形貌和无空气焊球(free air ball, FAB)特征的影响。结果表明:随着涂镀速度增加,涂镀时间减少,钯颗粒在铜线表面分布的均匀性变差,局部分布不均匀的钯颗粒团聚引起钯颗粒浓度较高,镀层表面钯颗粒团聚区域增加。在涂镀速度50 m/min下,镀层表面钯分布较为均匀。随着涂镀速度的增加,FAB球直径逐渐减小;镀钯铜线表面Pd颗粒团聚区域和未团聚区域的钯含量差增大,FAB球尺寸的一致性逐渐下降。在较低涂镀速度50 m/min下,FAB球表面钯分布比较均匀;在较高的涂镀速度100 m/min下,镀层表面大量团聚的钯颗粒重熔后在FAB球表面呈大面积连续的富钯区,钯再分布的均匀性较差。从FAB球尺寸的一致性和表面钯再分布的均匀性方面考虑,涂镀速度50 m/min和涂镀温度400 ℃为镀钯铜线涂镀较佳的工艺参数。

铜键合丝  /  镀钯铜线  /  涂镀速度  /  无空气焊球

The characteristics of palladium layer on the surface of copper wire are important factors affecting the quality of free air ball (FAB) and bonding during chip packaging. In this paper, palladium-coated copper wires with different coating speeds and coating temperatures are prepared by halogen-free direct coating process. The effects of coating speed on the morphology of the coating and the characteristics of FAB are studied. The results show that with the increase of coating speed, the coating time decreases, and the uniformity of the distribution of palladium particles on the surface of the copper wire becomes worse. The agglomeration of palladium particles with uneven local distribution causes the concentration of palladium particles to be too high, and the agglomeration area of palladium particles on the surface of the coating increases. Under the plating speed of 50 m/min, the distribution of palladium on the surface of the coating is more uniform. With the increase of coating speed, the diameter of FAB decreases gradually. The difference of palladium content between the agglomeration area and the non-agglomeration area of Pd particles on the surface of Pd-coated copper wire increases, and the consistency of FAB sphere size gradually decreases. At a lower coating speed of 50 m/min, the distribution of palladium content on the surface of FAB is relatively uniform. At a higher coating speed of 100 m/min, a large number of agglomerated palladium particles on the surface of the coating are remelted to form a large area of continuous palladium-rich area on the surface of the FAB, and the uniformity of palladium redistribution is poor. Considering the uniformity of FAB size and surface palladium redistribution, the coating speed of 50 m/min and the coating temperature of 400 ℃ are the better process parameters for the coating of palladium-coated copper wire.

copper bond wire  /  palladium-coated copper wire  /  coating speed  /  free air ball
李纪渊, 李韶林, 宋克兴, 周延军, 曹军, 曹飞, 苏辉. 无卤直接涂镀工艺对镀钯铜线无空气焊球形貌的影响. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (3) : 213 -221 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000829
Jiyuan LI, Shaolin LI, Kexing SONG, Yanjun ZHOU, Jun CAO, Fei CAO, Hui SU. Effect of halogen-free direct coating process on free air ball morphology of palladium-coated copper wire[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (3) : 213 -221 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000829
键合丝作为集成电路芯片与外引线框架之间的连接线,随着集成电路的快速发展,半导体器件封装朝着多引线化、高集成度和小型化方向发展。因此,要求采用线径更细、电学性能更好的键合丝进行窄间距、长距离的键合[1]。常用的键合丝包括金键合丝和银键合丝,金键合丝因其具有良好的延展性、导电性、抗电迁移性、抗氧化和耐腐蚀性[2],一直是键合丝黏合工艺中的最佳材料;银键合丝则需要通过合金化和表面处理来改善性能[3-4],但随着键合丝成本升高和需求量逐渐增加,亟须新的替代材料。铜线以其低成本及高抗拉强度、高导热性和低电阻率成为金键合丝的最佳可行性替代材料[5],且铜与铝焊盘之间的互扩散速率较低,能够减缓金属间化合物的生长。
为解决铜键合丝在键合连接中易氧化的难题,研究人员提出在铜基丝线材表面浸镀一层熔点高、抗氧化性能优良的钯镀层[6-7]。普遍的镀钯技术包括电镀和化学镀,采用大直径镀钯和后续拉丝的方法,镀层与本体变形不均匀易导致镀层脱落,而无卤直接镀钯工艺采用拉丝后直接镀钯,其工艺简单、成本较低、更加绿色高效。范俊玲等[8]研究了无卤直接镀钯工艺中涂镀速度和热处理对镀钯铜线性能的影响,认为涂镀速度是影响直接镀钯键合铜线镀层厚度及表面质量的重要因素。Cheng等[9]研究了不同高压电火花烧球(electronic-flame-off, EFO)电流设置对镀钯铜线无空气焊球(free air ball,FAB)及形成过程中Pd分布的影响,认为在中等电流设置下,Pd呈比例分布,能减缓粘接球的腐蚀。Du等[10]通过改变EFO电流和放电时间,首次提出了Pd在FAB上的分布模型,得出Pd包覆的铜丝比裸铜丝具有更高的键合剪切强度的结论。Carson等[11]的研究结果表明,在FAB烧球过程中铜线以及表面的Pd均发生了熔融,FAB表面的各个区域均存在Pd,但Pd含量有高低之分。
其中多数研究聚焦于镀钯铜线烧球过程工艺参数对FAB的影响,而对于镀钯铜线本身镀层特征对FAB的影响鲜有论述,然而,镀层特征对FAB的形成具有重要影响,FAB的特性决定最终键合球75%~80%的形状[12],进而影响键合的连接质量。本工作通过研究无卤直接镀钯工艺中涂镀速度对镀钯铜线镀层特征及FAB形貌的影响,为进一步探究镀层特征与烧球特性的内在关联、优化镀钯铜线制备加工工艺提供理论依据。
本实验采用的实验材料为Φ0.020 mm的6N铜线,采用本团队开发的表面纳米涂镀技术(涂镀模具如图1所示),镀液中Pd含量为17%(质量分数,下同),模具孔径为Φ0.025 mm,分别以50、75、100 m/min的涂镀速度经过模具孔径,涂镀温度为350 ℃和400 ℃,加热炉长度为800 mm。烧球设备为FB-988型集成电路封装全自动焊线机,分别选用不同涂镀参数的镀钯铜线在自动键合设备上进行FAB实验;实验过程中采用N2作为保护气体,气体流速为0.6 L/min;采用JSM-IT100扫描电镜和JAM-7800F场发射扫描电镜对镀钯铜线和FAB的形貌和表面元素进行分析;采用FIB聚焦离子束沿镀钯铜线的纵向切割样品以进行微观组织分析。通过对不同涂镀参数的镀钯铜线的EFO参数进行优化来消除异型FAB。
图2为不同涂镀温度和涂镀速度(50、75、100 m/min)下镀钯铜线形貌的镀层形貌,其模具孔径为0.025 mm,涂镀温度为350 ℃和400 ℃。可以看出,在3种涂镀速度下,镀钯铜线镀层表面均存在纳米Pd颗粒团聚的现象,该区域的亮度比其他区域亮度更高。随着涂镀速度的增加,镀钯铜线镀层表面的颗粒团聚现象增多;涂镀温度400 ℃下镀钯铜线的表面团聚现象较涂镀温度350 ℃下的减少。
图3为涂镀温度350 ℃下不同涂镀速度的镀钯铜线镀层形貌及EDS面扫结果,图3(a),(c),(e)为Pd颗粒未团聚区,图3(b),(d),(f)为Pd颗粒团聚区域的形貌。可以看出,未团聚区的镀层表面致密平整,质量较好;团聚区域的镀层表面粗糙,纳米Pd颗粒细小,有较多的孔隙。在未团聚区域,随着涂镀速度的增加,Pd含量呈逐渐下降趋势;在团聚区域,随涂镀速度的增加,在涂镀速度50、75 m/min下Pd含量变化不大,在涂镀速度100 m/min下Pd含量较高。在相同的涂镀速度下,团聚区域的Pd含量要远高于未团聚区域的Pd含量;随着涂镀速度的增加,钯颗粒未团聚区域和团聚区域的Pd含量差逐渐增大。
裸铜线浸入纳米镀钯液以不同的速度通过涂镀模具,经过烘干在铜线表面形成镀层。在较低涂镀速度下,裸铜线在纳米镀液中的时间较长,Pd颗粒有较长的时间在铜线表面沉积,镀层表面钯分布较为均匀。在较高涂镀速度下,涂镀时间减少,钯颗粒在铜线表面沉积的时间较短,在铜基体表面的分布不均匀程度增加。经过加热烘干后,铜线表面均匀分布的钯颗粒形成连续致密的镀层,部分不均匀分布的钯颗粒由于纳米粒子比表面积大和表面能较高的特性,在镀层表面发生团聚以降低表面能达到稳定状态[13],烘干后形成较粗糙的镀层形貌。张甜甜等[14]在研究化学镀钯发现当溶液中游离的钯离子浓度局部过高,钯颗粒出现团聚现象。因此,较高涂镀速度下镀层表面的钯颗粒团聚区域多于较低涂镀速度;随着涂镀速度的增加,镀层表面钯分布的不均匀程度增加,镀层表面的钯含量差依次为6.2%、8.5%、15.6%。
较高的涂镀温度能够使纳米Pd颗粒在相同的时间内生长速度加快,在350 ℃涂镀温度下未充分长大的钯颗粒在400 ℃涂镀温度下充分生长,镀层的致密性增加,400 ℃涂镀温度下的钯颗粒团聚区域较350 ℃涂镀温度的镀钯铜线减少。李伟等[15]在研究化学镀钯工艺时发现较低的温度不能保证颗粒充分长大,所得晶粒细小不饱满,最终使镀层致密性较差且表面粗糙。但随着温度的升高,钯颗粒充分生长,颗粒之间的缝隙逐渐消失,镀层表面致密平整。镀钯铜线致密光洁的镀层形貌对于其应用至关重要,涂镀温度为400 ℃、涂镀速度为50 m/min可以获得较均匀的钯分布和致密的表面镀层。
表1是不同涂镀参数下镀钯铜线的力学性能。可以看出,在无卤直接涂镀之前,裸铜线的拉断力较高为(12.94±0.25)×10-2 N,伸长率较低仅(0.79±0.02)%。经过涂镀工艺后的镀钯铜线力学性能整体呈现拉断力降低和伸长率升高趋势。随着涂镀速度的增加,镀钯铜线拉断力逐渐降低,而伸长率逐渐增加。在涂镀温度350 ℃下,拉断力下降45.67%~47.06%,伸长率提升1231%~1332%;在涂镀温度400 ℃,拉断力下降44.05%~44.98%,伸长率提升1167%~1381%。在相同涂镀温度、不同涂镀速度下,镀钯铜线力学性能变化的范围较小。其中,同一涂镀温度下,在较低的涂镀速度50 m/min下,镀钯铜线的拉断力下降和伸长率提升较多;在较高的涂镀速度100 m/min下,镀钯铜线的拉断力和伸长率提升较少。这是由于不同的涂镀速度使得镀钯铜线经过加热炉的时间不同,当涂镀速度分别为50、75、100 m/min时,镀钯铜线在加热炉中的烘干时间分别为0.96、0.64、0.48 s,随着涂镀速度的增加,烘干的时间逐渐减少。
图4为涂镀温度400 ℃、涂镀速度75 m/min下的镀钯铜线的TEM形貌,沿镀钯铜线的纵向取样。从图4(a),(b)中可以看出,Pd镀层和铜基体界面结合良好,在铜基体内,存在着大量的位错和位错缠结。裸铜线是单晶铜线材经过拉丝模孔进行多道次拉拔后得到的,在拉拔过程中,随着变形量的增加,塑性变形程度增加,铜线基体内的柱状晶沿拉拔方向逐渐变为纤维晶组织[16]。由于铜基体的变形程度很大,晶体中位错不断增殖,位错缠结组成胞状结构,在加热过程中发生胞壁平直化,并形成亚晶,作为再结晶的核心[17]。张鸿等[18]对连续纤维晶纯铜线材退火工艺进行了研究,结果表明单晶铜再结晶开始温度在320~350 ℃之间,再结晶完成温度为400 ℃左右。键合丝的力学性能是影响键合质量的重要因素,伸长率过小和拉断力过大均会造成焊点颈部产生微裂纹,导致焊点的拉力和球剪切力偏低;还会因键合能量偏高造成热影响区较长和颈部晶粒粗大,降低力学性能并引发颈部裂纹和塌丝[19]。因此裸铜线经过涂镀后在烘干炉的高温环境中,铜基体内的变形组织发生回复再结晶,使镀钯铜线的强度降低和伸长率升高满足键合线连接对力学性能的要求。
通过优化EFO工艺参数,不同涂镀速度下的镀钯铜线经烧球后均形成了良好的FAB,图5为不同涂镀参数下镀钯铜线的FAB直径分布图。可以看出,在不同的涂镀温度下,FAB直径变化趋势一致,随着涂镀速度的增加,FAB直径逐渐减小,一致性变差;相同涂镀速度下的镀钯铜线形成的FAB直径相差不大,但涂镀温度400 ℃下的FAB尺寸的一致性更好。
镀钯铜线经过EFO后,Pd和Cu同时熔化并在表面张力的作用下迅速凝固成球。当Pd和Cu均处于熔融状态时,Pd的表面张力系数大于Cu的表面张力系数,Pd比Cu更容易收缩来减小自身表面积[20]。在凝固过程中,表面张力主要影响富钯区,固化后的FAB具有更小的曲率半径[21]。对于镀层表面钯颗粒大量团聚区经熔融后,在FAB表面形成富钯区,因其表面张力较大,形成的FAB尺寸较小。随着涂镀速度的增加,镀层表面Pd颗粒团聚区域增加,因此FAB尺寸减小;镀钯铜线表面Pd颗粒团聚区域和未团聚区域的钯含量差增大,进而造成FAB尺寸的一致性逐渐下降。涂镀温度400 ℃下的FAB尺寸一致性优于涂镀温度350 ℃,这与400 ℃涂镀温度下镀钯铜线镀层表面Pd颗粒团聚区域少于350 ℃涂镀温度的镀层特征是一致的。
图6(a)~(c)为涂镀温度350 ℃下不同涂镀速度的镀钯铜线的FAB形貌及点扫描元素分布。可以看出,在涂镀速度50 m/min和75 m/min下,FAB的表面局部存在细小的钯颗粒,表面的钯分布比较均匀;在涂镀速度为100 m/min下,FAB球表面存在大面积连续的经过高温重熔后的富钯区,该区域的钯含量远高于两侧的钯含量,钯再分布的均匀性较差。图6(d)~(f)为400 ℃涂镀温度下不同涂镀速度的镀钯铜线的FAB形貌和点扫描元素分布。可以看出,在涂镀速度为50 m/min和75 m/min下,FAB表面的钯元素分布比较均匀,局部区域存在单个的钯颗粒;在涂镀速度为100 m/min下,FAB表面存在大面积连续的重熔钯颗粒,钯分布的均匀度要差于较低涂镀速度,钯含量要高于较低涂镀速度下的表面钯含量。
通过对比,两个典型涂镀温度下的不同涂镀速度对FAB形貌的影响具有一致性。随着涂镀速度的增加,在涂镀速度50 m/min和75 m/min下,钯含量分布比较均匀;涂镀速度100 m/min下,FAB表面钯分布均匀性较差,且钯含量远高于较低涂镀速度下的钯含量,这是涂镀速度100 m/min下镀钯铜线镀层表面钯颗粒团聚区域较多的镀层形貌导致的。在相同的涂镀速度下,涂镀温度400 ℃下的FAB表面的平均钯含量要略低于涂镀温度350 ℃,这与涂镀温度350 ℃镀层表面存在较多的钯团聚区域的镀层特征是一致的,因此可知,FAB表面钯的再分布与镀钯铜线的镀层形貌密切相关。
综上所述,镀钯铜线的镀层特征在很大程度上影响FAB的形貌和表面的钯再分布。图7为不同镀层特征的镀钯铜线的烧球示意图,LⅠ为镀钯铜线在较低涂镀速度下的镀层形貌,LⅡ为较高涂镀速度下的镀层形貌,(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)分别为镀钯铜线LⅠ和LⅡ沿纵向的截面图,BⅠ和BⅡ分别为镀钯铜线LⅠ和LⅡ经EFO获得的FAB。可以看出,经过涂镀后,镀钯铜线LⅠ镀层表面致密光洁,镀钯铜线LⅡ镀层表面存在的钯颗粒团聚区域,镀钯铜线LⅠ的镀层厚度小于镀钯铜线LⅡ的镀层厚度;镀钯铜线LⅠ经过EFO后,钯层经过重熔后可以完整地包裹FAB,FAB表面钯含量分布比较均匀,如图6(d)所示;镀钯铜线LⅡ经过EFO后,镀层表面团聚的钯颗粒在后续形成的FAB表面呈现大面积连续的富钯区,导致表面钯分布均匀性较差,存在明显的钯含量高低差异,在钯含量较低的区域,甚至出现局部严重漏铜现象,如图6(f)所示。另外,在图7中,BⅡ表面富钯区的表面张力大于BⅠ,使得BⅡ的直径小于FAB BⅠ。
在金属丝键合连接中,恒定的球尺寸是影响连接质量的重要因素,第一键合点焊球尺寸的任何微小变化都会导致质量缺陷[22]。在FAB表面,均匀的Pd覆盖可以防止铜球在键合过程中被氧化,当Pd在FAB表面分布不均匀会导致力学性能的差异,并进一步影响键合过程[23]。FAB经过键合后,在键合界面处,适量的Pd能促进活性元素的原子扩散,加速金属间化合物的形成,增强连接的强度,但是过量的Pd会导致界面出现空洞和裂纹,破坏可靠的连接结构[24]。在涂镀速度为50 m/min下的FAB表面可以获得较好的表面和球形,且较均匀的表面Pd元素分布,有利于进行键合连接。在涂镀速度为100 m/min下,FAB表面呈现不均匀的Pd分布,形成大面积连续的Pd聚集区域。该区为键合过程与基板相连接的区域,表面Pd分布的差异性会降低第一焊点的键合强度,严重可导致键合不良或无法粘接,进而影响整个系统的能量传递效率与可靠性。为了获得良好的键合连接,从FAB尺寸的一致性和表面Pd再分布的均匀性方面考虑,涂镀温度为400 ℃和涂镀速度为50 m/min为镀钯铜线涂镀较佳的工艺参数。
(1)随着涂镀速度增加,涂镀时间减少,钯颗粒在铜线表面分布的均匀性变差,局部分布不均匀的钯颗粒团聚引起钯颗粒浓度较高,造成钯颗粒在镀层表面团聚现象增加。在较低涂镀速度50 m/min下,镀钯铜线镀层表面的钯颗粒团聚区域较少,可以获得钯分布较均匀的镀层。
(2)镀钯铜线的Pd层和Cu基体同时熔化并在表面张力的作用下迅速凝固成FAB,镀层表面钯颗粒大量团聚区熔融后,在FAB表面形成富钯区,其表面张力较大,形成的FAB半径较小。因此,随着涂镀速度的增加,FAB尺寸逐渐减小;镀钯铜线表面Pd颗粒团聚区域和未团聚区域的钯含量差增大,进而造成FAB尺寸的一致性逐渐下降。
(3)镀钯铜线的镀层特征在很大程度上影响FAB表面的钯再分布。在较低的涂镀速度50 m/min下,镀钯铜线的钯层经过重熔后可均匀覆盖FAB,表面钯含量分布比较均匀;在较高的涂镀速度100 m/min下,镀钯铜线镀层表面大量团聚的钯颗粒经重熔后在FAB表面呈大面积连续的富钯区,表面钯再分布的均匀性较差。
(4)为了获得良好的键合连接,从FAB尺寸的一致性和表面钯再分布的均匀性方面考虑,涂镀速度50 m/min和涂镀温度400 ℃为镀钯铜线涂镀较佳的工艺参数。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U21A2051)
  • 河南省科技研发计划联合基金(222102230064)
  • 河南省科技研发计划联合基金(222103810037)
  • 河南省科学院研发项目(220910009)
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2026年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000829
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
  • 录用日期:2024-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(U21A2051)
河南省科技研发计划联合基金(222102230064)
河南省科技研发计划联合基金(222103810037)
河南省科学院研发项目(220910009)
作者信息
    1.河南科技大学 河南省有色金属材料科学与加工技术重点实验室,河南 洛阳 471023
    2.河南省科学院,郑州 450052
    3.河南理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
    4.西安理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,西安 710000

通讯作者:

宋克兴(1967—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能铜合金,联系地址:河南省洛阳市洛龙区开元大道263号河南科技大学材料科学与工程学院(471023),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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