Article(id=1321511489442272118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716739200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-27, onlineDate=1793002491579, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793002491579, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793002491579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793002491579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=256, endPage=266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321511489643598711, articleId=1321511489442272118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of V-notch radius on mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the impact of V-notch radius on the mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy,tensile,stress-rupture,fatigue tests and fracture analysis are conducted on both smooth specimens and those with varing V-notch radii. By using the finite element method,the distribution of the stress-strain field at the notch is analyzed,the relationship between the stress-strain field and the notch strength,stress-rupture time,fatigue life and fracture behaviour of TA15 titanium alloy are further investigated. The results show that under static loading,as the notch radius decreases from 0.85 mm to 0.15 mm,both the tensile strength and stress-rupture time of TA15 titanium alloy increase,while the proportion of the shear-plastic zone in fracture decreases. Stress triaxiality around the notch initially increases and then decreases as it extends inward from the root of the notch,as determined by finite element analysis. The fracture originates from the peak position of stress triaxiality (near the notch root). During the prolonged stress-rupture tests,stress redistribution around the notch occurrs,resulting in a strengthening effect at the notch. Under dynamic loading,the fracture surface of the notched specimen exhibits multi-source crack propagation. Different stress concentrations and gradients around the notch result in varying degrees of fatigue damage. As the notch radius decreases,the size of the critical fatigue damage area decreases,effective stress increases,leading to a decrease in fatigue life and the proportion of crack propagation zones.

, authors=Wenming CUI1, 2, Xiaochen ZHANG1, 2, Wei WANG1, 3, Zhutie LI1, 2, Xibing LIANG2, Haoliang ZANG2, Kai ZHANG2, authorsList=Wenming CUI, Xiaochen ZHANG, Wei WANG, Zhutie LI, Xibing LIANG, Haoliang ZANG, Kai ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321511494588683164, articleId=1321511489442272118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响规律和机理,对光滑试样和不同V型缺口半径的试样进行了拉伸、持久蠕变、疲劳测试以及断口分析,并利用有限元建模分析了缺口处应力应变场的分布,研究了应力-应变场与TA15钛合金缺口强度、持久寿命、疲劳寿命以及断裂行为的相关性。结果表明,静态载荷加载时,随着缺口半径由0.85 mm减小至0.15 mm,TA15抗拉强度和持久寿命增加,断口剪切塑性区占比减少,经有限元分析发现TA15缺口附近的应力三轴度从缺口根部向内延伸呈现先增大后减小趋势,断裂起源于应力三轴度峰值位置(缺口处近表面),在长时持久蠕变过程中,缺口附近应力发生再分布促使缺口呈现强化效应;而对于动态载荷加载,缺口试样断裂呈多源形核启裂,由于缺口的应力集中程度和应力梯度不同造成的疲劳损伤程度不同,随着缺口半径减小,临界疲劳损伤区域尺寸降低,有效应力增加,导致疲劳寿命降低,裂纹扩展区占比相应减小。

, authors=崔文明1, 2, 张晓辰1, 2, 王巍1, 3, 李铸铁1, 2, 梁锡炳2, 臧昊良2, 张凯2, authorsList=崔文明, 张晓辰, 王巍, 李铸铁, 梁锡炳, 臧昊良, 张凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王巍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王巍(1985—),男,高级工程师,硕士,研究方向为稀有金属、高温合金等材料性能研究,联系地址:北京市海淀区北三环中路43号图书馆楼(100088),E-mail:
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journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图2, caption=缺口试样图纸, figureFileSmall=MJCskUed9Du2ooHBV8+3RA==, figureFileBig=c43a1KzuQLCDSZofJIEcYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926809965417406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stress-displacement curves of different specimens (a)smooth specimens;(b)notched specimens, figureFileSmall=jEV8cHtPGvQkqfTIprQUrg==, figureFileBig=MyehqYFH/3bDhgWytfyjsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926810049303487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同试样应力-位移曲线图 (a)光滑试样;(b)缺口试样, figureFileSmall=jEV8cHtPGvQkqfTIprQUrg==, figureFileBig=MyehqYFH/3bDhgWytfyjsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926810124800960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Tensile strength versus notch radius, figureFileSmall=t9baAqECCJOfu8mlH2BKdw==, figureFileBig=sDeRgc8XF5ff6KoLcLhZ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926810200298433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图4, caption=抗拉强度和缺口半径的对应关系, figureFileSmall=t9baAqECCJOfu8mlH2BKdw==, figureFileBig=sDeRgc8XF5ff6KoLcLhZ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926811869631426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Macroscopic morphology of tensile fracture surface(1) and microscopic morphology of shear zone(2)(a)smooth specimen;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15, figureFileSmall=0Z+Gsdwtc4R71I5X3cSmFg==, figureFileBig=eiWKh4is1uLfrkIW7s04pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926811936740291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图5, caption=拉伸断口宏观(1)及剪切区域微观形貌(2)(a)光滑试样;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15, figureFileSmall=0Z+Gsdwtc4R71I5X3cSmFg==, figureFileBig=eiWKh4is1uLfrkIW7s04pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926812029014980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Stress-displacement test and FEM curves (a)smooth specimen;(b)notched specimen(r=0.15), figureFileSmall=fAo3l2OeAqXhBVolFNOn1w==, figureFileBig=+GTDdlXhe9CvnyotozbZBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926812100318149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图6, caption=应力-位移实验与模拟曲线 (a)光滑试样;(b)缺口试样(r=0.15), figureFileSmall=fAo3l2OeAqXhBVolFNOn1w==, figureFileBig=+GTDdlXhe9CvnyotozbZBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926812180009926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Equivalent stress distributions at the minimum cross-section of different specimens(a)smooth specimen;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15, figureFileSmall=ogyqrSb8HZ0nnrsqnCm2Jw==, figureFileBig=3fj9amjVSIzEhCKpEvHHyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926812247118791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同试样最小截面处横截面等效应力分布图(a)光滑试样;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15, figureFileSmall=ogyqrSb8HZ0nnrsqnCm2Jw==, figureFileBig=3fj9amjVSIzEhCKpEvHHyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926812305839048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Equivalent stress distributions on the longitudinal section with different notches specimen(a)smooth specimen;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15, figureFileSmall=rlPKgQH7ZZauOmXVWqHQHA==, 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(a)smooth specimen;(b)r=0.85;(c)r=0.50;(d)r=0.34;(e)r=0.20;(f)r=0.15

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Chemical compositions of TA15 titanium alloy forging (mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlMoVZrSiFeCONHTi
6.631.732.252.360.010.020.010.130.00640.0028Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321926814293939167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TA15钛合金锻件化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlMoVZrSiFeCONHTi
6.631.732.252.360.010.020.010.130.00640.0028Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321926814377825248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

σef corresponding to different notch radii

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
r /mmχef/mmσef/MPa
0.150.6460524.5
0.200.7315513.2
0.340.8451499.5
0.501.0050489.5
0.851.1613476.8
), ArticleFig(id=1321926814449128417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511489442272118, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同缺口半径对应的疲劳损伤区的有效应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
r /mmχef/mmσef/MPa
0.150.6460524.5
0.200.7315513.2
0.340.8451499.5
0.501.0050489.5
0.851.1613476.8
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V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响
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崔文明 1, 2 , 张晓辰 1, 2 , 王巍 1, 3 , 李铸铁 1, 2 , 梁锡炳 2 , 臧昊良 2 , 张凯 2
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(12): 256-266
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材料工程 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (12) : 256 -266
V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响
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崔文明1, 2, 张晓辰1, 2, 王巍1, 3 , 李铸铁1, 2, 梁锡炳2, 臧昊良2, 张凯2
作者信息
  • 1.北京有色金属研究总院,北京 100088
  • 2.国合通用(青岛)测试 评价有限公司,山东 青岛 266000
  • 3.有研科技集团有限公司国家 新材料测试评价平台主中心,北京 100088
通讯作者:
王巍(1985—),男,高级工程师,硕士,研究方向为稀有金属、高温合金等材料性能研究,联系地址:北京市海淀区北三环中路43号图书馆楼(100088),E-mail:
Effect of V-notch radius on mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy
Wenming CUI1, 2, Xiaochen ZHANG1, 2, Wei WANG1, 3 , Zhutie LI1, 2, Xibing LIANG2, Haoliang ZANG2, Kai ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals,Beijing 100088,China
  • 2.China United Test & Evaluation (Qingdao) Co. ,Ltd. ,Qingdao 266000,Shandong,China
  • 3.National New Materials;Testing and Evaluation Platform Main Center of China GRINM Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Beijing 100088,China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770
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为探究V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响规律和机理,对光滑试样和不同V型缺口半径的试样进行了拉伸、持久蠕变、疲劳测试以及断口分析,并利用有限元建模分析了缺口处应力应变场的分布,研究了应力-应变场与TA15钛合金缺口强度、持久寿命、疲劳寿命以及断裂行为的相关性。结果表明,静态载荷加载时,随着缺口半径由0.85 mm减小至0.15 mm,TA15抗拉强度和持久寿命增加,断口剪切塑性区占比减少,经有限元分析发现TA15缺口附近的应力三轴度从缺口根部向内延伸呈现先增大后减小趋势,断裂起源于应力三轴度峰值位置(缺口处近表面),在长时持久蠕变过程中,缺口附近应力发生再分布促使缺口呈现强化效应;而对于动态载荷加载,缺口试样断裂呈多源形核启裂,由于缺口的应力集中程度和应力梯度不同造成的疲劳损伤程度不同,随着缺口半径减小,临界疲劳损伤区域尺寸降低,有效应力增加,导致疲劳寿命降低,裂纹扩展区占比相应减小。

TA15钛合金  /  缺口半径  /  力学性能  /  断口形貌

To study the impact of V-notch radius on the mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy,tensile,stress-rupture,fatigue tests and fracture analysis are conducted on both smooth specimens and those with varing V-notch radii. By using the finite element method,the distribution of the stress-strain field at the notch is analyzed,the relationship between the stress-strain field and the notch strength,stress-rupture time,fatigue life and fracture behaviour of TA15 titanium alloy are further investigated. The results show that under static loading,as the notch radius decreases from 0.85 mm to 0.15 mm,both the tensile strength and stress-rupture time of TA15 titanium alloy increase,while the proportion of the shear-plastic zone in fracture decreases. Stress triaxiality around the notch initially increases and then decreases as it extends inward from the root of the notch,as determined by finite element analysis. The fracture originates from the peak position of stress triaxiality (near the notch root). During the prolonged stress-rupture tests,stress redistribution around the notch occurrs,resulting in a strengthening effect at the notch. Under dynamic loading,the fracture surface of the notched specimen exhibits multi-source crack propagation. Different stress concentrations and gradients around the notch result in varying degrees of fatigue damage. As the notch radius decreases,the size of the critical fatigue damage area decreases,effective stress increases,leading to a decrease in fatigue life and the proportion of crack propagation zones.

TA15 titanium alloy  /  notch radius  /  mechanical property  /  fracture morphology
崔文明, 张晓辰, 王巍, 李铸铁, 梁锡炳, 臧昊良, 张凯. V型缺口半径对TA15钛合金力学性能的影响. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 256 -266 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770
Wenming CUI, Xiaochen ZHANG, Wei WANG, Zhutie LI, Xibing LIANG, Haoliang ZANG, Kai ZHANG. Effect of V-notch radius on mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 256 -266 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770
TA15钛合金是一种高铝当量的近α型钛合金,兼有α型和(α+β)型钛合金的优点,具有较高的比强度,良好的抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性和焊接性能等特点。其中,TA15钛合金材料在航空发动机上大量应用,在强度、疲劳、高温稳定性等方面对其均提出较为严苛的要求[1-2]。钛合金作为重要结构件,往往存在着键槽、销孔、榫槽、螺纹、尖角等缺口。同时,在生产过程中会在表面产生夹杂、孔洞、裂纹等类缺口缺陷,这些缺口或类缺口缺陷形状和尺寸尤其是缺口半径会在很大程度上影响其弹塑性变形及断裂过程,进而会在材料内部产生应力或应变集中,改变应力分布状态,出现缺口强化或弱化等现象。学者们对缺口的应力-应变场分布以及对材料性能的影响开展广泛的研究,Yu等[3]的研究表明缺口效应与缺口形状、缺口半径、试件尺寸、加载类型及材料特性等因素相关。张冰等[4]研究发现缺口对6×××的拉伸起到强化效应,缺口半径变化对该合金的力学性能影响较小,而王凤梅等[5]研究则显示Ti-55531合金没有“缺口强化”效应,随缺口半径的减小,该合金的抗拉强度减小,随α片和α集束尺寸增大缺口敏感性降低。Matache等[6]与高柏森等[7]发现应力三轴度是影响材料等效塑性断裂的重要因素,钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的缺口断裂应变随应力三轴度的升高而降低。刘浩等[8]研究了缺口对GH3536合金蠕变寿命的影响,认为缺口根部轴向应力再分配是决定缺口硬化的主要因素。何金超等[9]基于GH4169与Al 2024-T351合金不同尺寸的缺口疲劳寿命数据发现尺寸效应对临界距离的影响显著,且相对应力梯度与临界距离呈负相关,提出了耦合应力梯度法与临界距离理论的缺口件疲劳寿命预测模型。国内外一系列研究表明,不同材料的缺口敏感度和适用的应力-应变场分析模型不尽相同,查阅文献资料,鲜见关于缺口对TA15钛合金静态及动态力学性能和应力应变场影响的报告研究。本工作探究不同V型缺口半径对TA15的强度、持久寿命、疲劳寿命的影响规律和机理,将对钛合金材料的设计、加工控制以及工程应用有着重要的指导意义。
实验材料选择TA15钛合金锻件,其化学成分含量见表1,该材料显微组织如图1所示,为等轴初生α相和β转变组织,初生α相的体积分数为32.0%。
将TA15钛合金锻件加工成光滑试样和不同缺口半径的试样,光滑试样实验平行段直径为Φ7 mm,缺口试样尺寸如图2所示,缺口底径为Φ5 mm,缺口类型为60° V型,深度为1 mm,缺口半径r分别为0.15、0.20、0.34、0.50、0.85 mm。根据Petersen[10]式(1)计算可得,其对应的理论集中系数Kt分别为4.1、3.6、3.0、2.6、2.1。Kt值随缺口半径的减小而增大。对光滑和5种缺口半径的试样分别进行拉伸、持久蠕变和疲劳测试,为了保证数据可靠性,每个实验项目的每种类型试样各测试3件。
Kt=1+12×rdDd-1+2×rd×1+2×rd2-12
式中:r为缺口半径;d为缺口底径;D为平行段直径。
室温拉伸实验使用MTS E45.105万能试验机,设定实验速度为1 mm/min,测试其抗拉强度。持久蠕变实验使用RD-50持久蠕变实验机,选取500 ℃、570 MPa和550 ℃、470 MPa两个试验条件测试其断裂持久寿命。疲劳测试使用QBG-100高频疲劳测试机,在室温下,应力比为0.1,最大应力为700 MPa,测定其断裂疲劳寿命。实验后使用JSM7900 F场发射电镜对拉伸、持久蠕变和疲劳试样的断口进行观察。
光滑试样和缺口试样拉伸抗拉强度及实验曲线如图3所示。结果显示,缺口试样的抗拉强度均高于光滑试样抗拉强度,且强度随着缺口半径的减小而增大,曲线斜率变大。通常,用缺口试样与光滑试样抗拉强度的比值作为材料缺口敏感性指标,缺口敏感性(notch sensitivity,NSR),NSR值大于1说明材料对缺口不敏感,NSR值越大缺口敏感性越小。实验结果显示,TA15的NSR值均大于1,说明该TA15材料对缺口不敏感,且NSR值随着r的减小而增大,说明r越小,该材料的缺口敏感性越小。
由实验结果数据分布图(图4)可见,TA15材料的缺口强度σb与缺口半径r(0.15~0.85 mm)呈线性关系,拟合获得两者关系的线性相关系数达0.999。
观察光滑和不同缺口试样的拉伸断口,如图5所示,光滑试样断裂起源于心部,而缺口试样断裂基本起源于缺口近表面位置。光滑试样断口呈现杯锥状断口,存在明显的缩颈剪切唇,断面收缩率为43%,而r从0.85 mm到0.15 mm间 5个缺口半径试样对应的断面收缩率分别为17%、12%、10%、9%、6%。缺口试样的断口剪切唇面积小于光滑试样断口,且随着缺口半径减小,断口剪切唇面积逐渐减少,纤维区面积逐渐增加。光滑及缺口拉伸试样的断口均出现较明显的韧窝形貌,但随着缺口半径的减小,剪切区域的韧窝尺寸逐渐变小,韧窝数量逐渐增加。
TA15合金拉伸性能及断口形貌与应力三轴度(η)密切相关。η反映了应力场中三轴应力状态和对材料变形的约束程度,影响材料的断裂行为。η通常用式(2)表述,为平均应力σm与等效应力σeq之比。光滑圆棒试样单向拉伸时其应力三轴度为1/3,当应力三轴度较高时,材料以拉伸断裂为主,当应力三轴度接近0时,材料以剪切断裂为主,孔洞的形态会沿着剪切的方向而演变[7]。
η=σmσeq
式中:σeq=(σ1-σ2)2+(σ3-σ2)2+(σ1-σ3)22,σm=σ1+σ2+σ33,σ1、σ2、σ3分别为3个方向上的主应力。
对TA15光滑和缺口试样的拉伸加载过程进行有限元模拟。由图6可见,光滑和缺口试样加载过程模拟曲线与实测曲线较为吻合,说明该有限元模型可以准确预测TA15加载及变形行为。
利用有限元计算模拟分析弹性加载段内光滑和缺口试样实验段截面等效应力分布情况,如图7~8所示。提取试样最小截面处径向分布等效应力,计算应力三轴度,结果如图9所示。光滑试样为单轴拉伸状态,其应力三轴度为0.33,而缺口面的应力三轴度高于光滑试样,且不同缺口半径面的径向分布曲线存在明显的差异。在同一条径向线,随着距缺口根部表面距离的增加,应力三轴度先升至最大后降低,应力三轴度峰值位于缺口近表面边缘处。随着r的减小,应力三轴度增大。图10给出了缺口拉伸试样缺口面不同位置应力三轴度随应力加载过程的变化。随着应力的增加,缺口近边缘的位置(应力三轴度峰值处)随着载荷增加降低明显,当缺口根部的应变累积引起塑性变形后,应力三轴度下降趋于平缓,而心部应力三轴度下降不明显,基本保持平稳。
应力三轴度越高,越会受到其他两个方向力的限制,要达到相同的应变需要的应力就要提高,相应的材料强度会相对提高,而材料塑性变形变得相对困难,只能产生较小的颈缩,这也是图3曲线图中缺口半径越小,相应的曲线斜率越高的原因。应力三轴度最大的位置往往是材料提前发生开裂的位置,从缺口试样的断口上也可以发现断裂起源于近表面,位置基本与应力三轴度最大处吻合。应力三轴度大小影响断口上韧窝的大小,而等效应力大小影响韧窝的深浅和方向[11-12]。应力三轴度越高,说明材料所受平均应力相对越大,等效塑性比例就越低,韧窝的变形尺寸会随之减小,剪切面占比越小。反之,应力三轴度越低,则等效塑性应力越大,剪切面所占比例较大。
光滑试样在500 ℃、570 MPa和550 ℃、470 MPa条件下的持久寿命分别为30.9 h和5.6 h,缺口试样持久寿命及实验曲线如图11,12所示。结果显示,缺口试样的持久寿命均高于光滑试样,并且随着缺口半径的减小,持久寿命增大。从实验结果数据分布图(图11)可以看到,500 ℃、570 MPa和550 ℃、470 MPa条件下持久寿命t与r(0.15~0.85 mm)均呈现明显的线性关系,在两种条件下分别拟合两者线性相关系数分别为0.990和0.993。
观察光滑和缺口持久试样断口如图13所示,从图中可见,相较于缺口试样断口,光滑试样断口比较粗糙,剪切区域明显,缺口试样断口随着r的减小逐渐平整,剪切区域占比减少。在高倍电镜下观察断口初始启裂区域微观形貌,以孔洞的生长和积聚为主要破坏形式。随着r的减小,微孔洞的增大和聚集愈发明显。在长时高温耦合应力条件下,温度促使原子扩散加快,而应力使原子的热运动加剧,促进位错群形成,随着应力不断增加,进而产生微小的孔洞。有关研究[8]表明微孔洞在蠕变的第一和第二阶段初步形成,在温度和应力作用下新的位错不断进入微孔,在第三阶段微孔洞开始增大和聚集,导致基体的逐步分离从而形成微裂纹。
蠕变时缺口根部的轴向应力是影响蠕变断裂重要因素,蠕变变形过程中缺口强化效应是因缺口周围发生了应力重新分布[13]。周斌生等[14]提出了局部损伤有限元理论模型,认为当整体还处于稳态蠕变阶段时,缺口根部局部的某些薄弱部位就已进入损伤蠕变区。就整体而言,即使出现局部损伤也会伴随着应力松弛,促使应力再分布。开始时蠕变的速率较高,随着蠕变进行,应力进行再分布,应力峰值降低,蠕变速率降低,进入蠕变稳态阶段。随着蠕变损伤的出现,局部发生破坏并萌生裂纹,蠕变速率增大直至断裂。缺口对材料起弱化还是强化效应取决于缺口局部损伤和应力重新分布两者的相对占优程度。
利用有限元计算模拟持久蠕变过程。根据缺口试样轴向力分布图可知(图14),越靠近试样缺口表面,轴向应力越大,最大值点出现在缺口根部,相应的根部的局部应变也最大,该位置的应力松弛也就更显著。随着蠕变的进行,发现最大轴向力向中心移动,且表面轴向应力降低(图15),这说明应力进行了重新分配。同时,从图15也可以看到缺口附近的轴向应力随着r减小而增大,从实验曲线可以看到对应的蠕变应变速率降低,说明r减小导致应力再分布更明显,进而导致持久蠕变寿命增加。由此,可以看出,500 ℃、570 MPa和550 ℃、470 MPa条件下持久蠕变,缺口根部的应力再分配是缺口影响TA15钛合金持久寿命的主要因素,缺口呈现强化效应,且随着r减小,强化效应越明显。
光滑试样在应力比为0.1,最大应力为700 MPa下的室温疲劳寿命循环周次为217500,缺口试样的疲劳寿命结果如图16所示。与光滑试样相比,缺口显著降低了TA15钛合金的疲劳性能,随着r减小,理论应力集中系数增大,疲劳寿命降低。疲劳寿命与r(0.15~0.85 mm)的关系也呈明显线性关系,拟合获得两者关系的线性相关系数0.996。
观察TA15疲劳断口形貌如图17所示,发现光滑试样只有1个裂纹源,由于表面应力集中的影响,缺口试样为多源形核启裂。光滑和缺口试样裂纹源存在许多不同髙度的结晶平面和河流纹路,为表面晶粒变形形成的滑移带。在裂纹萌生后裂纹扩展初期,裂纹扩展速度较慢,主要依靠裂纹反复张开闭合导致断口表面相互摩擦挤压进行裂纹扩展,形貌类似于解理断裂,存在深浅不一的沟槽,但随着缺口半径减小,裂纹源沟槽痕迹减弱,长程连续扩展明显,说明初始启裂应力增大。与光滑试样的单裂纹源扩展相比,缺口试样多个裂纹源同时向内扩展,裂纹扩展更为快速,疲劳寿命更低。随着缺口半径的减小,应力集中效应明显,疲劳扩展区所占面积减少。
TA15材料具有一定的塑性,根据前面静态应力分布分析可以看出在静态载荷条件下,材料断裂前塑性变形使应力分布有一个重新分配并趋于均匀化的过程,而对疲劳破坏,失效时名义应力尚未达到材料的屈服点,没有产生明显的宏观塑性变形,未出现如静态载荷破坏前的应力重新分配过程[15]。随着对缺口疲劳的深入研究,发现疲劳损伤累积不仅与缺口根部的最大应力相关,还与缺口附近应力-应变分布相关,缺口疲劳损伤机理研究也从最初简单的只考虑名义应力发展到考虑局部应力-应变,并最终认识到应力梯度和应力集中等均对疲劳寿命产生重要影响[16-23]。应力梯度法认为缺口应力集中会导致缺口处产生不均匀的应力场,当缺口高应力场产生屈服并进入塑性变形时,由于应力梯度的存在,临近的低应力区域较小单元仍对高应力区域单元材料起支撑作用,从而延缓疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展过程[21]。
Siebel和Stieler[22]最先提出应力梯度χ如式(3),其中,σeq(x)为缺口等分线上x处的等效应力。
χx=1σeqxdσeqxdx
Qylafku等[23]通过考虑缺口附近应力分布以及相对应力梯度的变化定义表征缺口损伤程度的有效应力σef作为控制缺口疲劳寿命的损伤参数,通过引入权函数来反应损伤区内各点位置χx对疲劳损伤的贡献程度。
σef=1χef∫0χefσeqx1-xχxdx
式中:χef为临界面上疲劳损伤区距离,对应相对应力梯度函数驻点,即dχ(x)x=0,χ取极值时距危险点处距离。
利用有限元建模,获取不同缺口半径试样的缺口附近等效应力分布,并根据式(3),(4)计算相对应力梯度分布以及表征缺口损伤程度的有效应力值σef。
从图18可以看出,最大等效应力位于缺口根部,r越小,缺口根部应力越大,表明缺口应力集中程度越高,越容易诱发裂纹萌生。疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展要求在一定范围内的应力均超过临界值,因此它不仅与应力集中程度有关,还与应力梯度相关。应力梯度的大小反映了应力变化的快慢,图18显示应力梯度参数与缺口尺寸直接相关,随着距缺口根部距离的增大而快速降低,应力梯度也逐渐趋缓。在近缺口处,应力梯度随r减小而增大,随着距缺口距离增加,应力梯度随r减小而减小。从表2结果可知,随着缺口半径从0.85 mm减小至0.15 mm,临界疲劳损伤区域距离χef从1.1613 mm减小至0.6460 mm,而疲劳损伤区域内有效应力σef从476.8 MPa升至524.5 MPa。随着缺口半径减小,临界疲劳损伤区域尺寸χef越小,有效应力σef越大,说明缺口半径越小,处于高应力区内的材料体积越大,造成的疲劳损伤程度越高,引起裂纹萌生的机会增大,疲劳裂纹扩展越快,疲劳寿命越短。
(1)TA15钛合金缺口抗拉强度随着缺口半径的减小而增大,r在0.15~0.85 mm范围内,两者线性相关系数达0.999,材料无缺口敏感性。缺口试样的应力三轴度高于光滑试样(η=1/3),从缺口根部向内延伸,应力三轴度呈现先增大后减小趋势,其峰值位置为裂纹源区。随着r减小,应力三轴度升高,材料塑性变形困难,缺口强度提高,断口塑性剪切区占比减小,断面收缩率从17%降低至6%。
(2)TA15钛合金缺口表面的轴向应力最大,随着蠕变的进行,最大轴向力向中心移动,应力峰值降低,蠕变曲线显示对应的蠕变应变速率降低,r减小导致应力再分布更明显。随着r减小,应力松弛和再分布更为明显,缺口起强化作用更为明显,持久寿命增大,r在0.15~0.85 mm范围内,500 ℃、570 MPa和550 ℃、470 MPa持久寿命与缺口半径呈现良好的线性关系,线性相关系数达0.99以上。
(3)TA15钛合金在应力比为0.1时疲劳寿命随缺口半径减小呈现降低趋势,这与缺口附近的应力梯度相关,随着r从0.85 mm减小至0.15 mm,临界疲劳损伤区域距离从1.1613 mm减小至0.6460 mm,而疲劳损伤区域内有效应力从476.8 MPa升至524.5 MPa,结果表明r在0.15~0.85 mm范围内,r越小,疲劳裂纹越容易萌生和扩展,疲劳寿命越短。
  • 国家新材料测试评价平台-主中心项目(TC170A5SU-1)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000770
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 录用日期:2024-05-27
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国家新材料测试评价平台-主中心项目(TC170A5SU-1)
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    1.北京有色金属研究总院,北京 100088
    2.国合通用(青岛)测试 评价有限公司,山东 青岛 266000
    3.有研科技集团有限公司国家 新材料测试评价平台主中心,北京 100088

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王巍(1985—),男,高级工程师,硕士,研究方向为稀有金属、高温合金等材料性能研究,联系地址:北京市海淀区北三环中路43号图书馆楼(100088),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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