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Article(id=1321511448543613408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321508707721138247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1700496000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-21, onlineDate=1793002481828, onlineDateStr=2026-10-26, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793002481828, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793002481828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793002481828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321508707721138247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2025', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766160000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793001828365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793001828365, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=193, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321511448719774177, articleId=1321511448543613408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of Cr addition on organization and magnetic properties of FeNi alloys, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reduce the Curie temperature of iron-nickel soft magnetic alloy materials and improve their temperature applicability in the field of smoke heating， powder metallurgy is used to prepare iron-nickel alloy soft magnetic materials. The alloy powder of different components is pressed by ball grinding mixture and vacuum sintering at 1380 ℃ and 1400 ℃. The influence of Cr addition on the tissue properties of FeNi alloy is analyzed by X-ray diffractometer （XRD），electron probe microanalyzer，soft magnetic DC B-H meter， and PPMS. The results show that the samples produced at a sintering temperature of 1400 ℃ have a uniform and dense organization with better comprehensive magnetic and electrical conductivity. The magnetic performance of soft magnetic materials is closely related to the composition. The addition of Cr improves the density and hardness of FeNi alloys，together increases the resistivity of FeNi alloys，while decreases the magnetic permeability and the Curie temperature significantly.

, authors=Yingying HUANG1, Cong WU2, Liangying TANG2, Huachen LIU2, Qianqian KONG1, Zhenhua YAO1, authorsList=Yingying HUANG, Cong WU, Liangying TANG, Huachen LIU, Qianqian KONG, Zhenhua YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenhua YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321511451655786996, articleId=1321511448543613408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=Cr添加对FeNi合金组织及磁性能影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了降低铁镍系软磁合金材料的居里温度以改善其在烟具发热领域的温度适用性，本工作利用粉末冶金方法制备铁镍合金软磁材料，将不同成分的合金粉末经球磨混料后压制成型，并在1380 ℃和1400 ℃温度下进行真空烧结。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子探针显微分析仪、软磁直流B-H仪及PPMS等表征技术分析了Cr添加对FeNi合金组织性能的影响。结果表明：1400 ℃的烧结温度下制得的样品组织均匀致密，综合导磁性及导电性能更好。软磁材料磁性能和成分密切相关，Cr元素的加入使得铁镍合金致密度以及硬度均得到提高，也使得铁镍合金的电阻率升高，同时磁导率减小，居里温度明显降低。

, authors=黄莺莺1, 吴聪2, 唐良颖2, 刘华臣2, 孔倩倩1, 姚振华1, authorsList=黄莺莺, 吴聪, 唐良颖, 刘华臣, 孔倩倩, 姚振华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姚振华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姚振华（1984—），男，副教授，博士，主要从事复合材料成型技术、复合材料界面表征及强化技术、金属陶瓷电磁热元件开发及应用、金属陶瓷工模具开发研究及加工、结构残余应力测试分析工作，联系地址：湖北省武汉市武汉理工大学马房山校区材料科学与工程学院（430070），E-mail：
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K， JIANG C B，et al.Solid-state phase transformations and their applications in special functional materials［J］.Materials China，2011，30（9）：1-12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321926689676964119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=10, issue=45, pageStart=39032, pageEnd=39039, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=31, authorNames=JIANG Z, WANG P, XING J, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Z， WANG P， XING J，et al. Screening and design of novel 2D ferromagnetic materials with high Curie temperature above room temperature［J］.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces，2018，10（45）：39032-39039., articleTitle=Screening and design of novel 2D ferromagnetic materials with high Curie temperature above room temperature, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321926682815082743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, awardId=52001118, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52001118), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321926673956712615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321926673965101224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, companyId=1321926673956712615, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of 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figureFileSmall=VZKZbK+PYAZpjHoLmSJ52A==, figureFileBig=uESMCWdqTjm/LNjWq7axWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321926681825226987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Compositional design of test materials （mass fraction/%）

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Serial number1j50Cr
A1000
B99.50.5
C991
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实验原料成分设计（质量分数/%）

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Serial number1j50Cr
A1000
B99.50.5
C991
), ArticleFig(id=1321926681997193453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Elemental content of group C samples at 1400 ℃ sintering temperature （mass fraction/%）

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SpectrogramCrFeNi
10.9952.4046.61
21.0449.9149.05
30.9150.8248.28
40.9450.1248.93
Average0.9750.8148.22
), ArticleFig(id=1321926682076885230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验原料成分设计1400 ℃烧结合金C组样品中元素含量（质量分数/%）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpectrogramCrFeNi
10.9952.4046.61
21.0449.9149.05
30.9150.8248.28
40.9450.1248.93
Average0.9750.8148.22
), ArticleFig(id=1321926682152382703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relative density of samples at different sintering temperatures

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Serial numberRelative density/%
1400 ℃1380 ℃
A94.7694.16
B97.1096.26
C97.0496.52
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不同烧结温度下样品相对密度

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Serial numberRelative density/%
1400 ℃1380 ℃
A94.7694.16
B97.1096.26
C97.0496.52
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Rockwell hardness of samples at different sintering temperatures （HRA）

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Serial number1400 ℃1380 ℃
A27.831.8
B42.541.8
C4045.5
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不同烧结温度下样品的洛氏硬度（HRA）

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Serial number1400 ℃1380 ℃
A27.831.8
B42.541.8
C4045.5
), ArticleFig(id=1321926682462761203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Soft magnetic properties data for iron-nickel soft magnetic alloys

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Sintering temperature-ingredient

μi/

（mH·m-1）

μm/

（mH·m-1）

Bs/T

Hc/

（A·m-1）

1400 ℃-A2.2445.2671.45819.99
1380 ℃-A1.8853.4931.33211.04
1400 ℃-B1.3263.6131.41419.75
1380 ℃-B1.1692.8931.24240.50
1400 ℃-C1.0322.3711.38627.16
1380 ℃-C1.0182.2921.17340.74
), ArticleFig(id=1321926682525675764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321511448543613408, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

铁镍软磁合金软磁性能数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sintering temperature-ingredient

μi/

（mH·m-1）

μm/

（mH·m-1）

Bs/T

Hc/

（A·m-1）

1400 ℃-A2.2445.2671.45819.99
1380 ℃-A1.8853.4931.33211.04
1400 ℃-B1.3263.6131.41419.75
1380 ℃-B1.1692.8931.24240.50
1400 ℃-C1.0322.3711.38627.16
1380 ℃-C1.0182.2921.17340.74
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Conductivity data of samples at different sintering temperatures

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Serial numberConductivity/（106 S·m-1）
1400 ℃1380 ℃
A1.7061.606
B1.6551.568
C1.5961.560
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不同烧结温度下样品的电导率数据

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Serial numberConductivity/（106 S·m-1）
1400 ℃1380 ℃
A1.7061.606
B1.6551.568
C1.5961.560
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Cr添加对FeNi合金组织及磁性能影响
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黄莺莺 1 , 吴聪 2 , 唐良颖 2 , 刘华臣 2 , 孔倩倩 1 , 姚振华 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2025,53(12): 193-199
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材料工程 |研究论文 2025 , 53 (12) : 193 -199
Cr添加对FeNi合金组织及磁性能影响
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黄莺莺1, 吴聪2, 唐良颖2, 刘华臣2, 孔倩倩1, 姚振华1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，武汉 430070
  • 2.湖北中烟工业有限公司 工程中心，武汉 430040
通讯作者:
姚振华（1984—），男，副教授，博士，主要从事复合材料成型技术、复合材料界面表征及强化技术、金属陶瓷电磁热元件开发及应用、金属陶瓷工模具开发研究及加工、结构残余应力测试分析工作，联系地址：湖北省武汉市武汉理工大学马房山校区材料科学与工程学院（430070），E-mail：
Effect of Cr addition on organization and magnetic properties of FeNi alloys
Yingying HUANG1, Cong WU2, Liangying TANG2, Huachen LIU2, Qianqian KONG1, Zhenhua YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering，Wuhan University of Technology，Wuhan 430070，China
  • 2.New Tobacco Products Engineering Center，China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co. ，Ltd. ，Wuhan 430040，China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664
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摘要
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为了降低铁镍系软磁合金材料的居里温度以改善其在烟具发热领域的温度适用性，本工作利用粉末冶金方法制备铁镍合金软磁材料，将不同成分的合金粉末经球磨混料后压制成型，并在1380 ℃和1400 ℃温度下进行真空烧结。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子探针显微分析仪、软磁直流B-H仪及PPMS等表征技术分析了Cr添加对FeNi合金组织性能的影响。结果表明：1400 ℃的烧结温度下制得的样品组织均匀致密，综合导磁性及导电性能更好。软磁材料磁性能和成分密切相关，Cr元素的加入使得铁镍合金致密度以及硬度均得到提高，也使得铁镍合金的电阻率升高，同时磁导率减小，居里温度明显降低。

粉末冶金  /  软磁材料  /  致密度  /  磁性能  /  导电性

To reduce the Curie temperature of iron-nickel soft magnetic alloy materials and improve their temperature applicability in the field of smoke heating， powder metallurgy is used to prepare iron-nickel alloy soft magnetic materials. The alloy powder of different components is pressed by ball grinding mixture and vacuum sintering at 1380 ℃ and 1400 ℃. The influence of Cr addition on the tissue properties of FeNi alloy is analyzed by X-ray diffractometer （XRD），electron probe microanalyzer，soft magnetic DC B-H meter， and PPMS. The results show that the samples produced at a sintering temperature of 1400 ℃ have a uniform and dense organization with better comprehensive magnetic and electrical conductivity. The magnetic performance of soft magnetic materials is closely related to the composition. The addition of Cr improves the density and hardness of FeNi alloys，together increases the resistivity of FeNi alloys，while decreases the magnetic permeability and the Curie temperature significantly.

powder metallurgy  /  soft magnetic material  /  density  /  magnetic performance  /  electrical conductivity
黄莺莺, 吴聪, 唐良颖, 刘华臣, 孔倩倩, 姚振华. Cr添加对FeNi合金组织及磁性能影响. 材料工程, 2025 , 53 (12) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664
Yingying HUANG, Cong WU, Liangying TANG, Huachen LIU, Qianqian KONG, Zhenhua YAO. Effect of Cr addition on organization and magnetic properties of FeNi alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025 , 53 (12) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664
正文
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铁镍系软磁合金，因为其优异的磁学和电学特性在电磁感应加热领域具有极大的发展潜力。将电磁加热技术应用到烟具加热领域，可用于研制加热不燃烧烟草制品（HNB），以期改善烟具的加热性能［1］。此类发热元件的研制对铁镍软磁合金提出了新的要求，元件要求形状小型化、尺寸精度高、具有良好的抗腐蚀性能，能够匹配加热烟支的发热温度，并且发热体的预热时间不超过20 s。不同烟草材料中的尼古丁和大部分致香物质在加热温度300 ℃左右时释放量基本达到最大，采用中心加热方式时，发热元件的工作温度一般不高于350 ℃，因此应控制加热体系的感应居里温度在280~350 ℃范围［2］。
牛淑洁［3］采用理论分析、仿真计算、实验测试三者相结合的技术手段，研究了基于感应加热技术的加热卷烟加热器的设计，研究表明：1j50系铁镍合金加热效率高，更适合作为发热元件的制作材料。然而此类铁镍合金的居里温度在500 ℃左右，无法完全满足对烟支发热温度的控制，因此需考虑在保证一定发热效率的情况下，通过成分优化的手段使其居里温度适当地下降至350 ℃左右。在1j50铁镍合金的基础上，加入Mo、Cu、Si、Cr等元素可以提高合金的硬度，增大电阻率，或通过对磁性的抑制作用改变材料的居里温度［4］。当在FeNi合金中加入其他元素使居里温度降低的同时，也使饱和磁化强度等磁性能明显下降，因此一般加入元素的含量都不宜过多［5］。粉末冶金是解决上述问题的一种有效方法。粉末冶金可利用金属、合金或非金属粉末的组合效果，设计并适当控制各种组元在材料中的分布和材料的微观结构，从而使材料表现出不同的特性［6］。
本工作以1j50粉和Cr粉为原料，制备不同成分的铁镍合金粉末，采用传统粉末冶金工艺中的压制成型工艺制备铁镍软磁合金，再分别采用不同的烧结温度进行真空烧结，表征合金样品的物相组成与微观形貌。为了进一步降低铁镍软磁合金的居里温度以实现对发热温度的控制，研究了Cr元素的添加对铁镍软磁合金致密度、晶粒尺寸和磁性能的影响。
1 实验材料与方法
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1.1 实验材料的制备工艺
以1j50粉（成分为Fe50Ni50，粒度500目，纯度≥99.8%）、Cr粉（粒度500目，纯度≥99.0%）为原料，以Cr元素含量为变量，设计3组合金成分如表1所示。
本实验采用粉末冶金工艺，其中步骤包括配料与球磨、烘干与过筛、压制、烧结等。使用XGB4行星式球磨机进行球磨混料，使用6~20 mm的不锈钢磨球，球料比为7∶1，以乙醇为添加剂，球磨转速为250 r/m，球磨24 h后，将粉末烘干过筛。使用SB手扳式制样机将粉末压制成型，其中压力为300 MPa，保压时间为60 s。在TL1600真空管式炉中进行烧结，设置1380 ℃和1400 ℃的两组烧结温度，保温时间为3 h。
1.2 测试方法
对试样进行逐级打磨后抛光，在金相显微镜下观察样品金相组织。使用D8 Advance型X射线衍射仪（XRD）分别对合金样品进行成分分析，并利用JXA-8230电子探针显微分析仪附加INCA X-Act能谱仪对试样进行EDS点扫描和面扫描，进而分析合金样品的元素扩散情况。用阿基米德排水法测量所制备铁镍合金的密度，采用HR-150 A型洛氏硬度计测量试样的洛氏硬度（HRA），将试样平放在硬度计的载物台上，加载载荷为588 N，保压时间为15 s，测试5次，相邻两个测试点间距不少2 mm，取平均值为试样的洛氏硬度值。通过FE-2100 SD软磁直流B-H仪，测量材料的磁特性。使用综合物性测量系统（PPMS）测量合金样品的M-T曲线及电阻率。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 烧结FeNi合金物相分析
图1为1400 ℃烧结温度下烧结样品XRD衍射图，可明显看出，烧结前添加1%（质量分数，下同）Cr的混合粉末中存在Cr的衍射峰，烧结之后纯Cr的衍射峰消失，标志着合金化的完成，元素之间发生良好的固溶反应，按照成分设计，生成了相应的合金，未生产其他物质，Cr加入后Fe50Ni50的衍射峰向高角度有小幅度的偏移［7］。放大1000倍不同成分样品背散射图如图2所示，由图可见烧结体中存在一些细小的孔洞，无明显的第二相粒子，由此说明烧结体已达到合金化，形成单一物相。此外孔隙对磁导率的影响很大，例如，最大磁导率主要取决于孔隙形状，退磁场的大小和颗粒表面平滑程度有关，因而孔隙形状以接近球形为宜，孔隙表面凹凸部分越少，形状越为均匀，其对磁体磁导率的影响就越小；同时，孔隙也会阻碍磁畴壁的迁移，从而降低最大磁导率［8］。由图2可见，A组烧结试样孔隙体积小且数量少，边缘平滑，深度较低，多呈球状，较为理想，图2（a）B、C两组几乎看不到明显的孔隙，试样的烧结致密性好（图2（b）~（c）），说明Cr元素的加入有助于消除孔隙，改善材料的烧结性能。
图3为C组样品的元素分布图，样品中Fe、Ni、Cr元素均匀分布，说明烧结得到了均匀的合金组织，Cr充分固溶到FeNi合金中。根据图4和表2显示，C组合金样品总体上基本符合预设的元素比例，由此可以判断出烧结出的合金样品成分符合预期，并且孔隙少，样品质量良好。
2.2 Cr添加对FeNi合金微观组织影响
在1380 ℃和1400 ℃温度下烧结的A组Fe50Ni50样品金相（100倍）如图5所示。晶核的生长和晶粒的长大会受到杂质及晶体缺陷的影响，此类影响的存在会使晶格发生畸变，使得合金磁导率降低，同时矫顽力增大［9］。从图中可以看到经过高温真空烧结制备的合金不规则孔洞数量少，样品致密度较高，合金为铁素体晶粒，晶粒为等轴状的多边形结构，晶粒饱满且晶界清晰，晶体缺陷相比较少。对比分析，图5（a）中1380 ℃烧结的样品平均晶粒尺寸为200 μm左右，大尺寸晶粒周围还存在一些细小的晶粒，图5（b）中1400 ℃烧结的样品平均晶粒尺寸为300 μm左右，细小的晶粒几乎消失不见，晶粒更加均匀且更加饱满，这是由于随着烧结温度的升高，烧结推动力提高，有助于粉末颗粒的接触和扩散，晶界移动速率加大，晶粒尺寸也随之增大［10］。
取Fe50Ni50成分加入Cr元素的样品在1400 ℃温度下进行烧结，将制成的样品与未加Cr的样品进行对比，在1400 ℃温度下烧结的合金样品金相（100倍）如图6所示。从图中可以观察到合金为铁素体晶粒，晶粒为等轴状的多边形结构，晶粒饱满且晶界清晰，图6（a）中晶粒大小均匀，图6（b）~（c）中Cr元素加入后组织不均匀程度增加，细小的晶粒增多，形成明显的混晶组织，晶界的体积分数增大，说明Cr加入后晶体缺陷增多，晶核生长和晶粒长大过程完成得并不充分。
2.3 Cr添加对FeNi合金性能影响
不同烧结温度下，各成分的相对密度如表3所示，经分析由此工艺路线制备出的铁镍合金相对密度稳定在95%左右。粉末冶金方法制备磁性材料的主要缺点是材料中存在的残余孔隙会干扰磁场，影响材料性能，而高温烧结会使材料密度增加、孔隙减少，从而提高磁性能［11］。在这两种温度制备工艺下，Fe50Ni50在1380 ℃烧结后制得的样品的相对密度达到94.41%，1400 ℃烧结样品的相对密度更高，达到94.76%。由此说明烧结温度的提高能够促进原子迁移运动和颗粒之间发生黏结，吸附气体从气孔中逸出，有助于消除气孔，能够使烧坯的致密度得到提高。1400 ℃烧结时，加入Cr元素后，Fe50Ni50的相对密度由94.76%上升至97%以上。
测得试样的洛氏硬度（HRA）结果如表4所示，由表中可见Fe50Ni50在1380 ℃烧结后的硬度较1400 ℃烧结更高，用此类制备工艺制得的铁镍合金硬度水平基本维持在30 HRA左右。加入Cr元素后，Fe50Ni50的硬度上升至40 HRA以上。在Cr含量0.5%~1%范围内，合金硬度水平变化很小。结合金相组织分析，Cr加入后，晶粒尺寸减小，细小的晶粒增多，原合金材料晶体的晶格发生了畸变，使得晶体滑移阻力增大［12］，产生了固溶强化的作用，对铁镍合金致密度以及硬度的提高均起到了促进的作用。
测得1400 ℃烧结温度下A组Fe50Ni50样品磁滞回线如图7所示，由图可见样品拥有完整的磁滞回线，且形状窄长，窄长磁滞回线是软磁材料的重要特点，起始磁化曲线的斜率高，说明材料具有高的磁导率，图中样品表现出明显的磁滞现象，具有良好的铁磁性［13］。
测得各项软磁性能数据如表5所示。可以看出1400 ℃烧结温度下3种成分样品的初始磁导率μi及最大磁导率μm均高于1380 ℃烧结的样品，影响合金磁导率的因素有很多，元素成分、晶体织构都与原子有序化和内应力密切相关，孔隙大小、形状和个数也关系到样品的致密度和晶体缺陷，如空位、位错、晶界（包括孪晶界）、夹杂物等，晶体中的各种缺陷相对磁畴畴壁有钉扎作用，会影响磁畴在晶体中的运动，从而影响合金的磁性能［14］。由矫顽力Hc的晶体缺陷理论，当畴壁的厚度比缺陷尺寸小时，此类影响更为明显，缺陷对畴壁的钉扎作用更大［15］。适当提高烧结温度，晶核生长和晶粒长大更为充分，位错密度会降低，晶内孪晶数量减少，孪晶尺寸变大，晶界减少，减弱了对畴壁的钉扎作用，从而提高磁性能［14，16］。前文测得1400 ℃烧结样品的致密度较1380 ℃的更高，孔隙对磁导率的影响更小，1400 ℃烧结的样品平均晶粒尺寸较1380 ℃的更大，晶粒更加均匀饱满，晶界数量更少，晶界对磁畴钉扎作用的更小。饱和磁感应强度Bs也是磁性材料的一项重要性能指标，它属于非结构敏感量，主要取决于材料的化学组成及密度，几乎不受制备工艺及晶粒组织的影响［17］。当成分为Fe50Ni50时，1400 ℃烧结的样品Bs较1380 ℃的更高，达到1.458 T。
取Fe50Ni50成分加入Cr元素的样品在2种温度下进行烧结，将制成的样品与未加Cr的样品进行对比，各项软磁性能数据如表5所示。矫顽力Hc是结构敏感量，成分、磁粉粒度和烧结条件等因素均具有重要的影响，由表中可见在3种成分下的铁镍合金均显示了较低的矫顽力。在1400 ℃温度下烧结时，随着Cr元素含量的增加，样品的μi及μm均有明显减小，当Cr含量从0增加到0.5%时，μi从2.244 mH/m降至1.326 mH/m，μm从5.267 mH/m降至3.613 mH/m，降幅显著；Bs随着Cr元素含量的增加而略有降低；Hc在Cr含量为0.5%时变化不大，与未加Cr的样品水平相近，Cr含量为1%时Hc增大至27.16 A/m。这是由于Cr是反铁磁性元素，Fe、Ni的铁磁性主要来源于电子的轨道和自旋运动产生的磁矩，反铁磁性元素Cr的加入可以降低铁磁性原子间的磁交换作用［18］，使得Fe、Ni元素的铁磁性被有效地抑制。同时前文测得Cr元素加入后组织的均匀程度降低，细小的晶粒增多，晶界的体积分数增大，晶体缺陷增多，缺陷对磁畴畴壁的钉扎作用增强，表现为合金的磁性受到较大的影响，磁导率的降低显著。
利用铁磁材料的磁化曲线，即磁化强度M随温度T的变化曲线来测定居里温度。烧结铁镍合金样品的M-T磁化曲线如图8所示，每3 ℃设置1个测量点。铁磁材料在居里温度时将会有从铁磁态向顺磁态的相转变，在低于居里温度时，磁化强度M随温度T的增加而逐渐减小［19］。居里温度非结构敏感量，它仅与材料的化学成分和晶体结构有关，与晶粒的大小、取向以及应力分布等组织结构因素无关［20］，亦与制备工艺无关。加入Cr后Fe50Ni50的居里温度明显降低，测得A成分的居里温度约为500 ℃，B成分的居里温度约为413 ℃，C成分的居里温度约为390 ℃，这同样是由于反铁磁性元素Cr的加入使得Fe、Ni元素的铁磁性被抑制，并且这种影响在居里温度上充分地体现出来，表现为合金样品在更低的温度即可到达磁性转变点。
测得样品的电阻率数据如图9所示，可见1400 ℃烧结温度下3种成分样品电阻率较1380 ℃更小。加入Cr后随Cr含量的增加，电阻率增大。经过计算得到样品电导率的数据如表6所示，1400 ℃下Fe50Ni50样品导电性能更好。一方面，由于烧结温度的提高，铁镍软磁合金的孔隙率降低，致密度提高，不利于导电性的空气对合金的影响小，合金的导电性更好。另一方面，烧结温度1380 ℃烧结的样品平均晶粒尺寸小于1400 ℃的样品平均晶粒尺寸，晶界的体积分数更大，由于晶界旁边通常都分布着点缺陷和位错等晶体缺陷，对电子的散射作用更明显，因此较低温度制得的样品的电阻率更大。随Cr含量的增加，电导率逐渐减小，这是由于铁镍铬元素导电性排序为Ni>Fe>Cr，Cr的导电性能不如铁镍，当Cr元素加入Fe50Ni50中，导电性差的原子比例增多，同时也使得FeNi合金原子原有的平衡态被破坏，发生晶格畸变，因而合金样品的电阻率增加，导电性能下降。
3 结论
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（1）按照所设计的成分成功制备Fe-Ni软磁合金，并对所制备的样品进行了组织分析、成分分析与力学、磁学、电学性能表征。制得的合金致密度良好，组织均匀，具有完整的磁滞回线。
（2）得到的Fe50Ni50在1400 ℃温度下进行真空烧结性能更佳，保温时间为3 h。在此工艺路线下制得的样品致密度更高，晶粒饱满，组织更加均匀，综合导磁性及导电性能更好，且设计成分范围内的铁镍合金均显示了较高的饱和磁感应强度和较低的矫顽力。
（3）Cr元素的加入使得FeNi合金致密度以及硬度均得到提高，也使得FeNi合金的电阻率小幅升高。Cr元素对FeNi合金磁性的抑制作用显著，随着Cr元素含量的增加，样品的μi及μm均有明显减小，居里温度明显降低，其中C组（Cr含量1%）的居里温度为390 ℃，较Fe50Ni50降低了110 ℃，Bs随着Cr元素含量的增加而略有降低；Hc在Cr含量为1%时明显增大至27.16 A/m。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52001118)
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2025年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2023.000664
  • 接收时间：2023-10-08
  • 首发时间：2026-10-26
  • 出版时间：2025-12-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-08
  • 录用日期：2023-11-21
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52001118)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，武汉 430070
    2.湖北中烟工业有限公司 工程中心，武汉 430040

通讯作者:

姚振华（1984—），男，副教授，博士，主要从事复合材料成型技术、复合材料界面表征及强化技术、金属陶瓷电磁热元件开发及应用、金属陶瓷工模具开发研究及加工、结构残余应力测试分析工作，联系地址：湖北省武汉市武汉理工大学马房山校区材料科学与工程学院（430070），E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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