Article(id=1281627291360924363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1762444800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493357743, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493357743, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493357743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493357743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=364, endPage=379, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627291566445260, articleId=1281627291360924363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Research on transformation pathways and development models of ecotourism resources in coastal wetland national parks: A case study of Liaohekou National Park, columnId=1281627278153073626, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Ecosystem Services and Value Realization, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Addressing the persistent “protection versus development” dilemma in coastal wetland national parks, this study explores effective transformation pathways for ecotourism resources, aiming to construct innovative development models that balance ecological and economic benefits. [Methods] Taking Liaohekou National Park as a case study, a “space-attribute-behavior” three-dimensional analytical framework was introduced. Kernel density analysis was employed to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of 97 resource sites. A comprehensive evaluation model integrating the AHP-entropy weight method with a negative correction for ecological sensitivity was constructed to quantify the resource transformation potential. Text mining and sentiment analysis of 1337 online reviews were conducted to diagnose tourist perceptions. [Results] (1) Ecotourism resources exhibit a dual-core spatial pattern, with natural endowment being the primary determinant of tourism product maturity. (2) The resource transformation pathways are distinctly stratified, where semi-mature products are constrained by systematic barriers. (3) Tourist perceptions highlight a conflict between ecological scarcity and insufficient supporting facilities. [Conclusion] This study establishes a four-level transformation framework of “resource identification-gradient evaluation-product classification-model innovation” and proposes four corresponding development models (i.e., scenery-industry-city integration, innovative PPP, community co-management, and digital twin). This framework provides a systematic solution for the sustainable development of coastal wetland national parks by coordinating industry, technology, and governance.

, authors=Peng LI1, 2, 4, He GONG2, Hui WANG2, Hu YU3, Jianke GUO1, authorsList=Peng LI, He GONG, Hui WANG, Hu YU, Jianke GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627293239972569, articleId=1281627291360924363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源转化路径及开发模式研究——以辽河口国家公园为例, columnId=1281627278337623004, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=生态系统服务与价值实现, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】在“生态保护优先”原则下,探寻滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源向旅游产品的有效转化路径,是实现生态产品价值并推动区域可持续发展的关键。本文旨在揭示滨海湿地型国家公园在资源转化过程中普遍面临的内在逻辑与系统性障碍,进而构建兼顾生态效益与经济价值的创新开发模式,以期为同类型国家公园破解“保护与发展”困境提供具有普适性的理论范式与实践指引。【方法】引入“空间-属性-行为”三维分析框架:首先,基于辽河口国家公园97个旅游资源点数据,运用核密度分析揭示其空间分布格局;其次,采用AHP-熵权法结合生态敏感度负向修正,构建综合评价模型,量化资源的可转化潜力;最后,结合对1337条网络评论的文本挖掘与情感分析,诊断现有旅游产品的游客感知与市场反馈。【结果】①辽河口国家公园生态旅游资源呈现“红海滩核心-潮沟次核心-河口外缘递减”的双元集聚空间格局,自然禀赋(权重0.46)是决定旅游产品成熟度的首要因素。②资源转化路径呈现显著分层:成熟旅游产品已形成“资源识别-产品设计-市场运营-生态反哺”的良性循环;而半成熟旅游产品则普遍受困于“四低两高”(低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知;高监测成本、高协同难度)的系统性阻碍。③游客对辽河口国家公园旅游产品的感知呈现“生态稀缺-设施短板-静谧氛围”的三重特征,负面情绪(28.5%)主要指向服务与配套设施不足。【结论】本文构建了滨海湿地型国家公园“资源识别-梯度评价-产品分类-模式创新”的4级转化框架,并针对性地提出4种创新开发模式:标志性生态景观驱动的“景-产-城”整合模式、“蓝碳金融+生态修复”创新PPP模式、关键生态资产导向的社区共管模式和“数据孪生国家公园”智慧运维模式。该模式框架旨在通过产业、科技、治理三支柱的协同,为破解滨海湿地型国家公园“保护与发展”的普遍性困境提供系统性解决方案。

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李鹏,男,辽宁台安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为辽河口国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

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王辉,女,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、国家公园学等。E-mail:
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Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2023, 38(1): 123-133.], articleTitle=Developing ecological security pattern for coastal wetlands based on “Three-line Integration” spatial strategy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627313716564869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=80, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=87, authorNames=张莉莉, 夏子涵, journalName=湿地科学与管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张莉莉, 夏子涵. 国家公园生态产品价值实现的实践现状与法治建构[J]. 湿地科学与管理, 2025, 21(3): 80-84., articleTitle=国家公园生态产品价值实现的实践现状与法治建构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627313796256646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=80, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=88, authorNames=Zhang L L, Xia Z H, journalName=Wetland Science & Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Zhang L L, Xia Z H. 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Wetland Science & Management, 2025, 21(3): 80-84.], articleTitle=Current practices and legal framework construction for the realization of ecological product value in national parks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627313863365511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=1918, pageEnd=1931, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=89, authorNames=高彩霞, 刘家明, 夏四友, journalName=资源科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高彩霞, 刘家明, 夏四友, . 滨海度假旅游地研究进展与展望[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(9): 1918-1931., articleTitle=滨海度假旅游地研究进展与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627313938862984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=1918, pageEnd=1931, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=90, authorNames=Gao C X, Liu J M, Xia S Y, journalName=Resources Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Gao C X, Liu J M, Xia S Y, et al. 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Resources Science, 2022, 44(9): 1918-1931.], articleTitle=Progress and prospect of research on coastal resorts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627315549475721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=12, pageStart=2487, pageEnd=2500, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=91, authorNames=白雨, 丁黎黎, 赵昕, journalName=资源科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白雨, 丁黎黎, 赵昕. 时间偏好影响下的海洋牧场蓝碳生态产品价值实现机制[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(12): 2487-2500., articleTitle=时间偏好影响下的海洋牧场蓝碳生态产品价值实现机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627315612390282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=12, pageStart=2487, pageEnd=2500, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=92, authorNames=Bai Y, Ding L L, Zhao X, journalName=Resources Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Bai Y, Ding L L, Zhao X. 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Resources Science, 2022, 44(12): 2487-2500.], articleTitle=Ecological product value realization mechanism of marine ranch blue carbon sink under the influence of time preference, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627315675304843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=31, issue=7, pageStart=1133, pageEnd=1144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=93, authorNames=齐菲, 王丰, 刘媛, journalName=中国生态农业学报(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=齐菲, 王丰, 刘媛, . 河北滨海湿地生态系统服务供需特征与情景分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2023, 31(7): 1133-1144., articleTitle=河北滨海湿地生态系统服务供需特征与情景分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627315754996620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=31, issue=7, pageStart=1133, pageEnd=1144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=94, authorNames=Qi F, Wang F, Liu Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Qi F, Wang F, Liu Y, et al. Supply and demand characteristics and scenario analysis of coastal wetland eco-system services in Hebei Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(7): 1133-1144.], articleTitle=Supply and demand characteristics and scenario analysis of coastal wetland eco-system services in Hebei Province, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1281627299778892586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, awardId=102500088, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省科学技术计划重点研发项目(102500088), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1281627299850195755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, awardId=LP2518, language=CN, fundingSource=海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室开放基金项目(LP2518), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1281627293508408026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293520990939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293508408026, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Marine Sustainable Development, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293529379548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293508408026, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 辽宁师范大学海洋可持续发展研究院, 大连 116029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1281627293617459933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293625848542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293617459933, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Geographical Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293634237151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293617459933, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 辽宁师范大学地理科学学院, 大连 110629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1281627293718123233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293726511842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293718123233, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293739094755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293718123233, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1281627293818786532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293827175141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293818786532, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, China Three Gorges Corporation, Dalian 116085, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627293835563750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, companyId=1281627293818786532, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中国长江三峡集团有限公司海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室, 大连 116085)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1281627298034062100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Zoning of Liaohekou National Park and tourism resources, figureFileSmall=LCxUmX/VCMwglTMAzsDQ9Q==, figureFileBig=ISC7SGk1zNPXP+7sxghNXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298105365269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图1, caption=辽河口国家公园分区与旅游资源

注:基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2020)4619号的标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。

, figureFileSmall=LCxUmX/VCMwglTMAzsDQ9Q==, figureFileBig=ISC7SGk1zNPXP+7sxghNXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298315080470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Online attention of Liaohekou National Park, January 1, 2020-January 31, 2025, figureFileSmall=bsOExh7oA+KMQIxLTkCzHQ==, figureFileBig=DgpCQUvsevcngYFWhf0tbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298394772247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2020年1月1日—2025年1月31日辽河口国家公园网络关注度, figureFileSmall=bsOExh7oA+KMQIxLTkCzHQ==, figureFileBig=DgpCQUvsevcngYFWhf0tbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298491241240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Resource distribution of Liaohekou National Park, figureFileSmall=q9XuMPj5wNhrPQDnSi6g6Q==, figureFileBig=wzP+H7gm4K+kU4EsLb4/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298554155801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图3, caption=辽河口国家公园资源分布, figureFileSmall=q9XuMPj5wNhrPQDnSi6g6Q==, figureFileBig=wzP+H7gm4K+kU4EsLb4/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298629653274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Word clouds and emotional tendencies of tourist evaluation for Liaohekou National Park, figureFileSmall=mEzcxoYPhuNg2dyxrHeFsg==, figureFileBig=q0LIbV8RaqJzhpG4baYeyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298688373531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图4, caption=辽河口国家公园游客评价词云及情绪倾向, figureFileSmall=mEzcxoYPhuNg2dyxrHeFsg==, figureFileBig=q0LIbV8RaqJzhpG4baYeyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298763871004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Transformation pathways of tourism products in Liaohekou National Park, figureFileSmall=mQ/Qu77p0AYdRD46jv1HQg==, figureFileBig=fdfRZ4xWJ/2cSD36TWLZmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298822591261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辽河口国家公园旅游产品转化路径, figureFileSmall=mQ/Qu77p0AYdRD46jv1HQg==, figureFileBig=fdfRZ4xWJ/2cSD36TWLZmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298898088734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Coordinated development model of ecotourism in coastal wetland national parks, figureFileSmall=QUc12ULhCaQ6zAu8LRFdXQ==, figureFileBig=zZA1RLgyZs+C1TbYoKIcAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627298961003295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=图6, caption=滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游协同发展模式, figureFileSmall=QUc12ULhCaQ6zAu8LRFdXQ==, figureFileBig=zZA1RLgyZs+C1TbYoKIcAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627299036500768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Saaty judgment scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 重要程度 说明
1 第一等级 两因素对目标贡献相同
2 第二等级 一方仅略占优势
3 第三等级 轻度优势,可察觉
4 第四等级 优势明显但未达显著
5 第五等级 实证或经验充分支持
6 第六等级 接近显著优势
7 第七等级 事实证明显著优势
8 第八等级 几乎确定的主导因素
9 第九等级 决策核心、不可替代
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299103609633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Saaty判断标度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 重要程度 说明
1 第一等级 两因素对目标贡献相同
2 第二等级 一方仅略占优势
3 第三等级 轻度优势,可察觉
4 第四等级 优势明显但未达显著
5 第五等级 实证或经验充分支持
6 第六等级 接近显著优势
7 第七等级 事实证明显著优势
8 第八等级 几乎确定的主导因素
9 第九等级 决策核心、不可替代
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299183301410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Number of ecotourism resources at various levels in Liaohekou National Park (Sites)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主类 五级资源 四级资源 三级资源 二级资源 一级资源 总数统计
水域景观 5 6 6 1 2 20
生物景观 2 1 5 1 0 9
天象与气候景观 0 1 0 0 0 1
建筑与设施 1 9 15 20 20 65
人文活动 0 0 0 2 0 2
总数统计 8 17 26 24 22 97
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299242021667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

辽河口国家公园各级生态旅游资源数量统计

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主类 五级资源 四级资源 三级资源 二级资源 一级资源 总数统计
水域景观 5 6 6 1 2 20
生物景观 2 1 5 1 0 9
天象与气候景观 0 1 0 0 0 1
建筑与设施 1 9 15 20 20 65
人文活动 0 0 0 2 0 2
总数统计 8 17 26 24 22 97
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299304936228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

High-frequency words of tourism image in scenic spots

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序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频
1 红海滩 2259 16 门票 131 31 世界 78 46 体验 51
2 风景 1210 17 观光车 119 32 孩子 76 47 丹顶鹤 50
3 廊道 1145 18 海滩 113 33 大自然 73 48 风景区 50
4 候鸟 1107 19 自驾 111 34 东北 71 49 海洋 48
5 潮汐 585 20 小火车 103 35 辽阔 69 50 壮观 48
6 盘锦 567 21 观鸟屋 103 36 旅游行 69 51 停车 47
7 红色 281 22 栈道 96 37 大片 62 52 电瓶车 47
8 景色 244 23 拥堵 91 38 季节 62 53 沈阳 46
9 宁静 231 24 原生态 88 39 海岸线 59 54 植物 46
10 不错 212 25 度假区 85 40 卫生间 57 55 服务 46
11 稻田 176 26 芦苇 81 41 指示牌 56 56 解说 45
12 满意 164 27 游览 81 42 照片 56 57 推荐 45
13 辽宁 156 28 海风 81 43 一望无际 55 58 拍照 44
14 螃蟹 155 29 游玩 81 44 滩涂 53 59 美食 43
15 地方 151 30 游客 78 45 工作人员 51 60 月份 43
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299376239397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

景区旅游形象高频词

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序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频 序号 高频词 词频
1 红海滩 2259 16 门票 131 31 世界 78 46 体验 51
2 风景 1210 17 观光车 119 32 孩子 76 47 丹顶鹤 50
3 廊道 1145 18 海滩 113 33 大自然 73 48 风景区 50
4 候鸟 1107 19 自驾 111 34 东北 71 49 海洋 48
5 潮汐 585 20 小火车 103 35 辽阔 69 50 壮观 48
6 盘锦 567 21 观鸟屋 103 36 旅游行 69 51 停车 47
7 红色 281 22 栈道 96 37 大片 62 52 电瓶车 47
8 景色 244 23 拥堵 91 38 季节 62 53 沈阳 46
9 宁静 231 24 原生态 88 39 海岸线 59 54 植物 46
10 不错 212 25 度假区 85 40 卫生间 57 55 服务 46
11 稻田 176 26 芦苇 81 41 指示牌 56 56 解说 45
12 满意 164 27 游览 81 42 照片 56 57 推荐 45
13 辽宁 156 28 海风 81 43 一望无际 55 58 拍照 44
14 螃蟹 155 29 游玩 81 44 滩涂 53 59 美食 43
15 地方 151 30 游客 78 45 工作人员 51 60 月份 43
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Emotional evaluation language of tourists in scenic spots

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正面情绪 中性情绪 负面情绪
值得 勉强 碱蓬草秃、不够红
稻田美如画 凑数 门票价格高
放空 还可以 拥堵
壮观 颜色不够红 交通不足
观光 住宿条件一般 性价比低
大海 离车站远 解说简略
红色 互动项目少 可玩景点少
环境 旺季人多影响体验 生态环境退化
方便 排队专人安抚情绪 淡旺季反差大
风景优美 落差 农家院避雷
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景区游客情感评价语系

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正面情绪 中性情绪 负面情绪
值得 勉强 碱蓬草秃、不够红
稻田美如画 凑数 门票价格高
放空 还可以 拥堵
壮观 颜色不够红 交通不足
观光 住宿条件一般 性价比低
大海 离车站远 解说简略
红色 互动项目少 可玩景点少
环境 旺季人多影响体验 生态环境退化
方便 排队专人安抚情绪 淡旺季反差大
风景优美 落差 农家院避雷
), ArticleFig(id=1281627299602731816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627291360924363, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Classification of tourism products

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类别 代表产品 资源基础 分类
景观观光类 红海滩观光栈道 碱蓬草红色景观 成熟
休闲度假类 稻梦空间 稻田+渔田复合景观 成熟
文化体验类 红滩·潮汐音乐节 地景+地方文化 成熟
生态体验类 蓝碳志愿者赶海 潮间带湿地 半成熟
科普研学类 斑海豹观测与救护 斑海豹栖息地 半成熟
生态服务类 滨海湿地碳汇交易 盐沼蓝碳系统 半成熟
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旅游产品分类

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类别 代表产品 资源基础 分类
景观观光类 红海滩观光栈道 碱蓬草红色景观 成熟
休闲度假类 稻梦空间 稻田+渔田复合景观 成熟
文化体验类 红滩·潮汐音乐节 地景+地方文化 成熟
生态体验类 蓝碳志愿者赶海 潮间带湿地 半成熟
科普研学类 斑海豹观测与救护 斑海豹栖息地 半成熟
生态服务类 滨海湿地碳汇交易 盐沼蓝碳系统 半成熟
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滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源转化路径及开发模式研究——以辽河口国家公园为例
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李鹏 1, 2, 4 , 宫贺 2 , 王辉 2 , 虞虎 3 , 郭建科 1
资源科学 | 生态系统服务与价值实现 2026,48(2): 364-379
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滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源转化路径及开发模式研究——以辽河口国家公园为例
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李鹏,男,辽宁台安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为辽河口国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

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李鹏,男,辽宁台安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为辽河口国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

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李鹏1, 2, 4 , 宫贺2, 王辉2 , 虞虎3, 郭建科1
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁师范大学海洋可持续发展研究院, 大连 116029
  • 2 辽宁师范大学地理科学学院, 大连 110629
  • 3 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101
  • 4 中国长江三峡集团有限公司海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室, 大连 116085
通讯作者:
王辉,女,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、国家公园学等。E-mail:
作者简介:

李鹏,男,辽宁台安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为辽河口国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

Research on transformation pathways and development models of ecotourism resources in coastal wetland national parks: A case study of Liaohekou National Park
Peng LI1, 2, 4 , He GONG2, Hui WANG2 , Hu YU3, Jianke GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Marine Sustainable Development, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
  • 2 School of Geographical Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
  • 3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
  • 4 State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, China Three Gorges Corporation, Dalian 116085, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.06
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【目的】在“生态保护优先”原则下,探寻滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源向旅游产品的有效转化路径,是实现生态产品价值并推动区域可持续发展的关键。本文旨在揭示滨海湿地型国家公园在资源转化过程中普遍面临的内在逻辑与系统性障碍,进而构建兼顾生态效益与经济价值的创新开发模式,以期为同类型国家公园破解“保护与发展”困境提供具有普适性的理论范式与实践指引。【方法】引入“空间-属性-行为”三维分析框架:首先,基于辽河口国家公园97个旅游资源点数据,运用核密度分析揭示其空间分布格局;其次,采用AHP-熵权法结合生态敏感度负向修正,构建综合评价模型,量化资源的可转化潜力;最后,结合对1337条网络评论的文本挖掘与情感分析,诊断现有旅游产品的游客感知与市场反馈。【结果】①辽河口国家公园生态旅游资源呈现“红海滩核心-潮沟次核心-河口外缘递减”的双元集聚空间格局,自然禀赋(权重0.46)是决定旅游产品成熟度的首要因素。②资源转化路径呈现显著分层:成熟旅游产品已形成“资源识别-产品设计-市场运营-生态反哺”的良性循环;而半成熟旅游产品则普遍受困于“四低两高”(低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知;高监测成本、高协同难度)的系统性阻碍。③游客对辽河口国家公园旅游产品的感知呈现“生态稀缺-设施短板-静谧氛围”的三重特征,负面情绪(28.5%)主要指向服务与配套设施不足。【结论】本文构建了滨海湿地型国家公园“资源识别-梯度评价-产品分类-模式创新”的4级转化框架,并针对性地提出4种创新开发模式:标志性生态景观驱动的“景-产-城”整合模式、“蓝碳金融+生态修复”创新PPP模式、关键生态资产导向的社区共管模式和“数据孪生国家公园”智慧运维模式。该模式框架旨在通过产业、科技、治理三支柱的协同,为破解滨海湿地型国家公园“保护与发展”的普遍性困境提供系统性解决方案。

国家公园  /  滨海湿地  /  生态旅游资源  /  资源转化  /  旅游产品  /  核密度  /  辽河口

[Objective] Addressing the persistent “protection versus development” dilemma in coastal wetland national parks, this study explores effective transformation pathways for ecotourism resources, aiming to construct innovative development models that balance ecological and economic benefits. [Methods] Taking Liaohekou National Park as a case study, a “space-attribute-behavior” three-dimensional analytical framework was introduced. Kernel density analysis was employed to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of 97 resource sites. A comprehensive evaluation model integrating the AHP-entropy weight method with a negative correction for ecological sensitivity was constructed to quantify the resource transformation potential. Text mining and sentiment analysis of 1337 online reviews were conducted to diagnose tourist perceptions. [Results] (1) Ecotourism resources exhibit a dual-core spatial pattern, with natural endowment being the primary determinant of tourism product maturity. (2) The resource transformation pathways are distinctly stratified, where semi-mature products are constrained by systematic barriers. (3) Tourist perceptions highlight a conflict between ecological scarcity and insufficient supporting facilities. [Conclusion] This study establishes a four-level transformation framework of “resource identification-gradient evaluation-product classification-model innovation” and proposes four corresponding development models (i.e., scenery-industry-city integration, innovative PPP, community co-management, and digital twin). This framework provides a systematic solution for the sustainable development of coastal wetland national parks by coordinating industry, technology, and governance.

national park  /  coastal wetland  /  ecotourism resources  /  resource transformation  /  tourism product  /  kernel density  /  Liaohekou
李鹏, 宫贺, 王辉, 虞虎, 郭建科. 滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源转化路径及开发模式研究——以辽河口国家公园为例. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 364 -379 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.06
Peng LI, He GONG, Hui WANG, Hu YU, Jianke GUO. Research on transformation pathways and development models of ecotourism resources in coastal wetland national parks: A case study of Liaohekou National Park[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 364 -379 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.06
国家公园制度是全球公认的自然保护地典范模式,其核心在于优先保护自然生态系统的原真性与完整性,并在此基础上协同推进公众教育、科学研究与生态旅游[1,2]。自我国正式开启国家公园体制建设以来,如何构建一套统一、规范、高效的管理体系,并探索出一条生态保护与社会经济发展相协调的可持续路径[3],已成为学界与管理部门关注的核心议题。国家公园的建立旨在实现生态系统服务、资源价值和文化服务能力的综合提升,为地方寻求绿色转型模式提供基地和平台[4]。因此,系统梳理生态旅游资源,深入剖析其向旅游产品的转化路径,并构建与之相适应的开发模式,不仅对提升国家公园的综合效益至关重要,也对自然保护地的发展具有普遍的借鉴意义[5]
国外针对国家公园的研究较早,形成了涵盖规划管理[6]、可持续发展[7]、游客体验与技术应用的完整体系[8]。早期研究侧重于为自然保护地内的旅游活动提供规划与管理框架,强调在保护资源的前提下提升游客满意度[9,10]。随着可持续发展理念的深入,研究焦点转向探讨旅游业在支持保护地财政、促进社区发展中的积极作用,并探索特许经营、社区共管等多元治理模式[11,12]。国内关于国家公园的研究近些年已成为热点,研究方向主要包括:①理论构建与体制探索方面,深入探讨了国家公园的功能定位、与自然保护区的关系以及多元协同治理机制[13-15],为顶层设计提供了理论支撑;②生态旅游与可持续发展方面,学者聚焦于生态旅游的本土化路径,倡导“低干扰、高体验”的模式[16,17],并深入研究了生态产品的价值实现机制[18,19],强调通过市场化手段将生态系统服务功能转化为可交易、可增值的旅游产品,为提升旅游品质与实现可持续发展提供了依据;③社区共管与利益共享方面,研究关注了牧民生计转型、生态补偿机制及社区福祉提升[20,21];④生态系统保护与监测技术方面,研究关注了国家公园场景下无人机、红外相机等技术的集成应用,通过构建“天地空”一体化监测网络[22,23],为国家公园的生态安全格局维护与游客活动的管控提供了技术支持;⑤规划与管理实践方面,提出了基于生态安全格局的国家公园空间规划方法,并积极推动《国家公园法》的立法进程[24,25]。总体来看,现有研究为国家公园的资源分级、功能测度及规划管控奠定了坚实的理论与方法基础[26-28];然而,在国家公园生态旅游研究方面,多侧重于生态资源的静态评估与保护管理[29,30],缺乏对资源的系统性梳理与产品谱系构建。在资源向产品的转化路径上,侧重于价值实现机制的理论构建[31,32],但对如何将理论落实到具体资源类型的实践关注不足。在开发模式上,多聚焦于社区参与、特许经营等管理模式[33,34],较少从资源禀赋特征出发,构建与特定生态系统相匹配的、可操作的产品开发模式。
滨海湿地相比于山地、森林,在地理区位和资源类型上具有显著的特殊性,其地处陆海交错带,生态系统更为脆弱和敏感,生态平衡极易被打破。辽河口国家公园作为我国典型的滨海湿地型国家公园候选区,地处渤海湾北端、辽河入海口,是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上的关键节点,拥有全球面积最大的芦苇湿地和独特的红海滩景观,其生态系统兼具河口、滨海、湿地等多重属性,资源禀赋独特。鉴于此,本文以辽河口国家公园为案例地,系统梳理其生态旅游资源,深入剖析生态旅游资源向旅游产品的转化路径与阻碍,并构建与滨海湿地生态特征相适应的开发模式,以期为同类型国家公园的保护与利用提供理论参考与实践借鉴。
辽河口国家公园(图1)位于辽河下游冲积平原,总面积17.06万hm2,拥有亚洲最大的芦苇湿地和全球罕见的红海滩景观,是候鸟迁徙通道和西太平洋斑海豹产仔地等核心生态资源的集中地。本文研究区主要包括辽河口国家公园内的红海滩国家风景廊道景区、周边湿地以及辽河口国家级自然保护区等。为严格落实“生态保护第一”的功能定位,研究区依据《中华人民共和国国家公园法》第十六条的规定,划分为核心保护区和一般控制区两个功能分区[35]。核心保护区是国家公园的主体,核心功能是维护自然生态系统的原真性和完整性,严格限制人为活动,仅允许科研监测和必要的管护巡护。一般控制区是核心保护区以外的区域,作为生态保护的缓冲地带和公共服务的主要承载区,在保障生态系统完整性的前提下,允许开展科普宣传、生态旅游、教育文化体育等低干扰的游憩活动。研究区内人文活动和建筑与设施等旅游资源点高度集中于一般控制区的南部沿海地带,与红海滩观光栈道等成熟产品区域吻合;而核心保护区内则仅分布少量生物景观和水域景观等科研监测点;这一空间分异格局为后续基于分区约束的旅游产品转化路径和开发模式研究奠定了空间基础。
本文引入“空间-属性-行为”三维分析视角构建理论框架。“空间-属性-行为”理论框架最早由地理学与行为科学交叉提出,强调旅游开发过程应综合考虑空间环境的结构性约束、资源本体的多维价值以及游客行为的感知反馈三重要素。该视角近年来在国家公园旅游研究中得到拓展应用,为生态旅游开发中的资源配置优化、产品匹配与管理决策提供了系统思路[36]。其中,“空间”维度强调旅游资源的地理分布格局与生态区位特性,代表了资源的空间基础与生态承载格局;“属性”维度聚焦于资源本身的自然禀赋、可进入性、市场吸引力及生态敏感度等核心特征,是衡量资源可转化潜力的关键指标;“行为”维度则体现为游客的实际使用行为、偏好认知和情感反馈,是需求侧对供给系统的响应与修正机制。三者逻辑上层层递进:空间决定开发边界,属性构成产品基础,行为反馈形成迭代闭环,构成国家公园资源产品转化的动态系统。该理论结构贯穿资源识别、价值评价、产品分类与开发模式四大研究环节,是本文分析架构的核心依据。
首先,依据《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》(GB/T 18972-2017),结合百度地图坐标提取器对研究区内各类旅游资源点进行识别;随后,利用核密度分析对资源点进行处理,以识别资源分区,揭示资源分布特征;在此基础上,应用文本挖掘与情感分析方法,利用八爪鱼软件采集2020—2025年携程、马蜂窝、去哪儿网平台的在线评论,借助微词云构建高频词云、情感极性分布与语义共现网络,以揭示游客对不同资源类型的关注主题与情感倾向,实现游客需求与资源供给之间的精准匹配。
为了对“属性”维度进行量化评价,本文构建了“AHP-熵权叠加+敏感度负向修正”的综合评价框架,用以量化辽河口国家公园各类湿地旅游资源的可转化潜力。在目标层下设置4个一级准则:①自然禀赋,②可进入性,③市场潜力,④生态敏感度;并在每一准则下细分3~4个二级指标。前3项为正向指标,生态敏感度为负向指标。邀请多位湿地生态、旅游规划与社区治理研究领域的专家,依据Saaty1~9标度[37]表1)对同层元素进行比较,形成互反判断矩阵A。对矩阵A求最大特征值λmax及其归一化特征向量,获得第i个评价指标的主观权重${\omega }_{i}^{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}$。计算一致性指标CI与一致性比率CR,作为主观权重计算的质量检验:
$CI=\frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-n}{n-1}$
$CR=\frac{CI}{RI}$
式中:n为参与比较的指标个数;RI为平均随机一致性标注。当CR<0.1时,矩阵A有效。之后,对原始指标数据进行正向/逆向归一化,计算第i个评价指标的信息熵ei与离散度di=1-ei,进而得到客观权重${\omega }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}}$
${\omega }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}}=\frac{{d}_{i}}{\sum {d}_{i}}$
然后,采用线性叠加避免偏差:
${\omega }_{i}=\alpha {\omega }_{i}^{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}+\left(1-\alpha \right){\omega }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}},\mathrm{ }\alpha =0.5$
式中:ωi为第i个指标的组合权重;α为偏好系数,此处取0.5表示主客观权重同等重要。
同时,为抑制“高价值-高敏感区域”分数过高,对前3项正向指标权重乘以系数:
${C}_{i}=1-\beta \frac{{S}_{i}-{S}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{S}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}},\mathrm{ }\beta =0.4$
式中:Ci为第i个正向指标的生态敏感度修正系数;Si为样点生态敏感度得分,Si越大,Ci越小;SmaxSmin分别为所有样点生态敏感度得分的最大值与最小值;β为修正强度调节系数,最高可削弱40%的权重贡献。
最终,第j个旅游资源点的综合得分Sj计算公式为:
${S}_{j}=\sum _{i}{\omega }_{i}^{\text{'}}{\chi }_{ij}^{\text{'}}$
式中:${\omega }_{i}^{\text{'}}$为修正后权重;${\chi }_{ij}^{\text{'}}$为归一化指标值,并依据自然断点法划分为1~5级,为后续产品开发与动态管控提供量化依据。
综上,本文的研究方法与理论框架紧密结合:首先,通过核密度分析,从“空间”维度揭示资源的空间分布格局与集聚特征;其次,运用“AHP-熵权叠加+敏感度负向修正”综合评价模型,从“属性”维度对资源的可转化潜力进行量化评估;最后,通过对在线评论数据的文本挖掘与情感分析,从“行为”维度洞察游客的需求偏好与情感反馈。3种方法的有机结合,为系统性地分析资源向产品的转化路径与构建开发模式提供了坚实的数据与理论支撑。
本文所使用的遥感影像数据采用2024年的Sentinel-2A影像,获取于欧空局数据中心网站(https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu),投影为WGS1984;旅游资源点数据通过百度地图坐标提取器结合资料手动获取后,利用QGIS进行WGS坐标校正,共采集旅游资源点97处。
携程、马蜂窝、去哪儿网等作为旅游发展的主要平台,用户群体多、涉及面广、传播速度快,这些平台的网络文本对了解游客行为具有重要价值,为本文分析“行为”维度、评估资源转化潜力提供了实证依据。通过八爪鱼软件在3个平台上收集了2020年1月1日—2025年1月31日总共1379条关于辽河口国家公园红海滩国家风景廊道景区的网络点评数据用于本文研究。为保证数据的科学性,对这些数据作了以下处理:①去掉相同文字内容的重复评论;②去掉商业广告性质的评论;③去掉与研究内容无关的评论;④去掉用户无评论而由系统默认好评的数据。经过以上筛选后删除42条无用评论,最终获得网络点评有效数据1337条,然后通过微词云文本分析软件进行文本的分析和处理。数据显示:评论时间具有显著的季节集中性(图2):每年9—10月为评论发布的集中高峰期,与红海滩碱蓬草变红的自然演化周期高度契合;11月—次年4月评论量显著下降,呈现出明显的淡季特征。个别年份如2021年全年、2022年初在疫情影响下,评论的年度总量有所回落,但季节性高峰依然存在。从整体趋势来看,尽管各年评论总量有所波动,但整体热度并未显著衰减,表明红海滩作为典型季相型滨海湿地景区,在游客心中仍具备持续吸引力。
依托GB/T 18972-2017五级评价体系,结合“自然禀赋-可进入性-市场潜力-生态敏感度”四维指标,采用AHP熵权叠加法确定权重,并引入生态敏感度负向修正系数,实现“价值-敏感”双维平衡。结果按综合评价得分从高到低依次为(表2):五级资源8处,主要包括红海滩碱蓬草景观、百鸟翔滩潮沟网与斑海豹产仔地;四级资源17处,包括稻梦空间稻田艺术、盐沼星空观测营地等,具备场景化升级潜力;三级资源26处,以苇海迷宫、栈桥观潮点为主,尚需配套设施与故事化包装;一级与二级资源46处,多为社区生产景观与景区接待服务资源。
AHP主观赋权结果显示:自然禀赋(0.46)>可进入性(0.32)>市场潜力(0.22)。这一顺序表明辽河口的生态独特性是吸引游客的首要因素,但淡季交通瓶颈与服务设施短板会削弱资源价值的现实转化。
“自然禀赋-可进入性-市场潜力-生态敏感度”多指标体系即为“属性”维度的体现。属性维度既反映资源的固有转化能力,也体现其对环境的适应与限制。该维度为资源分类和功能匹配提供基础。
基于影像判读、文献资料整合,以97处旅游资源点为样本,通过核密度分析描绘其空间密度分布(图3)。结果显示,辽河口国家公园旅游资源的空间特征呈现“自然资源集中成核-人文资源串珠成带”的双元结构。
自然类旅游资源在辽河口国家公园内部呈现鲜明的等级性空间集聚格局:红海滩碱蓬盐沼与南部潮沟网构成密度峰值最为突出的核心区,对应着碱蓬红色景观、潮间带生境及候鸟栖息地的综合景观集中分布。由此向北岸延伸,可观察到一道与盐沼-淡水湿地交错带相重合的次级密集带,密度等级介于中高之间,主要涵盖观鸟平台、芦苇谷地等以生态体验为主的资源节点;而位于西南外海湾及北部滩涂的外围区域,仅零散分布的观潮点与沙堤植被景观,属于后备开发单元。总体而言,辽河口国家公园的自然资源密度呈现由东南向西北逐渐递减,与河口-盐沼-潮间带-滩涂的自然生态梯度高度对应,反映了生态多样性与景观可进入性共同驱动的分布规律。
人文类旅游资源显著依托南岸社区-渔港走廊的聚落体系呈“珠链式”带状分布:一方面,西南渔村核心聚落与东南观光服务中心构成两个密度峰值,对应传统渔俗活动、滨海民宿与红滩文化节等节庆与特殊事件节点,显示聚落文化和旅游市场耦合的强吸附效应;另一方面,其余人文景点沿滨海公路与航道均衡散布,与社区道路网络相互嵌合,形成“交通-聚落-文化”三位一体的空间结构。整体来看,人文资源的空间组织受交通可达性与社区活力双重驱动,与自然资源面状成核的分布形态形成鲜明对比,为沿带式主题游憩线路与社区参与型产品开发奠定了空间基础。
通过“空间”维度的核密度分析,识别了旅游资源在地理空间上的集聚与衰减规律。资源的核心水域和潮沟带即为生态开发的高潜能区,其空间布局为后续开发策略奠定了生态承载边界。该“空间”层对产品边界设定和承载控制具有基础性约束作用。
从词频表(表3)和情感表(表4)来看,游客评价高频词描绘出了辽河口国家公园的多维形象:在旅游吸引物感知层面,“红海滩”“候鸟”“潮汐”位居高频,显示游客对季相鲜明的红滩景观与迁徙鸟类栖息场景的审美偏好,也印证了湿地生态独特性是游客心中最具辨识度的核心符号。在旅游设施与服务感知层面,“栈道”“观鸟屋”“停车”“卫生间”“指示牌”构成了另一组高频词;其中“栈道”“观鸟屋”情感倾向正面,表明基础观赏设施符合游客功能期待;而“停车”“卫生间”伴随“拥堵”“交通不足”等词的出现,揭示了淡季服务弹性与峰值承载仍是体验痛点。在旅游环境与氛围感知层面,“宁静”“原生态”“海风”“辽阔”与“解说”共同描绘出亲近自然、静谧舒缓的总体氛围,正面情感占比超过八成,说明公园在环境保护与游憩舒适度之间取得了相对平衡;但“解说”与“互动”词频虽高却伴随“缺乏”“简略”等负面搭配,提示氛围营造尚需通过沉浸式解说与数字导览进一步提升参与感。
基于以上数据结果,可将资源潜力概括为“三强三弱”:强在自然禀赋独特、景观季相鲜明、文化渔耕活态;弱在淡季资源稀少、设施韧性不足与制度灵活性欠缺。结合图4可见,在线游客评论中正面情绪占比为47.04%,中性情绪占比为24.46%,而负面情绪仍达28.50%,情感反馈结构呈现三元分布特征 。这一结果进一步印证了游客在生态赞誉、服务不足和氛围期待之间的情绪波动与感知权衡。词云图中,“红海滩”“国家”“风景”“廊道”“候鸟”“景区”等词语权重明显,与游客对“生态标识性-设施体验性-场景沉浸性”的关注焦点一致。
整体来看,游客对辽河口的形象呈现出“生态稀缺-设施及服务短板-静谧氛围强”的三重特征,为后续产品优化与环境提升指明了优先顺序:首先,应巩固生态吸引物核心竞争力;其次,应在淡季运能与公共服务上补短板;最后,应以数字化导览丰富游憩体验并强化场景沉浸。
游客的行为偏好、情感倾向和使用反馈是“行为”维度的直接体现。正面情绪与负面情绪表明游客实际行为已对特定空间和属性构成反馈与压力。该维度反映了资源供给与市场需求之间的匹配度,为开发节奏和服务优化提供指导。
生态旅游资源与旅游产品的转化主要指生态旅游资源经过识别与开发转化为具有吸引力的旅游产品的过程。根据资源分析与游客评价的结果对辽河口国家公园现有及潜在的旅游产品进行分类,结合联合国世界旅游组织的旅游产品功能划分、旅游地生命周期理论的阶段观点以及国家公园生态产品目录,分为成熟旅游产品与半成熟旅游产品两种状态:①成熟旅游产品:指资源质量高、景观识别度强、游客接待服务完善,且在较长时间内经受过市场检验,具备持续吸引力与较强经济效益的产品。其通常具备明确的运营主体、完备的解说系统与分时分区管理机制。②半成熟旅游产品:指资源潜力较高、具备一定吸引力,但在市场开发、配套设施、管理机制及游客服务方面尚处于起步探索阶段的产品。这类产品往往具有创新性或试验性特征,尚需通过政策支持、技术优化与社区协同进一步完善。本文结合资源质量、游客评价、经营年限将各类旅游产品划分为六大类:①景观观光类;②休闲度假类;③文化体验类;④生态体验类;⑤科普研学类;⑥生态服务类(表5)。
辽河口国家公园的旅游产品发展呈现出明显的成熟与半成熟分层状态,转化路径与发展阻碍在资源空间分布、自然与社会属性以及游客行为反馈3个维度上均有所体现。本节以代表性案例为基础,归纳成熟旅游产品的典型转化路径,并梳理半成熟产品当前所面临的核心阻碍。
以“红海滩观光栈道”“稻梦空间”“红滩·潮汐音乐节”等高成熟度产品为例,其共同特征在于:空间上集中于一般控制区,可达性与生态吸引力强;属性上具备自然景观与设施配套优势;行为上获得游客高度正向反馈。生态旅游资源向成熟旅游产品的转化,核心在于将生态系统的服务功能转化为可交易、可增值的旅游产品[38]。该转化路径具有时间、空间、类型、层级4个维度特征,并遵循“以供定需、以需引供”的供需平衡机制[39]
转化路径包含4个核心环节:资源识别与价值评估是转化的起点,通过系统梳理生态旅游资源的类型、质量、空间分布与生态敏感度,明确资源的可转化潜力。辽河口国家公园的红海滩碱蓬景观、潮沟网湿地系统、候鸟栖息地等5级资源,因其全球唯一性与显著品牌认知,成为转化的优先对象。这一阶段需要综合运用AHP-熵权叠加法等多指标评价体系,在“自然禀赋-可进入性-市场潜力-生态敏感度”四维框架下量化资源禀赋,并引入生态敏感度负向修正系数,实现“价值-敏感”双维平衡[37]。产品设计与场景营造是转化的关键环节,将生态旅游资源转化为可体验、可消费的旅游产品,需要通过符号化、故事化、场景化手段提升产品的文化内涵与情感价值。生态旅游作为自然保护地生态产品价值实现的重要途径,强调保护性、可持续性和科普性的统一[38],这为产品设计提供了基本原则。市场对接与运营管理是转化的实现机制,通过建立市场化机制,将生态产品的使用权、经营权等权益通过租赁、转让、托管或入股等形式交付给旅游企业,企业借助特许经营、品牌增值等方式参与市场运作[39]。生态反哺与保护增效是转化的可持续保障,将旅游收益的一部分用于生态修复、栖息地保护与生物多样性监测,形成“保护-开发-收益-再保护”的生态良性循环,确保生态系统韧性与服务功能的持续提升[40]
景观观光类产品以自然景观的视觉美学价值为核心吸引力,其转化机制强调时空扩容与数字赋能的协同作用。红海滩观光栈道以红色盐地碱蓬草的季相变换与候鸟齐飞构成全球罕见的“红色地景+生境共舞”意象,通过时空扩容机制突破了季节性限制:春季以观鸟为主题,夏季以摄影创作为卖点,秋季聚焦红海滩观赏,冬季开展科普教育,并在潮位低谷时段叠加夜游光影秀,实现“一景多季、一季多时”的延时利用[41]。数字赋能机制通过科技手段提升体验价值与科普功能,在导览系统中嵌入实时植被生长监测数据、鸟类迁徙轨迹追踪、潮汐预报与生态解说内容,游客在游览过程中可以“边走边解码”生态机理,将被动观赏转化为主动学习[42]。承载管控机制通过精细化管理稳控生态负荷,采用分时预约制度与票价差异化策略,将日承载量限定在生态承载力范围内,既维护了生态系统的完整性,又保障了游客的体验品质[43]
休闲度假类产品以慢生活场景与沉浸式体验为核心价值,其转化机制强调产业链整合与社区参与的协同效应。稻梦空间依托滨海稻田的农业景观基底,融入稻作文化体验与湿地生态科普功能,通过产业链整合机制将旅游产品与本地特色产业深度捆绑,形成联动式价值链。民宿运营与盘锦稻米、河蟹等地理标志产品相结合,游客通过农产品订阅、田园认养、稻田艺术创作等方式参与产业链条,既获得了独特的度假体验,也为当地农业产业注入了新动能[44]。社区参与机制通过利益共享提升社区获得感与参与度,以稻田音乐节、稻田艺术节等季节性活动为引爆点,带动住宿、餐饮、创意零售等业态联动发展,形成“节庆经济”效应。社区居民通过提供服务、出租场地、销售农产品等方式分享旅游收益,实现了“旅游富民”的社会目标[45]。淡季阶段,开发冰雪观鸟研学、湿地生态康养等主题产品,借助自然教育与生态康养需求保持客源黏性,从而让“节庆-日常-淡季”形成完整的运营闭环,实现生态景观、在地文化与社区经济的协同共生。
文化体验类产品以文化符号的情感共鸣与场景沉浸为核心价值,其转化机制强调文化叙事与绿色办节的统一。红滩·潮汐音乐节以“海潮声场+湿地天幕”打造沉浸式生态舞台,并联名主流音乐品牌引流年轻客群。文化叙事机制通过挖掘地方文化符号,将自然景观转化为情感载体,音乐节以潮汐韵律为主题,将辽河口湿地的自然节律与音乐节奏相融合,创造出独特的“声景”体验,这种文化叙事不仅提升了产品的艺术感染力,也强化了游客对湿地生态系统的情感认同[46]。绿色办节机制通过环保措施降低活动对生态环境的影响,采用可降解材质替代一次性塑料,使用循环电源降低能源消耗,并将门票收入的一部分用于潮间带修复,形成“游憩-保护”正向循环[47]
辽河口国家公园成熟旅游产品的转化遵循“资源识别与价值评估-产品设计与场景营造-市场对接与运营管理-生态反哺与保护增效”四位一体的转化路径。这一路径以独特生态符号为核心吸引力,通过时空扩容与数字赋能拓展体验维度,以精细承载管理稳控生态负荷,让收益反哺社区与生态修复,实现生态保护与经济发展的协调统一。从转化机制来看,景观观光类产品侧重视觉美学价值的时空延展,休闲度假类产品侧重产业链整合与社区参与,文化体验类产品侧重文化符号的情感共鸣与场景沉浸。这一转化路径为其他高成熟度产品的开发提供了可复制的案例,也为半成熟旅游产品的转化升级指明了方向。
与成熟旅游产品形成对比,半成熟旅游产品在空间上多分布于核心保护区与一般控制区交界地带,在属性上存在生态敏感性高或基础设施缺失等劣势,在行为上表现为游客情感倾向中性或负面。
在资源识别与价值评估环节,半成熟产品面临价值显化不足与评估标准缺位的困境。蓝碳志愿者赶海虽已形成“赶海-植被修复-滩涂观测”串联线路,但游客采集数据精度参差不齐,难以满足第三方碳核证要求。自然资源部于2023年发布《海洋碳汇核算方法》,生态环境部与自然资源部于2025年11月进一步联合发布了滨海盐沼植被修复和海草床植被修复两项CCER(核证自愿减排量)方法学,标志着滨海湿地蓝碳正式纳入全国温室气体自愿减排交易体系。然而,方法学刚刚落地,相关项目的注册、核查与交易机制尚处于起步阶段,碳信用的市场流动性仍有待提升[48]。斑海豹观测项目受冬季冰封与季风限制,真实观测窗口不足,资源的时间维度利用率偏低[49]
在产品设计与场景营造环节,半成熟产品面临体验深度不足与场景创新受限的矛盾。救护中心因固定支出高、互动项目受动物福利法规约束,难以提供多层次增值体验;现有线上VR内容因网络传输能力与交互深度受限,不足以在淡季维持持续流量付费。蓝碳赶海项目缺乏系统化科普解说体系,游客难以建立对蓝碳概念的深度认知,产品的文化内涵与情感价值未能充分释放。
在市场对接与运营管理环节,半成熟产品面临市场化机制不健全与多方协同成本高的挑战。蓝碳票价格机制与社区分账规则尚未固化,运营方、科研团队与渔民社群间存在信任成本,限制了规模化复制[39]。企业与个人对蓝碳概念认知有限,导致“红滩碳票”需求受品牌宣传强度波动明显。无人机LiDAR与多光谱遥感虽能提高MRV(检测+报告+核查)精度,但设备投入与年度监测费用远高于传统林业碳汇项目,抬高了交易门槛[50]
在生态反哺与保护增效环节,半成熟产品面临收益反哺机制缺失的困境。由于尚未形成稳定经济收益,难以建立“保护-开发-收益-再保护”的生态良性循环。蓝碳赶海项目因碳信用交易未落地,无法将生态保护成果转化为经济收益;斑海豹救护项目的企业赞助主要用于日常运营,未形成系统化的生态监测与保护增效机制[40]图5)。
辽河口国家公园半成熟旅游产品转化面对的核心阻碍可归纳为“四低两高”:低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知;高监测运营成本、高多方协同难度。这些阻碍在转化路径的4个环节中形成系统性断点,尤其在时空延展化、数字智能化、收益反哺化3个维度表现突出。只有在方法学落地、数据标准统一、市场培育与利益分配机制同步推进的前提下,这些潜力产品才能顺利跨越半成熟到成熟的门槛。
基于上述产品示例,成熟产品往往聚集于空间核心区(空间),具备高可进入性与高生态表现力(属性),并获得游客高度正向反馈(行为);而半成熟产品则多分布于外围,或属性价值不突出,或游客认知不足,体现了三维错配状态。
基于辽河口案例的实证分析,并充分考虑滨海湿地型国家公园普遍具有的生态系统脆弱、资源季节性强、保护与发展矛盾突出等共性特征,本节旨在超越具体案例,构建一套具有普适性的创新开发模式框架。这些模式以解决前文识别的系统性转化阻碍为导向,通过多维度、多主体的协同,为同类型国家公园的生态产品价值实现提供系统性解决方案。同时,为保障生态红线不被突破,所有模式均严格遵循国家公园空间分区管控要求(图6)。
(1)标志性生态景观驱动的“景-产-城”整合模式:滨海湿地型国家公园通常拥有全球或区域罕见的标志性自然景观(如滩涂、盐沼、红树林、三角洲等)。该模式旨在将这一核心吸引物与地方特色产业和城镇服务功能有效结合。以标志性景观廊道为核心,通过生态农业、特色渔业等形成“地标景观+地标产品”的品牌效应,再通过与周边城镇的交通衔接和文化设施建设,延长游客停留时间,提升“农/渔旅”结合的经济效益。此模式的核心在于通过自然景观的品牌化与地方产业的创新融合,构建一体化价值链,实现生态、经济与社会效益的协同增长。
(2)“蓝碳金融+生态修复”创新PPP模式:滨海湿地是重要的蓝碳汇,但其生态修复面临资金投入大、回报周期长的普遍难题。该模式旨在通过将盐沼、红树林等生态系统的固碳量转化为可交易的碳资产,引入金融机构、社会资本和生态科技企业,构建“碳汇交易+生态补偿”的资金池,以市场化方式支持湿地生态系统的保护与修复。此模式通过收益共享和风险共担机制,有效破解生态修复的资金瓶颈,其创新点在于将生态系统服务价值(蓝碳)与金融工具相结合,实现生态保护的“成本内生化”和可持续运营。
(3)关键生态资产导向的社区共管模式:游客对“候鸟”“原生态”等关键生态资产的高度关注,以及对深度互动体验的需求,是滨海湿地型国家公园普遍面临的机遇与挑战。该模式旨在将社区从被动的保护对象转变为生态系统服务的协同治理主体。通过赋予湿地周边社区居民“生态股份”或优先经营权,并建立“生态行为积分”等激励机制(如游客参与巡护、监测、垃圾清理等活动可兑换社区产品),形成“游客-社区-资源”三方互动的良性闭环。此模式不仅能有效提升保护成效,还能增加社区居民收入,将保护压力转化为发展动力。
(4)“数字孪生国家公园”智慧运维模式:针对滨海湿地生态环境多变、游客活动对生态敏感区压力集中的共性问题,该模式引入物联网(IoT)、遥感(RS)和数字孪生等技术,构建“天空地”一体化的智慧管理平台。平台可实现对客流、生态阈值、水文环境等的实时监测与预警,并为游客提供动态路径导航、智慧语音导览与个性化场景推荐。此模式旨在通过数字化、智能化的技术手段,提升国家公园的精细化管理水平,优化游客体验,并为生态资产的核算与管理提供数据支撑。
上述4种模式在滨海湿地型国家公园的发展中相辅相成,互为支撑。“景-产-城”整合模式是吸引客流、带动区域发展的基础;创新PPP模式为生态保护提供了核心资金来源;社区共管模式确保了保护行动的社会可持续性;而智慧运维模式则为前三者的有效运行提供了技术保障。4种模式分别对应产业融合、金融创新、社会治理和科技赋能4个维度,共同构成一个服务于滨海湿地型国家公园“保护与发展”协同统一的系统性解决方案。
本文的核心理论贡献在于,以辽河口国家公园为典型案例,不仅识别了滨海湿地型国家公园在生态旅游资源转化过程中普遍存在的“四低两高”系统性阻碍,更重要的是,构建了一套具有普适性的“三支柱协同”创新开发模式框架。这一研究深化了对国家公园生态产品价值实现理论的认识,即资源转化并非单一的经济或生态问题,而是制度、技术与社会协同失灵的综合体现。
与以往侧重单一维度的研究不同[51-53],本文引入的“空间-属性-行为”三维框架实现了对资源转化潜力的整合性诊断。研究发现,半成熟产品普遍存在“空间上邻近核心区、生态属性敏感、游客负评集中”的耦合特征,这不仅在实践层面印证了Job等[9]关于核心区边缘是冲突高发区的经典论断,更在理论上将其具体化为可测量的指标。更进一步,本文识别的“四低两高”阻碍(低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知;高监测运营成本、高协同难度),深刻反映了所有滨海湿地型国家公园共同面临的挑战:生态系统高度敏感脆弱,对外部干扰的响应剧烈;资源景观具有强烈的季节性,导致“半年闲”的运营困境;以及蓝碳等核心生态产品价值评估与交易机制的普遍缺失。
为系统性回应上述挑战,本文在3.4节将辽河口的实践经验升华为4种通用开发模式。这既是对唐承财等[18]普适性机制的场景化定制,也是对谢花林等[19]多元价值实现模式在海洋生态系统中的一次重要实践探索。其中,“景-产-城”整合模式旨在破解季节性客流瓶颈与产品单一化的难题;创新PPP模式直接回应了生态修复资金不足与价值变现困难的核心痛点;社区共管模式则致力于解决保护与发展的社会根基问题;而智慧运维模式为在生态脆弱区实现精细化管理和高质量发展提供了技术可能。这套模式框架的提出,将讨论从“是否应该开发”的层面,推进到了“如何科学、可持续地开发”的层面,为我国乃至全球的滨海湿地型国家公园管理提供了系统性的理论工具与实践路径。
尽管如此,本文仍存在局限:所提模式的有效性尚待更多不同类型滨海湿地型国家公园的实践检验;网络文本数据难以完全覆盖所有游客群体,可能存在样本偏差。为此,未来研究需在制度设计、治理技术和分析方法上寻求突破,尤其可引入结构方程模型等方法,深入探究“空间-属性-行为”三维间的因果逻辑,为国家公园的科学管理提供更具操作性的理论支撑。
本文以辽河口国家公园为典型案例,系统分析了滨海湿地型国家公园生态旅游资源向旅游产品转化的路径与模式,得出以下核心结论:
(1)辽河口国家公园生态旅游资源的空间格局与转化潜力存在显著分异。案例区域内旅游资源呈现出“核心-次核心-外缘递减”的双元集聚空间格局。AHP-熵权法分析结果表明,自然禀赋是决定产品成熟度的首要因素(权重0.46),而淡季资源稀缺和设施短板是主要制约。
(2)辽河口国家公园资源转化路径呈现分层特征并面临系统性阻碍。基于资源潜力与市场反馈,成熟型产品已形成“资源评估-产品设计-市场运营-生态反哺”的四位一体良性转化路径;而半成熟型产品则普遍受困于“四低两高”(即低政策确定性、低数据一致性、低淡季客流、低社会认知;高监测成本、高协同难度)的瓶颈。这一发现揭示了滨海湿地型国家公园在生态产品价值实现过程中普遍面临的系统性挑战。
(3)破解滨海湿地型国家公园保护与发展困境需构建具有普适性的多维度创新模式框架。本文构建了一套适用于滨海湿地型国家公园的“资源识别-梯度评价-产品分类-模式创新”四级转化框架。在此框架下,提出的4种创新开发模式:标志性生态景观驱动的“景-产-城”整合模式、“蓝碳金融+生态修复”创新PPP模式、关键生态资产导向的社区共管模式与“数据孪生国家公园”智慧运维模式,分别从产业融合、金融创新、社会治理和科技赋能4个维度,系统性地回应了滨海湿地型国家公园面临的共性难题,为实现该类型国家公园生态、经济与社会效益的统一提供了具有普遍指导意义的解决方案。
  • 辽宁省科学技术计划重点研发项目(102500088)
  • 海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室开放基金项目(LP2518)
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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.06
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-11-07
基金
辽宁省科学技术计划重点研发项目(102500088)
海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室开放基金项目(LP2518)
作者信息
    1 辽宁师范大学海洋可持续发展研究院, 大连 116029
    2 辽宁师范大学地理科学学院, 大连 110629
    3 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101
    4 中国长江三峡集团有限公司海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室, 大连 116085

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王辉,女,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、国家公园学等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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