Article(id=1281627281642730448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=1759334400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493355426, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493355426, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493355426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493355426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=349, endPage=363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627281848251345, articleId=1281627281642730448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service value and ecological risk in Sanjiangyuan National Park and their correlation, columnId=1281627278153073626, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Ecosystem Services and Value Realization, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Scientifically assessing the spatiotemporal evolution and spatial association between ecosystem service value and ecological risk in national parks provides an important foundation for supporting differentiated ecological management and zoned restoration.[Methods] Taking Sanjiangyuan National Park as the study area, this study utilized land cover data from 2000 to 2020 and integrated spatial autocorrelation analysis, geographically weighted regression with optimal bandwidth, random forest, and an optimal-parameter geographic detector to analyze the dynamics of different ecosystem types and to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution, spatial association, and driving mechanisms of ecosystem service value and ecological risk. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2020, significant differences were observed in the area changes among ecosystem types in the study area, with shrubs and cropland showing the largest changes (-3.19% and -2.69%, respectively), while grassland exhibited the smallest change (-0.13%). (2) Ecosystem service value showed an overall increasing trend. The area of high-level ecosystem service value decreased the most (-2.60%), whereas the area of relatively low-level ecosystem service value increased the most (1.57%). (3) Ecological risk exhibited an overall decreasing trend. The area of high-level ecological risk decreased the most (-3.05%), while the area of moderate-level ecological risk increased the most (1.42%). (4) Ecosystem service value and ecological risk were closely spatially associated and could be classified into four spatial clustering types: high value - high risk, high value - low risk, low value - high risk, and low value - low risk. The high value - high risk area decreased by 0.50%, while the low value - high risk, low value - low risk, and high value - low risk areas increased by 1.41%, 1.11%, and 0.09%, respectively. (5) Driving factor analysis indicated that the human footprint index and precipitation seasonality were the most important individual driving factors. The interactions between NDVI and annual mean temperature, NDVI and the human footprint index, and railway - road distance and the human footprint index showed strong explanatory power, revealing a coupled driving mechanism of natural processes and human activities. [Conclusion] Based on spatial association characteristics, Sanjiangyuan National Park can be divided into ecological restoration-dominated zones, ecological protection-dominated zones, and ecological protection - restoration balanced zones. Considering the differences and transitions among these zones, differentiated ecological protection strategies—including zoned management, key area regulation, and targeted governance—should be implemented to support the scientific conservation and restoration of the national park ecosystem, enhance ecological functions, and promote high-quality and sustainable development of national parks.

, authors=Shuai LIU1, Yao MENG2, Kunlun CHEN1, authorsList=Shuai LIU, Yao MENG, Kunlun CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kunlun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627284108981220, articleId=1281627281642730448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险时空演变及关联性, columnId=1281627278337623004, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=生态系统服务与价值实现, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】科学评估国家公园生态系统服务价值和生态风险的时空演变规律和空间关联性,是支撑差异化生态管控与分区修复的重要基础。【方法】本文以三江源国家公园为研究区,基于2000—2020年土地覆被数据,综合应用空间自相关分析、最优带宽地理加权回归、随机森林和最优参数地理探测器等方法,分析不同类型生态系统的变化特征,揭示生态系统服务价值和生态风险的时空演变、空间关联性及驱动机制。【结果】①2000—2020年,研究区不同类型生态系统的面积变化存在显著差异,其中灌木和耕地变化幅度最大(-3.19%和-2.69%),草地变化幅度最小(-0.13%)。②生态系统服务价值整体呈上升趋势,高等级生态系统服务价值区面积降幅最大,减少了2.60%;而较低等级生态系统服务价值区面积增幅最大,增加了1.57%。③生态风险总体呈下降趋势,较高等级生态风险区面积降幅最大,减少了3.05%;中等级生态风险区面积增幅最大,增加了1.42%。④生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联密切,可分为高价值-高风险、高价值-低风险、低价值-高风险和低价值-低风险4种聚集类型,高价值-高风险面积减少0.50%,而低价值-高风险、低价值-低风险和高价值-低风险分别增加1.41%、1.11%和0.09%。⑤驱动因素分析表明,人类足迹指数和降水量季节性变化是最主要的单因子驱动变量;NDVI与年平均气温、NDVI与人类足迹指数、铁路道路距离与人类足迹指数的交互作用具有较强解释力;共同揭示了自然过程与人类活动的综合驱动机制。【结论】基于空间关联特征,三江源国家公园可分为生态保护主导区、生态修复主导区和生态保护与修复并重区。针对3类区域的差异及其相互转换情况,可分类制定分区管理、重点区域管控和差异化治理等生态系统保护策略,以助力国家公园生态环境科学保护与修复,更好地发挥其生态功能,推动国家公园高质量和可持续发展。

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刘帅,男,山东临沂人,博士研究生,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:

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陈昆仑,男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:
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刘帅,男,山东临沂人,博士研究生,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:

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刘帅,男,山东临沂人,博士研究生,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:

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Environmental Science and Technology, 2023, 46(5): 229-237.], articleTitle=Spatial-temporal Changes of ecological environment quality in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627293328060513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=1, pageStart=245, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=65, authorNames=李紫健, 陈江平, 张伟康, journalName=测绘科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李紫健, 陈江平, 张伟康, . 湖北省生态系统服务价值演变及影响因素分析[J]. 测绘科学, 2023, 48(1): 245-257., articleTitle=湖北省生态系统服务价值演变及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627293395169378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=1, pageStart=245, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=66, authorNames=Li Z J, Chen J P, Zhang W K, journalName=Science of Surveying and Mapping, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Li Z J, Chen J P, Zhang W K, et al. Analysis of evolution and influencing factors of ecosystem service value in Hubei Province[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2023, 48(1): 245-257.], articleTitle=Analysis of evolution and influencing factors of ecosystem service value in Hubei Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627293453889635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=72, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=67, authorNames=张若婧, 陈跃红, 张晓祥, journalName=地理与地理信息科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张若婧, 陈跃红, 张晓祥, . 基于参数最优地理探测器的江西省山洪灾害时空格局与驱动力研究[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2021, 37(4): 72-80., articleTitle=基于参数最优地理探测器的江西省山洪灾害时空格局与驱动力研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627293520998500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=72, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=68, authorNames=Zhang R J, Chen Y H, Zhang X X, journalName=Geography and Geo-Information Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[ Zhang R J, Chen Y H, Zhang X X, et al. Spatial-temporal pattern and driving factors of flash flood disasters in Jiangxi Province analyzed by optimal parameters-based geographical detector[J]. 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caption=因子交互探测结果, figureFileSmall=ALfgfPaMa0P8GcZw/PZBJQ==, figureFileBig=o+qnHkql/6l0h4hjCyyaiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627287732858903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variables and encoding

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变量 编码 变量 编码 变量 编码
年平均气温 Bio1 最冷季度平均温度 Bio11 植被净初级生产力 NPP
月平均气温 Bio2 平均年降水量 Bio12 人类足迹指数 Footprint
等温性 Bio3 最湿月份降水量 Bio13 经济产量 GDP
气温季节性变动 Bio4 最干月份降水量 Bio14 夜间灯光 Nightlight
最热月份最高温度 Bio5 降水量季节性变化 Bio15 人口密度 POP
最冷月份最低温度 Bio6 最干季度降水量 Bio16 高程 DEM
温度年范围 Bio7 最湿季度降水量 Bio17 公路道路距离 Highway
最湿季度平均温度 Bio8 最暖季度降水量 Bio18 铁路道路距离 Railway
最干季度平均温度 Bio9 最冷季度降水量 Bio19 坡度 Slope
最暖季度平均温度 Bio10 植被覆盖度 NDVI 土壤敏感性 Soil
), ArticleFig(id=1281627287799967768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量与编码

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变量 编码 变量 编码 变量 编码
年平均气温 Bio1 最冷季度平均温度 Bio11 植被净初级生产力 NPP
月平均气温 Bio2 平均年降水量 Bio12 人类足迹指数 Footprint
等温性 Bio3 最湿月份降水量 Bio13 经济产量 GDP
气温季节性变动 Bio4 最干月份降水量 Bio14 夜间灯光 Nightlight
最热月份最高温度 Bio5 降水量季节性变化 Bio15 人口密度 POP
最冷月份最低温度 Bio6 最干季度降水量 Bio16 高程 DEM
温度年范围 Bio7 最湿季度降水量 Bio17 公路道路距离 Highway
最湿季度平均温度 Bio8 最暖季度降水量 Bio18 铁路道路距离 Railway
最干季度平均温度 Bio9 最冷季度降水量 Bio19 坡度 Slope
最暖季度平均温度 Bio10 植被覆盖度 NDVI 土壤敏感性 Soil
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Yields, sown areas, and prices of major crops in Qinghai Province, 2020

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作物类型 播种面积/hm2 粮食产量/t 平均价格/(元/t) 经济价值/(元/hm2 市场价值/(元/hm2
青稞 33770 144100 2620 2563.61 1474.27
小麦 102410 355700 2250 5434.41
玉米 11090 147900 2312 2321.89
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2020年青海省主要农作物产量、播种面积与价格

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作物类型 播种面积/hm2 粮食产量/t 平均价格/(元/t) 经济价值/(元/hm2 市场价值/(元/hm2
青稞 33770 144100 2620 2563.61 1474.27
小麦 102410 355700 2250 5434.41
玉米 11090 147900 2312 2321.89
), ArticleFig(id=1281627288043237403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Adjusted equivalents of ecosystem service values per unit area in Sanjiangyuan National Park

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生态系统分类 供给服务 调节服务 支持服务 文化服务
食物
生产
原料
生产
水资源
供给
气体
调节
气候
调节
净化
环境
水文
调节
土壤
保持
维持
养分
生物
多样性
美学
景观
耕地 0.60 0.28 0.01 0.47 0.25 0.07 0.19 0.72 0.08 0.09 0.04
森林 林地 0.22 0.50 0.26 1.65 4.92 1.39 2.46 2.00 0.15 1.82 0.80
灌木 0.13 0.30 0.15 0.99 2.96 0.90 2.35 1.20 0.09 1.10 0.48
草地 0.27 0.39 0.22 1.38 3.65 1.20 2.67 1.68 0.13 1.53 0.67
湿地 0.36 0.35 1.81 1.33 2.52 2.52 16.96 1.62 0.13 5.51 3.31
荒地 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.04
水域 水体 0.56 0.16 5.80 0.54 1.60 3.89 71.57 0.65 0.05 1.79 1.32
雪/冰 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.13 0.38 0.11 4.99 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1281627288139706396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三江源国家公园单位面积生态系统服务价值修正当量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统分类 供给服务 调节服务 支持服务 文化服务
食物
生产
原料
生产
水资源
供给
气体
调节
气候
调节
净化
环境
水文
调节
土壤
保持
维持
养分
生物
多样性
美学
景观
耕地 0.60 0.28 0.01 0.47 0.25 0.07 0.19 0.72 0.08 0.09 0.04
森林 林地 0.22 0.50 0.26 1.65 4.92 1.39 2.46 2.00 0.15 1.82 0.80
灌木 0.13 0.30 0.15 0.99 2.96 0.90 2.35 1.20 0.09 1.10 0.48
草地 0.27 0.39 0.22 1.38 3.65 1.20 2.67 1.68 0.13 1.53 0.67
湿地 0.36 0.35 1.81 1.33 2.52 2.52 16.96 1.62 0.13 5.51 3.31
荒地 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.04
水域 水体 0.56 0.16 5.80 0.54 1.60 3.89 71.57 0.65 0.05 1.79 1.32
雪/冰 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.13 0.38 0.11 4.99 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1281627288211009565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627281642730448, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in the area of different ecosystem types in Sanjiangyuan National Park, 2000-2020 (hm2)

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类型 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 2000—2020年变化量
耕地 1.17 3.15 0.99 0.72 0.54 -0.63
林地 2432.16 2413.35 2846.16 2957.04 3059.73 627.57
灌木 437.49 327.87 251.19 320.67 158.58 -278.91
草地 15730912.17 15614711.46 15546175.83 15576877.17 15308216.55 -422695.62
水体 559780.74 595656.00
644613.48 671222.79 697737.33 137956.59
雪/冰 257557.77 268458.93 303546.06 252423.00 233666.01 -23891.76
荒地 2519999.55 2589549.93 2573679.42 2567317.59 2828278.71 308279.16
湿地 112.32 112.68 120.24 114.39 115.92 3.60
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2000—2020年三江源国家公园各生态系统类型面积变化 (hm2

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类型 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 2000—2020年变化量
耕地 1.17 3.15 0.99 0.72 0.54 -0.63
林地 2432.16 2413.35 2846.16 2957.04 3059.73 627.57
灌木 437.49 327.87 251.19 320.67 158.58 -278.91
草地 15730912.17 15614711.46 15546175.83 15576877.17 15308216.55 -422695.62
水体 559780.74 595656.00
644613.48 671222.79 697737.33 137956.59
雪/冰 257557.77 268458.93 303546.06 252423.00 233666.01 -23891.76
荒地 2519999.55 2589549.93 2573679.42 2567317.59 2828278.71 308279.16
湿地 112.32 112.68 120.24 114.39 115.92 3.60
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三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险时空演变及关联性
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刘帅 1 , 孟耀 2 , 陈昆仑 1
资源科学 | 生态系统服务与价值实现 2026,48(2): 349-363
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资源科学 |生态系统服务与价值实现 2026 , 48 (2) : 349 -363
三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险时空演变及关联性
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刘帅1 , 孟耀2, 陈昆仑1
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(武汉)艺术与传媒学院, 武汉 430074
  • 2 中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院, 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
陈昆仑,男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘帅,男,山东临沂人,博士研究生,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:

Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service value and ecological risk in Sanjiangyuan National Park and their correlation
Shuai LIU1 , Yao MENG2, Kunlun CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Arts and Communication, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.05
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【目的】科学评估国家公园生态系统服务价值和生态风险的时空演变规律和空间关联性,是支撑差异化生态管控与分区修复的重要基础。【方法】本文以三江源国家公园为研究区,基于2000—2020年土地覆被数据,综合应用空间自相关分析、最优带宽地理加权回归、随机森林和最优参数地理探测器等方法,分析不同类型生态系统的变化特征,揭示生态系统服务价值和生态风险的时空演变、空间关联性及驱动机制。【结果】①2000—2020年,研究区不同类型生态系统的面积变化存在显著差异,其中灌木和耕地变化幅度最大(-3.19%和-2.69%),草地变化幅度最小(-0.13%)。②生态系统服务价值整体呈上升趋势,高等级生态系统服务价值区面积降幅最大,减少了2.60%;而较低等级生态系统服务价值区面积增幅最大,增加了1.57%。③生态风险总体呈下降趋势,较高等级生态风险区面积降幅最大,减少了3.05%;中等级生态风险区面积增幅最大,增加了1.42%。④生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联密切,可分为高价值-高风险、高价值-低风险、低价值-高风险和低价值-低风险4种聚集类型,高价值-高风险面积减少0.50%,而低价值-高风险、低价值-低风险和高价值-低风险分别增加1.41%、1.11%和0.09%。⑤驱动因素分析表明,人类足迹指数和降水量季节性变化是最主要的单因子驱动变量;NDVI与年平均气温、NDVI与人类足迹指数、铁路道路距离与人类足迹指数的交互作用具有较强解释力;共同揭示了自然过程与人类活动的综合驱动机制。【结论】基于空间关联特征,三江源国家公园可分为生态保护主导区、生态修复主导区和生态保护与修复并重区。针对3类区域的差异及其相互转换情况,可分类制定分区管理、重点区域管控和差异化治理等生态系统保护策略,以助力国家公园生态环境科学保护与修复,更好地发挥其生态功能,推动国家公园高质量和可持续发展。

生态系统服务价值  /  生态风险  /  时空演变  /  空间关联  /  最优带宽地理加权回归  /  三江源国家公园

[Objective] Scientifically assessing the spatiotemporal evolution and spatial association between ecosystem service value and ecological risk in national parks provides an important foundation for supporting differentiated ecological management and zoned restoration.[Methods] Taking Sanjiangyuan National Park as the study area, this study utilized land cover data from 2000 to 2020 and integrated spatial autocorrelation analysis, geographically weighted regression with optimal bandwidth, random forest, and an optimal-parameter geographic detector to analyze the dynamics of different ecosystem types and to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution, spatial association, and driving mechanisms of ecosystem service value and ecological risk. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2020, significant differences were observed in the area changes among ecosystem types in the study area, with shrubs and cropland showing the largest changes (-3.19% and -2.69%, respectively), while grassland exhibited the smallest change (-0.13%). (2) Ecosystem service value showed an overall increasing trend. The area of high-level ecosystem service value decreased the most (-2.60%), whereas the area of relatively low-level ecosystem service value increased the most (1.57%). (3) Ecological risk exhibited an overall decreasing trend. The area of high-level ecological risk decreased the most (-3.05%), while the area of moderate-level ecological risk increased the most (1.42%). (4) Ecosystem service value and ecological risk were closely spatially associated and could be classified into four spatial clustering types: high value - high risk, high value - low risk, low value - high risk, and low value - low risk. The high value - high risk area decreased by 0.50%, while the low value - high risk, low value - low risk, and high value - low risk areas increased by 1.41%, 1.11%, and 0.09%, respectively. (5) Driving factor analysis indicated that the human footprint index and precipitation seasonality were the most important individual driving factors. The interactions between NDVI and annual mean temperature, NDVI and the human footprint index, and railway - road distance and the human footprint index showed strong explanatory power, revealing a coupled driving mechanism of natural processes and human activities. [Conclusion] Based on spatial association characteristics, Sanjiangyuan National Park can be divided into ecological restoration-dominated zones, ecological protection-dominated zones, and ecological protection - restoration balanced zones. Considering the differences and transitions among these zones, differentiated ecological protection strategies—including zoned management, key area regulation, and targeted governance—should be implemented to support the scientific conservation and restoration of the national park ecosystem, enhance ecological functions, and promote high-quality and sustainable development of national parks.

ecosystem service value  /  ecological risk  /  spatiotemporal evolution  /  spatial association  /  geographically weighted regression with optimal bandwidth  /  Sanjiangyuan National Park
刘帅, 孟耀, 陈昆仑. 三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险时空演变及关联性. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 349 -363 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.05
Shuai LIU, Yao MENG, Kunlun CHEN. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service value and ecological risk in Sanjiangyuan National Park and their correlation[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 349 -363 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.05
在全球生态系统不断退化与生物多样性持续丧失的背景下,自然生态系统的整体性保护和长效稳定性已成为不同国家(地区)生态治理所聚焦的重点议题[1,2]。我国在推进生态文明建设进程中,明确提出需完善自然保护地体系,并在党的十九大和二十大多次强调生态空间管控和国家生态安全体系建设,为以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设提供制度保障[3]。国家公园以生态系统完整性、原真性保护为核心,在生态分区、管理制度和保护对象等方面有别于传统自然保护地的单一保护模式,更加聚焦大尺度自然景观的封闭保育和生态系统的长期稳定状态,从而在应对各种生态压力和维护国家生态安全方面发挥基础性作用[4,5]。国家公园的体制建设是自然资源保护体系的结构性重塑,不仅在关键环节上完善了自然保护地体系,更从实施路径上推进了生态文明建设,提升了生态安全保障水平[6]。随着自然保护地体系的整合推进与功能定位优化,在国家公园管理实践中如何科学评估生态系统服务功能和潜在风险,已成为国家公园生态系统研究的热点之一[7,8]
生态系统服务价值与生态风险分别从正向功能供给与负向潜在威胁两个方面表征生态功能维持和安全保障能力,其空间变化直接影响国家公园生态系统运行状态和长期保护效果[9]。生态系统服务价值主要反映生态系统对社会经济系统的支撑作用,系统表征生态系统服务所蕴含的生态效益与潜在损失,如供给、支持和调节等服务的综合贡献[10-12];研究多基于土地利用类型的价值评估框架和单位面积的价值当量表,对生态系统服务功能货币量化,分析不同类型生态系统服务价值时空演化规律[13-15]。生态系统风险则由早期关注污染物暴露风险向综合分析土地覆被结构变化、生态系统退化及其潜在影响研究拓展[16-19],侧重生态系统在受到外部干扰后可能发生的生态失衡或退化发生情景,多用于风险防控与生态安全保障[20,21]。已有研究表明,生态系统服务价值与生态风险在空间格局和变化趋势上表现出一定关联性,但空间关系具有明显异质性,并非单一模式,且受土地覆盖、气候变化及人类活动强度等多重因素的综合影响[22,23]。如在不同地区和时间段内,草地、林地和湿地等生态系统仍面临不同程度的退化风险,其生态系统服务价值增加可能伴随生态风险下降,也可能与生态风险升高同时出现,其关联特征的差异反映了生态系统对自然条件和外部扰动的响应程度,为因地制宜开展生态管控和分区管理提供重要依据[24,25]。近年来,相关研究开始从分别探究生态系统服务价值或生态风险的时空分布特征,转向关注二者的空间关联模式及其驱动机制[26,27]。现有研究多以省域或典型功能区为研究范围,如福建省[26]、安徽省[28]、青海省[29]、北京市[30]、呼包鄂区[31]和洞庭湖区[32]等,对以生态保护为核心、空间管理严格的国家公园关注相对有限;研究内容主要围绕二者的时空演变特征、权衡/协同关系和生态分区管理展开[33,34],缺乏对国家公园尺度下二者长时序演变过程中关联特征的系统分析;研究方法多应用空间自相关分析与多元回归模型,并逐渐引入地理加权回归和地理探测器等方法以揭示二者的空间关联特征的驱动机制[27,32,34],涵盖的驱动因子类型仍需由单一自然生态类扩展至社会经济类因子[32,35,36]
三江源国家公园地处青藏高原腹地,高寒生态系统特征显著,承担着保护“中华水塔”、高原生物多样性和保障国家生态安全的重要功能。区域内生态系统类型多样但整体环境脆弱,对气候变化和人类活动干扰较为敏感,其生态系统服务供给能力与生态风险状况不同于一般区域。因此,本文以三江源国家公园为研究区,系统分析2000—2020年不同生态系统类型基础特征,综合运用双变量空间自相关分析明晰了生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间集聚特征及其时空变化规律,进一步采用最优带宽地理加权回归模型揭示了二者空间关联特征,据此划分不同生态保护与修复类型区域,并结合随机森林与最优参数地理探测器筛选和识别关键驱动因子,探讨其内在关联和驱动机制,从而为国家公园分区管理与差异化保护修复提供指导,支撑国家生态安全格局的长期稳定。
三江源国家公园是2021年首批设立的5个国家公园之一,位于89°24′06′′E—99°06′46′′E,32°26′04′′N—36°16′49′′N(图1),属于青藏高原的核心地带,昆仑山脉、巴颜喀拉山、唐古拉山等重要山脉在此交汇,平均海拔高于4700 m。公园总面积19.07万km2,核心保护区和一般控制区面积分别为10.58万、8.49万km2,涉及玉树、果洛藏族自治州和海西蒙古族藏族自治州等地[37]。公园内拥有多种生态系统类型,如雪山冰川、河湖湿地、高山荒漠、高寒草原和草甸等,不仅是“中华水塔”,更是地球第三极青藏高原高寒生态系统大尺度保护的典范[38]。公园包括长江源、黄河源、澜沧江源3个区域,长江源区以其壮丽的高山冰川著称,黄河源区拥有罕见的“千湖”自然奇观,澜沧江源区孕育着雪豹、藏羚羊和唐古红景天等青藏高原独特的野生动植物。
本文涉及多种数据类型,主要包括自然生态、社会经济、基础地理数据和国家公园边界[24,27]。考虑到数据的可获取性,本文研究时限为2000—2020年。变量及其编码如表1所示。
(1)自然生态数据:气候数据(包括最低气温、最高气温和年降水量等19个变量)来源于国家地球系统科学数据中心(https://www.geodata.cn/)和WorldClim(https://worldclim.org/);土壤数据来源于资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/),空间分辨率为500 m;NDVI数据来源于国家生态科学数据中心(http://www.nesdc.org.cn/),空间分辨率30 m;净初级生产力NPP来源于MODIS数据(https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/),空间分辨率为500 m;土地利用数据来源于武汉大学遥感数据中心(https://zenodo.org/records/),空间分辨率为30 m。
(2)社会经济数据:青海省粮食作物播种面积、年总产出量和农产品价格来源于《中国农村统计年鉴》和《青海省统计年鉴》等相关数据;人类足迹指数来源于中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院(https: //www.x-mol.com/),空间分辨率为1000 m;GDP、夜间灯光数据和人口密度来源于中国科学院资源与环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/),空间分辨率为1000 m。
(3)基础地理数据:高程、行政边界等来源于国家地理基础信息数据库(https://www.ngcc.cn/)和自然资源部标准地图服务(http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/);公路道路距离和铁路道路距离采用ArcGIS软件中的欧式距离获取;坡度采用ArcGIS软件中的DEM数据生成;土壤敏感性根据ArcGIS软件中的重分类工具生成。另外,考虑尺度效应及最优参数地理探测的准确性,设置统一投影坐标为WGS 1984 UTM Zone 46N,重采样为30 m分辨率,并应用渔网工具划分出8226个5 km×5 km网格单元。
(4)国家公园边界数据来源于国家林业和草原局及《三江源国家公园总体规划(2015—2035)》。
(1)生态系统服务价值评估方法
采用谢高地等[14]提出的单位面积生态系统服务价值体系。考虑到不同区域生态系统服务价值当量存在显著差异,以青海省与全国平均粮食产量的比值作为生态系统服务价值当量的修正系数,对全国生态系统服务价值当量表进行校正,从而反映区域实际生态系统服务价值水平。具体公式如下:
$\lambda =\frac{{\lambda }_{1}}{{\lambda }_{2}}$
${d}_{ij}=\lambda \times {f}_{cij}$
式中:λ为区域生态系统服务价值当量修正系数;λ1为青海省平均粮食产量;λ2为中国平均粮食产量;dij为第j类生态系统第i种生态服务价值修正当量因子;fcij为全国价值系数当量表。根据2000—2020年青海省与全国的总播种面积、总产量的实际情况,计算不同年份的修正系数,并以各时段修正系数的均值作为最终修正系数,即λ为0.70。
对区域农田食物生产生态系统服务价值单价进行量化测算,公式如下:
$Q=\frac{1}{7}\sum _{p=1}^{n}\frac{{R}_{p}{S}_{p}{T}_{p}}{M}\mathrm{ }\left(p=1,\mathrm{ }2,\mathrm{ }3,\mathrm{ }\cdots,\mathrm{ }n\right)$
式中:Q为单位面积农田所能够提供食物功能的市场价值(元/hm2);p为粮食作物种类(在青海主要为青稞、小麦和玉米,n=3);Rp为第p种粮食作物在全国的平均价格(元/t);Sp为第p种粮食作物单产 (t/hm2);Tp为第p种粮食作物面积(hm2);Mn种粮食作物的总面积(hm2);1/7指单位面积没有人力投入与有人力投入的农田所提供价值比值[14]。考虑到2000—2020年粮食价格呈现阶段性波动,且近年来价格相对稳定,以2020年粮食产量、平均市场价格为依据,计算后确定Q为1474.27元/hm2表23)。
${D}_{ij}={d}_{ij}Q\left(i=1,\mathrm{ }2,\mathrm{ }3,\mathrm{ }\cdots,\mathrm{ }11;\mathrm{ }j=1,\mathrm{ }2,\mathrm{ }3,\mathrm{ }\cdots,\mathrm{ }8\right)$
$ESV=\sum _{i=1}^{11}\sum _{j=1}^{8}{A}_{j}{D}_{ij}$
式中:Dijj类生态系统i种生态服务价值当量因子(元/hm2);Ajj类生态系统的面积;ESV为生态系统服务的总体经济价值。
(2)生态风险评估方法
生态风险指数与不同土地利用类型空间配置组合及面积占比密切相关,常用于衡量区域生态系统受到外部因素干扰后可能发生的潜在生态退化风险。本文基于三江源国家公园土地利用格局和生态本底状态,通过生态风险指数对各网格单元的生态风险进行空间量化评估。具体公式如下:
$E{R}_{x}=\sum _{t=1}^{N}\left(\frac{{L}_{xt}{R}_{t}}{{L}_{x}}\right)$
式中:ERx为第x个网格单元中土地利用生态风险指数;Lxt为第x个网格单元中t类土地利用类型面积;Lx为第x个网格单元中土地利用类型总面积;Rt为第t类土地利用类型的生态风险参数;N为土地覆被类型的数量。参考已有研究构建的土地生态风险评估框架和生态风险指数测度方法,采用相关学者的权重赋值[17,20,31],将耕地类赋值为0.356,森林类赋值为0.166,草地类赋值为0.055,水域和湿地类赋值为0.052,荒漠赋值为0.018。
(3)双变量空间自相关模型
双变量空间自相关是空间自相关模型中识别两种变量的空间关系模型,空间自相关可以识别单一或多种变量,包括全局空间自相关和局部空间自相关两种类型。本文采用双变量空间自相关分析方法,探究生态系统服务价值和生态风险整体空间相关关系以及空间局部集聚与离散效应。具体公式如下:
$I=\frac{m\sum _{k=1}^{m}\sum _{l=1}^{m}{\mathit{w}}_{kl}\left(\frac{{x}_{k,a}-{\stackrel{-}{x}}_{a}}{{\sigma }_{a}}\right)\left(\frac{{x}_{k,b}-{\stackrel{-}{x}}_{b}}{{\sigma }_{b}}\right)}{\left(m-1\right)\sum _{k=1}^{m}\sum _{l=1}^{m}{w}_{kl}}$
式中:I为双变量全局莫兰指数,取值范围为[-1, 1]。xk,axk,b分别表示第k个网格单元中生态系统服务价值与生态风险;${\stackrel{-}{x}}_{a}$${\stackrel{-}{x}}_{b}$为其均值;σaσb为对应变量的标准差;wkl为基于空间邻接关系建立的第k个网格单元与第l个网格单元之间的空间权重矩阵;m为网格单元总数。基于Geoda软件,创建空间权重矩阵,生成全局自相关莫兰指数和局部莫兰指数聚类图,并将空间单元划分为高价值-高风险、高价值-低风险、低价值-高风险和低价值-低风险4种空间聚集形式。
(4)随机森林模型
随机森林模型不仅可以克服多重共线性的问题,还可以评估因子重要性,筛选出重要指标。参考已有研究[39],选取自然环境、社会经济两类共30个变量,自然环境类为高程、坡度、多年平均气候数据(Bio1-19)、NDVI、NPP和土壤敏感性,社会经济类为人类足迹指数、GDP、人口密度、夜间灯光、铁路道路距离和公路道路距离[39]。利用ArcGIS Pro中的“以表格显示分区统计工具”和“多值提取到点工具”,将30个变量统计到格网,剔除部分空值和异常值格网数据后导入随机森林模型。利用R语言中randomForest包和rfPermute包,以均方误差增加百分比(Increase in MSE)为依据,对30个变量进行相对重要性得分排序,并评估其显著性水平,最终确定12个主导变量。
(5)最优带宽地理加权回归和最优参数地理探测器
本文以三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值为自变量,生态风险作为因变量,分析二者之间的空间关联特征。同时,采用最优参数地理探测器,从自然环境和社会经济因素两方面探明三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联性的驱动机制,并应用单因子探测和因子交互探测模块识别不同驱动因子的空间解释力。具体公式如下:
${Y}_{e}={\beta }_{0}\left({u}_{e},\mathrm{ }{v}_{e}\right)+\sum _{k=1}^{p}{\beta }_{r}\left({u}_{e},\mathrm{ }{v}_{e}\right){X}_{er}+{ϵ}_{e}$
${\mathit{Z}}_{eg}=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{{h}_{eg}^{2}}{2{B}^{2}}\right)$
式中:Ye为位置e的生态风险;β0(ue, ve)为截距项,其中(ue, ve)为位置e的坐标;Xer为位置er种生态系统服务价值;βr(ue, ve)Xer的回归系数;ϵe为误差项;Zeg为加权矩阵;heg为位置eg的距离;B为带宽。鉴于生态系统服务价值与生态风险之间的空间关联具有显著非平稳性,采用最优带宽地理加权回归模型剖析其空间关联强度。基于R语言,采用交叉验证方法对不同候选带宽进行逐一检验,选择残差平方和最小的带宽作为最优带宽。
$q=1-\frac{\sum _{h=1}^{L}{N}_{h}{{\sigma }_{h}}^{2}}{N{\sigma }^{2}}$
式中:q为解释力指数,数值介于0~1,值越大其解释力越强;h为空间的某个子区域;L为划分空间子区域数量;Nh为第h个子区域中的样本量;σ2为整体现象值方差;σh2为第h个子区域的现象值方差;N为样本总量。最优参数地理探测器克服了传统地理探测器数据离散分类的随机性和主观性,通过调整分类方法使q值达到最大化而非显著性最优[40]
2000—2020年三江源国家公园内不同类型生态系统面积变化不一,林地、水体、荒地和湿地生态系统面积增加,耕地、灌木、草地和雪/冰生态系统面积减少(图2)。从绝对变化上看,面积占比最高的草地生态系统,其面积减少最多,共减少422695.62 hm2(占2020年草地面积的2.76%),主要转化为水体和荒地;面积占比第二位的荒地生态系统,其面积增加最多,共增加308279.16 hm2,主要由草地和水体转化而来;这可能受气候变化等自然因素和过度农牧等人为因素的双重影响。随着全球气候变暖,三江源国家公园内冰川加速消融,雪/冰生态系统面积大幅减少,主要转化为荒地和水体,减少23891.76 hm2。与此同时,水体增加137956.59 hm2。另外,由于退耕还林和国家公园建设,林地生态系统面积增加627.57 hm2。从相对变化(表4)上看,面积变化动态度从大到小依次为:灌木(-3.19%)、耕地(-2.69%)、林地(1.29%)、水体(1.23%)、荒地(0.61%)、雪/冰(-0.46%)、湿地(0.16%)和草地(-0.13%)。
(1)生态系统服务价值时空变化
生态系统服务价值整体呈增加趋势(增幅2.36%),由2000年的3978.75亿元持续增加到2020年的4092.02亿元,后稳定在4072.77亿元,均值为4040.77亿元。不同类型生态系统按服务价值排序,从高到低为草地、水体、荒地、雪/冰、林地、灌木、湿地和耕地。2020年草地生态系统服务价值占总体的76%,较2000年减少2.69%;水体和荒地生态系统服务价值不断提高,相较于2000年分别增加了24.64%和12.23%。相较于其他类型生态系统,2020年耕地生态系统服务价值最低,为0.22亿元,较2000年减少53.85%。林地生态价值均值为0.65亿元,2020年较2000年增加25.8%,这与林地面积增加1.29%相契合。灌木生态价值均值为0.05亿元,2020年较2000年减少了63.75%,降幅最大,亟须实施专项生态系统保护修复工程。
将上述分析与谢高地等[14]的研究相结合,使用自然间断点法对生态系统服务价值进行分级(图3):低等级[0, 2000)、较低等级[2000, 4000)、中等级[4000, 6000)、较高等级[6000, 8000)和高等级[8000, ∞)。2020年中、较低等级为主要类型,面积占比分别为65.85%、15.92%;高等级面积占比最少,仅占1.97%;低、较高等级面积则分别为13.72%、2.54%。从变化幅度来看,2000—2020年高等级面积降幅最大,减少了2.60%,主要转化成了低、较低、较高等级;较低等级面积涨幅最大,增加了1.57%;较高等级面积涨幅最小,增加了0.53%;低等级面积有一定增长,增加了0.80%;中等级面积有所减少,减少了0.30%。从空间分布来看,高等级主要位于长江源区西部的可可西里湖、两金乌兰湖和乌兰乌拉湖,中部的霍通诺尔、多尔改错、特拉什湖等区域,以及黄河源区中西部的鄂陵湖和扎陵湖;较高等级散布在长江源区南部的通天河上游与沱沱河交汇区域,澜沧江源区东南部的昂赛保护分区核心区,以及黄河源区东南部的日格措岔玛和岗纳格玛错;较低、低等级区域则集中在长江源区西北部的布喀达坂峰、北部的昆仑山脉附近。
(2)生态风险时空变化
为采用自然间断点法对生态风险指数进行分级(图4):低等级[0, 0.25)、较低等级[0.25, 0.35)、中等级[0.35, 0.45)、较高等级[0.45, 0.55)、高等级[0.55, ∞)生态风险区。2000—2020年三江源国家公园生态风险指数由3.688下降至3.633,降幅约为1.49%,区域生态风险整体降低。从总体趋势来看,不同等级生态风险区域面积呈阶段性波动特征,低等级与中等级风险区面积整体表现为“N”型变化;较低等级风险区面积呈“V”型变化;较高等级风险区面积呈倒“N”型变化;高等级风险区面积则呈倒“V”型变化趋势。同时,生态风险区域在相互转化过程中,总体由较高等级向低、中等级转变。从面积占比来看,2020年较高等级区域最高(77.77%),但降幅最大,较2000年减少了3.05%;高等级区域占比最低(1.06%),增幅最小,较2000年仅增加了0.02%;中等级区域占比为9.83%,增幅最大,较2000年增加了1.42%;较低、低等级区域占比分别为6.05%和5.29%,变化幅度均较小。从空间分布来看,低、较低、中等级生态风险区域主要位于长江源园西北部和北部的昆仑山、太阳湖、可可西里湖等附近,多为湖泊和沼泽湿地等生态系统;较高等级区域在各源区均有分布,如长江源区东南部、澜沧江源区中西部、黄河源区大部;高等级区域主要位于澜沧江源区东南部,风险主要源于过度农牧等人类活动的干扰。
(1)生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联性
表征生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关系的莫兰指数在2000—2020年均为正值且大于0,p值小于0.05,表明两者存在显著正相关关系(图5)。其中,2000—2010年莫兰指数相对稳定,2015年明显降低,相关性有所减弱,2020年重新回到0.202。据LISA图可知,两者在空间集聚分布上存在显著差异(图6)。在面积上,高-高聚集区域呈先减后增趋势,但最终仍然减少了0.50%。低-高聚集区域面积总体增加且增幅最大(1.41%),低-低和高-低聚集区域也有所增加,分别为1.11%和0.09%。在空间格局上,高-高集聚区主要位于长江源区东南部、澜沧江源区和黄河源区南部,这些区域生态系统服务价值高,但海拔较高、地形复杂,易受全球变化影响出现冰川退缩、冻土融化、土地沙化及生物多样性下降等生态退化问题。低-低集聚区主要位于长江源区西北部,这些地区多为荒地无人区。低-高集聚区散布在长江源区中部和黄河源区西部,该地区生态系统脆弱,易受周边高风险区域影响。高-低集聚区主要位于原可可西里自然保护区的可可西里湖、西金乌兰湖等区域,拥有优越的生态条件和多样的生物资源。
(2)生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联类型与分布格局
空间回归结果表明,不同区域生态系统服务价值与生态风险之间的回归系数存在显著差异,揭示了二者空间关联的异质性。在正关联区域(回归系数β>0),生态系统服务价值提升的同时伴随生态风险上升,表明服务功能增强尚未有效转化为风险缓释效能,该区域生态系统对外部干扰较为敏感,结构稳定性和调节能力相对有限,需要适度生态修复与干预措施;在负关联区域(回归系数β<0),生态系统服务价值提升有助于生态风险降低,体现出较强的自我调节能力和较高的系统稳定性,服务供给对风险具有明显抑制作用,更适宜以严格保护为主,避免人为干扰引发系统退化;对于回归系数接近于0的区域(β≈0),生态系统服务价值变化对生态风险的影响较小,一般以自然保护为主,可适当采取针对性生态修复措施进行干预。
据此,可将研究区划分为生态修复主导区域(适度干预)、生态保护主导区域(无需干预)和生态保护与修复并重区域(保护为主,少量干预)3类(图7),基于生态系统服务价值-生态风险空间关联性的差异,实施生态保护分区管控和差异化生态修复工程干预。具体如下:①生态修复主导区域主要位于长江源区东部楚玛尔河、通天河上游,北部昆仑山脉以及澜沧江源区西部扎曲河地区,以高寒草原、森林、荒漠等生态系统为主,需重点干预以恢复其生态功能。②生态保护主导区域主要位于长江源区南部的乌兰乌拉山脉和黄河源区中部的鄂菱湖、扎陵湖附近,与原可可西里自然保护区和三江源自然保护区范围相近,以大面积高原湖泊湿地为主,生态原真性完好,受人类活动影响较小。③生态保护与修复并重区域主要位于长江源区西部的可可西里湖、勒斜武担湖等湖泊附近和黄河源区东部的东曲河、日格措岔玛湖等周边地区,以高寒草甸、高寒草原、沼泽等生态系统为主,这些区域存在一定的人类活动,生态系统较为脆弱,需平衡保护与利用。从面积来看,2020年生态保护主导区域占比53.52%,较2000年增加24.99%;生态修复主导区域占比32.67%,较2000年减少0.80%;生态保护与修复并重区域占比13.81%,较2000年减少24.19%。对生态保护和修复空间类型的动态识别与划分,能实时反映生态系统变化趋势,为国家公园的生态保护动态管控和生态修复分区治理提供依据。
(1)驱动因子筛选
随机森林模型结果显示R2为93.14%,p<0.05,说明模型具有很高的拟合度且非常显著。按均方误差增加百分比(IncMSE)方法排序并考虑因子显著性,确定公路道路距离(9.98%)、土壤敏感性(7.95%)、NDVI(7.01%)、人类足迹指数(6.87%)、NPP(6.62%)、铁路道路距离(5.92%)、年平均气温(5.78%)、等温性(5.66%)、气温季节性变化(5.09%)、平均年降水量(5.04%)、最干月份降水量(4.71%)和降水量季节性变化(3.85%)等12个主导因素,高程、坡度和夜间灯光等驱动因素不显著。
(2)驱动因子空间效应地理探测
从单因子探测结果来看,生态系统服务价值与生态风险关联性空间差异受自然环境因子和社会经济因子共同驱动(图8)。人类足迹指数(0.5830)反映资源开发和土地利用转型等强化了人为干扰强度,使生态系统服务供给水平与风险累积程度在不同区域呈差异化分布。降水量季节性变化(0.5309)体现了高寒地区水资源时空分配特征,其对水源涵养与土壤侵蚀等关键生态作用具有显著约束效应,推动二者关联格局的空间变化。气温季节性变化(0.4405)则调控植物生长节律和生物活动范围,从而使二者空间对应关系发生变化。
从交互探测结果来看,各因子组合呈现12对非线性增强、51对协同增强和3对单因子减弱3种类型,表明生态系统服务价值和生态风险关联性空间差异的形成是多因子交互作用的结果(图9)。在非线性增强类型中,NDVI与年平均气温的交互解释力(0.9044)说明植被结构状态对热量条件具有显著的响应特征,其交互作用强化了对关联性空间差异的解释能力。平均年降水量与降水量季节性变化的交互解释力(0.8692)反映水资源总量与季节分配存在非独立关系,其叠加效应扩大了关联格局的空间差异程度。在协同增强类型中,NDVI与人类足迹指数的交互解释力(0.8936)表明人类活动改变植被空间格局,植被景观结构状态与人为干扰强度共同强化了关联性空间差异。单因子减弱类型中,铁路道路距离分别与人类足迹指数、NDVI及公路道路距离形成减弱效应(0.5391、0.3347、0.1744),说明交通区位因子与其他因子叠加后,未进一步增强关联性空间差异。
本文系统分析了2000—2020年三江源国家公园不同类型生态系统的空间变化,讨论了其生态系统服务价值与生态风险的时空演化过程及空间关联性。主要结论如下:
(1)三江源国家公园生态系统整体结构未发生显著重构,但不同类型生态系统的面积变化幅度不一。从面积来看,草地生态系统面积减少最多,主要向水体和荒地转化,总面积减少422695.62 hm2;荒地生态系统增加最多,主要由草地和水体转化而来,增加308279.16 hm2。从相对变化上看,面积变化动态度从大到小依次为:灌木(-3.19%)、耕地(-2.69%)、林地(1.29%)、水体(1.23%)、荒地(0.61%)、雪冰(-0.46%)、湿地(0.16%)、草地(-0.13%)。
(2)三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值总体呈上升趋势,增幅达2.36%;生态风险则呈下降趋势,降幅为-1.49%。从空间分布来看,高等级生态系统服务价值区主要位于可可西里湖、两金乌兰湖、乌兰乌拉湖等湖泊区域,低等级区则多分布于布喀达坂峰等山脉附近。高等级生态风险区主要位于澜沧江源区东南部高寒草甸及草原区域,低等级区则集中于昆仑山脉与可可西里湖周边。
(3)三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险呈显著空间关联,但两者空间关联的分布特征不同。高-高聚集区面积略有减少(0.50%),低-高聚集区面积增长1.41%,低-低聚集区面积增加1.11%,高-低聚集区增幅最小(0.09%)。基于关联性特征,三江源国家公园可划分为3类生态保护与修复类型区域,其中生态保护主导区域面积最大,以高原湖泊与湿地生态系统为主;生态修复主导区域面积次之,以草原与林地生态系统为主;生态保护与修复并重区域面积最小,以高寒草甸和沼泽生态系统为主。
(4)三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值与生态风险关联性空间差异受自然环境和社会经济因子共同驱动,双因子交互的解释力多高于单因子。随机森林模型识别出公路道路距离、NDVI、人类足迹指数等12个关键因子。单因子探测发现,人类足迹指数和降水量季节性变化是解释力最强的单因子;因子交互探测发现,NDVI与年平均气温(非线性增强型,解释力为0.9044)、NDVI与人类足迹指数(协同增强类型,解释力为0.8936)交互作用显著;铁路道路距离与公路道路距离(单因子减弱型,解释力为0.1744)交互作用有限。
针对生态系统服务价值提升与生态风险防控,以三江源国家公园为代表的自然保护地,可采取生态系统保护分区管理、生态系统修复差异化治理的思路,统筹推进生态系统格局优化、关键生态过程调控与重点区域管控,为未来国家公园生态保护与修复提供科学依据。
(1)优化生态系统保护分区管理体系。在国家公园管理过程中,依据生态系统服务价值评估、生态风险识别及其空间关联特征,并结合生态系统脆弱性、敏感性等关键生态本底特征,明确各分区的管控重点与保护方向,提高分区管理的空间适配度,促进生态系统服务功能维持与生态风险有效防控,持续优化涵盖核心保护区与一般控制区的国家公园生态系统空间管控体系。
(2)强化关键驱动因子作用显著区域的重点管控。NDVI、气温季节性变化和人类足迹指数等关键因子及其交互作用对生态系统服务价值与生态风险空间关联性具有较强解释力,是影响国家公园生态系统结构与功能稳定的因素。在生态过程调控中,整合生态遥感监测、压力状态响应(PSR)框架与分区管理需求,重点关注关键驱动因子及其交互作用显著区域,加强人类活动强度调控和生态保护力度,降低生态风险累积,提升国家公园生态系统结构稳定性。
(3)推动基于分区管理的差异化生态系统保护与修复。国家公园可基于分区方案,实施差异化生态系统保护修复措施。生态保护主导区优先保障生态系统服务功能的完整性,推动以严格的生态保护措施防范潜在生态风险;生态修复主导区域虽需实施工程干预帮助降低生态风险,但仍需强调生态修复工程的科学与适度,坚持自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅的原则;生态保护与修复并重区域面积最小但功能关键,需重点关注生态系统保护措施的严格执行,以保护促修复。通过分类实施差异化治理,保障国家公园生态系统安全健康,充分发挥其生态系统维育、保护与示范综合作用。
  • 国家林业和草原局国家公园(自然保护地)发展中心科研项目(20251710501)
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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.05
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
  • 修回日期:2025-10-02
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国家林业和草原局国家公园(自然保护地)发展中心科研项目(20251710501)
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    1 中国地质大学(武汉)艺术与传媒学院, 武汉 430074
    2 中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院, 武汉 430074

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陈昆仑,男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为环境规划与设计、国家公园与自然保护地。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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