Article(id=1281627249044603710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767628800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-06, revisedDate=1769961600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493347655, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493347655, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493347655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493347655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=289, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627249283679040, articleId=1281627249044603710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Research progress on green infrastructure and its implications for national park research, columnId=1281627249212375871, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Theoretical Foundations and International Experience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to empower research on national parks by systematically reviewing the evolutionary trajectory and knowledge framework of green infrastructure research. The findings indicate that: (1) Green infrastructure is a frontier area of international research. It is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas and other environmental features, playing an increasingly prominent role in fostering a harmonious relationship between humans and nature and in promoting sustainable development. Its development has undergone four evolutionary stages: ideological emergence, conceptual formation, functional expansion, and systemic governance. (2) Empirical studies on green infrastructure mainly focus on three major themes—health and well-being, public policy, and climate adaptation—all of which are closely related to the core issues of national park conservation and development. (3) The national parks currently being established in China have become green infrastructure that safeguards ecological security and social development. Future research should address three key dimensions—multiple stakeholders, spatial scales, and service allocation—by examining issues of equity and justice in the distribution of ecosystem services between humans and non-human actors, such as flagship species and keystone vegetation. By advancing a multi-scale collaborative spatial governance approach, such research can drive theoretical and practical innovations in green infrastructure. In summary, this study reveals the profound theoretical linkages between green infrastructure and national park research, contributing to the development of China’s national park-based protected area system and fostering an inclusive vision of territorial spatial planning, while also offering Chinese insights to global ecological governance.

, authors=Xiaomei CAI1, 3, Ruyang LI2, 3, Yongqi WU3, 4, authorsList=Xiaomei CAI, Ruyang LI, Yongqi WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongqi WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627253117272902, articleId=1281627249044603710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=绿色基础设施研究进展及其对国家公园研究的启示, columnId=1281627249371759425, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=理论基础与国际经验, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在通过对绿色基础设施研究的演进脉络与知识谱系的梳理,赋能国家公园的研究。研究发现:①绿色基础设施是国际前沿研究领域,是一个由自然和半自然区域及其他环境特征组成的战略性规划网络,在构建人与自然和谐共生关系以及可持续发展方面具有日益凸显的作用,其发展经历了思想萌芽、概念提出、功能拓展、系统治理4个演进阶段。②绿色基础设施的实证研究主要聚焦于健康福祉、公共政策与气候适应三大议题,相关议题都与国家公园保护与发展的核心命题密切相关。③中国正在建设的国家公园已成为保障生态安全与社会发展的绿色基础设施。未来研究可从多元主体、空间尺度与服务配置3个层面,关注人类与旗舰物种、关键植被等非人类行动者之间生态系统服务分配的公平正义问题,并通过理顺多尺度协同的空间治理思路,推动绿色基础设施的理论与实践创新。总之,本文揭示了绿色基础设施与国家公园研究之间深层的理论关联性,有助于推动中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设,以及培育具有包容性的国土空间规划理念,同时为全球生态治理贡献中国智慧。

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蔡晓梅,女,湖南隆回人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:

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吴泳琪,女,广东肇庆人,博士研究生,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:
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Multidimensional analysis of green infrastructure and other core concepts

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概念 概念定义 涵盖范围 概念特征 主要功能 文献
绿色基础设施 国家自然生命支持系统,即一个由水道、绿道、湿地、公园、森林、农场和其他保护区域等组成的、旨在维护生态环境与提高人民生活质量的相互连接的网络 网络中心、连接廊道、小型场地 战略性、多功能性、网络性 生态调节、社会文化、经济 Mubareka等[14]
灰色基础设施 传统意义上的市政基础设施,以单一功能的市政工程为主导,是由道路、桥梁、铁路、管道以及其他确保工业化经济正常运作所必需的公共设施所组成的网络 交通系统、排水排污系统、能源系统等工程性设施 单一功能性、工程化、刚性 快速输送、末端治理、交通通行、能源输送 Dong等[9]
生态基础设施 城市所依赖的自然系统,城市及其居民能持续地获得自然服务的基础,这些生态服务包括提供新鲜空气、食物、体育、休闲娱乐、安全庇护以及审美和教育等 能提供自然服务的城市绿地系统、林业及农业系统、自然保护地系统、以自然为背景的文化遗产网络 系统性、完整性、全要素协同 保障城市生态功能正常运行 俞孔坚等[15]
韩林桅等[16]
城市绿色空间 由具有光合作用的绿色植被与其周围光、土、水、气等环境要素共同构成的具有生命支撑、社会服务和环境保护等多重功能的城市地域空间 公园、社区花园、公共绿地、林地、草地、农田、湿地及水域等多种土地利用类型,可分为自然、半自然和人工型3类 网络性、等级性、公众参与性 生命支撑、社会服务、环境保护 常青等[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1281627259534558068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627249044603710, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

绿色基础设施与其他核心概念的多维辨析

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概念 概念定义 涵盖范围 概念特征 主要功能 文献
绿色基础设施 国家自然生命支持系统,即一个由水道、绿道、湿地、公园、森林、农场和其他保护区域等组成的、旨在维护生态环境与提高人民生活质量的相互连接的网络 网络中心、连接廊道、小型场地 战略性、多功能性、网络性 生态调节、社会文化、经济 Mubareka等[14]
灰色基础设施 传统意义上的市政基础设施,以单一功能的市政工程为主导,是由道路、桥梁、铁路、管道以及其他确保工业化经济正常运作所必需的公共设施所组成的网络 交通系统、排水排污系统、能源系统等工程性设施 单一功能性、工程化、刚性 快速输送、末端治理、交通通行、能源输送 Dong等[9]
生态基础设施 城市所依赖的自然系统,城市及其居民能持续地获得自然服务的基础,这些生态服务包括提供新鲜空气、食物、体育、休闲娱乐、安全庇护以及审美和教育等 能提供自然服务的城市绿地系统、林业及农业系统、自然保护地系统、以自然为背景的文化遗产网络 系统性、完整性、全要素协同 保障城市生态功能正常运行 俞孔坚等[15]
韩林桅等[16]
城市绿色空间 由具有光合作用的绿色植被与其周围光、土、水、气等环境要素共同构成的具有生命支撑、社会服务和环境保护等多重功能的城市地域空间 公园、社区花园、公共绿地、林地、草地、农田、湿地及水域等多种土地利用类型,可分为自然、半自然和人工型3类 网络性、等级性、公众参与性 生命支撑、社会服务、环境保护 常青等[13]
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绿色基础设施研究进展及其对国家公园研究的启示
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蔡晓梅 1, 3 , 李汝阳 2, 3 , 吴泳琪 3, 4
资源科学 | 理论基础与国际经验 2026,48(2): 289-303
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资源科学 |理论基础与国际经验 2026 , 48 (2) : 289 -303
绿色基础设施研究进展及其对国家公园研究的启示
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3 华南师范大学生态文明与绿色治理研究中心, 广州 510631, bio={"content":"

蔡晓梅,女,湖南隆回人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:

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蔡晓梅1, 3 , 李汝阳2, 3, 吴泳琪3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 华南师范大学经济与管理学院, 广州 510006
  • 2 华南师范大学旅游管理学院, 广州 510006
  • 3 华南师范大学生态文明与绿色治理研究中心, 广州 510631
  • 4 华南师范大学地理科学学院, 广州 510631
通讯作者:
吴泳琪,女,广东肇庆人,博士研究生,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡晓梅,女,湖南隆回人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:

Research progress on green infrastructure and its implications for national park research
Xiaomei CAI1, 3 , Ruyang LI2, 3, Yongqi WU3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2 School of Tourism Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3 Research Center for Ecological Conservation and Green Governance, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
  • 4 School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.01
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本文旨在通过对绿色基础设施研究的演进脉络与知识谱系的梳理,赋能国家公园的研究。研究发现:①绿色基础设施是国际前沿研究领域,是一个由自然和半自然区域及其他环境特征组成的战略性规划网络,在构建人与自然和谐共生关系以及可持续发展方面具有日益凸显的作用,其发展经历了思想萌芽、概念提出、功能拓展、系统治理4个演进阶段。②绿色基础设施的实证研究主要聚焦于健康福祉、公共政策与气候适应三大议题,相关议题都与国家公园保护与发展的核心命题密切相关。③中国正在建设的国家公园已成为保障生态安全与社会发展的绿色基础设施。未来研究可从多元主体、空间尺度与服务配置3个层面,关注人类与旗舰物种、关键植被等非人类行动者之间生态系统服务分配的公平正义问题,并通过理顺多尺度协同的空间治理思路,推动绿色基础设施的理论与实践创新。总之,本文揭示了绿色基础设施与国家公园研究之间深层的理论关联性,有助于推动中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设,以及培育具有包容性的国土空间规划理念,同时为全球生态治理贡献中国智慧。

绿色基础设施  /  国家公园  /  空间治理  /  公平正义  /  研究综述

This study aims to empower research on national parks by systematically reviewing the evolutionary trajectory and knowledge framework of green infrastructure research. The findings indicate that: (1) Green infrastructure is a frontier area of international research. It is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas and other environmental features, playing an increasingly prominent role in fostering a harmonious relationship between humans and nature and in promoting sustainable development. Its development has undergone four evolutionary stages: ideological emergence, conceptual formation, functional expansion, and systemic governance. (2) Empirical studies on green infrastructure mainly focus on three major themes—health and well-being, public policy, and climate adaptation—all of which are closely related to the core issues of national park conservation and development. (3) The national parks currently being established in China have become green infrastructure that safeguards ecological security and social development. Future research should address three key dimensions—multiple stakeholders, spatial scales, and service allocation—by examining issues of equity and justice in the distribution of ecosystem services between humans and non-human actors, such as flagship species and keystone vegetation. By advancing a multi-scale collaborative spatial governance approach, such research can drive theoretical and practical innovations in green infrastructure. In summary, this study reveals the profound theoretical linkages between green infrastructure and national park research, contributing to the development of China’s national park-based protected area system and fostering an inclusive vision of territorial spatial planning, while also offering Chinese insights to global ecological governance.

green infrastructure  /  national parks  /  spatial governance  /  equity and justice  /  research review
蔡晓梅, 李汝阳, 吴泳琪. 绿色基础设施研究进展及其对国家公园研究的启示. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 289 -303 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.01
Xiaomei CAI, Ruyang LI, Yongqi WU. Research progress on green infrastructure and its implications for national park research[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 289 -303 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.01
在全球气候变化加剧、生物多样性持续丧失以及生态系统服务功能退化的背景下,人类社会发展正面临前所未有的资源环境约束。快速城市化与土地利用方式转型不断压缩自然空间,削弱生态系统的调节与支撑功能,资源供给安全与生态风险问题日益凸显[1]。面对这一紧迫形势,寻求能够协调生态保护与人类发展的系统性解决方案已刻不容缓。在此背景下,绿色基础设施作为整合生态保护、资源配置与空间治理的重要理念与实践路径,逐渐成为协调生态系统保护与社会经济发展的关键工具。现有研究主要聚焦于城市空间语境下绿色基础设施所承载的多重社会保障功能,包括气候变化适应[2]、居民健康福祉提升[3]以及降雨洪水治理[4]等,亦有研究开始关注乡村地区的绿色基础设施实践[5]。然而,无论是城市还是乡村语境,既有研究多围绕特定空间功能或单一分析维度展开,尚缺乏对绿色基础设施作为国家战略性空间框架的系统性审视。
国家公园在中国具有独特的基础设施意涵。作为以生态保护、绿色发展与民生改善相统一为核心理念的场域,国家公园不仅是保障自然界生命体繁衍生息、人类健康福祉以及社会经济高质量发展的空间载体,更是中国生态文明体制建设的重要制度实践。当前,中国正在建设全世界最大的国家公园体系,这一进程承载着践行人与自然和谐共生的现代化理念的深层使命,要求我们超越将自然视为保护对象或资源存量的传统思维,转而将山水林田湖草沙冰视为生命共同体,将国家公园本身理解为一个支撑多物种共生、维系代际公平、融通保护与发展的基础性框架。从这个意义上说,国家公园就是一种具有中国特色的绿色基础设施,它不是西方语境下作为城市规划补充工具的绿色网络,而是以国家意志推动建构的、承载生态文明价值的战略空间。
这一判断对绿色基础设施研究提出了新的理论诉求。国际研究的前沿成果固然提供了重要的方法工具与分析视角,但其理论预设难以完全解释中国国家公园建设所面临的复杂制度情境。在中国,国家公园有着明确的国土空间用途规划和管制规定,制度政策和空间治理的作用更为复杂多元,必须直面人类与自然之间复杂的关系、多尺度治理的制度张力,以及生态保护正外部性内部化为社区利益的分配机制等核心议题。回应这些问题,既需要借鉴国际研究成果,更需要立足中国实践进行自主知识体系创新。
基于上述背景,本文旨在系统梳理绿色基础设施的研究进展,并深入探讨其对国家公园的研究启示。首先,通过文献计量方法,梳理了绿色基础设施的概念内涵以及相关研究的主题演进。其次,从社会发展、空间治理与生态保护的视角出发,梳理了绿色基础设施的前沿实证研究内容。进而,从主体、空间和服务3个方面,厘清绿色基础设施研究对于推进国家公园研究的路径指引。因此,本文试图系统回应以下问题:绿色基础设施的概念和研究主题如何形成与演进?其内涵如何界定?该领域的实证研究前沿可为国家公园研究提供怎样的启示?通过对上述问题的探讨,本文期望构建绿色基础设施研究与国家公园治理实践之间的理论联结,为完善中国自然保护地体系建设、推进国土空间可持续规划提供学理参考,同时为全球生态治理与资源科学研究贡献中国智慧。
为厘清绿色基础设施相关研究的发展历程,本文按照规范的筛选流程,对国内外核心文献进行了系统的计量梳理与对比分析。外文文献数据来源于Web of Science核心合集数据库,检索式设置为TS=(“green infrastructure”),时间跨度限定为2006—2025年,通过对检索结果的标题、摘要及全文相关性进行逐一甄别,最终筛选出735篇有效文献构成国际文献分析库。中文文献数据来源于中国知网(CNKI)数据库,在高级检索中设置检索条件为:篇名=“绿色基础设施”OR关键词=“绿色基础设施”OR摘要=“绿色基础设施”,并将来源类别限定为CSSCI、CSCD及北大核心期刊,以保证文献质量。为增强可比性,中文文献检索时间范围同样设定为2006—2025年。经过去重及与主题相关性的严格筛选,最终获得557篇有效中文文献。上述中英文文献数据将共同构成下文研究成果计量分析及研究主题演变探讨的基础。
为解析绿色基础设施研究的量变特征,本文对2006—2025年国内外核心期刊相关文献的年度发文趋势进行梳理与比较(图1)。在国际研究方面,发文量增长稳健且持续,大致可划分为3个阶段:①缓慢起步期(2006—2012年),年均发文量低,处于概念引入与探讨阶段;②稳定发展期(2013—2017年),年发文量稳步增长至44篇,显示其关注度与认可度提升;③快速增长期(2018—2025年),年发文量急剧攀升,于2025年达到107篇。这一迅猛增长与全球对气候变化、生物多样性保护等议题的紧迫性认知加深密切相关,标志着该领域已从一个规划概念演变为重要的跨学科研究与实践前沿。相较于国际研究,国内研究呈现出起步稍晚、增长迅猛、近期波动的特点。其演进过程亦可分为3个阶段:①初步探索期(2006—2015年),发文量在波动中缓慢积累,反映了理念引入与本土化初探;②快速发展期(2016—2022年),在生态文明建设成为国家战略的强政策驱动下,年发文量从17篇快速跃升至73篇,形成明显的研究热潮;③高位调整期(2023—2025年),年发文量在2023年达54篇后,于2024、2025年连续小幅回落,这可能预示着国内研究在经历数量快速扩张后,正步入一个深化反思、质量提升与范式整合的新阶段。总之,国际绿色基础设施研究起步更早,已形成相对成熟且持续增长的知识生产体系;国内研究则呈现出政策驱动与后发追赶特征,目前正处于从数量增长向质量深化转变的关键节点。
为解析绿色基础设施研究的发展特征,本文对近20年来国内外相关文献的期刊载文分布进行了统计。分析显示,国际与国内研究在期刊分布上呈现出截然不同的学科格局与研究范式。国际文献呈现高度集中的态势。主要集中在景观规划与设计、环境管理与政策、生态学等学科,形成了以量化评估、模型模拟与多目标优化为主流的成熟研究范式。国内文献广泛涵盖风景园林、生态学、城乡规划、景观设计等多个学科,反映出国内研究形成了多个工程与应用学科协同参与的活跃格局。这一分布特征表明,国内绿色基础设施研究具有鲜明的实践导向,其议题紧密对接城镇化进程中的生态修复、雨洪管理等具体需求,产学研融合特征显著。
综合来看,绿色基础设施在国际研究中已形成一个较为成熟的领域。国内研究在实践响应层面显示出强大的活力与应用学科的广泛参与,但在贯通生态、空间与社会维度的综合性理论建构方面,仍有深化与体系化的空间。未来国内研究可在延续实践优势的基础上,进一步加强对理论范式的反思与融合,以促进更具原创性的知识产出和国际对话。
绿色基础设施的概念内涵经历了从提出到深化的演进过程,其定义体现了战略性(Strategic)、网络性(Network)与多功能性(Multi-functionality)的核心特征。作为一个正式概念,其最早于1999年由美国保护基金会和美国农业部森林管理局组织的绿色基础设施工作组提出,其被定义为国家自然生命支持系统,从诞生之初就被赋予了战略框架的角色。2013年,欧盟委员会在其发布的“绿色基础设施——提高欧洲的自然资本”战略中,将绿色基础设施定义为“经过战略性规划后,由自然、半自然区域连接而成的空间网络,与人为管理和设计的环境要素共同提供多项生态系统服务”[6]。这一定义进一步突出了绿色基础设施的战略性、网络性与多功能性。战略性体现在绿色基础设施被视为一项前瞻性的国土空间规划框架与长期公共政策投资,是建立在生态理论基础之上,针对传统灰色基础设施和社会基础设施概念而提出的空间规划新范式。网络性强调绿色基础设施并非孤立的点状绿地,而是由水道、湿地、林地、野生生物栖息地、公园、绿道等各类生态要素通过廊道相互连接形成的空间网络系统。多功能性则指该网络旨在协同实现环境、社会与经济的综合效益[7]。综上所述,本文认为绿色基础设施的内涵为:由自然与半自然要素通过廊道连接构成的多功能空间网络,其形成依赖于战略性规划,旨在通过提供复合型生态系统服务,保障人与自然和谐共生以及国土空间可持续规划。
绿色基础设施的物理实体与空间功能由其核心要素与层级化的网络构成。在空间上,这一系统主要包括网络中心(Hubs)、连接廊道(Corridors)和小型场地(Sites)三大类要素,它们通过生态与规划逻辑相互连接,共同形成一个跨尺度、有机统一的绿色网络体系。网络中心是系统在宏观尺度上生态功能最为核心、面积相对广阔的自然或半自然区域,通常具有较高的生境质量和生物多样性价值,例如国家公园、大型自然保护区、区域森林、湿地综合体以及生态保育区。它们作为生态网络的源或汇,发挥着涵养水源、庇护物种、维持核心生态过程及提供大规模游憩机会的关键作用。连接廊道则是维系系统结构与功能连续性的线性空间要素[8],负责在多个空间尺度上串联分散的网络中心与小型场地,促进生态流与人文活动的流动。常见的连接廊道包括河流及滨水绿带、生态绿道、防护林带、野生动物迁徙通道以及景观视觉通廊。它们不仅是生态联系的桥梁,往往也是塑造区域与城市景观格局的骨架。小型场地作为网络在微观尺度上的末端节点与渗透性单元,是广泛镶嵌在建成环境中的中小型绿色空间,例如社区公园、街头绿地、广场、雨水花园、绿色屋顶及口袋公园。它们通常并不直接毗邻国家公园等宏观网络中心,而是通过多尺度的连接廊道(如区域绿道、城市河流、生态廊道等)间接地与宏观生态源相连接,共同嵌入统一的绿色基础设施网络。它们虽尺度有限,但数量众多、贴近市民日常生活,是生态服务惠及民众、实现社会包容与环境教育最直接的触点,并能有效改善微气候、增强局地雨洪韧性。这三大类要素通过枢纽-廊道-节点的相互串联,在不同地理尺度上进行组合与衔接,构成了绿色基础设施发挥其系统性、多功能性服务的坚实空间基础。
为了更精确地理解绿色基础设施的独特内涵,有必要将其与几个相近概念进行辨析(表1)。首先,灰色基础设施(Grey Infrastructure)往往指传统意义上的市政基础设施,以单一功能的市政工程为主导,是由道路、桥梁、铁路、管道以及其他确保工业化经济正常运作所必需的公共设施所组成的网络[9]。其作为高度人工化的城市与工业环境,是城市化区域维持社会经济活动正常运行的核心工程系统。而绿色基础设施的根本理念区别于灰色基础设施,希冀通过合理规划与管理自然资源的方式为人类提供生态、社会与经济多种效益[10]。当前,两者正从对立走向互补与协同,形成灰-绿结合的混合基础设施模式。其次,生态基础设施(Ecological Infrastructure)是指城市所依赖的自然系统,是城市及其居民能持续地获得自然服务的基础,这些生态服务包括提供新鲜空气、食物、体育、休闲娱乐、安全庇护以及审美和教育等[11,12]。生态基础设施与绿色基础设施的核心都是提供生态系统服务的网络。但绿色基础设施更侧重于与人工建成环境的整合,并更明确地强调其作为可规划、可实施的战略性空间网络和多目标(包括社会经济目标)解决方案的属性;生态基础设施则更偏向于生态学本体,强调其作为自然系统结构的属性。最后,城市绿色空间(Urban Green Space)是由具有光合作用的绿色植被与其周围光、土、水、气等环境要素共同构成的具有生命支撑、社会服务和环境保护等多重功能的城市地域空间[13]。它是一个描述性的、侧重实体构成的概念。而绿色基础设施则是在此基础上,通过战略性规划与连接,形成的多功能、有目的的网络系统和规划框架。在研究与实践中,绿色基础设施有助于超越对绿色空间的有限理解,转而以网络化、系统性的思维进行生态规划与建设。综上所述,绿色基础设施既超越了灰色基础设施单一、刚性的工程思维,也拓展了生态基础设施偏重自然本体的服务范畴,并通过网络化整合将离散的绿色空间提升为战略性、多功能的规划框架。
绿色基础设施的研究发展是一个多维演进的过程,其理论、方法与实践活动相互交织,共同推动该领域不断深化与拓展。图2清晰勾勒了这一历程的脉络,展现了从思想萌芽到系统治理范式的转变。本文依据该时间轴,结合关键理论与事件节点,将绿色基础设施的研究演进划分为4个主要阶段:
第一,思想萌芽与形态奠基阶段(1858—1989年)。绿色基础设施的研究与实践源于对工业化、城市化的初步反思,核心主题是探索自然元素在城市空间中的形态与价值,其实践转向远早于系统理论的提出。以1858年纽约中央公园为标志的城市公园运动,代表了将自然作为审美与休憩空间引入城市的早期实践。至20世纪上半叶,为遏制城市无序蔓延,英国大伦敦环形绿带(1938年)、哥本哈根楔形绿地(1947年)、印度昌迪加尔城市绿带网络(1951年)等一系列实践[17],开始初步塑造网络化、系统性的绿地空间结构雏形。20世纪60、70年代全球环保主义兴起,1971年联合国教科文组织发起的“人与生物圈计划”,确立了自然系统的生命支持价值,为绿色基础设施提供了宏大的生态哲学背景。1984年,该计划正式提出生态基础设施概念,绿色基础设施开始从分散的实践案例向系统化的理论框架演进[11]。与此同时,McHarg[18]在《设计结合自然》中奠定的生态规划思想及其“千层饼”图层叠加分析法,与Forman等[19]提出的“斑块-廊道-基底”景观空间模式理论相结合,为共同绿色基础设施的网络化构建提供了方法论基础。
第二,概念提出与理论构建阶段(1990—2005年)。进入20世纪90年代,研究进入概念化与定义明确的关键时期。1990年,“绿色基础设施”一词在美国马里兰州绿道计划中被正式提出[20]。1999年,美国保护基金会与农业部森林管理局首次将绿色基础设施明确定义为“国家的自然生命支持系统”,即一个由水系、湿地、林地、野生生物栖息地等相互连接的网络[21]。这一定义标志着其从一个描述性术语,转变为一个具有明确生态核心功能的学术与规划概念。中国学者张秋明[22]于2004年将这一概念引入国内,并将绿色基础设施重新定义为“整合自然原生及人工修复的复合型景观生态系统”,这些系统结构特征表现为具有层级性的空间网络架构,形成了一个具有中心节点的网络。这一理论拓展不仅丰富了绿色基础设施的学科内涵,更为后续的规划实践提供了方法论支撑。此后,国内研究开始大量翻译和引进国外理论与案例,初期研究以案例比较与研究综述为主。而俞孔坚等[15]提出的景观安全格局,以及黄光宇等[23]的空间生态规划概念,也为本土化研究提供了重要理论基础。
第三,功能拓展与规划应用阶段(2006—2014年)。在21世纪初,众多国家级与城市级战略规划出台:2009年英国推出《绿色基础设施导则》,强调绿地的连通性与生态效益;2010年,纽约发布《绿色基础设施行动规划》并持续实施。这一阶段的研究从单一的生态保护,拓展到雨洪管理、生物多样性保护、气候适应等多功能融合。在这一时期,研究主题快速转向如何运用,强调其多功能性及其与城市规划的融合。2012年党的十八大召开以来,中国将生态文明上升为国家战略,并于2014年推出“海绵城市”,推动绿色基础设施研究迅速聚焦于雨洪管理等具体工程实践。研究主题从单纯的生态保护,显著拓展至气候适应、生物多样性保育、休闲游憩等多目标协同,标志着其成为一项重要的空间规划战略。与此同时,研究方法与技术工具开始赋能研究。GIS空间分析技术的普及以及InVEST等生态系统服务评估模型的应用,使得对绿色基础设施的规划与效能评估从定性走向定量。
第四,范式转型与系统治理阶段(2015—2025年)。近年来,研究范式发生了根本性转型。2015年《巴黎协定》签署后,基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions, NbS)成为全球共识框架,绿色基础设施被视作实施NbS、协同应对气候变化与生物多样性丧失的关键路径。这推动研究主题从多目标整合升维至系统性治理。在理论演进上,“人与自然和谐共生”成为核心理念。在实践转向上,中国于2019年提出建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,并将生态安全格局规划纳入国土空间规划体系,研究尺度扩展至全域国土。研究的核心目标从相对单一的生态保护与格局构建,转向提供多元化生态系统服务、应对气候变化与提升社会福祉的综合体系,更加关注绿色基础设施在提升城市韧性、促进环境正义方面的作用。与此相应,研究方法实现了工具性革新,ARIES等生态系统服务评估模型的广泛应用,大数据监测、AI优化算法与数字孪生等技术的发展,推动研究向智慧化、精细化、模拟预测方向演进,使得绿色基础设施的固碳、水源涵养、气候调节等效益得以货币化或物理量化,为决策提供了关键证据。同时,对城市韧性、环境正义、公共健康等社会维度的关注,标志着该领域与人文社会科学的交叉融合日益紧密。当前及未来的研究前沿正紧密围绕“3030目标”等全球议程,致力于构建跨区域、多尺度的国土生态安全格局,实现大尺度生态空间的系统治理。
绿色基础设施对人类健康福祉的影响并非单一维度的线性作用,而是呈现出显著的功能异质性。不同类型的绿色基础设施在促进身体健康、心理健康以及环境福祉方面,其作用路径与效能存在系统性差异。更关键的是,这些健康效益的分配在不同社会群体之间呈现出明显的不均衡性,这使得绿色基础设施不仅是一个公共卫生议题,更深刻关联着社会保障的公平正义。
在身体健康层面,绿色基础设施的影响主要通过改善环境质量、促进体力活动以及调节微气候等中介路径实现。绿色基础设施能够显著降低慢性和急性疾病的发病率,缓解抑郁和焦虑,并增强了主观幸福感和社会互动的频率。研究表明,绿地能否真正促进居民身体健康,取决于其形态、数量、可达性以及植被健康状况等复合因素[3]。如Dennis等[24]对老年人口的研究发现,只有在社区内存在可达性良好且具备高质量设施的公共绿地时,低收入和高龄人群的健康状况才会获得显著改善。这一发现揭示了绿地的存在与可用之间的本质区别。仅仅增加绿色基础设施的数量是远远不够的,若缺乏便捷的步行可达路径或适老化设施,其健康效益将难以实现。对哥伦比亚利马斯河的研究从反面印证了这一观点:河流干涸与河岸环境退化直接导致了虫害滋生和空气质量下降,进而威胁周边居民的卫生健康[25]。这表明,绿色基础设施的退化本身就是一种公共健康风险。更进一步,Kim等[26]从表观遗传学方面提供了生命科学层面的证据,研究表明,长期接触绿地能够显著延缓人体的表观遗传衰老进程,且这种关联从年轻时就开始累积。这意味着绿色基础设施对身体健康的影响具有长期性和累积性,其在生命周期早期的供给不均,可能转化为中年期难以逆转的健康公平鸿沟。
在心理健康层面,绿色基础设施的作用机制更为复杂,且对空间类型的要求更为精细。城市自然暴露被证实对心理健康产生积极影响,尤其在缓解焦虑和抑郁方面功能显著[27]。但并非所有绿地都具有同等的心理疗愈效果。如Li等[28]的研究明确指出,生态结构复杂的城市森林对心理健康的改善效应最强,显著优于花园、行道树等单一结构的绿地。这一发现挑战了绿色基础设施规划中单一绿化的粗放式思维,在高密度城市空间中,应优先保护和营造具有垂直分层结构和物种多样性的近自然生境,而非仅仅追求草坪和行道树的景观化绿地。此外,有研究发现,绿色基础设施的使用频率对主观幸福感并无显著影响,而对满意度则具有直接且显著的正向效应[29]。这一发现将研究视角从量引向质,真正影响居民幸福感的,不是他们接触绿色基础设施的频次,而是他们对绿地环境、功能与美学的心理认同。这也呼应了Adamu等[30]的呼吁,即必须从功能和美学价值层面提升绿色基础设施的服务质量,才能真正满足公众的多元需求。而Aubrechtová等[31]对捷克波拉比地区鸟类群落的研究提供了一个有趣的视角:地面鸟类受益于城市化带来的开放空间,而树栖鸟类则依赖于水岸森林等复杂生境。这表明,绿色基础设施的生物多样性本身构成一种环境福祉,当居民能够感知到丰富的鸟类活动,这种人与其他物种的共存状态,正在成为衡量城市宜居性的隐性指标。
绿色基础设施的健康效益分配在不同社会群体之间呈现出系统性的不均衡。首先,从个体层面,年龄与种族是影响健康效益获取的重要因素。研究表明,城市社区若存在无障碍、高质量的公共绿地,以老年人口为特征的社区人群健康将获得不成比例的改善,这为世界卫生组织倡导的老年友好型城市战略提供了重要支撑[24]。相反,若绿地供给忽视适老化设计,老年群体反而可能因可达性障碍而被排除在健康效益之外。Adorno等[32]对巴西戈亚尼亚的研究考虑了绿地面积、步行时间和设施竞争,发现黑人群体的绿色基础设施可达性显著低于白人群体;女性和低收入群体在特定城市区域面临绿色基础设施排斥。其次,从空间层面,绿色基础设施的分布与质量同样呈现出明显的区域分异。如Badakhshan等[33]对伊朗德黑兰的研究揭示了城市内部的南北分异:北部的高职业群体受益于私人空间和街道边缘的高植被覆盖,且居住地更靠近城市公园;而南部的低职业群体则被系统性地排除在这些环境优势之外。而Hu等[34]通过对美国纽约和英国伦敦的研究发现,城市边缘区和经济发展水平落后的区域通常面临显著的绿色基础设施不平等。更值得警惕的是,尽管有的区域具有更高的植被覆盖率,但由于历史形成的边缘化聚居模式,相关区域缺乏公平导向的规划干预,社会脆弱性较高的区域仍然面临流离失所的风险[35]。Rigolon等[36]则揭示了具有政治动员能力的“绅士化者”能够有效组织起来,推动符合自身偏好的绿地设计(如自行车道),促使公共投资进一步向这些群体集聚,进而加速原住民的边缘化与流离失所。
综上,绿色基础设施的健康效益绝非自然溢出,而是高度依赖于设施类型、空间位置与社会群体的复杂匹配。其功能异质性要求在规划中告别一刀切的绿地指标思维,转向精细化的类型供给与需求匹配。同时,若无明确的公平导向,绿色投资可能反而加剧既有的健康不平等。未来的研究与实践,需要在建多少绿色基础设施之外,更深入地追问为谁建、建什么、建在哪里[37],唯有如此,绿色基础设施才能真正成为支撑全民健康福祉的社会基础设施。
绿色基础设施不仅是生态空间载体,更日益被视为一种重要的公共政策工具与空间治理手段。其规划、建设与管理的全过程,深刻映射出政府在资源分配中的价值取向、多元主体的权力博弈以及社会公平正义的实现程度。当前研究已从早期对绿地生态效益的单一关注,转向对绿色基础设施背后复杂政策逻辑与空间正义问题的深度剖析。
首先,在政策工具层面,如何有效激励绿色基础设施的供给,特别是引导私人资本参与绿色基础设施建设,是公共政策研究的焦点之一。研究表明,单一的行政命令难以奏效,需要构建多元化的激励组合。如Liberalesso等[5]通过对欧洲和北美的案例分析,发现通过减税、融资支持、建筑许可优先、可持续性认证、法律义务及简化行政流程等6类激励政策,能够更广泛地推广安装绿色屋顶、绿色建筑墙体以及绿色立面等绿色基础设施。中国学者在光伏领域的研究进一步表明,发电激励、碳交易、税收优惠等组合政策可在不同程度上提高光伏装机容量、废弃物回收规模以及产能投资,推动碳减排[38],这种政策组合拳旨在弥合公共目标与私人利益之间的鸿沟,通过经济杠杆和制度便利,将绿色基础设施从公共品转化为具有市场吸引力的投资对象。然而,政策的有效性高度依赖于执行力度与政治意愿。以西班牙马德里地区为例,尽管相关环境与交通政策已将绿地纳入基础设施范畴,但由于缺乏专项预算分配,其实际推进严重受制于周期性的政治更迭,暴露出政策纸上规划与现实落地之间的巨大鸿沟[39]。由此可见,缺乏稳定财政保障和政治共识的政策,绿色基础设施的规划和建设难以转化为有效的空间治理能力。此外,政策的导向性也至关重要,例如,若政策过度聚焦于绿地的碳汇功能,可能导致实践中片面追求快速生长的单一植被,而忽视了乔灌草复合结构及本土物种所带来的长期生态韧性与生物多样性价值[40]
其次,绿色基础设施的规划与分配本质上是一个空间正义问题。谁来决定建什么和建在哪里,直接决定了生态效益分配的公平性。若将绿色基础设施简单定义为单一技术性设施(如防洪工程),往往引发社会冲突。如Rojas等[25]对哥伦比亚利马斯河的研究指出,当河流被水务公司单方面界定为洪水管理设施后,工程化的治理手段导致了原住民的流离失所,绿色基础设施在此异化为空间排斥的工具。同样,在美国芝加哥和洛杉矶的绿色绅士化进程中,绿地增值效应往往伴随着对原住民的隐性驱逐,加速低收入社区的原住民外迁[36,41]。这一现象揭示了资本与权力如何通过空间营建实现社会阶层的更替。针对这一困境,“足够绿色”(Just Green Enough)的策略被提出,主张通过保护性政策、社区主导的协作、公平的代表权及对地方社会空间特征的考量,在提升环境质量的同时抑制驱逐效应,实现真正意义上的绿色公平[42]
再次,治理模式的转型是实现绿色基础设施空间正义的关键路径。传统的自上而下的规划模式,往往忽视地方性知识,导致设施供给与社区实际需求脱节。在波兰城乡树木管理的对比研究中,乡村地区由于涉及私有土地,围绕决策权的叙事分歧更为尖锐,而通过协商过程能够有效促进不同观点的融合,形成更具共识的管理方案[43]。这表明,引入多元主体参与,特别是赋予弱势群体话语权,是化解冲突、实现共生的必要环节[44,45]。在发展中国家的实践中,社区参与和文化认同被证明对绿色空间的可持续发展至关重要[46,47]。当社区成员被视为积极的合作伙伴而非被动的受益者时,绿色基础设施更有可能融入地方社会网络,成为维系社区纽带而非撕裂社会的力量。如Fidler等[47]在多用途保护区的研究也证实,基于社区参与和公平治理的模式,比单纯的惩罚性规制更能实现保护与发展的双赢。
绿色基础设施在应对气候变化、增强系统韧性方面扮演着日益关键的角色。然而,其气候适应功能的实现并非简单的绿化即可达成,而是高度依赖于绿色基础设施的类型选择、空间布局以及与生态过程的深度耦合。当前研究已从单一的气候调节效应评估,转向兼顾生物多样性保护与社会公平的关系,构建系统韧性。
在气候调节功能层面,绿色基础设施通过蒸腾作用、遮阴效应和空气动力学设计,能够显著改善城市微气候。研究表明,绿色基础设施可在土地使用与城市设计层面创造风廊、调节风速并控制室外温度[48]。然而,其降温效益的实际发挥高度依赖于空间布局与居民可达性。针对英国格拉斯哥的研究发现,仅关注区域尺度的植被覆盖度并不足以保证有效的降温效果,只有位于道路10 m范围内、贴近居民日常活动路径的绿化,才能显著提升居民的降温感知[49]。换言之,若绿色基础设施远离人群活动空间,其物理降温效应虽依然存在,但难以转化为居民可感知的福祉提升。这一发现揭示了气候适应功能的空间异质性。全球尺度的研究进一步证实,蓝绿空间(水域和陆地)能够显著减少热岛效应与空气污染,但此类降温效益在不同社区之间的分配呈现显著不均衡[50]。为应对上述挑战,可以借鉴Korkou等[51]提出的多源数据评估框架,整合激光雷达、NDVI、地表温度、栖息地质量与噪声缓解等多维指标,精准识别气候脆弱区域并优化绿色基础设施布局。
在生物多样性保护层面,绿色基础设施的功能定位正在从传统的生态点缀转向生命支持系统的核心构件。水文过程、植被状况以及各组分之间的相互连通性,构成了蓝绿基础设施概念的三大支柱;棕地(废弃用地)因其独特的生境条件,正在成为城市生物多样性的重要庇护所[52]。中国的相关实践已逐步展开,例如上海老港滨海郊野公园在原垃圾填埋场基础上,通过生态修复与景观重塑,成功构建了獐极小种群恢复与野放基地,促进本土物种保育与城市生态修复。此外,中国的城市实践已经在既有社会交通系统基础上,对城市生物的生存空间进行丰容,例如深圳城市生态廊道的建设也为豹猫等本土物种的栖居和流动提供了保障。一方面,相互作用的动物群落(如蚯蚓、鱼类)可以通过直接吸收污染物或通过觅食活动调节植物群落结构来提升水质,这凸显了动物生物多样性带来的功能性益处[53]。Apfelbeck等[54]则明确提出“包容野生动物的城市设计”理念,呼吁在绿色基础设施规划中充分考虑野生动物对栖息地面积、光照、声音等环境因子的需求,将动物作为平等的城市居民纳入设计考量,以阻止城市生物多样性的持续丧失。另一方面,增加城市中的本土植物群落能够促进本地物种的生存并增强城市生态系统的稳定性[55]。然而,尽管大量基于自然的解决方案项目声称具有生物多样性效益,但新近的一项系统综述对67项研究进行分析后发现,没有一项研究开展了必要的基线评估以有效衡量生物多样性增益,且许多项目在实际操作中引入了外来物种,在明确提及物种构成的43项研究中,27项提到使用本地物种,而16项明确提及使用了外来物种,缺乏科学评估的绿色干预反而可能对本土生物多样性构成潜在威胁[56]
综上,绿色基础设施具有支撑社会包容性发展,即兼顾效率与公平的功能;也具备协调保护与发展关系的潜质,因此,面向未来,绿色基础设施应该赋能更多元主体、更具战略意义的空间以及与可持续发展紧密相关的复合系统。
绿色基础设施的研究从社会福祉、空间正义和生态保护等视角展开了系统的理论建构与实证研究。绿色基础设施的内涵经历了从功能拓展到系统治理的转型,其健康福祉效益具有功能异质性与主体间分配不均衡性,治理过程深受政策逻辑与空间正义问题塑造,气候适应的实现则与生物多样性的深度耦合。这些发现为理解国家公园这一特殊的绿色基础设施提供了重要的研究方向指引。国家公园作为以生态保护为核心、兼具社会功能的特殊绿色基础设施,其研究可进一步从3个维度展开:一是主体维度,国家公园以动植物等非人类行动者为核心,主体关系比城市语境更为复杂;二是空间维度,其治理涉及地方、国家与全球的多重尺度,制度张力更为突出;三是服务维度,作为生态系统服务高度集中的区域,其资源分配直接关乎保护正外部性能否惠及多元群体。因此,国家公园是检验和拓展绿色基础设施理论的理想对象。
既有绿色基础设施研究已开始关注非人类行动者在生态系统中的角色[57]。在国家公园空间中,非人类行动者不仅是保护对象,更是绿色基础设施的共建者与权力主体。国家公园是以保护特定动植物生命体及其栖息地而设立的特殊自然保护地空间[58],为保障关键动植物的生存、繁衍和流动等生命需求提供了多元的绿色基础设施,包括生态廊道、食物资源和庇护所等。从核心保护对象来看,不同类群的物种对绿色基础设施的空间需求存在显著差异。旗舰物种对于空间的连通性和栖息地的完整性有着较高的要求,以大熊猫国家公园为例,其整合了40多个碎片化自然保护地,形成的生态廊道与栖息地网络本质上是以旗舰物种为核心行动者构建的绿色基础设施[58]。关键植被则对空间的资源多样性与微生境异质性有着较高要求,例如,显著的垂直海拔梯度能够为植被适应气候变化提供支撑,从而保持物种多样性[59]。从非核心但具有支撑功能的物种来看,小型哺乳动物、昆虫、微生物等是国家公园生态保护完整性的重要基石[60],这些行动者的群落稳定性与湖泊、草地、河流等自然系统的土壤成分、化学物质浓度以及光线等相对微观的网络要素相关[61]。总之,国家公园中的非人类行动者并非均质存在,其在生态系统内部的功能角色以及对于绿色基础设施的具体需求存在群落异质性,要求规划实践从均质化保护转向精细化适配。
与此同时,国家公园场域的特殊性反过来拓展了绿色基础设施研究的主体边界。在城市语境中,绿色基础设施主要服务于人类需求,非人类行动者往往被视为被管理的资源;而在国家公园中,人类活动受到国土空间用途管制的刚性约束,以动植物为核心的非人类行动者成为主体对象。这一主体重心转移使得绿色基础设施研究不能仅关注其为人类提供的社会性保障功能,更需审视其是否为国家公园关键物种提供了稳健的生命支持系统。澳大利亚昆士兰国家公园部分私人企业为发展生态旅游而建立的步行小径与酒店,虽借助绿色基础设施发展生态旅游,却对野生动物造成噪声、光线、病毒等污染[50]。这些复杂的人地冲突揭示了国家公园内部人类与非人类行动者之间的权力博弈问题,为绿色基础设施研究提供了新的分析视角。
绿色基础设施研究揭示,空间治理的有效性高度依赖于政策工具的组合与执行力度[5]。这为国家公园的多尺度治理研究提供了重要借鉴。
国家公园空间内的绿色基础设施可分为两种类型:①有明确国土空间用途管制的区域,核心保护区通过刚性规则保障旗舰物种栖息地的原真性,一般控制区则采用适度利用的柔性制度实现生态保护与社会发展的平衡[62];②服务于保护与管理的人工设施,包括生态廊道、监测站与巡护道路等[63]。这一体系的运作涉及地方、国家和全球多尺度的复杂政治文化过程。地方尺度上,社区参与是实现治理本土化的关键路径,本地居民的地方性知识与长期形成的生产实践惯习,构成了本土性的治理话语[64];国家尺度上,空间治理的核心任务在于保护高质量的野生动物栖息地,涉及中央政府与省级政府之间的垂直央地关系,以及国家公园管理局与属地政府(包括地级、县级等多个行政层级)之间的多元府际关系[65,66];全球尺度上,生态过程(如物种迁移、水文循环)往往超越行政边界运行,要求将生态连通性转译为治理连通性[67,68]
国家公园的制度张力为绿色基础设施的空间治理研究提供了独特的分析样本。在城市语境中,绿色基础设施的治理问题往往聚焦于单一行政单元内部的多部门协调;而在国家公园中,治理挑战来自多重尺度的制度实践,若无法通过有效的制度逻辑将生态保护所带来的成本与收益在不同尺度间合理分配,便可能导致高尺度决策将成本外部化至低尺度主体,从而削弱治理合法性并导致执行层面的失灵[69]。国家公园的实践表明,只有在多尺度制度结构之间形成有效的反馈与协调机制,空间治理才能在保护目标、地方发展与全球生态责任之间取得相对稳定的动态平衡[70]
绿色基础设施的前沿研究已从生态系统服务的量化评估转向对其分配正义的关注。相关研究强调需要将生态系统服务供给的分类与空间正义问题相结合,审视生态效益空间公平性,通过公正的生态空间规划以满足不同行动者的需求[71,72],这一视角为国家公园的资源调控提供了新的分析工具。
国家公园是提供生态系统服务最为集中的场域。现有研究普遍关注生态系统服务的量化评估和价值转化,通过生态补偿、生态服务交易、碳汇交易等市场化路径,将生态环境保护的正外部性内部化为经济利益[73,74]。在福建、江西、海南等省份的国家公园就是通过体制性改革和市场化运营促进生态产品价值实现。将国家公园的自然资源确定为自然资产,经由内外部资本的流动,发展生态旅游、自然教育以及生态农业等业态,将自然资源转化为生态产品[75]。绿色发展业态使基础设施从成本项目转变为价值投资,成为连接保护与利用、生态与经济的纽带。然而,仅关注宏观层面的生态系统服务转化是远远不够的。在供给方面,生态系统服务的供给本质上与服务对象和空间分布密切相关[71],因此需要针对服务对象的异质性,对国家公园生态系统服务及其价值进行再分类和精准评估。从分配方面,需要关注生态系统服务在不同主体之间的适应性配置,根据不同区域的生态需求、社会需求和气候变化趋势,因地制宜进行动态调整与适应性管理[76]
国家公园的生态系统服务集中性为绿色基础设施的公平分配研究提供了理想场域。一方面,国家公园内存在人类与非人类行动者之间的资源竞争,动物共享或破坏社区的农田、牧场等现象,揭示了生态系统服务分配中的主体间张力[77,78];另一方面,生态产品价值实现机制,如特许经营、碳汇交易、生态补偿等若缺乏公平导向,可能使生态环境保护的正外部性主要流向外部资本或富裕阶层,这一过程可能引发区域物价与生活成本上升,同时挤占原住民传统生计空间、加速社区原有社会网络的瓦解,最终导致原住民在区域发展中被迫边缘化[79]。国家公园的实践表明,绿色基础设施要真正成为可持续的战略规划网络,必须将“谁的空间、资源如何分配、谁受益、谁受损”等公平正义问题置于核心,通过构建区域生态服务获取公平性的评价指标(如Gini系数),量化供需差异,为适应性配置提供依据[80],从而稳固“谁保护、谁受益”的可持续利益分配原则。
本文系统梳理了绿色基础设施的研究脉络与核心议题,揭示了其与国家公园研究之间深层的理论关联性。然而,当前国际研究的前沿成果主要基于西方城市语境生成,其理论预设和政策框架与中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系之间存在显著的本土适配差异。中国正在建设全球最大的国家公园体系,其体制建设正处于从试点探索迈向制度稳定的关键阶段。国家公园以协调保护与发展为核心命题,为检验和拓展绿色基础设施理论提供了独特的制度实验场。具体结论如下:
(1)绿色基础设施是由自然与半自然要素通过廊道连接构成的多功能空间网络,其形成依赖于战略性规划,旨在通过提供复合型生态系统服务,保障人与自然和谐共生以及国土空间可持续规划。其发展经历了思想萌芽、概念提出、功能拓展、系统治理4个演进阶段,研究范式从单一生态保护转向多目标协同与系统性治理。
(2)绿色基础设施的实证研究主要聚焦于三大议题:①健康福祉与社会保障领域揭示了绿色基础设施效益的功能异质性与分配不均衡性,强调多元主体与异质性空间的绿色公平。②公共政策与空间治理领域剖析了政策工具组合、空间正义问题与多元主体参与对绿色基础设施效能的影响。③气候适应与生物多样性领域则关注绿色基础设施在调节微气候、保护物种多样性方面的关键作用,以及将非人类行动者纳入规划视野的必要性。其健康福祉议题中的主体间分配正义、公共政策议题中的空间治理逻辑、气候适应议题中对动植物的关注,共同为国家公园研究提供了重要的理论资源。
(3)尽管现有研究已将国家公园纳入绿色基础设施范畴,但对其特殊性的理解仍不够深入全面,未来研究可从以下方向深化:①借鉴既有研究中关于网络中心、连接廊道及小型场地的多尺度分析逻辑,构建能够精准识别旗舰物种栖息地网络、关键植被分布梯度及微生物群落微观生境的方法工具,从而实现绿色基础设施理论框架在国家公园的战略性应用。②超越单一行政单元视角的局限性,借鉴绿色基础设施中的连通性理念,深入剖析不同层级治理主体(中央与地方、管理机构与社区、政府与企业等)在国家公园绿色基础设施建设中的互动机制,探索将生态连通性需求转化为协同治理的制度实践路径。③超越对生态产品价值实现的单一效率关切,将空间公平议题深度纳入评估框架。应构建多主体需求识别的评估模型,不仅关注生态系统服务的供给总量,更需明确哪些主体的需求被识别与满足,并厘清人类与旗舰物种、关键植被等非人类行动者之间的资源竞争关系及其权衡机制,从而为国家公园这一绿色基础设施的战略性价值挖掘乃至全球绿色公平发展提供有益的借鉴与参考。
总之,绿色基础设施研究与中国国家公园实践的深度对话,既是完善本土化理论的学术需求,也是回应全球生态治理挑战的现实使命。唯有将国际前沿成果置于中国制度情境中进行检验与转化,才能真正发挥绿色基础设施作为生态文明建设关键工具的理论潜能与实践价值。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(25&ZD150)
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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.01
  • 接收时间:2026-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-06
  • 修回日期:2026-02-02
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国家社会科学基金重大项目(25&ZD150)
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    1 华南师范大学经济与管理学院, 广州 510006
    2 华南师范大学旅游管理学院, 广州 510006
    3 华南师范大学生态文明与绿色治理研究中心, 广州 510631
    4 华南师范大学地理科学学院, 广州 510631

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吴泳琪,女,广东肇庆人,博士研究生,研究方向为绿色发展与国家公园。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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