Article(id=1281627237728358733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1765814400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493344957, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493344957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493344957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493344957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=488, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627237959045454, articleId=1281627237728358733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Effects of perceived tourism benefits on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national parks: A case study of Shennongjia National Park, columnId=1281627218354868385, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Cultural and Tourism Development and Recreational Experience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Tourism development in national parks can reshape community livelihood transitions and conservation outcomes, which is critical for local development and for achieving conservation goals. Therefore, it is of practical significance to examine how residents’ perceived tourism benefits can be effectively translated into ecological conservation behaviors. [Methods] This study draws on semi-structured interview data collected in Hubei’s Shennongjia National Park during 2022-2023 and 542 resident survey questionnaires. Using directed content analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), and grounded in social exchange theory, the study examines the mechanisms through which residents’ multidimensional perceived tourism benefits shape ecological conservation behaviors, and further investigates the mediating role of residents’ well-being and the moderating role of institutional trust, including subgroup differences. [Results] (1) Perceived economic, social, and cultural benefits had significant positive effects on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, whereas the effect of perceived environmental benefits was not significant, likely due to the externality and time-lagged nature of ecological benefits. (2) Residents’ well-being functioned as a key affective mechanism facilitating ecological conservation behaviors. (3) Institutional trust in national park positively moderated the pathways from perceived cultural benefits and residents’ well-being to ecological conservation behaviors, but this moderating effect was markedly weaker in resettled communities with lower levels of trust. (4) Residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national park is jointly shaped by multidimensional perceived tourism benefits and affective mechanisms, with the underlying pathways differing across community types. [Conclusion] This study extends the applicability of social exchange theory in contexts of strong public governance and delineates its boundary conditions. Ecological conservation behaviors in national parks exhibits a chained mechanism from perceived tourism benefits to residents’ well-being and, in turn, to conservation participation; the strength of this mechanism hinges on whether tourism development and institutional arrangements can deliver realizable benefits and reduce exchange uncertainty. Governance should strengthen institutional trust through procedural and distributive fairness, thereby sustaining residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, while adopting differentiated approaches across community types.

, authors=Qian DONG1, Meixin LIU2, Xingxing PENG3, Yi DENG1, authorsList=Qian DONG, Meixin LIU, Xingxing PENG, Yi DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingxing PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627240983138641, articleId=1281627237728358733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=旅游利益感知对国家公园社区居民生态保护行为的影响——以神农架国家公园为例, columnId=1281627218501669027, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=文旅发展与游憩体验, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】国家公园旅游发展会影响社区生计转型与生态保护成效,对地方发展和实现保护目标至关重要。因此,探究居民旅游利益感知如何有效传导为生态保护行为具有重要现实价值。【方法】本文基于2022—2023年湖北神农架国家公园半结构化访谈资料与542份居民调查问卷,采用定向文本分析与偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM),以社会交换理论为框架,检验旅游多维利益感知对社区居民生态保护行为的影响机制,并进一步探讨居民幸福感的中介效应与制度信任的调节效应及其群组差异。【结果】①社区居民的经济、社会与文化利益感知对其生态保护行为具有显著正向影响;环境利益感知受外部性与滞后性影响,对该路径的作用不显著。②居民幸福感是促成其生态保护行为的重要情感机制。③制度信任在文化利益感知与居民幸福感向生态保护行为转化的链条中发挥正向调节效应,但在信任水平较低的搬迁社区该调节效应明显减弱。④国家公园社区居民生态保护行为受多维旅游利益感知与情感机制共同驱动,且在不同社区类型间存在路径差异。【结论】本文拓展了社会交换理论在强公共治理情境中的适用性,并探讨了其作用边界。国家公园社区居民生态保护行为呈现“利益感知—幸福感—生态保护行为”的链式传导机制,其作用发挥取决于旅游发展与制度供给能否提供可兑现利益并降低交换不确定性。应以程序与分配公平促进制度信任生成,推动社区居民生态保护行为的持续性,并对不同社区类型实施差异化治理。

, authors=董茜1, 刘美新2, 彭星星3, 邓毅1, authorsList=董茜, 刘美新, 彭星星, 邓毅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭星星, authorNote=

董茜,女,湖北武汉人,副教授,研究方向为国家公园治理与政策。E-mail:

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彭星星,女,湖南双峰人,讲师,研究方向为国家公园社区治理。E-mail:
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Basic information of surveyed communities in Shennongjia National Park

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乡镇 行政村 代码 社区类型 社区功能与特征简述
木鱼镇 木鱼村 MY1 天窗社区 游客集散中心,农家乐集中,旅游依赖高,但收入波动大,竞争无序
神农坛村 MY2 天窗社区 以神农坛景点为核心的游客接待与服务型社区,游客接待功能突出
红花坪村 MY3 天窗社区 规划为红花特色小镇的组成村,具备旅游文化潜力,是文化性社区代表
青天村 MY4 天窗社区 较多农家乐经营者,但农户参与度偏低,旅游收益占比不高
三堆河村 MY5 天窗社区 规划与公共服务节点作用较突出,居民聚居度高,便于开展社区层面的治理协同与公共事务组织
坪阡镇 坪阡村 PQ1 搬迁社区 典型生态移民安置点,居民原属大九湖,政策干预强,转型压力大
大九湖村 PQ2 搬迁来源村 已整体搬迁,历史意义突出,原住民文化传承断裂,是移民研究代表样本
黄柏仟村 PQ3 搬迁社区 位于大九湖片区周边,部分居民纳入安置安排,社区结构与安置来源较为复杂
青树村 PQ4 搬迁社区 居住相对集中,但旅游经营机会有限,收益实现渠道相对受限
东溪村 PQ5 搬迁社区 基础设施相对薄弱,交通可达性一般,旅游发展条件受区位与通达性约束较明显
), ArticleFig(id=1281627245898862976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

神农架国家公园调研社区基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乡镇 行政村 代码 社区类型 社区功能与特征简述
木鱼镇 木鱼村 MY1 天窗社区 游客集散中心,农家乐集中,旅游依赖高,但收入波动大,竞争无序
神农坛村 MY2 天窗社区 以神农坛景点为核心的游客接待与服务型社区,游客接待功能突出
红花坪村 MY3 天窗社区 规划为红花特色小镇的组成村,具备旅游文化潜力,是文化性社区代表
青天村 MY4 天窗社区 较多农家乐经营者,但农户参与度偏低,旅游收益占比不高
三堆河村 MY5 天窗社区 规划与公共服务节点作用较突出,居民聚居度高,便于开展社区层面的治理协同与公共事务组织
坪阡镇 坪阡村 PQ1 搬迁社区 典型生态移民安置点,居民原属大九湖,政策干预强,转型压力大
大九湖村 PQ2 搬迁来源村 已整体搬迁,历史意义突出,原住民文化传承断裂,是移民研究代表样本
黄柏仟村 PQ3 搬迁社区 位于大九湖片区周边,部分居民纳入安置安排,社区结构与安置来源较为复杂
青树村 PQ4 搬迁社区 居住相对集中,但旅游经营机会有限,收益实现渠道相对受限
东溪村 PQ5 搬迁社区 基础设施相对薄弱,交通可达性一般,旅游发展条件受区位与通达性约束较明显
), ArticleFig(id=1281627245974360449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Coding results of perceived tourism benefits in national park

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主轴式编码 开放式编码
主范畴 副范畴 包含概念
经济利益感知PEC(A1) 经营性收益(a1) 就业机会增加、旅游收入增长、农副产品销售增加、村集体经济收益
补偿性收益(a2) 产业基础设施建设补贴、生态保险补偿
社会利益感知PSB(A2) 基础设施改善(a3) 日常生活基础设施改善、旅游公共服务设施提升
社会福利获得(a4) 社会保障增强、社区合作与共建、专项资金支持、扶贫公益性岗位
文化利益感知PCB(A3) 文化保护与传承(a5) 非物质文化遗产保护、文化自豪感与认同感、传统手工艺复兴、宗教与信仰活动保护、村级文化设施建设
文化创新与融合(a6) 地方节庆与旅游融合、文化冲突与融合
环境利益感知PEV(A4) 环境保护与发展利益(a7) 生态环境改善、环境保护与产业限制、绿色旅游基础设施建设、旅游对自然资源的保护
环境衍生利益(a8) 生态旅游的环境效应、生态公益林与补偿机制、环境教育与游客参与、环境教育与意识提升
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246045663618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国家公园旅游利益感知编码结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主轴式编码 开放式编码
主范畴 副范畴 包含概念
经济利益感知PEC(A1) 经营性收益(a1) 就业机会增加、旅游收入增长、农副产品销售增加、村集体经济收益
补偿性收益(a2) 产业基础设施建设补贴、生态保险补偿
社会利益感知PSB(A2) 基础设施改善(a3) 日常生活基础设施改善、旅游公共服务设施提升
社会福利获得(a4) 社会保障增强、社区合作与共建、专项资金支持、扶贫公益性岗位
文化利益感知PCB(A3) 文化保护与传承(a5) 非物质文化遗产保护、文化自豪感与认同感、传统手工艺复兴、宗教与信仰活动保护、村级文化设施建设
文化创新与融合(a6) 地方节庆与旅游融合、文化冲突与融合
环境利益感知PEV(A4) 环境保护与发展利益(a7) 生态环境改善、环境保护与产业限制、绿色旅游基础设施建设、旅游对自然资源的保护
环境衍生利益(a8) 生态旅游的环境效应、生态公益林与补偿机制、环境教育与游客参与、环境教育与意识提升
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246142132611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data summary of measurement model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 编号 题项 因子载荷 Cronbach’s α CR AVE
经济利益感知PEC PEC1 国家公园旅游为我或家人带来了更多就业机会 0.876 0.833 0.900 0.750
PEC2 国家公园旅游带动了我家收入的增长 0.850
PEC3 村里的农产品、民宿等因国家公园旅游而获得了更多经济收益 0.872
社会利益感知PSB PSB1 国家公园旅游改善了我们村的基础设施和公共服务 0.860 0.815 0.890 0.730
PSB2 我能从与国家公园相关的社会福利(医保和养老社会保障、教育资助)中受益 0.836
PSB3 国家公园旅游促进了邻里之间的合作与社区的凝聚力 0.867
文化利益感知PCB PCB1 国家公园旅游有助于保护我们的非物质文化遗产和传统手工艺 0.760 0.815 0.877 0.642
PCB2 国家公园旅游让我对本地文化的认同感和自豪感有所增强 0.839
PCB3 国家公园支持社区开展节庆、文化活动,丰富了村民的精神生活 0.816
PCB4 本地宗教与传统仪式在国家公园旅游发展中得到了尊重与保护 0.788
环境利益感知PEV PEV1 国家公园改善了本地生态环境和自然景观质量 0.780 0.795 0.867 0.619
PEV2 社区居民有机会参与护林、巡护等生态保护工作 0.801
PEV3 国家公园旅游开发限制了对资源的过度利用,有助于生态可持续 0.762
PEV4 国家公园生态教育项目提升了社区对生态保护的参与与收益认知 0.804
生态保护行为ECB ECB1 我参与过国家公园组织的生态保护活动 0.824 0.816 0.879 0.646
ECB2 我参与过与国家公园相关的村集体会议或决策讨论 0.842
ECB3 我曾向国家公园管理机构提出过建议或意见(口头或书面) 0.727
ECB4 我曾参与过与国家公园生态巡护或保护项目相关的工作和志愿活动 0.816
居民幸福感RWB RWB1 我有更高的个人成就感 0.768 0.820 0.881 0.650
RWB2 我对目前的生活状况感到满意 0.809
RWB3 我经常会感到开心 0.812
RWB4 我很少感觉难过 0.834
制度信任ITNP ITNP1 我相信国家公园的管理机构会公平对待社区居民 0.806 0.839 0.890 0.670
ITNP2 国家公园的决策过程对我们社区是公开透明的 0.874
ITNP3 国家公园管理人员尊重我们的意见和诉求 0.777
ITNP4 我相信国家公园的发展能兼顾生态保护与社区利益 0.814
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246246990212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测量模型数据情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 编号 题项 因子载荷 Cronbach’s α CR AVE
经济利益感知PEC PEC1 国家公园旅游为我或家人带来了更多就业机会 0.876 0.833 0.900 0.750
PEC2 国家公园旅游带动了我家收入的增长 0.850
PEC3 村里的农产品、民宿等因国家公园旅游而获得了更多经济收益 0.872
社会利益感知PSB PSB1 国家公园旅游改善了我们村的基础设施和公共服务 0.860 0.815 0.890 0.730
PSB2 我能从与国家公园相关的社会福利(医保和养老社会保障、教育资助)中受益 0.836
PSB3 国家公园旅游促进了邻里之间的合作与社区的凝聚力 0.867
文化利益感知PCB PCB1 国家公园旅游有助于保护我们的非物质文化遗产和传统手工艺 0.760 0.815 0.877 0.642
PCB2 国家公园旅游让我对本地文化的认同感和自豪感有所增强 0.839
PCB3 国家公园支持社区开展节庆、文化活动,丰富了村民的精神生活 0.816
PCB4 本地宗教与传统仪式在国家公园旅游发展中得到了尊重与保护 0.788
环境利益感知PEV PEV1 国家公园改善了本地生态环境和自然景观质量 0.780 0.795 0.867 0.619
PEV2 社区居民有机会参与护林、巡护等生态保护工作 0.801
PEV3 国家公园旅游开发限制了对资源的过度利用,有助于生态可持续 0.762
PEV4 国家公园生态教育项目提升了社区对生态保护的参与与收益认知 0.804
生态保护行为ECB ECB1 我参与过国家公园组织的生态保护活动 0.824 0.816 0.879 0.646
ECB2 我参与过与国家公园相关的村集体会议或决策讨论 0.842
ECB3 我曾向国家公园管理机构提出过建议或意见(口头或书面) 0.727
ECB4 我曾参与过与国家公园生态巡护或保护项目相关的工作和志愿活动 0.816
居民幸福感RWB RWB1 我有更高的个人成就感 0.768 0.820 0.881 0.650
RWB2 我对目前的生活状况感到满意 0.809
RWB3 我经常会感到开心 0.812
RWB4 我很少感觉难过 0.834
制度信任ITNP ITNP1 我相信国家公园的管理机构会公平对待社区居民 0.806 0.839 0.890 0.670
ITNP2 国家公园的决策过程对我们社区是公开透明的 0.874
ITNP3 国家公园管理人员尊重我们的意见和诉求 0.777
ITNP4 我相信国家公园的发展能兼顾生态保护与社区利益 0.814
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246347653509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Discriminant validity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 PEC PSB PCB PEV ECB RWB ITNP
PEC 0.866
PSB 0.457 0.854
PCB 0.350 0.423 0.801
PEV 0.399 0.378 0.447 0.787
ECB 0.506 0.499 0.482 0.390 0.804
RWB 0.587 0.471 0.514 0.392 0.563 0.806
ITNP 0.242 0.278 0.209 0.222 0.296 0.275 0.818
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246418956678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

区分效度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 PEC PSB PCB PEV ECB RWB ITNP
PEC 0.866
PSB 0.457 0.854
PCB 0.350 0.423 0.801
PEV 0.399 0.378 0.447 0.787
ECB 0.506 0.499 0.482 0.390 0.804
RWB 0.587 0.471 0.514 0.392 0.563 0.806
ITNP 0.242 0.278 0.209 0.222 0.296 0.275 0.818
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246494454151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) discriminant validity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 ECB PCB PEC PEV PSB RWB ITNP
ECB
PCB 0.580
PEC 0.614 0.417
PEV 0.482 0.551 0.491
PSB 0.611 0.518 0.552 0.466
RWB 0.686 0.619 0.709 0.485 0.574
ITNP 0.337 0.262 0.282 0.278 0.344 0.310
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246569951624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

异质-同质比率区别效度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 ECB PCB PEC PEV PSB RWB ITNP
ECB
PCB 0.580
PEC 0.614 0.417
PEV 0.482 0.551 0.491
PSB 0.611 0.518 0.552 0.466
RWB 0.686 0.619 0.709 0.485 0.574
ITNP 0.337 0.262 0.282 0.278 0.344 0.310
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246641254793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of hypothesized paths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 路径 路径系数β t p 95%置信区间 结果
直接效应
H1a PECECB 0.147 3.693 0.000 [0.072, 0.228] 成立
H1b PSBECB 0.186 4.855 0.000 [0.108, 0.258] 成立
H1c PCBECB 0.143 3.367 0.001 [0.061, 0.228] 成立
H1d PEVECB 0.037 0.972 0.331 [-0.040, 0.109] 不成立
H2a PECRWB 0.399 10.828 0.000 [0.329, 0.469] 成立
H2b PSBRWB 0.148 3.690 0.000 [0.068, 0.223] 成立
H2c PCBRWB 0.291 7.854 0.000 [0.220, 0.364] 成立
H2d PEVRWB 0.047 1.207 0.227 [-0.029, 0.123] 不成立
中介效应
H3a PECRWBECB 0.074 3.853 0.000 [0.044, 0.107] 成立
H3b PSBRWBECB 0.027 2.732 0.003 [0.013, 0.046] 成立
H3c PCBRWBECB 0.054 3.523 0.000 [0.031, 0.082] 成立
H3d PEVRWBECB 0.009 1.127 0.130 [-0.003, 0.022] 不成立
调节效应
H4a ITNP×PECECB 0.035 0.779 0.218 [-0.037, 0.113] 不成立
H4b ITNP×PSBECB -0.050 1.073 0.142 [-0.125, 0.027] 不成立
H4c ITNP×PCBECB 0.156 3.400 0.000 [0.081, 0.233] 成立
H4d ITNP×PEVECB -0.022 0.448 0.327 [-0.103, 0.062] 不成立
H5 ITNP×RWBECB 0.117 2.300 0.011 [0.036, 0.202] 成立
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246733529482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

假设路径结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 路径 路径系数β t p 95%置信区间 结果
直接效应
H1a PECECB 0.147 3.693 0.000 [0.072, 0.228] 成立
H1b PSBECB 0.186 4.855 0.000 [0.108, 0.258] 成立
H1c PCBECB 0.143 3.367 0.001 [0.061, 0.228] 成立
H1d PEVECB 0.037 0.972 0.331 [-0.040, 0.109] 不成立
H2a PECRWB 0.399 10.828 0.000 [0.329, 0.469] 成立
H2b PSBRWB 0.148 3.690 0.000 [0.068, 0.223] 成立
H2c PCBRWB 0.291 7.854 0.000 [0.220, 0.364] 成立
H2d PEVRWB 0.047 1.207 0.227 [-0.029, 0.123] 不成立
中介效应
H3a PECRWBECB 0.074 3.853 0.000 [0.044, 0.107] 成立
H3b PSBRWBECB 0.027 2.732 0.003 [0.013, 0.046] 成立
H3c PCBRWBECB 0.054 3.523 0.000 [0.031, 0.082] 成立
H3d PEVRWBECB 0.009 1.127 0.130 [-0.003, 0.022] 不成立
调节效应
H4a ITNP×PECECB 0.035 0.779 0.218 [-0.037, 0.113] 不成立
H4b ITNP×PSBECB -0.050 1.073 0.142 [-0.125, 0.027] 不成立
H4c ITNP×PCBECB 0.156 3.400 0.000 [0.081, 0.233] 成立
H4d ITNP×PEVECB -0.022 0.448 0.327 [-0.103, 0.062] 不成立
H5 ITNP×RWBECB 0.117 2.300 0.011 [0.036, 0.202] 成立
), ArticleFig(id=1281627246846775691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Measurement invariance of composite models (MICOM) measurement invariance test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构面 相关系数 置换p 组合不变性 均值差异 置换p 均值等同性 方差差异 置换p 方差等同性
ECB 0.999 0.071 0.051 0.271 0.002 0.160
PCB 0.997 0.053 0.060 0.260 0.000 0.146
PEC 0.999 0.203 -0.053 0.268 0.003 0.156
PEV 1.000 0.933 -0.073 0.176 0.002 0.495
PSB 1.000 0.492 0.094 0.137 0.002 0.366
RWB 1.000 0.483 0.077 0.196 0.000 0.294
ITNP 0.994 0.196 0.258 0.001 0.000 0.106
), ArticleFig(id=1281627248478359948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

复合构念测量不变性(MICOM)检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构面 相关系数 置换p 组合不变性 均值差异 置换p 均值等同性 方差差异 置换p 方差等同性
ECB 0.999 0.071 0.051 0.271 0.002 0.160
PCB 0.997 0.053 0.060 0.260 0.000 0.146
PEC 0.999 0.203 -0.053 0.268 0.003 0.156
PEV 1.000 0.933 -0.073 0.176 0.002 0.495
PSB 1.000 0.492 0.094 0.137 0.002 0.366
RWB 1.000 0.483 0.077 0.196 0.000 0.294
ITNP 0.994 0.196 0.258 0.001 0.000 0.106
), ArticleFig(id=1281627248566440333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of multi-group comparison analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 直接影响假设路径 β 路径系数-差异 p 差异性
全样本 天窗社区 搬迁社区
H1a PECECB 0.147 0.110 0.174 -0.064 0.215
H1b PSBECB 0.186 0.202 0.184 0.019 0.404
H1c PCBECB 0.143 0.207 0.097 0.111 0.096
H1d PEVECB 0.037 0.090 -0.002 0.092 0.114
H2a PECRWB 0.399 0.415 0.385 0.030 0.339
H2b PSBRWB 0.148 0.089 0.205 -0.116 0.071
H2c PCBRWB 0.291 0.323 0.247 0.076 0.155
H2d PEVRWB 0.047 0.054 0.051 0.002 0.487
H4a ITNP×PECECB 0.035 0.100 -0.022 0.122 0.096
H4b ITNP×PSBECB -0.050 -0.023 -0.069 0.047 0.306
H4c ITNP×PCBECB 0.156 0.219 0.102 0.118 0.086
H4d ITNP×PEVECB -0.022 -0.046 -0.008 -0.038 0.332
H5 ITNP×RWBECB 0.117 0.000 0.204 -0.205 0.022
编号 间接影响假设路径 a×b 路径系数-差异 p 差异性
全样本 天窗社区 搬迁社区
H3a PECRWBECB 0.074 0.070 0.078 -0.008 0.423
H3b PSBRWBECB 0.027 0.015 0.041 -0.026 0.100
H3c PCBRWBECB 0.054 0.054 0.050 0.005 0.434
H3d PEVRWBECB 0.009 0.009 0.010 -0.001 0.484
), ArticleFig(id=1281627248658715022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627237728358733, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

多组对比试验分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 直接影响假设路径 β 路径系数-差异 p 差异性
全样本 天窗社区 搬迁社区
H1a PECECB 0.147 0.110 0.174 -0.064 0.215
H1b PSBECB 0.186 0.202 0.184 0.019 0.404
H1c PCBECB 0.143 0.207 0.097 0.111 0.096
H1d PEVECB 0.037 0.090 -0.002 0.092 0.114
H2a PECRWB 0.399 0.415 0.385 0.030 0.339
H2b PSBRWB 0.148 0.089 0.205 -0.116 0.071
H2c PCBRWB 0.291 0.323 0.247 0.076 0.155
H2d PEVRWB 0.047 0.054 0.051 0.002 0.487
H4a ITNP×PECECB 0.035 0.100 -0.022 0.122 0.096
H4b ITNP×PSBECB -0.050 -0.023 -0.069 0.047 0.306
H4c ITNP×PCBECB 0.156 0.219 0.102 0.118 0.086
H4d ITNP×PEVECB -0.022 -0.046 -0.008 -0.038 0.332
H5 ITNP×RWBECB 0.117 0.000 0.204 -0.205 0.022
编号 间接影响假设路径 a×b 路径系数-差异 p 差异性
全样本 天窗社区 搬迁社区
H3a PECRWBECB 0.074 0.070 0.078 -0.008 0.423
H3b PSBRWBECB 0.027 0.015 0.041 -0.026 0.100
H3c PCBRWBECB 0.054 0.054 0.050 0.005 0.434
H3d PEVRWBECB 0.009 0.009 0.010 -0.001 0.484
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旅游利益感知对国家公园社区居民生态保护行为的影响——以神农架国家公园为例
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董茜 1 , 刘美新 2 , 彭星星 3 , 邓毅 1
资源科学 | 文旅发展与游憩体验 2026,48(2): 488-503
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资源科学 |文旅发展与游憩体验 2026 , 48 (2) : 488 -503
旅游利益感知对国家公园社区居民生态保护行为的影响——以神农架国家公园为例
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董茜1 , 刘美新2, 彭星星3 , 邓毅1
作者信息
  • 1 湖北经济学院旅游与酒店管理学院, 武汉 430205
  • 2 广东技术师范大学管理学院, 广州 510665
  • 3 中南林业科技大学国家公园与旅游学院, 长沙 410004
通讯作者:
彭星星,女,湖南双峰人,讲师,研究方向为国家公园社区治理。E-mail:
作者简介:

董茜,女,湖北武汉人,副教授,研究方向为国家公园治理与政策。E-mail:

Effects of perceived tourism benefits on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national parks: A case study of Shennongjia National Park
Qian DONG1 , Meixin LIU2, Xingxing PENG3 , Yi DENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan 430205, China
  • 2 Management College, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China
  • 3 College of National Park and Tourism, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.14
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【目的】国家公园旅游发展会影响社区生计转型与生态保护成效,对地方发展和实现保护目标至关重要。因此,探究居民旅游利益感知如何有效传导为生态保护行为具有重要现实价值。【方法】本文基于2022—2023年湖北神农架国家公园半结构化访谈资料与542份居民调查问卷,采用定向文本分析与偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM),以社会交换理论为框架,检验旅游多维利益感知对社区居民生态保护行为的影响机制,并进一步探讨居民幸福感的中介效应与制度信任的调节效应及其群组差异。【结果】①社区居民的经济、社会与文化利益感知对其生态保护行为具有显著正向影响;环境利益感知受外部性与滞后性影响,对该路径的作用不显著。②居民幸福感是促成其生态保护行为的重要情感机制。③制度信任在文化利益感知与居民幸福感向生态保护行为转化的链条中发挥正向调节效应,但在信任水平较低的搬迁社区该调节效应明显减弱。④国家公园社区居民生态保护行为受多维旅游利益感知与情感机制共同驱动,且在不同社区类型间存在路径差异。【结论】本文拓展了社会交换理论在强公共治理情境中的适用性,并探讨了其作用边界。国家公园社区居民生态保护行为呈现“利益感知—幸福感—生态保护行为”的链式传导机制,其作用发挥取决于旅游发展与制度供给能否提供可兑现利益并降低交换不确定性。应以程序与分配公平促进制度信任生成,推动社区居民生态保护行为的持续性,并对不同社区类型实施差异化治理。

旅游利益感知  /  生态保护行为  /  社会交换理论  /  PLS-SEM模型  /  居民幸福感  /  制度信任  /  神农架国家公园

[Objective] Tourism development in national parks can reshape community livelihood transitions and conservation outcomes, which is critical for local development and for achieving conservation goals. Therefore, it is of practical significance to examine how residents’ perceived tourism benefits can be effectively translated into ecological conservation behaviors. [Methods] This study draws on semi-structured interview data collected in Hubei’s Shennongjia National Park during 2022-2023 and 542 resident survey questionnaires. Using directed content analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), and grounded in social exchange theory, the study examines the mechanisms through which residents’ multidimensional perceived tourism benefits shape ecological conservation behaviors, and further investigates the mediating role of residents’ well-being and the moderating role of institutional trust, including subgroup differences. [Results] (1) Perceived economic, social, and cultural benefits had significant positive effects on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, whereas the effect of perceived environmental benefits was not significant, likely due to the externality and time-lagged nature of ecological benefits. (2) Residents’ well-being functioned as a key affective mechanism facilitating ecological conservation behaviors. (3) Institutional trust in national park positively moderated the pathways from perceived cultural benefits and residents’ well-being to ecological conservation behaviors, but this moderating effect was markedly weaker in resettled communities with lower levels of trust. (4) Residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national park is jointly shaped by multidimensional perceived tourism benefits and affective mechanisms, with the underlying pathways differing across community types. [Conclusion] This study extends the applicability of social exchange theory in contexts of strong public governance and delineates its boundary conditions. Ecological conservation behaviors in national parks exhibits a chained mechanism from perceived tourism benefits to residents’ well-being and, in turn, to conservation participation; the strength of this mechanism hinges on whether tourism development and institutional arrangements can deliver realizable benefits and reduce exchange uncertainty. Governance should strengthen institutional trust through procedural and distributive fairness, thereby sustaining residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, while adopting differentiated approaches across community types.

perceived tourism benefits  /  ecological conservastion behavior  /  social exchange theory  /  PLS-SEM  /  residents’ well-being  /  institutional trust  /  Shennongjia National Park
董茜, 刘美新, 彭星星, 邓毅. 旅游利益感知对国家公园社区居民生态保护行为的影响——以神农架国家公园为例. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 488 -503 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.14
Qian DONG, Meixin LIU, Xingxing PENG, Yi DENG. Effects of perceived tourism benefits on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national parks: A case study of Shennongjia National Park[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 488 -503 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.14
建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,是推进中国生态文明建设与治理体系现代化的重大制度安排[1-3]。《中华人民共和国国家公园法(草案)》明确提出“构建政府主导、多方参与、社会共享的机制”,确立了社区在国家公园治理中的主体地位[4]。然而,作为维护国家生态安全的关键空间单元,国家公园实行最严格的用途管制与分区管理[5],且我国国家公园试点区与生态脆弱、经济欠发达及资源高依赖型山区在空间上高度重叠[6],导致生态保护的公共属性与社区发展的私有权益之间存在结构性矛盾。尽管现行的生态补偿、公益性岗位等政策工具在一定程度上发挥了基础补偿作用[7],但受限于财政依赖度高、覆盖范围窄及造血功能不足等问题[4],难以支撑社区由被动配合走向持续的主动治理。当前,“共建共治共享”的制度目标虽已确立,但基层实践中利益共享的制度化程度仍显不足,协同治理缺乏可持续的行动载体与稳定激励,如何构建内生型的动力机制成为亟待破解的现实难题。
在此背景下,依托自然资源禀赋适度发展生态旅游,被视为实现生态产品价值转化、重构社区生计资本并为社区居民参与生态治理提供持续激励的重要途径。然而,生态旅游并不必然带来稳定的生态保护与协同治理行为,关键在于旅游收益能否在居民层面形成可感知、可预期且可兑现的回报,并据此内化为参与动力。现实中至少存在两类制约:①收益分配的空间非均衡性与制度透明度不足,削弱了居民对旅游收益的稳定预期,使其更倾向于将旅游视为市场经营机会而非治理回馈[8];②在国家公园最严格用途管制与分区管理的制度约束下,旅游收益嵌入公共收益外溢、制度化补偿与资源使用限制并存的复合情境,居民对旅游利益的价值判断与行为反应具有显著情境性。既有研究多基于一般景区情境,对国家公园场域下旅游利益感知的内涵、维度及其向生态保护行为转化机制的识别仍显不足。因此,亟须对国家公园旅游利益感知的内涵进行情境化界定,并进一步阐释其在特定制度与条件下如何转化为稳定的居民生态保护行为。
生态保护行为是指居民为维护生态环境、支持保护目标实现而采取的具体行动,是连接国家公园保护目标与社区响应的重要行为基础。既有的国家公园社区居民生态保护行为相关研究,主要从3个方面展开:①从生计视角讨论旅游等替代生计对居民保护支持、参与动力及行为选择的影响[2,10,11];②从制度视角讨论特许经营、协议保护等安排在利益联结中的效用及其执行偏差[12,13];③从心理视角分析获益感知[14]、制度信任对居民参与意愿和保护行为的驱动作用[8,11]。相关研究为理解居民生态保护行为提供了重要基础,但在国家公园这一公共物品属性更强、制度约束更突出的场域中,旅游利益感知如何经由情感体验转化为持续性的生态保护行为,以及这一过程在不同社区中的作用边界,仍缺乏系统检验。尤其在相关产业体系尚处于起步阶段的背景下,利益感知作为理解居民行为逻辑的重要起点,其向生态保护行为的传导机制及情境差异仍有待进一步探讨。
旅游利益的多维感知不仅体现了居民对美好生活的期待与向往,也是衡量国家公园公益性目标与农村治理成效的“标尺”[15]。据此,本文重构并测量适配国家公园语境的旅游利益感知内涵,基于社会交换理论,将旅游利益感知与居民幸福感分别纳入认知与情感分析维度,构建居民生态保护行为的作用机制模型,并进一步检验制度信任的调节效应及其群组差异。本文旨在探讨国家公园建设过程中,制度性与市场性收益如何在社区层面被感知并进一步转化为居民参与生态保护的内生动力,并在此基础上为国家公园社区的差异化治理以及居民公平受益与可持续福祉提升提供经验依据与政策启示。
社会交换理论(Social Exchange Theory,SET)由Homans[16]于20世纪50年代提出,强调个体在社会互动中基于对成本与收益、公平与互惠、满意度与信任等要素的理性权衡来决定行为。Blau[17]指出,社会交换不同于纯粹的经济交换,具有关系性和长期性特征。Lawler等[18]将积极情感引入SET分析框架,认为交换过程引发的情感反应能够强化个体的信任与承诺,从而促进交换关系的稳定与持续。SET不仅关注外在回报与机会成本,也强调交换结果的主观体验以及交换关系的不确定性对回馈行为的影响,已被广泛应用于旅游与社区治理研究[19],用于解释居民在旅游发展与公共事务中的支持、合作与参与行为。近年来,SET的解释由收益评估延伸至交换过程中生成的情感反应及不确定性因素,从而更好解释了交换行为的形成与持续[20,21]
在国家公园的治理实践中,社区居民与国家公园管理机构之间的互动可被理解为典型的社会交换关系:居民通过旅游就业、生态补偿等渠道获得经济与社会利益,同时因土地利用受限、生计被迫转型而承担成本;国家公园管理机构依托国家公园治理体制实施生态保护与相关制度安排,提供公共福利,并期望社区居民以配合和参与来支持保护目标。相关实证研究表明,互惠交换逻辑能够有效解释保护地治理中的公众合作,例如在三江源国家公园中,管理机构通过“居民赋权”提升社区身份认同、收入安全与环境共治能力,从而增强了居民对生态保护的支持[22]
在上述交换关系中,居民的生态保护行为不仅受到收益和成本权衡影响[23],还会受到交换结果的主观福祉反馈与制度性预期的共同作用[24]。一方面,居民在旅游发展与制度供给中获得的生活改善与发展获得感,往往体现为主观幸福感提升[25],并进一步影响其对公共事务的支持与参与倾向[26,27];另一方面,居民对管理机构在承诺兑现、程序执行与分配公平等方面的正向预期,构成国家公园治理中的制度性信任[3,13],该信任能够降低交换不确定性并强化合作与参与的可能性[20,27]。据此,本文以SET为理论基础,将国家公园旅游利益感知作为交换回报评估的核心变量,并引入居民幸福感与制度信任分别刻画交换结果的主观体验与交换关系的情境条件,从而构建社区居民生态保护行为的分析框架。
在SET框架下,个体行为选择往往取决于其对交换回报与成本的主观判断;在国家公园情境中,这一判断集中体现为社区居民对旅游多维收益及其可兑现性的利益感知。国家公园旅游利益感知是指社区居民在“保护优先”的制度约束与旅游发展实践中,对旅游所带来的多维效应及其可兑现性的主观判断,既包含旅游带来的就业机会、经营收入与产业机会等经济收益[21],也包含因旅游承载与治理需求而产生的公共服务与基础设施改善等社会收益[28],同时涵盖旅游对地方文化展示、传统实践延续与社区自豪感的促进等文化收益,以及生态环境改善、环境教育与生活质量提升等环境收益[29-31]。既有研究通常将利益感知划分为经济、社会、文化和环境4个维度,并据此解释居民对旅游发展与公共事务参与的态度与行为[28,32,33]
与一般旅游目的地相比,国家公园作为以生态保护为核心目标的制度空间,具有鲜明的公共品属性和外部性特征:国家公园通过生物多样性保护、生态系统服务与环境教育带来正外部性[3,34],同时也可能因用途管制、土地利用限制、生态移民安置与发展机会约束带来负外部性[35,36]。因此,居民对国家公园旅游利益的判断并非仅基于市场收益,而是将旅游收益与国家公园体制下的政策性安排一并纳入评估,即旅游收益能否通过生态补偿、公益性岗位、特许经营、资源管护费等制度工具实现价值转化,以及相关收益的覆盖性、持续性与公平性[12]。若沿用一般目的地语境下以市场收益为主的旅游利益感知框架,容易忽视国家公园情境下保护约束、制度化价值转化与分配机制之间的联动关系,从而削弱对社区居民生态保护行为的解释力。
在国家公园语境下,生态保护行为并非泛化意义上的日常环保行为,而是社区居民围绕保护目标所开展的、嵌入保护地治理过程的参与性行为。从行为表现看,这类行为既包括巡护协助、生态宣传、环境维护等执行性参与[14,37],也包括议事协商、规则共建、意见表达与项目协作等治理性参与[4,38],反映了社区居民在保护地治理中的行动嵌入程度与协作能力[9]。在我国国家公园“生态保护优先、全民共享”的制度框架下,居民生态保护行为既是保护目标落实的重要体现,也是社区参与由配合型向协同型转变的具体表征;但现实中仍面临结构性约束:多数国家公园社区位于生态脆弱、经济基础薄弱地区[6],居民参与多以巡护、宣传协助等事务性活动为主[38],决策性与制度性参与相对不足[39]。因此,本文所讨论的生态保护行为,主要是指国家公园社区居民围绕保护目标所开展的执行性与治理性参与行为,并据此进行测量与分析。在此情况下,居民是否愿意持续参与保护,往往取决于其能否从国家公园旅游发展及相关制度供给中形成稳定的收益预期与合作回报,从而将“保护”理解为值得投入的共同治理行动,而非单纯的外部管制要求[40]
在上述逻辑链条中,国家公园旅游正是连接生态保护与社区发展的关键媒介:旅游以生态系统服务与景观资源为基础,将保护成效转化为可感知的经济、社会、文化与环境利益,并通过制度化政策工具降低居民在严格保护约束下的机会成本,从而为生态保护行为提供激励[41]。具体而言,经济利益为生计转型提供物质基础,使保护与生计冲突得到缓释;社会利益通过公共服务改善与协作便利性提升降低参与门槛;文化利益通过传统实践、身份认同与社区自豪感的强化,增强居民将保护视为自身价值认可和实现的行动理由;而环境利益更多体现为生态改善与生活质量提升的积极体验。由此,旅游的多维利益感知将直接影响居民生态保护行为的发生与持续。据此,提出以下研究假设:
H1:居民对国家公园旅游的经济利益感知(H1a)、社会利益感知(H1b)、文化利益感知(H1c)和环境利益感知(H1d)对其生态保护行为具有显著正向影响。
既有研究表明,居民对旅游发展所带来收益与约束的评价,并不必然直接表现为公共参与行为,其间往往存在由主观福祉体验所表征的心理传导机制[42]。在社会交换理论视角下,幸福感可被理解为个体对交换结果的整体性主观评估:它反映居民对交换回报与付出权衡后的总体满意程度,并影响其回馈行为的发生与持续[30,31]。居民幸福感通常被界定为个体基于自我标准对生活整体状况的主观评价,包含认知层面的生活满意度与情感层面的积极体验及消极情绪平衡[43],其变化反映了居民对国家公园旅游影响的总体感知及心理回应。
在国家公园制度情境中,幸福感的形成具有社会-生态耦合特征。旅游发展能够带来收入与就业机会,同时基础设施与公共服务的改善能够增强便利性、社会支持与安全感[34];旅游活动通过强化文化认同与社会互动,能促进地方归属与情感联结[44];生态保护带来的环境改善与生态安全感还能够进一步提升居民的生活舒适度与健康体验[34]。居民对国家公园旅游经济、社会、文化与环境等多维收益的积极感知,构成其主观幸福感的重要来源。
作为交换结果的主观评估,幸福感能够表征居民对发展绩效与生活改善的总体认可程度,并通过影响其对投入-回报关系的判断,进而作用于生态保护行为:当居民在多维层面获得较为稳定的积极体验并确认生活质量改善时,其生态保护行为更易发生并呈现持续性;反之,若居民感知收益有限或难以兑现,则总体满意程度下降,居民生态保护行为随之减弱[33]。据此提出以下假设:
H2:居民对国家公园旅游的经济利益感知(H2a)、社会利益感知(H2b)、文化利益感知(H2c)和环境利益感知(H2d)对其幸福感具有显著正向影响。
H3:居民幸福感在国家公园旅游的经济利益感知(H3a)、社会利益感知(H3b)、文化利益感知(H3c)和环境利益感知(H3d)与生态保护行为之间具有中介作用。
自然保护地治理研究普遍指出,制度运行的可预期性与公平性是塑造公众合作的重要基础[45],其中信任被视为联结制度绩效与居民支持和参与行为的关键变量[46]。国家公园语境下的制度信任通常是指居民对国家公园管理机构在动机(公益取向)、能力与诚信(承诺兑现),以及程序与分配公平方面的正向预期,本质上是一种以制度绩效为对象的制度性信任[47]。该信任既体现为居民对规则执行过程的程序公正感受,也体现为对管理机构能力与动机的认可,并据此在社区与管理方之间形成相对稳定的合作关系[48]。既有研究主要集中在3个方面:①信任的生成机制,强调信息透明度、沟通方式与协商程序在培育制度信任中的作用[49,50];②信任对合规与支持的影响,表明程序公正与公平执法可提升居民对规则合法性的认同与遵从意愿[46];③包容性治理中的信任价值,即通过社区赋权与多元主体协同共管来培育互信,从而提升治理的可持续性。总体而言,制度信任既是居民支持与政策合规的重要基础,也是推动共建共治共享的重要条件。
在社会交换视角下,居民将旅游多维利益感知转化为其生态保护行为,往往面临不确定性(如收益能否持续兑现、分配是否公平、规则执行是否一致等)。制度信任能够降低这种不确定性,提高未来收益与治理回应的可预期性,从而增强居民将积极感知转化为实际回馈行为的可能性。当居民对管理机构具有较高信任时,其对经济、社会、文化与环境收益的积极感知更容易转化为生态保护行动;相反,在低信任情境下,即便居民感知到一定收益,也可能因对制度兑现与公平性的疑虑而降低参与强度[10,51]。此外,制度信任还可能影响幸福感向公共行动的外化过程。幸福感更多体现为个体对生活质量改善的主观体验,但其能否进一步转化为公共参与行为,取决于居民是否相信治理体系值得投入以及自身参与能够被回应与认可。在高信任情境下,居民更可能将积极体验外化为对公共事务的参与;而在低信任情境下,幸福感可能停留在个体层面,难以形成持续的公共行动[10]
H4:制度信任在经济利益感知(H4a)、社会利益感知(H4b)、文化利益感知(H4c)和环境利益感知(H4d)与生态保护行为之间具有调节作用。
H5:制度信任在居民幸福感对生态保护行为的影响中具有调节作用。
综上所述,本文拟探讨国家公园社区居民旅游多维利益感知对其生态保护行为的影响和作用机制,并将居民幸福感与制度信任纳入分析框架,理论框架如图1所示。
鉴于国家公园社区在区位条件、资源依赖、治理嵌入与社会文化背景等方面差异显著,不同类型社区中上述变量之间的作用路径可能存在异质性。为检验理论框架的适用性与稳健性,本文将在整体模型检验基础上进一步开展分组对比分析,以探讨社区异质性对作用机制的影响。
湖北神农架国家公园位于湖北省西部,跨越神农架林区、兴山、竹山、竹溪及巴东等地,是我国首批国家公园体制试点区之一。该区域在严格生态保护与分区管控的制度框架下,社区生计转型与旅游发展呈现出政策约束与机会并存的特征:一方面,生态管控强化对土地利用与资源获取形成了约束;另一方面,国家公园品牌与旅游发展为社区提供了就业、经营与公共服务改善等潜在收益空间。为识别国家公园建设背景下社区居民旅游利益感知、幸福感、制度信任与生态保护行为的作用机制,本文选取国家公园范围内外具有代表性的10个行政村作为调研样点(表1)。其中,木鱼镇作为国家公园北部的主要门户和旅游服务中心,属于典型的“天窗社区”,坪阡镇则位于原大九湖核心保护区外围,是国家公园体制建立后实施生态移民安置的“搬迁社区”。两类社区虽然在空间格局和政策干预上有差异但均高度依赖国家公园旅游发展,对居民生态保护行为的影响具有代表性。
本文采用定性与定量相结合的混合研究设计,分两阶段实施。首先,通过参与式观察与半结构化访谈识别国家公园社区旅游利益感知的维度并形成测量条目;其次,基于问卷调查数据,运用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)检验旅游利益感知对生态保护行为的作用机制,并开展多群组比较。为增强机制解释的情境贴合度,本文在量化分析之后回溯了半结构化访谈逐字稿与田野笔记,对关键路径与非显著关系进行了补充阐释。
质性研究于2022年5月与2023年6月在木鱼镇与坪阡镇开展。本部分研究选取的访谈对象包括居民8人、村干部6人、旅游经营主体4人及国家公园管理人员4人;采用面对面的方式进行半结构访谈,单次访谈时长为30~45分钟,录音并转写整理后获得8万余字的访谈资料。上述材料用于定向内容分析:基于既有研究预设经济、社会、文化与环境4类旅游利益感知范畴,在此框架下逐条编码,细化子范畴与指征;编码由两名研究者独立完成并进行一致性检验与回溯修正。最终将归纳结果转化为问卷测量条目,并通过小样本预测试校准条目表述[52],结果如表2所示。
在质性研究形成旅游利益感知四维度条目后,制度信任[5]、居民幸福感[53]和生态保护行为[5,54]等题项参考成熟量表并结合国家公园情境修订(表3)。问卷采用Likert 5点量表(1=非常不同意,5=非常同意),包含人口统计学特征、旅游利益感知、居民幸福感(RWB)、生态保护行为(ECB)与制度信任(ITNP)5个部分,题项随机呈现以降低共同方法偏差风险。问卷调查于2023年7—8月实施,采取线下入户与线上问卷星相结合方式,各村发放量不低于农户总数的5%。共回收有效样本542份,其中天窗社区269份、搬迁社区273份。
根据描述性统计结果,受访居民中男性(53.1%)略多于女性(46.9%),年龄结构以中年群体为主(31~50岁占70.8%),整体教育水平较低(高中/中专及以下学历占83.2%),年收入集中在4万~7万元之间(66.2%),绝大多数居民从事旅游相关职业(61.4%),在本地居住时长20年及以上的人口占86.9%。
根据Hair等[55]的指南,表34对测量模型信效度及共同方法偏差进行检验。结果显示,各构面组合信度(CR)均大于0.7,平均萃取变异量(AVE)均超过0.5,题项因子载荷均高于0.5,测量模型收敛效度良好。
各构面的异质-同质比率(HTMT)均未超过0.85(表5),共同方法偏差风险较低。结构模型层面,各预测变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)检验结果均小于3,标准化均方根残差(SRMR)均低于0.08,模型拟合度满足要求[56]。模型对居民幸福感与生态保护行为的R²分别为47.2%与49.4%,基于Blindfolding计算的Q²均大于0,说明模型具有较好的预测相关性与预测能力[57]
本文主要采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)来验证不同变量之间的整体线性关系。该方法的优势在于数据无需满足正态分布假设,适用于复杂模型与相对小样本情境,并能处理潜变量间的多路径关系[58],路径检验结果如表6所示。
经济利益感知(β=0.147,p<0.001)、社会利益感知(β=0.186,p<0.001)、文化利益感知(β=0.143,p<0.005)对生态保护行为呈显著正向影响,环境利益感知对生态保护行为影响不显著(β=0.037,p>0.050),假设H1a、假设H1b、假设H1c成立,H1d不成立。访谈证实,依托国家公园生态本底发展民宿旅游,是居民将生态优势转化为生计资本最直观的路径,进一步带来的公共服务改善与公益性岗位供给,不仅提升了旅游接待能力,也增强了居民的组织归属感。这种清晰的利益获得感促使居民将维护环境视为保障家庭收入的理性选择,从而主动落实保护行动。例如“生态环境变好了,带来游客,可以发展民宿。民宿是村里比较大的一块收入,一共有50家民宿,客房408间”“为了联合举办篝火活动,国家公园和村里出钱修建错车道”(MY3-04)。虽然宏观环境改善有利于旅游,但严格的生态规制切断了居民传统的资源利用路径,且收益分配存在错位。受访者直言“河里的保护投入了精力,不让百姓搞河里的鱼,不让垂钓,有矛盾……老百姓对过去的生活方式的向往,村干部难以满足”。这种“看得到风景,摸不到实惠”(MY4-05)的现实困境,导致环境利益感知被强烈的规制成本抵消,难以转化为微观个体的实际参与行动。
经济利益感知(β=0.399,p<0.001)、社会利益感知(β=0.148,p<0.001)、文化利益感知(β=0.291,p<0.001)对居民幸福感呈显著正向影响,环境利益感知对居民幸福感影响不显著(β=0.047,p>0.050),假设H2a、H2b、H2c成立,H2d不成立。访谈显示,国家公园品牌赋能带来的产品溢价与产业升级体验,极大地提升了居民的生活满意度,例如“注册商标‘九湖山珍’……所有农产品深加工、粗加工后(价格)就翻倍”(PQ2-01),由国家公园品牌背书带来的收入跃升与职业尊严,成为居民主观幸福感的重要来源。除此之外,国家公园管理部门提供教育支持政策等公共福利有效缓解了居民的代际焦虑,直接提升了家庭层面的生活安全感与幸福感,例如“学生考上本科以上,国家公园会有奖学金4000元(一本)。现在通过国家公园的宣传能接受主动参与保护”(PQ3-02)。旅游活动让边缘化的乡村文化重回中心舞台,为居民带来了心理层面的满足与集体自尊。而环境利益感知对幸福感影响不显著主要源于严重的“人兽冲突”与滞后的理赔机制,受访者抱怨“环境好后野生动物猖獗,保险不够。2亩玉米糟蹋了,保险公司一亩地300~400元,本应收入2000元左右……”(PQ5-04)。这种“生态越好,损失越大”的落差导致居民产生了强烈的相对剥夺感,导致环境改善无法有效转化为个体的主观幸福感。
结果表明,居民幸福感在经济利益感知(β=0.074,p<0.001)、社会利益感知(β=0.027,p<0.005)和文化利益感知(β=0.054,p<0.001)与生态保护行为之间的关系中发挥显著中介作用;而在环境利益感知与生态保护行为之间,居民幸福感的中介效应不显著。故假设H3a、H3b、H3c成立,假设H3d不成立。访谈内容也印证了以上结果:“我们农民归根结底还是在意国家公园的建设到底能不能让我们生活过得更好更幸福,如果生活确实变好了我们没有理由不去支持国家公园的建设和旅游发展”(PQ1-02)。“我的祖祖辈辈都在这里生活,神农文化是神农架的根也是我的根,给游客们去传播神农文化让我觉得很自豪和幸福,我当然愿意(参加志愿者活动)”(MY2-01)。经济状况改善、公共服务便利性提升与文化自豪感增强有助于提升居民主观幸福感,当居民认为相关政策与收益能够稳定兑现并转化为安全感与公平感时,其积极主观体验会外化为更强的参与式保护行为。
结果表明,制度信任对“经济利益感知→生态保护行为”(β=0.035,p>0.050)、“社会利益感知→生态保护行为”(β=-0.050,p>0.050)与“环境利益感知→生态保护行为”(β=-0.022,p>0.050)3条路径的调节作用均不显著;对“文化利益感知→生态保护行为”路径的调节作用显著(β=0.156,p<0.001)。此外,制度信任对“居民幸福感→生态保护行为”路径的调节作用显著(β=0.117,p<0.050)。故H4a、H4b、H4d不成立,H4c与H5成立。
依据Henseler等[56]提出的复合构念测量不变性(MICOM)程序,本文依次检验天窗社区与搬迁社区数据组的配置不变性、组合不变性以及均值与方差等同性(表7)。结果显示,各构面均满足组合不变性(相关系数均接近1,置换检验p>0.05),满足部分测量不变性条件,可进行多群组结构路径比较。进一步检验显示,除ITNP外其余构面均满足均值与方差等同性,提示两组在ITNP上存在显著水平差异。
在此基础上,采用多群组分析检验结构路径差异(表8)。结果显示,两类社区的核心作用路径总体一致,但在“制度信任×居民幸福感→生态保护行为”的调节机制路径上存在显著差异。
对访谈资料回溯显示,多群组路径差异并非来自两类社区对旅游利益的感知结构不同,而主要源于“制度信任”的基线差异。总体上,天窗社区与搬迁社区在经济、社会、文化利益的认知上基本一致,对国家公园治理与社区发展的基本逻辑具有共识并普遍评价正向。但因制度信任形成机制不同,相同的利益感知在两类社区中转化为生态保护行为的强度存在差异。
在天窗社区,制度信任更具连续性与嵌入性,源于社区与国家公园治理体系的长期互动及政策兑现经验累积。受访者指出“我们是老林区保护区起家的,管了一辈子护林员的,国家公园来了就是更严格的版本,我们小孩考上本科还有奖学金,大家都能理解(保护行为)”(MY1-01)。这表明天窗社区更倾向将国家公园视为既有治理体系的延续,公益性岗位、教育扶持等长期兑现式治理强化了制度信任与政策可信性。与此同时,文化认同与生态制度形成稳定耦合,“黑暗传、盐道文化这些是我们传下来的,国家公园给‘一村一品’帮扶资金20万元,用于镇上演艺公司演员工资和设备,年轻人就愿意回来了”(MY2-03)。在制度化投入的支撑下,文化嵌入居民日常生活与地方身份,因而具有更强的可感知性与可兑现性。由此产生的自豪感与尊严感更易提升幸福感,并推动生态保护行为由外在激励驱动转向内在认同驱动,最终表现为认同式行动。
与天窗社区相比,搬迁社区中的利益分配压力与空间机会差异容易引发信任割裂和失衡。访谈显示,搬迁后居民对国家公园管理机构不信任集中于搬迁补偿与旅游收益空间的不公平。受访者谈到“当时评估(搬迁)是按900块钱一平方米算的,装修另算。地和山林算综合价值,有人拿60多万,有人能拿200多万”(PQ2-01)。“先搬的户有房子选择的优先权,后面来的就只能挑剩下的”(PQ1-02)。尽管补偿标准在制度上具有合法性,但评估主导、参与不足与折算标准不透明强化了程序性不信任;先后选择权又固化迁入地差异,导致社区内部分层,形成结构性不平等。该信任缺口在后续旅游收益实现中被持续放大:大九湖旅游淡旺季明显,旺季客流主要集聚于主游线、停车换乘点等少数节点,迁入地是否邻近这些节点直接影响民宿入住率、餐饮收入与就业机会;淡季回落后,区位劣势更易转化为长期亏损。由此,居民更倾向将收益落差归因于安置规则与分配不公,对国家公园的信任难以修复。与此同时,文化与日常生活的连接在搬迁中被打断,迁入社区更像房产空间而非生活空间,文化实践缺乏稳定场域与持续互动,受访者直言“搬来以后,大家都是‘租房客’,做生意靠运气”(PQ3-04)。在此情境下,文化利益更易被理解为外在、短期要素,幸福感缺乏稳定来源,居民更倾向以机会性、收益性方式理解参与,从而削弱其将利益感知与幸福感稳定转化为生态保护行为的动力,最终表现为搬迁社区中制度信任的调节作用趋于弱化甚至不显著。
首先,本文结果表明社会交换理论在国家公园这一具有公共物品属性的治理情境中具有解释力,同时存在明确的适用边界。经济、社会与文化利益感知显著促进了生态保护行为,说明居民回馈行为不仅受可兑现的功利性收益驱动,也与社会认同与文化意义等情感性回报相伴随,这与旅游社区研究中关于交换机制影响参与行为的基本判断一致[23],并与Nunkoo等[26]关于信任与社区反应机制的讨论相呼应。与此同时,环境利益感知对生态保护行为影响不显著,表示生态改善的正外部性并不会自动转化为个体行动动机:生态效益具有跨期性与非排他性,而用途管制与资源利用限制等政策性成本更具即时性与排他性,宏观生态获益与微观机会成本之间的不对称削弱了环境收益的可感知性与可兑现性,使其难以沿交换逻辑稳定转化为生态保护行为。综上,国家公园公共物品属性所引致的收益外溢与成本即时性不对称,限制了交换逻辑向生态保护行为的稳定转化,从而为社会交换理论在该治理情境中的适用范围提供了边界条件。
其次,本文揭示了制度信任在不同社区类型间的空间异质性特征,拓展了制度信任与政策支持关系的解释框架。多群组分析表明,在天窗社区,对国家公园较高的信任显著强化了旅游利益感知对居民生态保护行为的驱动作用;而在搬迁社区,对国家公园较弱的信任基础削弱了这一效应。该发现与Nyaupane等[46]关于制度信任调节效应的研究结论一致,但更深层地指出了制度信任在国家公园语境下的社会嵌入本质。在社会交换逻辑下,制度信任不仅是一种制度认知,更是一种对未来资源分配和政策兑现的保障机制。在天窗社区,稳定的地缘结构与文化网络为制度信任提供了社会资本支撑,促使居民将国家公园视为共生型制度伙伴;而搬迁社区因空间剥离导致的社会关系断裂与生活重构,使制度信任的重建更为困难,由此增加了对政策公平性与兑现可靠性的疑虑,并抑制了生态保护行为。因此,中国国家公园社区治理的有效性不仅依赖于地方社会资本、文化认同与资源分配的公正性的互动条件,还依赖于这种嵌入式制度信任能否在多尺度资源分配和空间公平中得到平衡。
本文仍存在一定局限。受限于神农架国家公园的单案例情境,研究结论在不同类型及区域保护地中的普适性与外部有效性尚待验证。未来研究可进一步拓宽比较视野,将不同管理体制与社区发展阶段纳入分析框架,深入探讨社会公平、地方认同等变量的差异化作用机制,以期为完善国家公园社区治理体系提供更为丰富的理论支撑。
本文基于社会交换理论,从国家公园旅游利益感知视角构建了生态保护行为的机制理论模型,并结合定向文本分析和偏最小二乘法结构方程模型,以湖北省神农架国家公园为例,实证了旅游利益感知对生态保护行为的影响,以及居民幸福感和制度信任分别在其中的中介和调节效应。研究发现:
(1)国家公园旅游带来的经济、社会和文化利益感知是驱动居民生态保护行为的主要因素,环境利益感知的不显著揭示了生态资源保护在宏观上的公共性与在微观个体层面可感知回报之间的制度性断裂。
(2)居民幸福感发挥关键的情感中介作用:经济、社会与文化利益感知可通过提升幸福感进一步推动生态保护行为,说明制度供给与旅游收益需经由主观福祉评价实现从感知到持续行动的转化。该中介机制为理解国家公园市场性收益如何转化为社区居民内生的生态保护动力提供了机制性解释。
(3)制度信任水平影响非经济性收益与情感体验向保护行为的转化强度,并在不同社区类型间呈现显著差异:在信任水平较高的天窗社区,文化利益感知与幸福感更易转化为保护行为;而在信任水平较低的搬迁社区,上述转化作用明显减弱。这种差异与资源分配公平性的感知相关,表明制度信任的作用路径具有异质性。
(4)居民生态保护行为呈现“利益感知—幸福感—生态保护行为”的链式作用逻辑,其有效运行取决于制度供给能否转化为可兑现收益与可感知公平。该发现拓展了社会交换理论在国家公园治理场域中的解释力,并表明其作用边界主要受制度信任及其所依托的程序公平与分配公平所界定。
基于本文实证结果,归纳提出如下管理启示,以期为国家公园治理优化提供可操作的政策参考:
(1)构建制度化的利益共享与反馈机制,强化社区收益的稳定性与可预期性。建议在特许经营制度框架下,重点在旅游成熟片区建立社区优先准入与生态绩效挂钩机制。一方面,通过特许经营目录清单,将民宿接待、研学解说、交通接驳等业态标准化,引导社区居民合规化、组织化经营;另一方面,探索建立村级生态账户或收益回流专账,明确经营收益与巡护协管、环境维护等保护责任的挂钩比例。通过定期的绩效核算与公示,在保障生态底线的基础上,实现发展权益的透明化与制度化,提升居民的生活满意度与未来预期,从而确立获得感向生态保护行为转化的长效激励闭环。
(2)推动生态价值向民生福祉的具象化转化,消解生态管制的约束性成本。将宏观生态效益转译为居民可感知的民生福利,特别是对于强管控或搬迁区域,应着重提升生态补偿的精准性与普惠性。具体而言,应优先完善清洁能源替代、污水垃圾处理及人兽冲突防控与理赔体系,将生态保护成效直接映射为社区人居环境与生活质量的改善。同时,建立生态红利项目库与年度发布制度,使项目投入、家庭受益与社区管护责任形成清晰对应,增强环境收益的显性化体验,降低生态规制带来的相对剥夺感。
(3)实施基于制度信任的差异化治理策略,精准回应不同类型社区的发展诉求。对于制度信任基础较好的社区,应侧重于赋能与共治,充分利用文化利益感知的放大效应,将非遗传承、传统节庆等纳入特许经营体系,构建文化与生态协同的共管机制,激发社区参与的内生动力。对于制度信任水平较低的社区,应侧重于制度信任修复与机会公平。建立旅游经营机会清单与空间配额制度,通过规则化的轮换机制确保旺季高频收益机会向搬迁群体公平倾斜;同时,完善资金使用与补偿标准的第三方监督机制,通过提升决策程序的透明度与分配结果的公平性,从制度层面夯实国家公园生态保护行为持续发生的信任基础与激励条件。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(42101236)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(42501293)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42571283)
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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.14
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-12-16
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42101236)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42501293)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42571283)
作者信息
    1 湖北经济学院旅游与酒店管理学院, 武汉 430205
    2 广东技术师范大学管理学院, 广州 510665
    3 中南林业科技大学国家公园与旅游学院, 长沙 410004

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彭星星,女,湖南双峰人,讲师,研究方向为国家公园社区治理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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