Article(id=1281627316266701709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=1764172800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493363681, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493363681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493363681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493363681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=394, endPage=410, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627316463833998, articleId=1281627316266701709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Analytical framework and generative mechanism of protected areas as socio-cultural spaces: A case study of Wuyishan National Park, columnId=1281627241247388369, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Spatial Pattern and Cultural Resources, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] From the perspective of socio-cultural space, this study investigates the generative mechanisms of protected areas as a special type of socio-cultural space, thereby providing theoretical support for the management of human activities and cultural resources in these areas. [Methods] Building on the theory of the production of space and integrating the methodology of cultural sedimentation, this study constructed a three-layer analytical framework of “site-documentation-imagery”. Using methods including historical document verification, GIS spatial analysis, online text mining, and semi-structured interviews, this study systematically integrated multi-source, long-term data to analyze the generative mechanisms of socio-cultural space in the typical case of Wuyishan National Park. [Results] The empirical study showed that: (1) in the site layer (dominated by spatial practice), a significant vertical gradient differentiation was observed. Spiritual sites, such as sacrificial sites and academies, were highly concentrated in the low-altitude original scenic areas, while productive sites related to the tea industry and transportation extended into the high-altitude core protection zones. (2) In the documentation layer (dominated by representations of space), Neo-Confucian educational activities and tea industry practices during the Song and Ming dynasties formed areas of high-density overlap, constructing stable core narrative zones and demonstrating the diachronic sedimentation of spatial representations with social significance. (3) In the imagery layer (dominated by representational spaces), the visitors focused on iconic tourist landscapes, while local residents retained living cultural memories and emotional connections in deeper natural areas, highlighting differences in the representational spaces experienced by different groups. These results revealed the long-term process of expansion and formation of the socio-cultural space in Wuyishan National Park under the driving and embedding effects of human activities. [Conclusion] Based on empirical evidence, this study operationalizes the theory of the production of space into a “three-driver and three-layer” analytical framework, coupling the triadic dialectic of space with the three layers of “site-documentation-imagery”. This achieves the operational transformation of spatial production theory in protected areas and deepens the proposition that protected areas are “artifacts of social relations and historical environments”. The study provides a scientific basis for optimizing heritage interpretation systems in protected areas and for the coordinated governance of ecological conservation and cultural inheritance.

, authors=Yefeng XIE1, 2, Bingxian WU3, Bihu WU4, authorsList=Yefeng XIE, Bingxian WU, Bihu WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bihu WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627320129655715, articleId=1281627316266701709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=自然保护地社会文化空间的分析框架构建与生成机制探讨——以武夷山国家公园为例, columnId=1281627241993974483, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=空间格局与文化资源, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】立足社会文化空间视角,探究自然保护地这类特殊社会文化空间的生成机制,为保护地人类活动及人文资源管理提供理论支撑。【方法】依托空间生产理论,融合文化沉积方法论,构建“遗址-记录-映象”三层分析框架。综合运用历史文献考证、GIS空间分析、网络文本挖掘及半结构化访谈等方法,系统整合多源长时序数据,解析典型案例武夷山国家公园的社会文化空间生成机制。【结果】实证研究表明:①在遗址层(空间实践主导),呈现显著的垂直梯度分异,祭祀、书院等精神性遗址高度集中于低海拔原风景名胜区,而茶业与交通等生产性遗址延伸至高海拔核心保护区;②在记录层(空间表象主导),宋明时期理学教化与茶业活动在特定区域形成高密度叠合,构建了稳定核心叙事区,展现了社会意义的历时性空间表象沉积;③在映象层(表征性空间主导),访客聚焦旅游标志性景观,居民则保留深层自然区域文化活态记忆与情感关联,凸显了不同群体体验的表征性空间差异。上述结果揭示了在人类活动驱动与嵌入的作用下,武夷山国家公园社会文化空间在长时序中不断扩展、生成的过程。【结论】基于实证,本文将空间生产理论操作化为三元辩证空间与“遗址-记录-映象”三层相耦合的“三驱三层”分析框架,实现空间生产理论在自然保护地的操作化转换,深化了自然保护地是“社会关系与历史环境的人工制品”这一命题。本文可为优化自然保护地遗产解说体系、协同治理生态保护与文化传承提供科学依据。

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谢冶凤,女,湖南耒阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为国家公园等自然保护地区域的文化与人类维度。E-mail:

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吴必虎,男,江苏盐城人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、旅游规划。E-mail:
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Natural and cultural corridors[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2024, 40(10): 2-3.], articleTitle=Natural and cultural corridors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281627334818107442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=69, authorNames=West P, journalName=Conservation is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea, refType=null, unstructuredReference=West P. Conservation is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea[M]. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1281627326647604204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, awardId=24YJCZH356, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(24YJCZH356), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1281627326718907373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, awardId=24CSWYB07, language=CN, fundingSource=联合国教科文组织国际自然与文化遗产空间技术中心长沙工作站开放课题(24CSWYB07), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1281627320360342436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627320368731045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, companyId=1281627320360342436, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 武夷山国家公园福建管理局, 南平 354399)]), AuthorCompany(id=1281627320616194989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627320624583598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, companyId=1281627320616194989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281627320628777903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, companyId=1281627320616194989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1281627322369414092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=A “three-layer” analytical framework for formation mechanisms of protected areas as socio-cultural spaces, figureFileSmall=3IGcrnGf7T1I+JVRLov6FQ==, figureFileBig=06FPF/WRT825nrPPzaIVwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627322453300173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图1, caption=自然保护地社会文化空间生成机制的“三层”分析框架, figureFileSmall=3IGcrnGf7T1I+JVRLov6FQ==, figureFileBig=06FPF/WRT825nrPPzaIVwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627322637849550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Overview of zoning in Wuyishan National Park based on the boundaries of the original nature reserve and scenic area, figureFileSmall=vorPlhmrHAPkFVexN89Vew==, figureFileBig=yYm8S1ADzxMhmQiS70/H+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627322700764111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于原自然保护区和风景名胜区范围的武夷山国家公园分区概况

注:① 官方划定的武夷山国家公园边界范围内含天窗区域,但天窗区域与其周边区域实质上共同构成完整的自然和文化空间,因此本图对边界范围内的天窗进行了空间填充与完整化处理;② 武夷山风景名胜区范围除与国家公园重合区域外,还包含闽越王城区域。因该区域不属于本文的实证研究范围,故此图未予体现。

, figureFileSmall=vorPlhmrHAPkFVexN89Vew==, figureFileBig=yYm8S1ADzxMhmQiS70/H+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627322801427408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Spatial distribution of different types of cultural heritage sites in Wuyishan National Park, figureFileSmall=PhosgEWroqV9QHcJ72ceFQ==, figureFileBig=jEwmiyCmtEFyU+xmNPH2IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324433011665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图3, caption=武夷山国家公园文化遗址类型空间分布, figureFileSmall=PhosgEWroqV9QHcJ72ceFQ==, figureFileBig=jEwmiyCmtEFyU+xmNPH2IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324537869266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Kernel density estimation of cultural heritage sites in Wuyishan National Park, figureFileSmall=Wer+ZADzZ2xlUogNBTVG+g==, figureFileBig=NauUIpiogBUt7mVDbnszFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324600783827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图4, caption=武夷山国家公园文化遗址核密度估计, figureFileSmall=Wer+ZADzZ2xlUogNBTVG+g==, figureFileBig=NauUIpiogBUt7mVDbnszFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324701447124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Number of heritage sites associated with different activity records, figureFileSmall=O17pmNz+y4SDRLauwSuFPg==, figureFileBig=EcRz0jkj2qRNxiBeJ2tzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324768555989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图5, caption=涉及各类活动记录的遗址数量, figureFileSmall=O17pmNz+y4SDRLauwSuFPg==, figureFileBig=EcRz0jkj2qRNxiBeJ2tzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324835664854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Stacked chart of proportion of historical activity records of different heritage site types, figureFileSmall=lDJrnPyFOS78Zp6+XZ9YfA==, figureFileBig=erRHwqa2ke+N1lPpqlCWHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627324940522455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各类遗址的历代活动记录及占比堆叠图, figureFileSmall=lDJrnPyFOS78Zp6+XZ9YfA==, figureFileBig=erRHwqa2ke+N1lPpqlCWHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325011825624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Historical periods of documentation layers for cultural heritage sites in Wuyishan National Park, figureFileSmall=AlseWb9B4x8AwFUMxsDPww==, figureFileBig=aZryih132pZFaSHYFxzi3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325083128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图7, caption=武夷山国家公园文化遗址记录层年代, figureFileSmall=AlseWb9B4x8AwFUMxsDPww==, figureFileBig=aZryih132pZFaSHYFxzi3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325154431962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Kernel density estimation of public imagery sites in Wuyishan National Park, figureFileSmall=WvsbzMT7kWHkJI5g9/bm9g==, figureFileBig=wSuiQZ7iVr7I30EBTvuMwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325271872475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图8, caption=武夷山国家公园访客映象点位核密度估计, figureFileSmall=WvsbzMT7kWHkJI5g9/bm9g==, figureFileBig=wSuiQZ7iVr7I30EBTvuMwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325351564252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Imagery sedimentation degree of different locations in Wuyishan National Park by contemporary visitors, figureFileSmall=mrJZjzy1lgIpIojkfSXokQ==, figureFileBig=JjXjjJ5WlNJppW0oCudl2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325448033245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图9, caption=当代访客群体对武夷山国家公园不同地方的映象沉积度, figureFileSmall=mrJZjzy1lgIpIojkfSXokQ==, figureFileBig=JjXjjJ5WlNJppW0oCudl2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325544502238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Analysis of generative process of China’s protected areas as socio-cultural spaces based on “three-drivers and three-layers” framework, figureFileSmall=Br4DrVCY5MqURSE8PRZG3A==, figureFileBig=4f0yvYXexV45R895aSMs0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325603222495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=图10, caption=用“三驱三层”框架分析中国自然保护地作为社会文化空间的生成过程, figureFileSmall=Br4DrVCY5MqURSE8PRZG3A==, figureFileBig=4f0yvYXexV45R895aSMs0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281627325682914272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Research methods and data sources for analyzing site layer and documentation layer of cultural sedimentation in Wuyishan National Park

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法步骤 数据类型 数据来源 对应的文化沉积“三层”
第1步:确定研究区域 武夷山国家公园边界(含江西片区)矢量数据、边界内数字高程模型 武夷山国家公园管理局、地理空间数据云
(gscloud.cn)
第2步:明确研究区内文化沉积物名录 武夷山国家公园区域文物和文化遗产名录 南平市不可移动文物名录、联合国教科文组织武夷山世界遗产指定文件(1999、2017年)、《武夷山志》(1997年)、《武夷山市志》(1994年)、《铅山县志》(1990年)、《武夷山遗产名录》(2011年)、《武夷胜迹》(2013年)、《武夷山摩崖石刻》(2007年)等地方志书与遗产专志,以及《福建省历史地图集》(2004年)和茶叶史相关历史文献,并开展
了实地踏勘。
遗址层、记录层
第3步:确定绝大部分文化沉积物位置 武夷山国家公园区域文化遗址位置 遗址层
第4步:补充第3步未能确定位
置的部分文化遗址点位
作为补充的武夷山国家公园区域茶园和交通遗址位置 遗址层、记录层
第5步:明确每个文化遗址点位的具体人类活动纪事 武夷山国家公园区域文化遗址的人类活动纪事 记录层
), ArticleFig(id=1281627325791966177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

武夷山国家公园文化沉积遗址层和记录层的研究方法和数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法步骤 数据类型 数据来源 对应的文化沉积“三层”
第1步:确定研究区域 武夷山国家公园边界(含江西片区)矢量数据、边界内数字高程模型 武夷山国家公园管理局、地理空间数据云
(gscloud.cn)
第2步:明确研究区内文化沉积物名录 武夷山国家公园区域文物和文化遗产名录 南平市不可移动文物名录、联合国教科文组织武夷山世界遗产指定文件(1999、2017年)、《武夷山志》(1997年)、《武夷山市志》(1994年)、《铅山县志》(1990年)、《武夷山遗产名录》(2011年)、《武夷胜迹》(2013年)、《武夷山摩崖石刻》(2007年)等地方志书与遗产专志,以及《福建省历史地图集》(2004年)和茶叶史相关历史文献,并开展
了实地踏勘。
遗址层、记录层
第3步:确定绝大部分文化沉积物位置 武夷山国家公园区域文化遗址位置 遗址层
第4步:补充第3步未能确定位
置的部分文化遗址点位
作为补充的武夷山国家公园区域茶园和交通遗址位置 遗址层、记录层
第5步:明确每个文化遗址点位的具体人类活动纪事 武夷山国家公园区域文化遗址的人类活动纪事 记录层
), ArticleFig(id=1281627325863269346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic information of residents (informal interviews) in and around Wuyishan National Park

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编号 性别 出生年代 职业 常住/工作地 访谈时间 访谈方式 访谈场景
R01 1950s 茶农 黄柏村(A区外围) 2020.8.1 面对面 受访者家中
R02、R03 男、女 1980s、1980s 茶农、茶商 天心村(A区内) 2020.8.15 面对面 受访者家中
R04 1980s 茶农、茶商 桐木村(C区内) 2020.8.18 面对面 受访者门店
R05 1970s 公职人员、茶商 三姑度假区(A区外围,但受访者为C区桐木村人) 2020.8.31 面对面 受访者门店
R06、R07 男、女 1960s、1940s 茶农、茶商、民宿经营者 南源岭(A区外围) 2020.9.1 面对面 受访者家中
R08 1970s 武夷山景区高管 武夷山市区 2020.8.10/
2021.10.8
面对面 受访者公司
), ArticleFig(id=1281627325947155427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

武夷山国家公园内及周边居民(非正式访谈)基本信息

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编号 性别 出生年代 职业 常住/工作地 访谈时间 访谈方式 访谈场景
R01 1950s 茶农 黄柏村(A区外围) 2020.8.1 面对面 受访者家中
R02、R03 男、女 1980s、1980s 茶农、茶商 天心村(A区内) 2020.8.15 面对面 受访者家中
R04 1980s 茶农、茶商 桐木村(C区内) 2020.8.18 面对面 受访者门店
R05 1970s 公职人员、茶商 三姑度假区(A区外围,但受访者为C区桐木村人) 2020.8.31 面对面 受访者门店
R06、R07 男、女 1960s、1940s 茶农、茶商、民宿经营者 南源岭(A区外围) 2020.9.1 面对面 受访者家中
R08 1970s 武夷山景区高管 武夷山市区 2020.8.10/
2021.10.8
面对面 受访者公司
), ArticleFig(id=1281627326026847204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detailed classification of cultural heritage sites in Wuyishan National Park

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大类 小类 大类 小类
史前人类遗址 古墓葬
古遗址
书院教化遗址 书院书室
东莱先生讲学处
交通遗址 古关隘
古桥
古蹬道
古道(节点)
宗教建筑遗址 道教宫观、修道处(遗址)
佛教寺院(遗址)
天主教堂
佛道寺院(遗址)
茶业遗址 古茶园 山水文化遗址 摩崖石刻
隐居防御遗址 隐居遗址
防御遗址
游憩设施遗址

祭祀纪念遗址 自然祭祀
先贤祠庙
先贤墓地
近现代纪念地 民国遗址
红色遗址
), ArticleFig(id=1281627326135899109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627316266701709, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

武夷山国家公园文化遗址分类详表

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大类 小类 大类 小类
史前人类遗址 古墓葬
古遗址
书院教化遗址 书院书室
东莱先生讲学处
交通遗址 古关隘
古桥
古蹬道
古道(节点)
宗教建筑遗址 道教宫观、修道处(遗址)
佛教寺院(遗址)
天主教堂
佛道寺院(遗址)
茶业遗址 古茶园 山水文化遗址 摩崖石刻
隐居防御遗址 隐居遗址
防御遗址
游憩设施遗址

祭祀纪念遗址 自然祭祀
先贤祠庙
先贤墓地
近现代纪念地 民国遗址
红色遗址
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Distribution of cultural heritage sites in three zoning areas

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分区 面积比例/% 观测遗址数/处 期望遗址数/处 遗址数χ²贡献 遗址密度/(处/km2
A区 4.3 298 13.63 5932.49 5.41
B区 19.5 3 61.82 55.96 0.01
C区 76.2 16 241.55 210.61 0.02
总数 100.0 317 317.00 6199.06 0.25
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3个分区的遗址分布情况

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分区 面积比例/% 观测遗址数/处 期望遗址数/处 遗址数χ²贡献 遗址密度/(处/km2
A区 4.3 298 13.63 5932.49 5.41
B区 19.5 3 61.82 55.96 0.01
C区 76.2 16 241.55 210.61 0.02
总数 100.0 317 317.00 6199.06 0.25
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Visitor-perceived sites in Wuyishan National Park ranked by online reviews

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序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区
1 武夷山风景名胜区 A 21 宋街 A 41 桐木村 C 61 天柱峰 A
2 天游峰 A 22 龙川大峡谷 B 42 白云岩 A 62 三贤祠 A
3 九曲溪 A 23 天心永乐禅寺 A 43 虹桥板 A 63 并莲峰 A
4 武夷山漂流 A 24 大安源 C 44 武夷精舍 A 64 中正公园牌坊 A
5 大红袍景区 A 25 柳永纪念馆 A 45 慧苑禅寺 A 65 茶洞亭 A
6 一线天 A 26 鹰嘴岩 A 46 九龙窠 A 66 上下水龟 A
7 虎啸岩 A 27 武夷山十八寨 B 47 疑无路 A 67 飞来峰 A
8 水帘洞 A 28 天成禅院 A 48 三才峰 A 68 狮子峰 A
9 玉女峰 A 29 武夷山博物馆 A 49 莲花峰 A 69 翡翠谷 A
10 大王峰 A 30 遇林亭窑址 A 50 天游阁 A 70 小桃源 A
11 武夷宫 A 31 黄岗山大峡谷 C 51 法雨悬河 A 71 朱熹纪念馆 A
12 青龙大瀑布 B 32 仙浴潭 A 52 自然博物馆 C 72 玉龙谷 A
13 岩骨花香漫游道 A 33 定命桥 A 53 御茶园遗址 A 73 九曲溪漂流 A
14 架壑船棺 A 34 流香涧 A 54 天游景区观景台 A 74 黄岗山 C
15 云窝 A 35 三仰峰 A 55 武夷山自然保护区 C 75 江西武夷山自然保护区 C
16 桃源洞道观 A 36 卧龙潭 A 56 灵岩 A 76 五府岗 C
17 武夷山森林公园 B 37 绿野仙踪慢游道 A 57 马头岩 A 77 独竖尖 C
18 武夷山止止庵 A 38 幔亭峰 A 58 万春园 A
19 白云禅寺 A 39 响声岩 A 59 伏虎岩 A
20 隐屏峰 A 40 桃源洞 A 60 古崖居遗构 A
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基于网络评论量的武夷山国家公园访客感知地点排序

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序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区 序号 名称 属区
1 武夷山风景名胜区 A 21 宋街 A 41 桐木村 C 61 天柱峰 A
2 天游峰 A 22 龙川大峡谷 B 42 白云岩 A 62 三贤祠 A
3 九曲溪 A 23 天心永乐禅寺 A 43 虹桥板 A 63 并莲峰 A
4 武夷山漂流 A 24 大安源 C 44 武夷精舍 A 64 中正公园牌坊 A
5 大红袍景区 A 25 柳永纪念馆 A 45 慧苑禅寺 A 65 茶洞亭 A
6 一线天 A 26 鹰嘴岩 A 46 九龙窠 A 66 上下水龟 A
7 虎啸岩 A 27 武夷山十八寨 B 47 疑无路 A 67 飞来峰 A
8 水帘洞 A 28 天成禅院 A 48 三才峰 A 68 狮子峰 A
9 玉女峰 A 29 武夷山博物馆 A 49 莲花峰 A 69 翡翠谷 A
10 大王峰 A 30 遇林亭窑址 A 50 天游阁 A 70 小桃源 A
11 武夷宫 A 31 黄岗山大峡谷 C 51 法雨悬河 A 71 朱熹纪念馆 A
12 青龙大瀑布 B 32 仙浴潭 A 52 自然博物馆 C 72 玉龙谷 A
13 岩骨花香漫游道 A 33 定命桥 A 53 御茶园遗址 A 73 九曲溪漂流 A
14 架壑船棺 A 34 流香涧 A 54 天游景区观景台 A 74 黄岗山 C
15 云窝 A 35 三仰峰 A 55 武夷山自然保护区 C 75 江西武夷山自然保护区 C
16 桃源洞道观 A 36 卧龙潭 A 56 灵岩 A 76 五府岗 C
17 武夷山森林公园 B 37 绿野仙踪慢游道 A 57 马头岩 A 77 独竖尖 C
18 武夷山止止庵 A 38 幔亭峰 A 58 万春园 A
19 白云禅寺 A 39 响声岩 A 59 伏虎岩 A
20 隐屏峰 A 40 桃源洞 A 60 古崖居遗构 A
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Distribution of total online review sites in three zoning areas

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分区 面积比例/% 观测点位数 期望点位数 点位数χ²贡献 点位密度/(处/km2
A区 4.3 64 3.31 1112.40 1.16
B区 19.5 5 15.02 6.68 0.02
C区 76.2 8 58.67 43.76 0.01
总数 100.0 77 77.00 1162.84 0.06
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3个分区的映象(网络评论)总点位分布情况

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分区 面积比例/% 观测点位数 期望点位数 点位数χ²贡献 点位密度/(处/km2
A区 4.3 64 3.31 1112.40 1.16
B区 19.5 5 15.02 6.68 0.02
C区 76.2 8 58.67 43.76 0.01
总数 100.0 77 77.00 1162.84 0.06
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自然保护地社会文化空间的分析框架构建与生成机制探讨——以武夷山国家公园为例
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谢冶凤 1, 2 , 吴炳贤 3 , 吴必虎 4
资源科学 | 空间格局与文化资源 2026,48(2): 394-410
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资源科学 |空间格局与文化资源 2026 , 48 (2) : 394 -410
自然保护地社会文化空间的分析框架构建与生成机制探讨——以武夷山国家公园为例
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2 文化遗产保护修复与数字化应用湖南省工程研究中心, 长沙 410022, bio={"content":"

谢冶凤,女,湖南耒阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为国家公园等自然保护地区域的文化与人类维度。E-mail:

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谢冶凤,女,湖南耒阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为国家公园等自然保护地区域的文化与人类维度。E-mail:

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谢冶凤1, 2 , 吴炳贤3, 吴必虎4
作者信息
  • 1 中南林业科技大学国家公园与旅游学院, 长沙 410004
  • 2 文化遗产保护修复与数字化应用湖南省工程研究中心, 长沙 410022
  • 3 武夷山国家公园福建管理局, 南平 354399
  • 4 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871
通讯作者:
吴必虎,男,江苏盐城人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、旅游规划。E-mail:
作者简介:

谢冶凤,女,湖南耒阳人,博士,讲师,研究方向为国家公园等自然保护地区域的文化与人类维度。E-mail:

Analytical framework and generative mechanism of protected areas as socio-cultural spaces: A case study of Wuyishan National Park
Yefeng XIE1, 2 , Bingxian WU3, Bihu WU4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of National Park and Tourism, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
  • 2 Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Restoration and Digital Application, Changsha 410022, China
  • 3 Fujian Administration of Wuyishan National Park, Nanping 354399, China
  • 4 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.08
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【目的】立足社会文化空间视角,探究自然保护地这类特殊社会文化空间的生成机制,为保护地人类活动及人文资源管理提供理论支撑。【方法】依托空间生产理论,融合文化沉积方法论,构建“遗址-记录-映象”三层分析框架。综合运用历史文献考证、GIS空间分析、网络文本挖掘及半结构化访谈等方法,系统整合多源长时序数据,解析典型案例武夷山国家公园的社会文化空间生成机制。【结果】实证研究表明:①在遗址层(空间实践主导),呈现显著的垂直梯度分异,祭祀、书院等精神性遗址高度集中于低海拔原风景名胜区,而茶业与交通等生产性遗址延伸至高海拔核心保护区;②在记录层(空间表象主导),宋明时期理学教化与茶业活动在特定区域形成高密度叠合,构建了稳定核心叙事区,展现了社会意义的历时性空间表象沉积;③在映象层(表征性空间主导),访客聚焦旅游标志性景观,居民则保留深层自然区域文化活态记忆与情感关联,凸显了不同群体体验的表征性空间差异。上述结果揭示了在人类活动驱动与嵌入的作用下,武夷山国家公园社会文化空间在长时序中不断扩展、生成的过程。【结论】基于实证,本文将空间生产理论操作化为三元辩证空间与“遗址-记录-映象”三层相耦合的“三驱三层”分析框架,实现空间生产理论在自然保护地的操作化转换,深化了自然保护地是“社会关系与历史环境的人工制品”这一命题。本文可为优化自然保护地遗产解说体系、协同治理生态保护与文化传承提供科学依据。

社会文化空间  /  空间生产  /  文化沉积  /  自然保护地  /  人地关系  /  武夷山国家公园

[Objective] From the perspective of socio-cultural space, this study investigates the generative mechanisms of protected areas as a special type of socio-cultural space, thereby providing theoretical support for the management of human activities and cultural resources in these areas. [Methods] Building on the theory of the production of space and integrating the methodology of cultural sedimentation, this study constructed a three-layer analytical framework of “site-documentation-imagery”. Using methods including historical document verification, GIS spatial analysis, online text mining, and semi-structured interviews, this study systematically integrated multi-source, long-term data to analyze the generative mechanisms of socio-cultural space in the typical case of Wuyishan National Park. [Results] The empirical study showed that: (1) in the site layer (dominated by spatial practice), a significant vertical gradient differentiation was observed. Spiritual sites, such as sacrificial sites and academies, were highly concentrated in the low-altitude original scenic areas, while productive sites related to the tea industry and transportation extended into the high-altitude core protection zones. (2) In the documentation layer (dominated by representations of space), Neo-Confucian educational activities and tea industry practices during the Song and Ming dynasties formed areas of high-density overlap, constructing stable core narrative zones and demonstrating the diachronic sedimentation of spatial representations with social significance. (3) In the imagery layer (dominated by representational spaces), the visitors focused on iconic tourist landscapes, while local residents retained living cultural memories and emotional connections in deeper natural areas, highlighting differences in the representational spaces experienced by different groups. These results revealed the long-term process of expansion and formation of the socio-cultural space in Wuyishan National Park under the driving and embedding effects of human activities. [Conclusion] Based on empirical evidence, this study operationalizes the theory of the production of space into a “three-driver and three-layer” analytical framework, coupling the triadic dialectic of space with the three layers of “site-documentation-imagery”. This achieves the operational transformation of spatial production theory in protected areas and deepens the proposition that protected areas are “artifacts of social relations and historical environments”. The study provides a scientific basis for optimizing heritage interpretation systems in protected areas and for the coordinated governance of ecological conservation and cultural inheritance.

socio-cultural space  /  production of space  /  cultural sedimentation  /  protected areas  /  human-environment relationship  /  Wuyishan National Park
谢冶凤, 吴炳贤, 吴必虎. 自然保护地社会文化空间的分析框架构建与生成机制探讨——以武夷山国家公园为例. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 394 -410 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.08
Yefeng XIE, Bingxian WU, Bihu WU. Analytical framework and generative mechanism of protected areas as socio-cultural spaces: A case study of Wuyishan National Park[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 394 -410 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.08
自然保护地具有文化和精神价值[1-3],1992年联合国教科文组织“文化景观”遗产类型的设立标志着生态与文化遗产的协同保护成为共识[4]。中国自然保护地不仅是生物多样性保护的核心区域,更是“人与自然和谐共生”的文化空间[5],这些区域的特殊性在于其自然本底与文化沉积的深度交织[6-8]
亨利·列斐伏尔[9]的空间生产理论为自然保护地的这种特殊性提供了本体论与认识论基础。该理论认为,空间并非一个自然存在的容器,而是社会关系被不断建构和再生产的结果。从这一角度来看,自然保护地不仅仅是“存在”(being),更是“生成”(becoming)的过程。这一点在中国表现得尤为明显:作为一个几乎不存在纯粹自然景观的国家[10],其拥有数量众多、类型多样的自然保护地,所面临的土地、人口与社区协同发展难题在全球罕见[11]。因此,自然保护地不仅是生态保护的物理空间,同时也是制度治理、生产实践与文化赋义叠加作用的社会化和文化的产物。换言之,自然保护地应被理解为一类被社会性生产的空间[12]
当前,文化与自然保护地的交叉研究主要呈现出两大路径:①功能主义路径,如生态系统文化服务框架[13],强调文化遗产、文化实践对生态保护的赋能作用[14];②政治生态学路径,批判早期保护地管理中的“去地方化”倾向[15],并倡导将地方知识纳入保护管理[16-18]。国内研究亦遵循上述两大路径,同时立足我国实际作出了中国特色的探索。一方面,研究突出了风景名胜区类保护区域的文化景观价值,揭示了名山类风景名胜的景观演化机制[7],并针对一些被地方居民视为“神圣自然”的保护区域/保护对象展开了深入研究[19];另一方面,研究从旅游开发视角关注自然保护地的文化资源,倡导保护地文旅融合发展[20,21]。总体上,现有研究大多聚焦于自然保护地当中文化的生态效益或旅游价值,而对于其空间如何通过文化过程被建构与再生产的关注不足。
本文引入“文化沉积(cultural sedimentation)”作为研究视角,以揭示自然保护地的社会空间生产在时间中的痕迹积累。早在20世纪90年代初,“文化沉积”概念就频繁出现在文化地理学相关论述中。系统的文化沉积理论体系则是在经典地貌学和沉积学理论基础上提出的,该理论强调以人文因素的地表形态为研究对象,探索景观中的文化沉积物、沉积过程和沉积作用[22]。具体来说,文化沉积物即人类活动在自然环境中留下的物质痕迹和精神痕迹,既包含有形的遗址、建筑,也涵盖无形的信仰、审美观念。
在我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地建设背景下,国家公园作为强调“最严格的保护”、涉及全民利益、人地关系尤为复杂的关键类型[23],集中体现了自然保护地“生态保护”与“文化传承/公众利用”的双重属性。相较于自然保护区与自然公园,国家公园往往覆盖了大尺度的自然-文化复合生态系统,其自然本底与文化沉积的深度交织最为典型[7,8],因此是解析自然保护地社会文化空间生产机制的最佳观测窗口。
在此背景下,基于空间生产理论与文化沉积方法论,结合典型国家公园案例分析,本文试图回答:如何构建自然保护地文化沉积的“三层”结构,并揭示自然保护地作为社会文化空间的长时序生成过程?本文创新点在于:理论层面,依托中国丰富的史料与记录背景,构建“三驱三层”分析框架,弥补现有研究对自然保护地社会文化空间属性的关注不足;实践层面,为国家公园域内文化遗产的分类管理、解说体系优化及旅游活化提供科学依据,助力实现“生态保护”与“文化传承”的双重目标。
亨利·列斐伏尔批判了将空间视为纯粹客观容器的传统观点,开创性地提出“(社会)空间是(社会的)产物”的核心命题[9]。其“空间三元辩证法”,即空间实践(感知的,perceived)、空间表象(构想的,conceived)与表征性空间(活态的,lived)之间的辩证统一[9],为理解自然保护地的本质提供了哲学基石:自然保护地并非预先存在的“自然”飞地,而是在社会关系与历史进程中被持续生产出来的社会文化空间。然而,要将这一宏大的哲学命题落地为实证研究,必须结合研究对象的具体时空属性进行操作化转换。
与高密度建设的城市或自发演进的乡村不同,自然保护地作为一类特殊的社会文化空间,具有独特的时空属性。
(1)空间边界的行政规制性。自然保护地空间划定源自国家层面对“重要的自然生态系统、自然遗迹、自然景观及其所承载的自然资源、生态功能和文化价值”的保护要求(据2019年中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》),这决定了保护地具有明确的、由行政意志限定的法定空间范围及相应的准入与治理规则[24],区别于普通聚落相对模糊的自发性范围[25]
(2)自然基底的生态约束性。以山林、河流、草原等为主的自然基底约束了人类活动的强度与方式。即便是位于省会城市之中的西湖风景名胜区,其土地覆被仍以水域、山林等自然要素为主,人工改造仅限于修坝筑堤、疏浚造林等点状低干扰行为[26]
(3)人地互动的深度嵌合性。正因为上述自然要素的广布性,保护地中的人地互动往往呈现出“自然要素与文化活动深度交织”的独特样态[27],不同于城市空间与建筑遗产的连续叠加式文化沉积[28],也不同于乡村地区与生产方式同频的渐进式演变[29]。这种深度嵌合还进一步体现在人类活动在同一空间的多元复合嵌入。其中,位于文化交界带/生态过渡带的保护地(如武夷山、三江源、大熊猫国家公园)[30],因多元文化交汇形成复合嵌入;非交界/过渡带保护地则既反映所在大文化区特征,又因保护区域地理隔离等原因形成独特文化发育特点,造就大文化区与地方特色文化景观的复合镶嵌[31]
综上,自然保护地呈现出“在以自然为主要基底的一定空间内,以点状镶嵌式人类活动进行文化沉积”的独特模式,其结果表现为文化沉积物在自然保护地空间中的离散性与嵌合性。这意味着直接套用针对城市空间高密度连续叠加、乡村空间渐进演替的分析范式均不可行,亟须构建一套能捕捉自然保护地文化沉积物特征的新分析框架。
为捕捉自然保护地中离散且深嵌的长时序文化痕迹,本文引入文化沉积理论作为操作化中介。该理论关注人类活动在自然环境中留下的物质与精神痕迹的层累效应[23],包含空相、时相与映象3个维度。其中,空相研究文化沉积物在空间上的分布、迁移规律;时相研究文化沉积物在历史进程中表现出的序列规律;映象则揭示特定文化在人类大脑中的沉积规律[23]
本文针对空间生产的实证需求,对该理论进行了操作化重构:将文化沉积从一个自洽的文化景观演化解释理论,转换为捕捉空间生产痕迹的分析切片。需要指出的是,亨利·列斐伏尔的空间三元要素在现实中是辩证交织的,例如遗址既是实践的产物,也隐含了文本的赋义。但在实证操作层面,为了捕捉其核心特征,本文依据各沉积层最显著的主导属性建立分析映射:以“遗址层”作为空间实践的主导物质载体,侧重分析人类活动在自然基底上留下的有形分布;以“记录层”作为空间表象的叙事档案,侧重解读历代文本与叙事对空间的构想;以“映象层”为表征性空间的活态呈现,侧重揭示当代人群的感知与记忆对空间的再生产与意义重构。这一转换使抽象的空间生产命题得以通过具体的遗址、文献、访谈与网络数据等实证材料进行系统追踪与分析。
基于上述推演,图1构建了自然保护地社会文化空间生产机制的“三层”分析框架。该框架以空间生产理论为内核,以自然保护地特殊时空属性为情境约束,以文化沉积的3个层次为实证载体。在这一框架中,历史进程中的空间生成过程虽已成为“过去式”而不可逆,但其作用结果被固化为遗址、记录、映象的层次结构。
研究路径遵循自下而上的逻辑:首先,通过田野调查、历史文献考证与网络文本挖掘提取3层沉积物信息;其次,将其分别回溯对应至空间实践、空间表象与表征性空间3个理论维度;最后,解析空间在多重作用下的生成机制。
由此形成一个完整的分析闭环:从可观测的“表”(文化沉积物)透视其背后的“里”(空间生产逻辑),从而系统解释自然保护地何以成为社会文化空间的生成机制。
本文选择武夷山国家公园作为实证对象。武夷山作为世界文化与自然“双遗产”地,其文化沉积的复杂性与典型性[32-34]为理论框架的建构提供了坚实支撑。
武夷山国家公园是我国第一批5个国家公园之一,其范围涉及多个保护地区域,其中原风景名胜区是接待旅游者最多也是地方居民茶园分布相对密集的区域,海拔较低;原自然保护区是世界“人与生物圈”保护区的主要范围,以高山深谷地貌为主,生物多样性丰富,海拔较高(主峰黄岗山海拔2160.8 m);位于风景名胜区和自然保护区中间地段的区域被称为“九曲溪上游保护地带”,内有玉龙谷、龙川大峡谷等旅游景区,是从低海拔到高海拔区域的过渡地带。因此,可将武夷山国家公园基于原自然保护区和风景名胜区范围大致分为以原风景区范围为主的A区(平均海拔288.7 m,最高海拔697 m)、以原保护区范围为主的C区(平均海拔1121.4 m,最高海拔2169 m),以及位于二者中间的B区(平均海拔729.7 m,最高海拔1755 m)(图2)。
研究数据按“三层”结构分别采集。
遗址层和记录层数据主要通过实地踏勘与考证资料相结合的方式获取。武夷山国家公园地跨闽赣两省,涉及福建省南平市的武夷山市、建阳区、光泽县、邵武市,以及江西省上饶市的铅山县,共5个县级行政单位。公园全域与武夷山世界自然和文化遗产保护范围(含2017年扩展部分)的重合面积达72.77% 。基于这一高度重叠,本文以南平市和铅山县不可移动文物名录,以及联合国教科文组织1999年、2017年两份武夷山世界遗产指定文件所附文化遗产清单为基础数据源。在此基础上,依据遗产文件中关于闽赣古道和历代茶园的记载,对交通遗址与茶园遗址两类数据进行了专项补充采集。遗址层与记录层数据类型与数据来源见表1。表中同步列示了数据处理步骤,相关具体阐释将在3.3小节展开。
映象沉积层的数据收集包括网络兴趣点(POI)数据与居民访谈两部分。①网络POI数据以武夷山国家公园正式设立(2021年10月12日)前后为时间节点,分别于2021年9月12日(福建片区)和2022年1月6日(江西片区)从大众点评、携程、马蜂窝3个平台获取位于公园范围内的全部可检索POI及其评价数量。3个平台分别检索到13处、65处、74处POI,剔除重复后共计77处,累计评价数量28719条(本文主要关注映象的空间广度,故仅统计评价数量,未进行文本内容爬取)。②居民访谈采用目的性抽样(purposive sampling)方法[35],选取在当地长期生活、工作,且其生计或身份与国家公园文化底蕴密切相关的个体作为访谈对象。调研期间共开展7次非正式访谈,其中5次为个人访谈,2次为家庭访谈(每个家庭涉及2名成员),访谈对象基本信息见表2。访谈内容聚焦两个核心问题:①武夷山对受访者的意义;②受访者最喜欢武夷山的具体地方及原因。需要说明的是,访谈中使用“武夷山”而非“武夷山国家公园”这一表述,是基于以下考量:国家公园在我国系2015年以来的新行政概念,而受访者的地方感知与文化记忆是在“武夷山”这一历史地名下长期积淀形成的,使用日常化表述更能获取受访者真实的地方认同与情感体验,这也与映象层所关注的“活态的表征性空间”相契合。历次访谈的关键信息以笔记形式记录,累计6021字。
对武夷山国家公园区域文化沉积物数据进行了空间分布可视化、分类学分析[36,37]和历时过程分析。具体处理流程分述如下:
(1)遗址层与记录层的数据处理
包括4个步骤(表1步骤2-5):①综合多源长时序多类型数据,建立公园范围内文化沉积物初步清单。②结合近现代文献、当代考证资料及实地踏勘GPS记录(作者分别于2020年7月17日—9月3日、2021年10月1日—10月25日在武夷山国家公园开展了两次实地调研),对清单中的遗址逐一进行空间定位,共确认313处遗址点位;在此基础上,依据茶史文献线索进一步确认4处初步清单之外的古茶园遗址。③以清代董天工《武夷山志》为核心史料,辅以其他考证文献,采用分类学方法[36,37],依据历代人物活动记载对沉积物进行类型划分,并归纳其历时演变过程。④通过地方志、遗产名录和实地踏勘记录的交叉对比,剔除重复或存疑条目,最终确认317处文化遗址及与之相关的791条涉及具体人物或人群的历史纪事。
(2)遗址空间的定量分析方法
本文利用ArcGIS Pro 3.0对文化遗址点位进行核密度分析,以识别空间集聚模式。同时,对具有明显海拔差异的A、B、C三区分别计算遗址密度(遗址数量/分区面积),并采用卡方检验(χ²)比较各分区遗址分布差异,显著性水平设为p<0.01。
(3)映象层数据的分析方法
采用量化统计与质性诠释相结合的方法进行分析。①网络评论的量化分析。以各POI的空间点位进行核密度分析,呈现园内不同区域映象点位聚集情况;以各地点访客评论条数作为映象广度的量化指标。②居民访谈的诠释性分析。对居民非正式访谈记录进行诠释性分析,提取关键例证陈述[38,39],用以揭示地方居民与访客群体在文化映象上的差异。
基于前述方法和路径,可将武夷山国家公园内的文化遗址分为10类(表3图3),即:史前人类遗址、交通遗址、茶业遗址、隐居防御遗址、祭祀纪念遗址、宗教建筑遗址、书院教化遗址、山水文化遗址(以摩崖石刻呈现)、游憩设施遗址(以亭台楼阁遗址呈现)和近现代纪念地。这些遗址作为空间实践的物质固化形式,客观记录了从生存适应到精神追求的多元人类活动。分析显示,遗址的空间分布不仅界定了各类人类活动的物理边界,更呈现出显著的功能叠合特征——即同一遗址点位常承载多种类型的活动记录。这揭示了自然保护地作为社会文化空间不仅具有物质层面的确定性,更在长时序的空间生产中通过功能的叠加与置换,形成了多义的空间表象。
从整体空间分布来看(表4图4),文化遗址呈现显著的垂直分布差异与功能区集聚性。在垂直空间上,除交通遗址和茶业遗址因生产运输需求呈全域散布外,其他各类遗址均集中分布在低海拔的原风景名胜区。在平面管控上,遗址分布与国家公园管控分区高度相关。317处遗址中,98.1%(311处)位于一般控制区,表明历史上高强度人类活动空间与当代严格生态保护空间在地理上自然分离。仅有6处遗址涉及核心保护区(含1处位于边界),其中位于核心区内部的5处均为关键交通孔道或特有农业景观,具体包括观音关、童子关、天子地古道节点,以及桐木关和天子地古茶园。
(1)记录的功能演替与主体特征
317处遗址中,295处仅涉及单一类型的人类活动记录,22处遗址在自商周到民国的时期内存在多样的活动形式(图5)。
从演化时序看(图6),除史前及近现代特定年代类型外,文化记录呈现出清晰的功能演替脉络:汉代以交通与祭祀为主;东晋至唐代,宗教活动记录占据主导;宋代(尤以南宋为甚)伴随人口中心南移与游览风气兴盛,书院教化与宗教记录同步激增。此后,作为山水审美载体的摩崖石刻记录开始占据主流,于明清时期达到峰值,并延续至民国。
在行为主体方面,791条记录揭示了“具名精英与群体大众”共存的格局:其中524条记录指向朱熹、陈省、李良佐等374位具体历史人物(含62位高频活动者),其余则对应茶农、僧侣、驻军及行政机构等群体性社会主体。
(2)记录的时空生产逻辑
将记录年代投射于地理空间(图7),揭示了武夷山国家公园叙事记录早期广域奠基、晚近高密厚积的时空演化逻辑。商周至汉唐时期的早期记录(蓝绿色系)虽然稀疏,但空间分布较广,奠定了保护地早期的人文空间底色;而宋元以后,尤其是明清时期(红橙色系),文化记录在原风景名胜区内的九曲溪沿岸及丹霞峰丛区域呈现高密度重叠,形成稳定的文化核心叙事区,且不同年代记录点在地理空间上高度重叠,直观揭示了精神性、审美性文化叙事在物理空间上的持续再生产与沉积过程。这种时空结构证实,作为“空间表象”的自然保护地,其本质是由历代文人、官吏与僧道通过持续的文本书写与命名,在特定物理空间上不断叠加意义而“生产”出的社会文化沉积体。
(1)大众映象的空间集聚
基于网络POI数据,本文识别出77个承载访客映象的点位,并按各平台评论总数量排序(表5)。空间统计显示(表6图8),映象点位呈现极显著的空间集聚特征(χ²(2)=1162.84,p<0.001)。仅占全域面积4.3%的原风景名胜区(A区)集聚了83.1%的感知点位,其点位密度高达1.16处/km²,分别是B区和C区的58倍和116倍。
评论数量分级采用ArcGIS自然断点法(Jenks)划分,并结合原始数据分布进行标注优化。进一步分析评论量的空间分布(图9)可知,映象沉积度呈现出圈层衰减规律:A区构成了绝对的映象核心;B区除青龙大瀑布等少数特许经营节点外,整体关注度骤降;C区作为核心保护区面积最大的区域,映象数据极度稀疏,主要源自马蜂窝等攻略分享平台的少量访客记录。这种映象格局深刻反映了国家公园管控政策对当代空间实践的规制作用——严格的准入制度阻断了大众进入核心区进行“身体在场”的体验,从而在根本上重塑了表征性空间的生成版图,使其被压缩在有限的游憩功能空间内。需要指出的是,由于部分数值区间无观测值,故直接略去了无观测值区间。以图9d为例,评论总数区间不连续是由于在278~352、925~1157、2333~4049及4051~12620区间内无观测值。
(2)原住民映象的全域性与历史传承
与访客受限于管控边界的感知图景不同,原住民访谈揭示了另一种基于地缘情感的内生性映象结构,具有显著的全域性与历史传承性。一方面,一些原住民的空间实践突破当代行政管控边界,延伸至历史记忆深处。例如,在关于“八大关”的讨论中,受访者R04(徒步爱好者)所反映的一种行为倾向值得关注:即使部分古关隘的实体访问受到限制,它们所承载的地方历史与记忆,仍持续引导着人们对这些地点的文化关注与想象性关联。这种文化层面的“抵达”与“连接”,超越了物理空间的可达性,成为一种修补空间历史叙事断裂的社会性实践。
另一方面,原住民的地方认同建立在深厚的历史积淀之上。受访者R08(景区管理者)强调“人杰地灵”与“名人足迹”是其产生家乡自豪感并选择留守的根本原因。这表明,对于原住民而言,武夷山不仅是提供生态服务的自然客体,更是承载独特文化身份的精神家园。这种深刻的情感联结,构成了区别于访客景观凝视的、更具历史韧性的表征性空间。
基于上述针对武夷山国家公园的实证分析,进一步尝试从个案经验中抽象出自然保护地社会文化空间生成的一般性逻辑。
武夷山作为世界双遗产地,其特殊的时空属性使其文化沉积涵盖了政治社会、生产与精神等全维度的驱动要素,实质上构成了一个自然保护地社会文化空间生产“全要素集合”。相较之下,自然保护区和自然公园的空间生产机制往往表现为这一全集合的子集或变体。例如,严格的自然保护区可能多涉及行政力量与生产活动,而较少涉及长时序精神活动的介入。
因此,以武夷山为例所提炼的生成逻辑,实质上提供了一个囊括自然保护地人地互动可能性的“最大公约数”。通过对该逻辑中驱动要素的删减与权重的调整,其理论内核即可推广应用于体系内其他类型的分析。基于此,本文构建如下分析框架:
基于亨利·列斐伏尔的空间三元辩证法,将其操作化为可实证分析的“三层”文化沉积结构,进而提炼驱动这一结构生成的3类核心动力。由武夷山国家公园的分析可以发现,文化沉积3个层次的形成源自自然保护地空间的长期人地互动[40],即人们在一定区域开展的社会组织、生产生活和意识形态活动[41]。具体到自然保护地,政治社会活动、生产生活活动、精神活动这3类人类实践活动驱动了自然保护地社会文化空间的形成,简称“三驱”。“三驱”既是古代人类空间实践的物理活动形态,也是当代自然保护地形成过程中社会化和文化的动力机制;“三层”是空间的社会化和文化结果(图10)。
(1)第一阶段:空间实践的物质介入与早期生产
在古代维度,自然保护地首先表现为“原生自然空间”。古代人类活动作为核心驱动力(三驱机制),通过具体的“空间实践载体”作用于这一自然本底。①政治社会活动驱动:通过开辟道路、修筑关隘等设施,在大地刻写国家治理意志,实现了边缘区域的政治整合[42,43];②生产活动驱动:通过开辟茶园、疏浚河道,将自然资源转化为生计资源,重塑了土地覆盖与生态景观;③精神活动驱动:通过祭祀、建设书院、亭台楼阁,赋予自然场所以神圣性与审美价值。这一阶段,人类活动直接改变了自然空间的物理属性,形成了第一轮的空间生产。
(2)第二阶段:空间表象的符号建构与记录沉积
伴随着物质实践,古人通过创作活动将物理空间转化为“空间表象”。政治社会、生产与精神活动被转译为古籍地志、文艺作品、石刻游记及民俗节庆等符号形式。这些符号并未随之消逝,而是经历了“记录沉积过程”与“人群映象沉积过程”。它们跨越历史时空,将古代的空间认知与价值观传递至现代,构成了自然保护地深层的文化基因。
(3)第三阶段:当代社会文化空间的立体构成
经过漫长的遗址沉积过程,以及记录和人群映象的沉积过程,上述历史产物最终构成了“今自然保护地作为社会文化空间”的3个核心维度。①当代空间实践维度:古代遗留的道路、茶园、建筑演变为“遗址层”,与当代的保护管理设施等当代建设共同构成了现实的物质空间;②当代空间表象维度:历史文献与石刻演变为“记录层”,与当代的规划文本、政策法规等当代建构共同构成了制度与知识空间;③当代表征的空间维度:历史的群体记忆演变为“映象层”,与当代群体访客、原住民的现场体验等当代表征相互作用,形成了活态的情感空间。
综上所述,“三驱三层”框架揭示了自然保护地空间生产的完整闭环:“三驱”活动是空间生产的原动力,而“三层”则是这些动力在时间长河中经过物质与精神的双重沉积所形成的当代结果。这一机制证明,自然保护地不仅是生态系统的载体,更是历代人类通过政治社会、生产、精神活动持续与自然互动,并经由时空沉积而生成的复合社会文化空间。
本文对自然保护地的规划、管理与活化具有以下实践启示:
(1)差异化保护与活化策略。应根据文化沉积的类型、空间分布与驱动机制,制定差异化的保护与利用措施。例如,对分布于核心保护区的交通与茶业遗址,应在生态优先前提下采取低干预式保护措施,尝试构建文化遗址的数字化旅游场景[44];而对集中于一般控制区的精神性遗址,则可结合旅游与教育功能进行适度活化。
(2)构建多维解说体系。应突破“物-馆-牌”的传统解说模式,融入历时性与空间性叙事。例如,分水关等交通遗址可整合其军事、商贸与现代交通功能,茶业遗址可结合制茶技艺非遗与生态适应叙事,摩崖石刻与书院可通过数字技术再现历史场景,增强访客对文化沉积的感知。
(3)强化社区参与和文化认同。地方居民是文化沉积的传承者与映象承载者,应将其传统知识、生产实践与文化记忆纳入保护地治理[17]与旅游活化中。例如,茶农的茶园管理实践、茶神祭祀仪式等,均可转化为深度文化体验产品,促进文化认同的再生产。
(4)重视交通遗址的象征价值与文化功能。古道、关隘等交通遗址不仅是历史遗迹,更是国家大一统格局与多元一体文化的空间象征。在保护地规划中应重视其复合价值,通过生态修复与文化线路整合[45],实现“古道新生”,讲述中华民族共同体故事。
本文仍存在一定局限。①武夷山国家公园作为文化底蕴极为深厚的典型区域,其结论在推广至其他类型或地区的保护地时需进一步验证。未来研究可选取生态主导型或文化层次相对单一的保护地进行比较分析。②映象层数据主要来源于网络平台与有限访谈,未来可结合问卷调查、深度访谈与参与式观察,更全面地捕捉群体映象的形成机制。③文化沉积的驱动机制在不同历史阶段可能存在动态变化,后续研究可引入更精细的断代分析,进一步揭示文化沉积的演化路径。
总之,中国自然保护地不仅是生态保护的载体,更是中华文明历时沉积与当代再生产的重要社会文化空间。文化沉积理论为我们理解其空间本质提供了新视角,也为实现“生态-文化”协同治理提供了科学依据。在全球范围内推动保护地可持续发展的背景下,中国自然保护地的文化沉积研究不仅有助于深化对人与自然互动机制的理论认识,也为全球保护地治理体系贡献具有中国特色的实践智慧。
本文基于亨利·列斐伏尔空间生产理论,构建了自然保护地“三驱三层”文化沉积分析框架,并以武夷山国家公园为实证对象,系统探讨了其社会文化空间的生成机制,主要结论如下:
(1)理论创新方面,实现了空间生产理论在自然保护地的操作化转换。通过识别政社活动、生产生活与精神活动三类古代人类活动作为空间生产的原动力,将空间三元要素映射为可观测的遗址层(空间实践主导)、记录层(空间表象主导)与映象层(表征性空间主导)。这一框架揭示了自然保护地经由物质固化、文本叙事与心理感知的多维沉积,从原生自然空间转化为复杂社会文化空间的过程,深化了“自然保护地是社会关系与历史环境人工制品”[46]的命题。
(2)实证研究方面,揭示了武夷山国家公园文化沉积的时空分异特征及当代结构性分异。空间维度上,精神性遗址集中于低海拔原风景名胜区,生产性遗址延伸至高海拔核心保护区;时间维度上,宋明时期理学与茶业活动的迅速增长奠定了景观基调。当代映象层显示,访客感知高度局限于成熟景区,与行政游览范围重合,反映了官方“空间表象”对大众感知的强力建构;而地方居民通过口述历史与日常实践维系着更为深厚的“活态”文化记忆。这种差异表明,自然保护地是规划空间与民间生活记忆持续博弈的动态过程。
本文为优化自然保护地遗产解说体系、协同治理生态保护与文化传承提供了科学依据,具有重要的理论价值与实践意义。
  • 教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(24YJCZH356)
  • 联合国教科文组织国际自然与文化遗产空间技术中心长沙工作站开放课题(24CSWYB07)
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.08
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 修回日期:2025-11-27
基金
教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(24YJCZH356)
联合国教科文组织国际自然与文化遗产空间技术中心长沙工作站开放课题(24CSWYB07)
作者信息
    1 中南林业科技大学国家公园与旅游学院, 长沙 410004
    2 文化遗产保护修复与数字化应用湖南省工程研究中心, 长沙 410022
    3 武夷山国家公园福建管理局, 南平 354399
    4 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871

通讯作者:

吴必虎,男,江苏盐城人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理、旅游规划。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zykx/CN/10.18402/resci.2026.02.08
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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