Article(id=1281627335367561267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.18402/resci.2026.02.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1769788800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783493368236, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783493368236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783493368236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783493368236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281627217587310752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='289', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783493340155, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507652191, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687246705242511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, issueId=1281627217587310752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=334, endPage=348, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281627335598247988, articleId=1281627335367561267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=EN, title=Trade-offs/synergies of water ecosystem services in national parks and their driving factors: A case study of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, columnId=1281627278153073626, journalTitle=Resources Science, columnName=Ecosystem Services and Value Realization, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Water security is an important cornerstone of sustainable development and is closely associated with human well-being. As national parks are typical ecological functional areas, it is important to clarify the complex interaction mechanisms among their various water ecosystem services, which forms the scientific basis for achieving coordinated management of regional water security. [Methods] Based on the InVEST model, PLS-SEM model, Spearman correlation analysis and geographical detector method, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and trade-offs/synergies of four key water ecosystem services (water yield, water conservation, soil retention, and water purification) in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest from 2000 to 2022, identified key driving factors, and provided insights for sustainable spatial planning and management. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2022, the overall status of three water ecosystem services—water yield, soil retention, and water conservation—in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest improved, while the water purification function slightly declined. The water ecosystem services exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, with the Wuzhi Mountain-Limuling Mountain range showing better water ecological functions than the hilly and plain areas. (2) Except for water yield and soil retention, other water ecosystem services were dominated by synergies with small fluctuations in correlation coefficients, and the synergy between water purification and water conservation was the strongest. (3) Climate change and landscape patterns directly and positively impacted all four water ecosystem services with the strongest explanatory power, while human activities showed a direct negative impact with the weakest explanatory power. [Conclusion] The water ecosystem services in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest generally show an improving trend. This change is significantly influenced by the interaction between climate change and landscape patterns, while the direct impact of human activities is relatively limited. This study proposes a governance framework for water ecosystem services in national parks from four aspects: institutional construction, spatial planning, ecological management, and environmental monitoring. In the future, a theoretical framework for optimizing the water ecological security pattern should be further developed, integrating the needs of regional ecological conservation and spatial governance. This will provide important theoretical support for maintaining the integrity and stability of water ecosystems in national parks and promoting the sustainable governance of territorial space.

, authors=Peijia WANG1, Xiaobin MA2, Dan CHEN1, Liangjian YANG3, Jieyi TAO3, Chang WANG4, authorsList=Peijia WANG, Xiaobin MA, Dan CHEN, Liangjian YANG, Jieyi TAO, Chang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281627338626535489, articleId=1281627335367561267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, language=CN, title=国家公园水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系及其影响因素——以海南热带雨林国家公园为例, columnId=1281627278337623004, journalTitle=资源科学, columnName=生态系统服务与价值实现, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】水安全是可持续发展的重要基石,与人类福祉密切相关。国家公园作为典型生态功能区,厘清其内部各类水生态系统服务之间复杂的相互作用机制,是实现区域水安全协同管理的科学基础。【方法】本文基于InVEST模型、PLS-SEM模型、Spearman相关分析和地理探测器等方法,系统分析了2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园4类水生态系统服务(产水量、水源涵养、土壤保持与水质净化)的时空演变特征及权衡/协同关系,识别了关键驱动因素,并据此提出可持续空间规划与管理启示。【结果】①2000—2022年,海南热带雨林国家公园的产水量、水源涵养与土壤保持3项水生态系统服务整体状况向好,但水质净化功能略有下降;水生态系统服务呈现显著的空间异质性特征,五指山—黎母岭山脉一带的水生态功能优于丘陵平原区域;②除产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持之间为权衡关系外,其余水生态系统服务间以协同关系为主,Spearman相关系数波动较小,尤以水源涵养与水质净化之间的协同性最强;③气候变化与景观格局对4类水生态系统服务均具有直接的正向影响,且解释力最强;人类活动则表现为直接的负向影响,解释力最弱。【结论】海南热带雨林国家公园的水生态系统服务总体呈现改善趋势,其权衡/协同关系受气候变化与景观格局的影响及其交互作用较为显著,而人类活动的直接作用相对有限。本文从制度构建、空间规划、生态管理与环境监测4个方面提出了国家公园水生态系统服务的治理框架,未来应进一步构建融合区域生态保护与空间治理需求的水生态安全格局优化理论架构,为维护国家公园水生态系统的完整与稳定、推进国土空间可持续治理提供重要理论支撑。

, authors=王培家1, 马小宾2, 陈丹1, 杨良健3, 陶洁怡3, 王昶4, authorsList=王培家, 马小宾, 陈丹, 杨良健, 陶洁怡, 王昶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈丹, authorNote=

王培家,男,安徽安庆人,讲师,研究方向为国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

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陈丹,女,安徽安庆人,副教授,研究方向为乡村旅游。E-mail:
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注:黑色实线箭头和黑色虚线箭头分别表示正相关和负相关;椭圆表示潜在变量;矩形表示显变量。

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注:X1-X9依次表示气温、降水量、蒸散发量、海拔、坡度、归一化植被指数、景观连通性、人口密度和土地利用强度。

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Data sources and explanations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据 数据说明 时间 分辨率 数据来源
气象数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的年均降水量、年均气温、年均蒸发量等 2000、2010、2022年 1000 m 中国气象数据网(http//data.cma.cn/);中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
土壤数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的土壤类型、土壤深度、土壤有效含水量等土壤数据集 1000 m 世界土壤数据库(HWSD);中国土壤数据集(1:100万)
土地利用数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的土地利用类型 2000、2010、2022年 30 m 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
高程数据 ASTER GDEM 30 m 地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/
行政区划数据 POI数据、研究区矢量图等 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
社会经济数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的人口密度、交通等数据 2000、2010、2022年 1000 m 2000—2023年的《中国县域统计年鉴(乡镇卷)》《海南省统计年鉴》《中国旅游统计年鉴》以及地方志等
), ArticleFig(id=1281627343911358595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源与解释说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据 数据说明 时间 分辨率 数据来源
气象数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的年均降水量、年均气温、年均蒸发量等 2000、2010、2022年 1000 m 中国气象数据网(http//data.cma.cn/);中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
土壤数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的土壤类型、土壤深度、土壤有效含水量等土壤数据集 1000 m 世界土壤数据库(HWSD);中国土壤数据集(1:100万)
土地利用数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的土地利用类型 2000、2010、2022年 30 m 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
高程数据 ASTER GDEM 30 m 地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn/
行政区划数据 POI数据、研究区矢量图等 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/
社会经济数据 海南热带雨林国家公园的人口密度、交通等数据 2000、2010、2022年 1000 m 2000—2023年的《中国县域统计年鉴(乡镇卷)》《海南省统计年鉴》《中国旅游统计年鉴》以及地方志等
), ArticleFig(id=1281627343999438980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Spearman correlations between water ecosystem services in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, 2000-2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 产水量-水源涵养 产水量-土壤保持 产水量-水质净化 水源涵养-土壤保持 水源涵养-水质净化 土壤保持-水质净化
2000 0.71*** -0.14*** 0.39*** 0.07** 0.32*** 0.41***
2010 0.69*** -0.11*** 0.35*** -0.15** 0.35*** 0.48**
2022 0.75*** -0.15** 0.36*** -0.11** 0.39*** 0.46***
), ArticleFig(id=1281627344062353541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务间的Spearman相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 产水量-水源涵养 产水量-土壤保持 产水量-水质净化 水源涵养-土壤保持 水源涵养-水质净化 土壤保持-水质净化
2000 0.71*** -0.14*** 0.39*** 0.07** 0.32*** 0.41***
2010 0.69*** -0.11*** 0.35*** -0.15** 0.35*** 0.48**
2022 0.75*** -0.15** 0.36*** -0.11** 0.39*** 0.46***
), ArticleFig(id=1281627344133656710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reliability and validity evaluation of PLS-SEM model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 产水量 水源涵养 土壤保持 水质净化
因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR
气候变化 0.733 0.874 0.648 0.695 0.697 0.853 0.563 0.739
气温 0.701 0.576 0.677 0.642
降水量 0.832 0.792 0.798 0.795
蒸散发量 0.651 0.509 0.570 0.534
地形条件 0.624 0.852 0.616 0.841 0.784 0.748 0.761 0.872
海拔 0.663 0.795 0.721 0.753
坡度 0.721 0.821 0.843 0.626
景观格局 0.701 0.769 0.547 0.851 0.653 0.702 0.548 0.925
归一化植被指数 0.893 0.745 0.821 0.673
景观连通性 0.757 0.701 0.703 0.592
人类活动 0.542 0.752 0.642 0.720 0.517 0.846 0.657 0.764
人口密度 0.512 0.573 0.552 0.547
土地利用强度 0.476 0.592 0.578 0.613
), ArticleFig(id=1281627344217542791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PLS-SEM模型的信度和效度评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 产水量 水源涵养 土壤保持 水质净化
因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR 因子载荷 AVE CR
气候变化 0.733 0.874 0.648 0.695 0.697 0.853 0.563 0.739
气温 0.701 0.576 0.677 0.642
降水量 0.832 0.792 0.798 0.795
蒸散发量 0.651 0.509 0.570 0.534
地形条件 0.624 0.852 0.616 0.841 0.784 0.748 0.761 0.872
海拔 0.663 0.795 0.721 0.753
坡度 0.721 0.821 0.843 0.626
景观格局 0.701 0.769 0.547 0.851 0.653 0.702 0.548 0.925
归一化植被指数 0.893 0.745 0.821 0.673
景观连通性 0.757 0.701 0.703 0.592
人类活动 0.542 0.752 0.642 0.720 0.517 0.846 0.657 0.764
人口密度 0.512 0.573 0.552 0.547
土地利用强度 0.476 0.592 0.578 0.613
), ArticleFig(id=1281627344293040264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Single-factor detection of water ecosystem services in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, 2000-2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 产水量-水源涵养 产水量-土壤保持 产水量-水质净化 水源涵养-土壤保持 水源涵养-水质净化 土壤保持-水质净化
气温 0.27 0.24 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.28
降水量 0.41 0.26 0.39 0.35 0.43 0.38
蒸散发量 0.22 0.15 0.27 0.24 0.37 0.17
海拔 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.21 0.22 0.19
坡度 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.34
归一化植被指数 0.25 0.32 0.25 0.37 0.32 0.31
景观连通性 0.16 0.37 0.21 0.28 0.21 0.24
人口密度 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.11
土地利用强度 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1281627344355954825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213052536229901, articleId=1281627335367561267, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务的单因子探测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 产水量-水源涵养 产水量-土壤保持 产水量-水质净化 水源涵养-土壤保持 水源涵养-水质净化 土壤保持-水质净化
气温 0.27 0.24 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.28
降水量 0.41 0.26 0.39 0.35 0.43 0.38
蒸散发量 0.22 0.15 0.27 0.24 0.37 0.17
海拔 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.21 0.22 0.19
坡度 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.34
归一化植被指数 0.25 0.32 0.25 0.37 0.32 0.31
景观连通性 0.16 0.37 0.21 0.28 0.21 0.24
人口密度 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.11
土地利用强度 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13
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国家公园水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系及其影响因素——以海南热带雨林国家公园为例
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王培家 1 , 马小宾 2 , 陈丹 1 , 杨良健 3 , 陶洁怡 3 , 王昶 4
资源科学 | 生态系统服务与价值实现 2026,48(2): 334-348
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资源科学 |生态系统服务与价值实现 2026 , 48 (2) : 334 -348
国家公园水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系及其影响因素——以海南热带雨林国家公园为例
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王培家1 , 马小宾2, 陈丹1 , 杨良健3, 陶洁怡3, 王昶4
作者信息
  • 1 合肥大学文化与旅游学院, 合肥 230601
  • 2 南京林业大学经济管理学院, 南京 210037
  • 3 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 南京 210023
  • 4 南京师范大学社会学院, 南京 210023
通讯作者:
陈丹,女,安徽安庆人,副教授,研究方向为乡村旅游。E-mail:
作者简介:

王培家,男,安徽安庆人,讲师,研究方向为国家公园与生态旅游。E-mail:

Trade-offs/synergies of water ecosystem services in national parks and their driving factors: A case study of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest
Peijia WANG1 , Xiaobin MA2, Dan CHEN1 , Liangjian YANG3, Jieyi TAO3, Chang WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Culture and Tourism, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2 College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 3 School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4 School of Sociology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.04
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【目的】水安全是可持续发展的重要基石,与人类福祉密切相关。国家公园作为典型生态功能区,厘清其内部各类水生态系统服务之间复杂的相互作用机制,是实现区域水安全协同管理的科学基础。【方法】本文基于InVEST模型、PLS-SEM模型、Spearman相关分析和地理探测器等方法,系统分析了2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园4类水生态系统服务(产水量、水源涵养、土壤保持与水质净化)的时空演变特征及权衡/协同关系,识别了关键驱动因素,并据此提出可持续空间规划与管理启示。【结果】①2000—2022年,海南热带雨林国家公园的产水量、水源涵养与土壤保持3项水生态系统服务整体状况向好,但水质净化功能略有下降;水生态系统服务呈现显著的空间异质性特征,五指山—黎母岭山脉一带的水生态功能优于丘陵平原区域;②除产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持之间为权衡关系外,其余水生态系统服务间以协同关系为主,Spearman相关系数波动较小,尤以水源涵养与水质净化之间的协同性最强;③气候变化与景观格局对4类水生态系统服务均具有直接的正向影响,且解释力最强;人类活动则表现为直接的负向影响,解释力最弱。【结论】海南热带雨林国家公园的水生态系统服务总体呈现改善趋势,其权衡/协同关系受气候变化与景观格局的影响及其交互作用较为显著,而人类活动的直接作用相对有限。本文从制度构建、空间规划、生态管理与环境监测4个方面提出了国家公园水生态系统服务的治理框架,未来应进一步构建融合区域生态保护与空间治理需求的水生态安全格局优化理论架构,为维护国家公园水生态系统的完整与稳定、推进国土空间可持续治理提供重要理论支撑。

水生态系统服务  /  权衡/协同关系  /  影响因素  /  InVEST模型  /  海南热带雨林国家公园

[Objective] Water security is an important cornerstone of sustainable development and is closely associated with human well-being. As national parks are typical ecological functional areas, it is important to clarify the complex interaction mechanisms among their various water ecosystem services, which forms the scientific basis for achieving coordinated management of regional water security. [Methods] Based on the InVEST model, PLS-SEM model, Spearman correlation analysis and geographical detector method, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and trade-offs/synergies of four key water ecosystem services (water yield, water conservation, soil retention, and water purification) in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest from 2000 to 2022, identified key driving factors, and provided insights for sustainable spatial planning and management. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2022, the overall status of three water ecosystem services—water yield, soil retention, and water conservation—in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest improved, while the water purification function slightly declined. The water ecosystem services exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, with the Wuzhi Mountain-Limuling Mountain range showing better water ecological functions than the hilly and plain areas. (2) Except for water yield and soil retention, other water ecosystem services were dominated by synergies with small fluctuations in correlation coefficients, and the synergy between water purification and water conservation was the strongest. (3) Climate change and landscape patterns directly and positively impacted all four water ecosystem services with the strongest explanatory power, while human activities showed a direct negative impact with the weakest explanatory power. [Conclusion] The water ecosystem services in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest generally show an improving trend. This change is significantly influenced by the interaction between climate change and landscape patterns, while the direct impact of human activities is relatively limited. This study proposes a governance framework for water ecosystem services in national parks from four aspects: institutional construction, spatial planning, ecological management, and environmental monitoring. In the future, a theoretical framework for optimizing the water ecological security pattern should be further developed, integrating the needs of regional ecological conservation and spatial governance. This will provide important theoretical support for maintaining the integrity and stability of water ecosystems in national parks and promoting the sustainable governance of territorial space.

water ecosystem services  /  trade-off/synergy  /  influencing factors  /  InVEST model  /  National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest
王培家, 马小宾, 陈丹, 杨良健, 陶洁怡, 王昶. 国家公园水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系及其影响因素——以海南热带雨林国家公园为例. 资源科学, 2026 , 48 (2) : 334 -348 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.04
Peijia WANG, Xiaobin MA, Dan CHEN, Liangjian YANG, Jieyi TAO, Chang WANG. Trade-offs/synergies of water ecosystem services in national parks and their driving factors: A case study of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest[J]. Resources Science, 2026 , 48 (2) : 334 -348 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.04
构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系是中国生态文明建设的核心战略举措[1]。2021年10月12日,我国正式宣布设立第一批国家公园,即三江源、大熊猫、东北虎豹、海南热带雨林、武夷山国家公园,标志着我国的国家公园体制建设进入实质性推进阶段[2]。国家公园内普遍分布着河流、湖泊、湿地等具有重要生态功能的水域生态系统,其水环境质量与生态过程对维系区域水安全至关重要。因此,深入研究国家公园水生态环境的动态变化及其驱动机制,对于维护区域生态平衡、提升水资源可持续利用能力具有理论价值与实践意义[3]
作为联合国2030年可持续发展议程的核心目标之一,水资源管理的关键地位日益凸显[4,5]。其中,水生态系统服务作为维系生态平衡与社会发展的关键纽带,凭借其独特的调控功能在生物多样性保护与社会经济协同发展中发挥着不可替代的作用[6,7]。研究表明,水生态系统服务在调蓄径流[8]、调节局地气候[9]、增强碳汇功能[10]以及维持生物多样性[11]等方面具有重要作用。然而,在全球气候变化背景下,水生态系统正面临水文过程紊乱[12]、水质恶化[13]、水土流失[14]及景观破碎化[15]等一系列环境问题,多重压力因素相互交织,形成了复杂的水生态系统胁迫效应。国家公园作为典型生态功能区,广泛分布河流、湖泊、湿地等多种水生态系统,对维护区域乃至国家的水生态安全与生物多样性等具有关键作用,但对其水环境与服务的相关研究略显不足。
国家公园各类水生态系统服务之间既存在因功能互补而产生的协同效应,也存在因相互竞争导致的权衡关系[10,13]。例如,过度开发水资源可以提升供水服务,但同时可能会破坏水生生物的栖息地,进而影响生物多样性保护和生态系统服务等[16,17]。此外,国家公园水生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的动态演变是高度复杂的非线性过程,受到气候、地形、植被等自然因素以及人类社会经济活动的显著影响[18,19]。具体而言,降水、气温、蒸发及地表径流等自然水文过程直接影响国家公园水生态系统服务的供给能力[20,21];而人口增长、城市扩张和基础设施建设等人类经济活动则通过改变土地利用方式,进而改变国家公园水生态系统的结构与功能,最终影响水生态系统服务[22]。然而,由于水生态系统类型差异、尺度效应及复杂的社会生态交互作用[23,24],针对特定的国家公园区域深入探究水生态系统服务及其影响机制,仍是当前重要的研究课题。
鉴于此,以中国具有较高代表性与典型性的国家公园——海南热带雨林国家公园为例,分析其2000—2022年产水量、水源涵养、土壤保持与水质净化等关键水生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的时空演变特征及影响机制,并提出国家公园水生态系统服务“监测—评估—调控”的闭环管控框架。本文有助于厘清国家公园水生态安全与生态、经济发展的良性互动机制,为国家公园的可持续管理及生态旅游的可持续发展提供理论依据与研究支撑。
海南热带雨林国家公园(图1)素有海南岛“水塔”之称,位于海南岛中部(北纬18°33′16″—9°14′16″,东经108°44′32″—110°04′43″),规划总面积为4269 km2[25]。核心保护区面积和一般控制区面积分别为2331和1938 km2,分别占国家公园总面积的54.6%和45.4%;国家公园辖区范围约占海南岛陆域面积的12.1%[26,27]。海南热带雨林国家公园作为我国热带植被的重要基因宝库与海南岛水生态安全的关键屏障,具有典型性与代表性。
本文主要涉及气象数据、土壤数据、土地利用数据、DEM数据、社会经济数据等,具体数据来源见表1。由于需要对多源数据进行精确匹配,因此对数据进行投影转换和重采样,空间坐标统一为Krasovsky_1940_Albers投影,分辨率统一为500 m。此外,对于少数社会经济数据存在缺失的情况,采用插值法进行补充。
(1)产水量
InVEST模型中的产水量模块基于水量平衡原理,即某栅格单元产水量等于降雨量与实际蒸发量之间的差值[28]。产水量越多,水资源供给量越大。计算公式如下:
${Y}_{x}=\left(1-\frac{AE{T}_{x}}{{P}_{x}}\right)\times {P}_{x}$
式中:Yx为栅格x的年产水量(mm);AETx为栅格x的年实际蒸散发量(mm);Px为栅格x的年降水量(mm)。
(2)水源涵养
基于产水量计算结果,并参照相关文献[19,25],获取地形指数、地表流速系数和土壤饱和导水率等关键参数,评估水源涵养能力。计算方法如下:
$\begin{array}{l}W{C}_{x}=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(1,\mathrm{ }\frac{249}{V}\right)\times \mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(1,\mathrm{ }\frac{0.9\times TI}{3}\right)\times \\ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(1,\mathrm{ }\frac{{K}_{s}}{300}\right)\times {Y}_{x}\end{array}$
式中:WCx为栅格x的水源涵养能力(mm);Yx为栅格x的产水量(mm);TIKs分别为地形指数、土壤饱和导水率;V为流速系数。
(3)土壤保持
基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE)评估土壤保持能力[29,30]。土壤侵蚀量越强,泥沙输出量越高,土壤保持服务越低。计算公式如下:
$RKLS=R\times K\times LS$
$USLE=R\times K\times LS\times P\times C$
$SD=RKLS-USLE$
式中:RKLS为潜在土壤侵蚀量(t/km²);USLE为土壤实际侵蚀量;SD为土壤保持量(t/km²);R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为坡度坡长因子;C为植被覆盖和管理因子,用海南岛的归一化植被指数来估算;P为土壤保持措施因子。
(4)水质净化
水质净化的核心机制是实现生态系统通过植被、微生物等对径流氮素养分的截留与吸附作用[31]。鉴于此,利用InVEST模型将输出的氮负荷设定为关键水质评价指标。该指标与水质净化服务存在负相关性,氮输出通量增加即意味着净化效能的降低。计算公式如下:
$AL{V}_{x}=HS{S}_{x}\times PO{L}_{x}$
式中:ALVx为栅格x对氮输出量的调节负荷能力 (t/km²);POLx为栅格x的营养物输出系数;HSSx为栅格x的水文敏感性。
(1)Spearman相关系数
运用Spearman相关系数,对两种水生态系统服务进行数理统计分析。首先,在保证样点间距不小于30 m的条件下进行随机布设;随后,采用Spearman秩相关分析方法,对各生态系统服务两两之间的相关系数进行计算[32]。在显著性水平P<0.05条件下,若相关系数为正数,表明二者间存在协同效应;若为负数,则反映二者呈权衡关系。
(2)权衡/协同度可视化
以像元为基本分析单元,对两种水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系进行可视化分析。首先,提取研究区内4种水生态系统服务的空间分布数据。在此基础上,针对每两种生态系统服务之间的相互作用关系,计算其相关系数并进行显著性检验[33]。若相关系数为负且通过显著性检验,判定二者存在权衡关系;若相关系数为正且通过显著性检验,则判定存在协同关系。基于MATLAB平台,逐像元执行上述相关分析,量化4种水生态系统服务两两之间的权衡/协同强度。计算公式如下:
$Q=\frac{\sum _{n=1}^{n}(ES{1}_{n\left(kj\right)}-\sqrt{ES{1}_{\left(kj\right)}(ES{2}_{N\left(kj\right)}})}{\sqrt{{\sum _{n=1}^{n}(ES{1}_{n\left(kj\right)}-\sqrt{ES{1}_{\left(kj\right)}})}^{2}{\sum _{n=1}^{n}(ES{2}_{nkj}-\sqrt{ES{2}_{\left(kj\right)}})}^{2}}}$
式中:Q为两种生态系统服务之间的相关系数;ES1和ES2为两种生态系统服务;k为栅格数据中的行数;j为栅格数据中的列数;n为栅格数据的时间序列。
(1)PLS-SEM模型
偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)是一种基于回归的建模方法[34],该模型能够有效处理多元结构数据,在中介效应分析中具有良好的适应性,为揭示复杂系统中的因果路径提供了有力支持[35]。本文采用PLS-SEM模型评估气候变化(气温、降水量、蒸散发量)、地形条件(海拔、坡度)、景观格局(归一化植被指数、景观连通性)与人类活动(人口密度、土地利用强度)等多重驱动因素对海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务的直接与间接影响。
(2)地理探测器模型
地理探测器是探测地理现象空间分异性及驱动力的统计工具[36]。本文借助“因子探测器”识别具有统计显著性的自变量因子解释力q,用“交互探测器”分析两个变量交互的影响程度与方向。所有因子解释力均以q值(0~1)表示。
2000—2022年,海南热带雨林国家公园的产水量、水源涵养与土壤保持服务均呈现出“先下降、后上升”的U型变化趋势(图2)。具体而言,2000—2010年产水量、水源涵养与土壤保持分别减少了35.50%、6.34%和32.27%;而在2010—2022年则分别上升了15.00%、6.84%和13.41%。这与早期研究区的农业扩张、城市化进程等密切相关,而后期回升则得益于生态保护政策的有效实施。相比之下,水质净化服务总体保持平稳,呈小幅波动下降趋势,这体现了热带雨林生态系统自身具有的水质净化与稳态维持能力;同时,其微弱下降趋势也与生态保护政策的实施及其带来的土地利用变化有关。
2000—2022年,海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务呈现出明显的空间异质性特征(图2)。具体而言,产水量呈“南高北低、东高西低”的空间分布特征,其分布格局与区域降水分布趋于一致。这主要受海南岛独特的气候与地形条件影响,该地区属热带季风与海洋性气候区,来自东南方向的湿润气流受中部山脉(如五指山、黎母岭等)地形抬升作用,降水量呈现自东向西递减的空间格局,进而使得产水量也呈现出相应的梯度分布特征。土壤保持与水源涵养服务呈现“中部高、四周低”的变化趋势,而水质净化则与之相反,表现为“中部低、四周高”的空间格局。这种空间分异格局主要由于:中部区域作为核心保护区,森林覆盖度高且结构完整,在土壤保持与水源涵养方面优势明显;然而,也正因其人类活动稀少、污染源有限,水质净化的实际服务效能未能充分体现。相对地,东、西部区域受农业、生活与生产活动等影响较大,污染物输入量(污染负荷)较高,反而促使现有植被的水质净化功能得以更好地发挥。
通过Spearman相关系数分析2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园4项水生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系,结果表明各项水生态系统服务之间均存在显著相关性。具体来看,产水量与水源涵养服务呈现较强的协同关系,相关系数为0.69~0.75,且该协同强度随时间呈先减弱后增强的趋势(表2)。土壤保持与水质净化服务之间也表现为明显的协同关系,相关系数先增后减;在2010年协同作用最强,相关系数为0.48。产水量与水质净化服务、水源涵养与水质净化服务之间均表现为弱协同关系,相关系数分别在0.35~0.39和0.32~0.39之间。此外,产水量与土壤保持服务、水源涵养与土壤保持服务之间的相关系数均低于0.1,相关性较弱。其中,产水量与土壤保持服务呈弱权衡关系,在2022年权衡作用最强,相关系数为-0.15;水源涵养与土壤保持服务在2000年为弱协同关系,而在2010年、2022年则转为弱权衡关系。
总体而言,2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园各项水生态系统服务之间以协同关系为主,且相关系数整体波动幅度较小。其中,产水量与水源涵养服务之间的协同性最为显著,而产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持服务之间则存在随时间动态变化的弱权衡关系。
通过权衡/协同关系的可视化分析,进一步揭示了2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务关系的空间分异格局(图3)。结果表明,产水量与水源涵养服务之间主要表现为强协同关系,弱协同与弱权衡关系呈零星交互分布。产水量与水质净化服务、水源涵养与水质净化服务之间均以弱协同关系为主导,但弱权衡关系在西北部呈零星分布。在产水量与土壤保持方面,2000年两者关系由弱权衡与弱协同关系共同主导,但到2022年转为以弱权衡关系为主,强权衡关系呈块状零星分布于吊罗山、霸王岭及毛瑞等区域。土壤保持与水质净化之间虽以弱协同关系为主导,但在吊罗山、黎母山与霸王岭等地的弱权衡关系呈现出零星扩散趋势。水源涵养与土壤保持之间则以协同关系为主,并呈团状集聚分布;其权衡关系则与黎母岭、五指山等山脉的走向基本一致。
本文运用PLS-SEM模型,系统分析了海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务的影响因素。测量模型的评估结果表明,气候变化、地形条件、景观格局与人类活动4个潜变量的因子载荷均在0.01水平上显著,平均提取方差(AVE)均大于0.5,组合信度(CR)均高于0.65,显示出良好的信度与效度。结构模型分析进一步显示,各影响因素的方差膨胀因子(VIF)均低于5,表明变量间不存在明显的多重共线性问题(表3)。总的来说,模型各项评估指标均符合理想标准,表明该模型具有良好的合理性与科学性。
在产水量方面,气候变化、地形条件与景观格局均对产水量具有直接的正向影响;与此同时,气候变化还通过地形条件与景观格局的传导作用,对产水量产生间接正向效应。相比之下,人类活动对产水量的通径系数为-0.187,表现出微弱的直接负向作用,并进一步通过地形条件与景观格局施加间接的负向影响(图4a)。在水源涵养方面,气候变化、地形条件与景观格局均对水源涵养产生直接正向影响,其中景观格局的通径系数为0.545,是影响水源涵养的主要因素。人类活动对水源涵养具有直接的负向作用,并借助地形条件与景观格局产生间接影响(图4b)。在土壤保持方面,景观格局与气候变化的通径系数分别为0.498和0.426,正向作用明显。而人类活动和地形条件则呈负向抑制作用。值得注意的是,气候变化还通过地形条件对土壤保持产生间接的负向影响(图4c)。在水质净化方面,气候变化与景观格局的通径系数分别为0.647与0.472,说明二者均对水质净化具有直接积极影响;人类活动虽然对水质净化表现为微弱的直接负向作用,但通过地形条件对水质净化产生直接或间接影响,同时通过景观格局产生间接的正向作用(图4d)。
总的来看,气候变化与景观格局均对海南热带雨林国家公园的产水量、水源涵养、土壤保持及水质净化服务具有直接的正向促进影响,这得益于充沛降水与良好植被显著增强了水文调节过程及生态系统的稳定性。地形通过影响水汽分布与汇流过程,对产水量和水源涵养产生正向效应,但复杂地形也易加剧水土流失、限制污染物降解,进而对土壤保持与水质净化产生直接负向效应。而基础设施建设、农业开垦等人类活动,则直接破坏了地表覆被与水体自净能力,对4种水生态系统服务均呈直接负向抑制作用。
运用地理探测器模型,对海南热带雨林国家公园水生态服务权衡和协同关系的影响因素进行单因子探测。其中,降水量是产水量与水源涵养、产水量与水质净化、水源涵养与水质净化、土壤保持与水质净化权衡/协同关系的主导因素,q值分别为0.41、0.39、0.43与0.38(表4)。这主要是由于降水通过改变土壤物理结构、影响水文分配与转化效率,对水文循环过程产生直接影响。景观因子对产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持两种权衡/协同关系的作用明显。具体来看,在产水量与土壤保持关系中,景观连通性表现出最强的解释力,其次为归一化植被指数,随后是降水量与气温等气候因子。而在水源涵养与土壤保持的关系中,归一化植被指数的解释力最高,降水量次之,气温与景观连通性亦具有较高的解释力。此外,地形条件对两两水生态系统关系的影响也较为明显,比如,在土壤保持与水质净化关系中,坡度的q值为0.34,解释力仅次于降水量因子;在产水量与水源涵养关系中,海拔的q值为0.33,也仅次于降水量因子。然而,土地利用强度、人口密度等人类活动因素在水生态系统服务中的解释力较弱。这一现象可能源于两方面:一是国家公园严格的保护政策使得人类活动的影响被控制在较低水平;二是地形、气候、景观等自然因素塑造了国家公园水生态系统服务的基本格局,起着基础性和决定性的主导作用。
利用交互因子探测模块,对水生态系统服务各影响因素间的两两交互作用进行分析。结果表明,在产水量与水源涵养的权衡/协同关系中,降水量∩海拔的交互作用最为显著(q=0.81),而降水量∩气温、蒸散发量∩气温、海拔∩气温的交互解释力也较高,q值均大于0.6(图5)。在产水量与土壤保持关系中,降水量∩景观连通性、归一化植被指数∩景观连通性、气温∩景观连通性的交互作用较为明显,q值分别为0.76、0.68与0.63。就产水量与水质净化的权衡/协同关系而言,海拔∩降水量的交互作用最强(q=0.68),气温∩降水量、降水量∩归一化植被指数、气温∩海拔的影响也较为明显,q值均超过0.6。在土壤保持与水质净化关系中,降水量∩坡度的交互作用最为明显,q值为0.62,其余因子的交互作用均小于0.6。
由此可见,海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系主要受降水量、气温等气候因子及其交互作用的显著影响,同时,归一化植被指数、景观连通性等景观因子与气候因子之间的交互作用亦表现出较强的解释力。相较之下,人口密度、土地利用强度等人类活动因子的交互影响相对有限。研究还发现,任意两因子交互产生的解释力均高于单一因子,表明两两交互因子协同增强了对水生态系统服务的影响强度。这一结果进一步揭示了国家公园水生态系统服务影响因素的复杂性与动态性特征。
水安全是保障区域可持续发展与人类福祉的重要基础。海南热带雨林国家公园作为海南岛的“生态水塔”,其水体系统在生态涵养、气候调节以及维持海岛生态系统稳定等方面发挥着重要作用。为提升水生态系统服务的协同效应,缓解资源内耗与治理滞后问题,亟须立足于水生态系统服务的交互特征,制定跨功能、跨层级、系统性融合的综合性生态发展规划,以促进国家公园水生态安全与区域可持续发展之间的良性互动(图6)。
未来,以海南热带雨林为代表的国家公园,应基于国家公园水生态系统服务制度化管理与决策的长期、中期与短期目标,从制度构建、空间规划、生态管理与环境监测等4个方面加强系统性建设:①制度构建层面,以统筹为“纲”:构建以流域统筹、部门协作和权责划分为基础的管理框架。将水源涵养、水质管控、水生态补偿与水资源交易等政策纳入“水生态安全体系”,并健全政策协调、任务传导与责任监管机制,实现水生态政策的系统统筹、要素整合与空间管控等。②空间规划层面,以管控为“核”:重点围绕水生态系统完整性,划定“水源严格保护区”“水生态修复区”与“可持续利用区”。并在市县国土空间规划中落实“水功能区划图层”,建立“涉水项目生态影响预审”与“水生态年度评估”制度,强化区域水生态健康的系统性维护。③生态管理层面,以权责为“径”:结合海南热带雨林区域水文特征,细化各单元边界与管理目标。实施联合巡河、统一执法与协调补偿;每年联合编制“水生态资产账”,厘清保护主体与受益主体,落实“谁保护、谁受益,谁破坏、谁修复”的权责机制,实现行政区划分割下的水生态系统可持续管理。④环境监测层面,以智能为“器”:建立“网格化巡护+智能传感+实时数据分析”的立体化监测网络。鉴于水生态系统变化具有敏感性与滞后性,应在重点汇水区、支流入口及人类活动频繁区域部署高频监测设备,结合移动端实时上报与AI水质预测,为水生态功能分区与管理策略的动态调整提供数据支撑,实现“监测—评估—调控”闭环管理。
本文采用Spearman相关系数与可视化分析等方法,对海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系进行了探讨。结果显示,除产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持之间存在较弱的权衡关系外,其余水生态系统服务之间均表现出协同效应。这与Zhang等[37]、向洪莉等[32]的研究结论基本一致,其主要原因在于海南热带季风气候下降水分配不均,区内的热带原始雨林及次生林的植被蒸腾消耗大,产水量较低,因此产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持的权衡关系有所增强。相比之下,其他水生态系统服务之间因水资源功能的相互促进而表现为明显的协同关系。例如,良好的水源涵养能力不仅有助于径流调节与水资源补给,还能通过拦截泥沙和减少面源污染,进而改善水质[38,39]。然而与大陆系统相比,地理上相对孤立的岛屿在应对全球气候变化和社会经济发展等方面承受更大压力,其热带岛屿生态系统表现出显著的独特性和脆弱性。在人类活动频繁的国家公园周边区域,由于土地利用变化、栖息地破碎化等干扰,原有的协同作用可能被削弱,甚至可能转变为权衡甚至冲突关系[40]
在影响因子方面,气候因子与景观因子对海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务关系的影响更为深刻,且两者的交互作用影响也较明显,而人类活动因子的影响较为微弱。这是因为对海南热带雨林国家公园而言,森林资源丰富,植被覆盖率高,充沛的水热组合有利于植物生长[37]。降水对植物生长具有促进作用,能够增加植物的生产力和生产量,气温通过光合作用影响植物的生长速率和形态结构,两者共同影响植物的蒸腾速率、光合作用、呼吸作用来影响各类水生态系统服务[41,42]。此外,受国家公园严格保护政策与复杂地形条件的制约,该区域人类活动强度较低,生态系统结构完整、功能稳定,对外界干扰具备较强的抵御能力,因而气候与景观因子的自然调控作用得以充分体现[43]
本文尚存在一些不足,有待在未来研究中加以完善:①在驱动因素分析中,对政策变量的考量不足。由于国家公园的水生态环境深受政策调控,后续研究亟须将政策变量纳入分析框架,以更准确地揭示该区域水生态系统服务关系的作用机理。②评估结果的可靠性虽经多方验证,但精度提升仍受限于数据源,未来需纳入实地测量数据加以验证。③虽然构建管理决策具有推广价值,但在跨区域应用时,其适配性与有效性需结合地方实际进行针对性校验与优化。
本文综合运用InVEST模型、MATLAB分析、PLS-SEM模型及其地理探测器等方法,系统剖析了2000—2022年海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系及其影响机制。主要结论如下:
(1)海南热带雨林国家公园水生态系统服务功能逐步改善,产水量、水源涵养与土壤保持总体呈先降后升趋势,而水质净化则呈波动缓降趋势。从空间分布来看,五指山、黎母岭等山地林区因植被茂密、人类干扰少而水生态功能优于周边人类活动较为密集的盆地、平原等地区。这一空间分异格局也深刻揭示了国家公园核心生态区在水源安全保障中的关键作用。
(2)海南热带雨林国家公园的水生态系统服务间以协同作用为主,其中产水量与水源涵养的协同性最强。从空间格局来看,各类水生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系总体保持稳定,但在吊罗山、霸王岭及黎母山等局部山区,产水量与土壤保持、水源涵养与土壤保持之间的强权衡关系呈现出零星扩散与逐渐增强的态势。这表明,国家公园局部区域的部分关键生态系统服务之间可能存在权衡效应增强或空间扩散的态势,在强化宏观管控的同时,需关注局部生态过程的潜在变化。
(3)PLS-SEM模型分析表明:气候与景观格局对海南热带雨林国家公园的水生态系统服务具有直接正向影响;地形作用存在分化,对产水量和水源涵养为正向促进作用,而对土壤保持与水质净化则为直接抑制作用;人类活动则呈直接的负向效应。地理探测器分析进一步表明,在影响水生态系统服务间权衡与协同强度的因子中,降水、景观连通性与归一化植被指数解释力较强,而人类活动因子的影响相对有限。此外,各驱动因素并非独立作用,而是通过复杂交互共同影响水生态系统服务格局。
(4)基于研究结果发现,对国家公园水生态系统的有效管理,必须超越单一要素或单一生态系统服务的思维,采取基于系统协同的整体性、适应性管理策略。本文提出以“流域统筹”为纲构建管理制度,以“功能分区”为核细化空间管控,以“权责补偿”为径明确利益与责任,并依托“智能监测”技术实现国家公园水生态系统服务“监测—评估—调控”的闭环管控框架,旨在为国家公园水生态功能分区与管理策略的动态调整提供理论支撑。
  • 合肥大学人才科研基金项目(24RC65)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(42201238)
  • 安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题(2023CX057)
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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.18402/resci.2026.02.04
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2026-01-31
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合肥大学人才科研基金项目(24RC65)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42201238)
安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题(2023CX057)
作者信息
    1 合肥大学文化与旅游学院, 合肥 230601
    2 南京林业大学经济管理学院, 南京 210037
    3 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 南京 210023
    4 南京师范大学社会学院, 南京 210023

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陈丹,女,安徽安庆人,副教授,研究方向为乡村旅游。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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