Article(id=1284574931253968949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025275, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754582400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-08, onlineDate=1784196129858, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196129858, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196129858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196129858, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1170, endPage=1180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574931564347446, articleId=1284574931253968949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Mechanisms and application advances of inositol in regulating plant nutrient uptake and enhancing stress resistance and growth, columnId=1284574911771423438, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Comment on special topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inositol, as a biostimulant, plays a crucial role in signal transduction, nutrient storage, and stress protection in plants, and can systematically enhance plant nutrient utilization efficiency. Investigating the mechanisms by which inositol regulates nutrient signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, as well as elucidating its potential applications for enhancing plant stress tolerance, can provide new ideas for developing stress-resistant crops and novel green intelligent fertilizers, contributing to green agriculture development. This review systematically summarizes the biological functions of inositol, particularly its involvement in plant nutrient regulation and phosphorus signaling. At the same time, it affects plant growth and stress resistance response by coordinating auxin and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, under abiotic stresses such as salinity and alkalinity, inositol enhances plant stress resistance by participating in the clearance of reactive oxygen species in the body and promoting the accumulation of osmoprotectants, providing important insights into the mechanism by which inositol regulates plant stress resistance. Inositol and its metabolic derivatives can regulate cellular signal transduction and enhance the ability of plants to resist abiotic stress. However, the role of inositol in plant nutrient transport and the molecular mechanism underlying its regulation of signaling pathways remain unclear. Meanwhile, studies on the application methods and field effectiveness of inositol-containing fertilizers are limited. The research on the industrial development of related fertilizer products requires further strengthening.

, authors=Wen-long ZONG, Xuan-ming XU, Ling-yun CHENG, Jian-bo SHEN, Yang LYU*, authorsList=Wen-long ZONG, Xuan-ming XU, Ling-yun CHENG, Jian-bo SHEN, Yang LYU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang LYU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574933980266557, articleId=1284574931253968949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=肌醇调控植物养分吸收和抗逆促生的机制与应用进展, columnId=1284574911922418384, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肌醇作为一种重要的生物刺激素,在植物体内的信号传递、营养储存及逆境保护等生理过程中发挥重要作用,能够系统性提升植物养分利用效率。探究肌醇在植物养分信号传导与抵抗非生物胁迫过程中的作用机制,并揭示其在植物抗逆增效中的应用前景与价值,为培育抗逆作物、开发新型绿色智能肥料提供新思路,助力农业绿色发展。本文系统总结了肌醇的生物学功能以及参与植物养分调控的过程,重点总结了其在磷信号传导中的调控机制,并阐明肌醇通过协调生长素、茉莉酸信号通路,进而影响植物生长和抗逆响应;并归纳了在盐碱等非生物胁迫下,肌醇通过参与体内活性氧清除以及积累植物渗透保护物质,增强植物抗逆性能的研究进展,为深入理解肌醇介导的植物抗逆增效机制提供了重要依据。肌醇及其代谢衍生物可以调控细胞信号传导以及提高植物抵御非生物胁迫的能力,但肌醇在植物养分运输中的作用及其调控信号通路的分子机制尚不清楚,同时肌醇在肥料产品中的添加应用方法及田间的应用效果研究依旧较少,相关肥料产品的产业化创制技术的研究仍然亟待加强。

, authors=宗文龙, 许轩鸣, 程凌云, 申建波, 吕阳*, authorsList=宗文龙, 许轩鸣, 程凌云, 申建波, 吕阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕阳, authorNote=

宗文龙 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吕阳 E-mail:
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肌醇调控植物养分吸收和抗逆促生的机制与应用进展
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宗文龙 , 许轩鸣 , 程凌云 , 申建波 , 吕阳 *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 专题综述 2026,32(5): 1170-1180
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植物营养与肥料学报 |专题综述 2026 , 32 (5) : 1170 -1180
肌醇调控植物养分吸收和抗逆促生的机制与应用进展
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宗文龙 , 许轩鸣, 程凌云, 申建波, 吕阳*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学资源与环境学院 / 养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室 / 国家农业绿色发展研究院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
* 吕阳 E-mail:
作者简介:

宗文龙 E-mail:

Mechanisms and application advances of inositol in regulating plant nutrient uptake and enhancing stress resistance and growth
Wen-long ZONG , Xuan-ming XU, Ling-yun CHENG, Jian-bo SHEN, Yang LYU*
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management / National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Beijing 100193
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025275
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肌醇作为一种重要的生物刺激素,在植物体内的信号传递、营养储存及逆境保护等生理过程中发挥重要作用,能够系统性提升植物养分利用效率。探究肌醇在植物养分信号传导与抵抗非生物胁迫过程中的作用机制,并揭示其在植物抗逆增效中的应用前景与价值,为培育抗逆作物、开发新型绿色智能肥料提供新思路,助力农业绿色发展。本文系统总结了肌醇的生物学功能以及参与植物养分调控的过程,重点总结了其在磷信号传导中的调控机制,并阐明肌醇通过协调生长素、茉莉酸信号通路,进而影响植物生长和抗逆响应;并归纳了在盐碱等非生物胁迫下,肌醇通过参与体内活性氧清除以及积累植物渗透保护物质,增强植物抗逆性能的研究进展,为深入理解肌醇介导的植物抗逆增效机制提供了重要依据。肌醇及其代谢衍生物可以调控细胞信号传导以及提高植物抵御非生物胁迫的能力,但肌醇在植物养分运输中的作用及其调控信号通路的分子机制尚不清楚,同时肌醇在肥料产品中的添加应用方法及田间的应用效果研究依旧较少,相关肥料产品的产业化创制技术的研究仍然亟待加强。

肌醇  /  磷信号  /  非生物胁迫  /  养分高效利用

Inositol, as a biostimulant, plays a crucial role in signal transduction, nutrient storage, and stress protection in plants, and can systematically enhance plant nutrient utilization efficiency. Investigating the mechanisms by which inositol regulates nutrient signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, as well as elucidating its potential applications for enhancing plant stress tolerance, can provide new ideas for developing stress-resistant crops and novel green intelligent fertilizers, contributing to green agriculture development. This review systematically summarizes the biological functions of inositol, particularly its involvement in plant nutrient regulation and phosphorus signaling. At the same time, it affects plant growth and stress resistance response by coordinating auxin and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, under abiotic stresses such as salinity and alkalinity, inositol enhances plant stress resistance by participating in the clearance of reactive oxygen species in the body and promoting the accumulation of osmoprotectants, providing important insights into the mechanism by which inositol regulates plant stress resistance. Inositol and its metabolic derivatives can regulate cellular signal transduction and enhance the ability of plants to resist abiotic stress. However, the role of inositol in plant nutrient transport and the molecular mechanism underlying its regulation of signaling pathways remain unclear. Meanwhile, studies on the application methods and field effectiveness of inositol-containing fertilizers are limited. The research on the industrial development of related fertilizer products requires further strengthening.

inositol  /  phosphorus signaling  /  abiotic stress  /  nutrient utilization efficiency
宗文龙, 许轩鸣, 程凌云, 申建波, 吕阳. 肌醇调控植物养分吸收和抗逆促生的机制与应用进展. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1170 -1180 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025275
Wen-long ZONG, Xuan-ming XU, Ling-yun CHENG, Jian-bo SHEN, Yang LYU. Mechanisms and application advances of inositol in regulating plant nutrient uptake and enhancing stress resistance and growth[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1170 -1180 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025275
传统农业依赖高投入的生产模式,特别是化肥过量施用,导致土壤退化、环境污染等生态问题[1],对植物造成多维度损伤,破坏植物形态结构,降低渗透调节能力,影响光合作用等生理过程。极端气候与土壤障碍等非生物胁迫加剧了此问题的挑战,严重制约全球主要粮食产区的作物产量提升。面对农业绿色转型,如何在减少资源投入的前提下大幅度提高肥料利用效率和作物产量,已成为全球粮食和资源环境安全的重大挑战[2]
生物刺激素为解决这一核心挑战提供了解决途径。作为一类能增强作物营养吸收、提升非生物胁迫抵抗力及肥料利用率的功能性增效物质,在肥料产品中添加生物刺激素类物质,可增强作物根际互作、提高作物抵抗非生物胁迫能力,产生级联放大效应,进而改善作物生长、提高品质,实现高产高效[3]。据统计,2023年全球生物刺激素的市场规模为39.1亿美元,预计2034年将达到约128.5亿美元(复合年增长率11.42%)[4]。按活性成分,生物刺激素可分为酸性物质(腐殖酸、氨基酸等),微生物及其代谢物(多肽、天然激素、菌种等),天然萃取物(多酚、海藻提取物等)和其他(水解蛋白、壳聚糖等)等四大类别[5]。在绿色智能肥产品中应用具有抗逆促生的生物刺激素类物质,对推动化肥产业绿色转型、实现作物高产高效、保障粮食安全具有深远意义[6]
肌醇(Inositol,环己六醇)作为一种天然萃取的小分子多元醇,在植物渗透调节、养分信号传导、非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥独特作用[7]。其存在形式主要包括游离肌醇、植酸、磷酸肌醇及其结合态。其代谢由肌醇-1-磷酸合酶(MIPS)、肌醇单磷酸酶(IMP)和肌醇加氧酶(MIOX)等关键酶协同调控,动态维持细胞内肌醇稳态。该代谢网络不仅驱动L-抗坏血酸(L-AsA)和细胞壁多糖等关键物质的合成,更深度参与植物对盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫的响应过程,形成代谢调控与抗逆响应间的分子耦联,使肌醇成为植物营养调控中高效的生物信号物质[810]。相较于传统生物激素信号研究,肌醇及其代谢产物不仅能够独立调控植物多种生理过程,还可通过代谢网络和信号交互,与植物激素形成协同作用,为解析植物适应性调控机制提供了新视角,也为植物“智能”养分管理机制及绿色农业技术(如新型绿色智能肥料和抗逆育种)开发提供了理论依据[11]。然而,尽管已有研究探讨了肌醇对作物养分吸收、抗逆的作用,但对其关键调控过程和影响机制的解析仍有待深入。本文系统综述肌醇的代谢途径、参与植物信号调控的过程及其在非生物胁迫响应中的作用机制,全面剖析肌醇在植物养分吸收与抗逆中的作用机理,并评估肌醇在农业生产中的应用潜力与价值。进一步探讨目前肌醇研究存在的瓶颈问题,提出未来重点研究方向,旨在推动含肌醇肥料产品的产业化发展,为集约化农业体系绿色增产增效提供科学理论依据与实践参考。
肌醇是一种六碳环状多羟基化合物(图1),具有9种同分异构体,其中有7种非旋光体和2种旋光体[12],在所有同分异构体中,肌肉肌醇(myo-inositol)是植物细胞中含量最高的一种。自1850年由Scherer从动物组织首次分离出肌醇以来,其生理功能研究逐步深入[13]。20世纪初,Woolley[14]发现,肌醇具有维生素B样活性,可缓解哺乳动物脱毛症状;50年代相关研究进一步揭示其在细胞生长、脂质代谢及膜信号传递中的核心作用。近年来,植物科学领域研究表明,肌醇不仅是细胞壁多糖和植酸等关键代谢产物的前体,其动态代谢网络产生的磷脂酰肌醇、肌醇半乳糖苷及肌醇磷酸盐更深度参与细胞膜系统构建、磷循环及非生物胁迫响应等生理过程[1517]
肌醇在植物体内的生物合成途径(即Loewus途径)已通过放射性同位素示踪技术得以解析。该途径由Loewus等[1819]首次系统阐明,其核心反应如下:以D-葡萄糖为底物,在己糖激酶作用下生成D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸盐,随后由MIPS介导不可逆的环化反应,形成1L-肌醇-1-磷酸,最终通过IMP脱磷酸化释放游离肌醇。作为Loewus途径的核心调控节点,MIPS被确认为该代谢通路的关键限速酶。MIPS蛋白在真核生物中呈现显著的序列与功能保守性,其编码基因已在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、大豆(Glycine max)、水稻(Oryza sativa)和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)等多种植物中被成功克隆并完成功能解析。而IMP的酶学特性虽然在动物模型中得到详细表征,但在植物领域,多数植物类群中IMP的分子调控网络及其生理功能仍存在显著的研究空白。
肌醇在植物体内的氧化代谢途径大致为:在MIOX的作用下将肌醇氧化裂解生成D-葡萄糖醛酸(D-GlcA),随后经葡萄糖醛酸激酶(GlcAK)激活为UDP-葡萄糖醛酸(UDP-GlcA),后者通过核苷酸糖互变途径转化为果胶前体(UDP-D-半乳糖醛酸、UDP-D-芹菜糖)和半纤维素前体(UDP-D-木糖),直接参与植物细胞壁中果胶、木聚糖等非纤维素多糖的合成[20]
同时,D-GlcA还可通过脱羧作用生成木糖和阿拉伯糖残基,并进入抗坏血酸(L-AsA)合成途径,形成L-古洛糖-1,4-内酯氧化为L-AsA。肌醇氧化途径(MZOP)与糖核苷酸氧化途径(SNOP)共同调控细胞壁多糖的生物合成[2122]。关键酶MIOX自1957年首次发现后,已在拟南芥、水稻、棉花等多种植物中被分离鉴定,证实其在植物初生壁至次生壁转化及细胞壁生物量形成中的核心作用。因此,肌醇是植物细胞壁多糖中很多重要糖醛酸基单元和戊糖基单元的前驱物[2324]
肌醇及其衍生物参与膜物质转运、离子通道调控及细胞信号转导等重要生理过程[2526]。在拟南芥胚胎发育过程中,肌醇通过诱导乙烯信号级联反应,激活油菜素内酯信号通路并驱动生长素梯度形成,从而精确调控顶钩形态建成与下胚轴伸长,揭示了肌醇作为次级信使整合激素信号网络的关键作用[27];在亚细胞器层面,磷酸酰肌醇(PI)作为叶绿体信号传导的核心分子,通过与叶绿体调控因子CPSFL1互作,动态协调囊泡运输、膜修复及脂质代谢等过程。其与VIPP1及蛋白质转运系统的协同效应,对维持叶绿体膜系统稳定性及应激响应至关重要[28]。此外,磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C (PI-PLC)通过调控生长素生物合成、极性运输及信号转导,维持根分生组织活性,并参与主根伸长、向地性及根毛发育的精细调节[29]
代谢稳态调控方面,磷酸酰肌醇(IP)动态平衡与mTOR信号网络紧密偶联。营养充足时,磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸(IP3)水平升高,通过激活mTORC1激酶抑制PI4K2A激酶,来促进蛋白质、脂质合成,而饥饿胁迫触发PI4K2A向溶酶体迁移,驱动磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸(PI4P)生成以增强营养物质的分解代谢,这一双向调控机制体现了植物对能量状态变化的快速响应能力[3031];细胞分裂过程中,磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸(PI(4,5)P2)作为关键膜身份标志物,其时空分布受SAC9磷酸酶等因子精密调控,通过协调细胞板扩展与质膜融合,确保胞质分裂的精准完成[32];在植物−微生物互作中,肌醇既能作为碳源选择性促进有益菌增殖,又可以调控细菌趋化性来强化细菌功能,植物通过转运蛋白动态分配肌醇,提高微生物的根部定殖水平,塑造根系微生物组的结构与功能[33]。这些发现共同揭示了肌醇信号在植物生命活动中的枢纽地位。
肌醇及其衍生物调控植物养分吸收与转运,作为代谢枢纽,六磷酸肌醇(InsP6),即植酸,是植物体内重要的磷储存形式,可在磷充足条件下储存磷素,并在缺磷时释放,实现磷的高效动态管理。同时,肌醇焦磷酸盐作为磷饥饿的感受器向植物传递磷养分信号,并通过结合TIR1和COI1受体,调控生长素和茉莉酸信号传导,促进植物生长发育(图2)。此外,在农学领域中,肌醇可以与锌、钙等金属元素产生协同增效效应,但具体分子机制还需要进一步深入探究。
提高磷利用效率是植物适应低磷胁迫的关键策略。肌醇及其衍生物通过“储存−释放”双模块在植物磷稳态中发挥枢纽功能。MIPS介导的代谢通路催化生成InsP6,其占种子总磷含量的60%~80%,以植酸盐形式沉积于蛋白储存液泡,是种子萌发的主要磷源[34]。缺磷时,植酸酶活性被激活,特异性水解植酸释放无机磷,同时诱导磷转运蛋白表达,促进磷向新生组织再分配。这一动态过程通过“储存−释放”机制实现磷的高效循环利用,显著降低植物对外源磷肥的依赖。但植物体内磷过量或缺乏都会造成细胞损伤,肌醇焦磷酸盐(PP-InsPs)作为细胞内磷状态的动态传感器,其浓度梯度反映环境磷水平。SPX结构域是植物感知磷状态的核心元件,但磷本身并不直接结合SPX。植物体高磷条件下,VIH1/VIH2 激酶活性增强,促进InsP6向八磷酸肌醇(InsP8)积累,InsP8通过与SPX结构域蛋白互作,形成SPX1-PHR1复合物,抑制PHR1转录因子对下游磷饥饿响应基因的激活;而在低磷条件下,VIH1/VIH2 激酶活性下降,InsP8浓度降低,解除SPX结构域蛋白对调控PHR1转录因子的抑制,激活磷饥饿响应基因的表达,向植物体传递磷缺乏的信号。因此,InsP8是植物细胞内磷信号传递的“分子开关”,其动态浓度变化直接决定磷稳态与胁迫响应的平衡[16]
肌醇及其衍生物参与生长素(IAA)、茉莉酸(JA)信号通路的交互过程。研究发现,InsP7或InsP8是生长素信号通路的必需组分,通过结合TIR1受体,形成稳定的共受体TIR1-Aux/IAA复合物,其结合位点的突变会破坏生长素TIR1-Aux/IAA复合体形成。在低磷胁迫下,InsP7或InsP8的水平降低从而触发反馈机制,导致生长素受体基因TIR1表达升高,通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径加速降解Aux/IAA蛋白,释放ARF转录因子以此激活生长素信号通路的下游响应基因,增强根系对生长素的敏感性。进一步研究发现,外源生长素处理可诱导拟南芥ITPK1基因表达上调,ITPK1通过合成5-焦磷酸肌醇(5-InsP7),在生长素介导的生物学过程中发挥关键作用,例如,促进侧根发育,调控主根伸长、根向重力反应和叶片发育等生理过程[35];敲除OsARF12会降低OsPHR2及其下游基因的表达,导致主根、侧根和根毛对生长素及低磷信号的响应能力丧失[36],表明ARF家族基因是生长素与磷信号交叉调控的关键节点,而磷酸肌醇在释放ARF转录因子中起到关键作用。
在茉莉酸信号通路中,InsP8同样作为共配体,与COI1-JAZ蛋白结合生成共受体,增强共受体的亲和力和SCFCOI1泛素连接酶的活性,导致其被26S蛋白酶体降解,触发JAZ蛋白的泛素化降解,释放MYC转录因子,激活JA相关的防御基因(如抗虫、抗病相关基因),协调植物发育与逆境响应。拟南芥突变体vih2因InsP8合成缺陷,表现出JA信号传导障碍及抗病虫能力下降[37];肌醇磷酸激酶(IPK1/ITPK1)的突变会导致PP-InsPs代谢紊乱,同样会削弱JA依赖性防御反应[38]。上述结果表明PP-InsPs在茉莉酸信号通路中具有核心作用。
解析肌醇在植物磷稳态调节中的作用机制,探索其与茉莉酸、生长素的潜在互作机制,可以为改良作物磷利用效率提供新靶点。未来可通过调控InsP8合成或SPX-PHR通路以优化磷吸收[39];探究茉莉酸及其衍生物与肌醇在非生物胁迫中是否存在级联放大效应,为创制新型植物调节剂提供重要理论支持。
肌醇通过调节气孔开度或改变角质层通透性,提高锌在叶面的渗透与吸收效率。在小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶,与未处理组相比,叶喷肌醇和硫酸锌显著增加了地上部锌含量,使籽粒锌含量增加5%~25%,μ-XRF成像显示,对照处理下锌在麸皮层和胚芽中富集,胚乳中锌浓度较低,而锌配施肌醇处理下锌在麸皮层和胚芽中的分布更均匀,提高了胚乳中锌含量[40]
钙作为植物细胞内生理反应的重要第二信使,与肌醇在植物养分吸收中起到协同增效的作用,叶面喷施肌醇及钙离子显著增加白菜(Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)、辣椒(Capsicum annuum)的生物量,增加地上部及地下部钾离子和钙离子的吸收,但对镁元素的含量影响不显著[4142]。将500 μmol/L肌醇与0.5% Ca(NO3)2配施,显著提高苹果(Malus domestica)果实钙含量,改善单果重、纵横径等生长指标,同时促进可溶性固形物及部分可溶性糖含量的积累,并提升果实着色和硬度[43]。然而,肌醇对中微量元素的吸收的调控具有情境依赖性。例如,缺硼一两个月后,枳(Citrus trifoliata)叶片的肌醇含量未发生变化,而根中肌醇显著增加,同时锰含量较对照显著下降27.8%,其他微量元素含量未发生显著变化。在非生物胁迫的条件下,外源肌醇抑制能量代谢过程而转向细胞壁代谢方向,最终导致细胞壁结构紊乱而抑制枳幼苗生长[44]。上述研究表明,肌醇参与植物对中微量元素的吸收利用,但其具体分子机制还有待进一步探究。
植物在生长过程中易受到盐渍化、干旱、低温等不良环境的影响。为缓解非生物胁迫带来的危害,植物通过维持细胞膜稳定性、调节渗透压平衡及清除氧化损伤等方式维持细胞稳态。肌醇代谢途径是植物应对逆境胁迫的重要内源调节方式[45]。肌醇磷脂参与细胞膜的构建,MIOX通过氧化代谢途径调控细胞壁前体的含量,从而保障细胞膜的稳定性和完整性。肌醇代谢相关基因(MIPSMIOXIMP)通过调控细胞内肌醇水平调控L-AsA的含量,进而参与植物体内ASA-GSH循环,清除多余ROS[46]。另外,肌醇衍生物还促进渗透调节保护物质的积累,保障离子渗透压平衡,协同茉莉酸等激素,增强植物对胁迫的适应性(图2)。尽管有关肌醇相关基因响应植物非生物胁迫的研究较多,但启动肌醇代谢相关基因 (MIPSIMPMIOX)的上游基因仍未研究清楚,肌醇是否通过与其他蛋白、多糖或信号分子协同参与渗透调节和逆境适应,亟需未来进一步探究。
盐胁迫主要由土壤中过量可溶性盐引起,通过渗透胁迫、离子毒性和氧化损伤危害植物正常生理功能[4748]。植物盐过度敏感途径(SOS)是植物响应盐胁迫的核心调控网络,胁迫触发胞质Ca2+信号,SOS3/SCaBP8感知后激活SOS2激酶,通过磷酸化修饰增强SOS1活性,驱动其利用质子梯度外排Na+以维持离子稳态[49]。最新研究表明,肌醇衍生物磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸(PI4P)可以作为质膜ATP酶的“分子开关”,解除抑制并促进SOS1活性,协同促进质子外排,增强膜外质子梯度来提高质子势能进而主导Na+外排,维持离子稳态[5051]。此外,肌醇代谢相关基因通过调控内源肌醇水平增强植物耐盐性,将野生型耐盐水稻种的MIPS基因转入水稻、荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris)等植物中,结果显示,转基因植株在盐胁迫下肌醇含量明显提高,其生长状况明显优于野生型[52]。转MfMIPS1基因烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)在盐胁迫下MIPS活性升高,促进肌醇合成并诱导半乳糖醇、棉子糖等清除物质积累[53]。与野生型相比,转基因PeMIPS1杨树(Malus hupehensis)转基因MhMIOX2杨树和转基因MhMIOX2拟南芥的盐胁迫试验发现,其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于野生型,过氧化氢(H2O2)及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低[54]
在外源应用中,适宜浓度的肌醇喷施可有效缓解盐胁迫。例如,外源喷施8 mmol/L肌醇可提高盐胁迫下小麦萌发期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并降低MDA积累,在一定程度上缓解盐胁迫[55]。外源喷施肌醇能增加玉米(Zea mays)幼苗叶绿素含量、降低MDA,增强其耐盐能力[56]。在盐胁迫下施用适宜浓度的肌醇可以显著促进番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)根系生长、降低MDA含量、提高抗氧化物系统酶活性,显著提升维生素C和番茄红素含量[57]
干旱胁迫通过降低植物细胞渗透压,抑制根系吸水并诱导细胞失水,迫使植物关闭气孔以减少蒸腾作用,同时限制了CO2吸收,导致光合作用受阻[58]。在内源基因调控中,过表达MdMIPS1的转基因苹果在干旱胁迫下MDA含量显著低于野生型,而SOD、CAT活性显著提高。该基因通过增强肌醇合成、促进可溶性糖及脯氨酸积累,并增大气孔孔径以维持水分平衡[5960]。分析经干旱处理后草棉(Gossypium herbaceum)和海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)中MIOX的表达,发现 GbMIOX02GbMIOX08基因表达量较高,GhMIOX04 基因表达量在24 h达到峰值[61]。从耐旱水稻中克隆得到OsMIOX基因,通过实时定量PCR结果显示,此水稻OsMIOX基因在干旱胁迫下上调表达,并且表达量明显高于普通水稻,证明OsMIOX在水稻耐旱性中能够发挥作用,过表达OsMIOX的水稻通过增加脯氨酸合成、强化ROS清除能力及减轻氧化损伤,显著提升耐旱性[6263]
在外源应用中,肌醇同样可增强植物抗旱能力。研究发现,2 mmol/L肌醇可通过调节光合作用、抗氧化防御及渗透调节系统,增强紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在轻度干旱胁迫下的抗旱性,但对重度干旱无显著缓解作用[64]。与未经肌醇预处理相比,外源肌醇预处理显著降低干旱胁迫下苹果植株的萎蔫程度,维持较高相对含水量,同时抑制EC和MDA升高[43]。在草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)中,适当浓度的外源肌醇能有效调节抗氧化酶活性及细胞渗透调节系统,提高抗旱性能[65]。叶面喷施400 mg/L肌醇显著提高干旱条件下小麦幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性,抑制MDA和H2O2积累[66]
低温胁迫干扰植物的生理生化过程,抑制生长发育,最终导致生物量及产量下降[6768]。在内源基因调控中,低温胁迫可显著诱导肌醇代谢相关基因表达。黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcata)中,MfMIPS1基因表达量在低温处理4 h后显著上调,并在24 h达到峰值;紫花苜蓿中MsMIPS基因在8 h被诱导并持续高表达。伴随基因表达变化,两种苜蓿的肌醇含量均呈时间依赖性累积[69],在低温胁迫下,甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中BnMIOX1、BnMIOX2BnMIOX9显著表达,提高了植株抗寒性。葡萄(Vitis vinifera)中VvMIPS基因同样可被低温及胁迫信号分子诱导上调表达[70]。此外,过表达水稻OsIMP的转基因烟草在2℃处理48 h后仍保持较高存活率,且细胞膜损伤程度显著低于野生型[71]
在外源应用中,叶面喷施0.3 g/L肌醇能显著提高水稻幼苗CAT、SOD、POD活性,从而提高水稻抗寒性[72]。0.8 g/L肌醇能减轻玉米幼苗活性氧积累,增强抗氧化系统活性,从而保护膜结构和功能[73]。将玉米种子进行肌醇包衣并在10℃ 环境中培养,结果显示,其发芽率、株高、鲜重、活力指数、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量以及抗氧化酶活性均有增加,证明肌醇能够促进低温胁迫下的玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长[74]。用不同浓度的肌醇处理长春花(Catharanthus roseus)幼苗,发现外源肌醇还能调控类黄酮类和酚酸类化合物来抵御低温伤害[75]。目前肌醇的外源应用研究仅局限于模式植物,缺乏对水稻、玉米等主粮作物系统研究,试验条件多限于人工气候室等可控环境,缺少多生态区田间验证数据,未来应加强田间主粮作物的肌醇应用研究。
肌醇作为新型生物刺激素在农业生产中具有一定的应用潜力,但目前在产业化方面仍面临诸多限制因素。未来可利用基因工程来设计“超级抗逆作物”,通过细菌或病毒载体转运筛选出的优势等位基因,培育抗逆新品种。在肥料领域,低成本提取高纯度肌醇或通过绿色合成工艺,创制新型绿色智能肥料,有望在提高作物抗逆性能的同时增强品质,保障粮食产量,为我国农业绿色可持续发展提供重要技术支撑(图3)。
肌醇代谢信号通路在植物面对非生物胁迫时可诱导上调MIPS、MIOX、IMP的家族基因,调控植物体内肌醇的合成,积累渗透保护物质,保护植物免受渗透胁迫和氧化损伤,将肌醇代谢相关家族的基因导入棉花、苜蓿、水稻等作物中,培育设计“超级抗逆作物”品种,可以有效提高其在非生物胁迫中的抗逆性。未来可基于高通量表型组、基因组等多组学数据,结合机器学习和神经网络等计算工具,实现基因型与表型的精准关联,加速优良抗逆基因位点的挖掘,利用CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑工具构建高通量靶向编辑平台[76],整合MIPS、MIOX及IMP等关键酶的多组学数据与结构生物学分析,筛选调控肌醇代谢网络且具有广谱抗逆性的优势等位基因,进而利用病毒载体递送系统将编辑元件定向导入作物基因组,创制兼具非生物胁迫抗性与农艺性状的新品种[77]。另外,尽管解析肌醇代谢相关基因的研究在拟南芥、水稻、苹果等物种中取得了一定进展,但是在大豆、玉米等其他作物中,MIPS、MIOX,IMP等相关基因在非生物胁迫响应中的功能还有待进一步研究。
新型高效生物信号物质的开发与应用是进一步提升肥料利用效率的重要途径。氨基酸类、腐殖酸类和海藻提取物类生物刺激素已被证实具有促生、抗逆功能[78],而肌醇及其代谢网络不仅参与植物细胞渗透调节和信号转导,还可通过调控体内肌醇含量,响应盐、干旱和低温等非生物胁迫,在植物营养调控中发挥多重功能。研究其在肥料体系中的增效机制,可为创制新型绿色智能肥料提供新思路。
目前肌醇的制备主要包括以下三种途径:一是传统加压水解和常规水解法,以小麦、玉米副产物如玉米浸渍水、米糠、其他谷物中的木糖作为原料,进行水解、氢化或催化氧化反应得到肌醇[79]。其中,玉米因成本低、产量高逐渐成为工业化生产的主流原料[80];二是化学合成方式,以葡萄糖或蔗糖为底物,经过硝化、脱氧作用,产生脱氧硝化葡萄糖后进行环合和水解,产生游离肌醇,此类方法虽然原料丰富,但反应条件要求严格,生产成本高,并存在一定环境污染风险;三是生物酶解法,利用酵母菌、黑曲菌或无花果曲霉等微生物,将植酸钙镁、植酸酶等植酸类化学物质分解产生肌醇。此类提取方法绿色环保,作用专一,有效降低了污染,得到广泛研究支持,但菌种培养技术成熟度有待提升[81]。总体而言,目前限制肌醇产业化的主要问题是缺乏绿色全链条的生产制备工艺,未来在提取源方面,可考虑通过废弃物堆肥发酵来提取肌醇类物质,在工艺方面,可探索融入微生物发酵预处理、超临界CO2萃取和酶法水解等绿色加工技术,实现规模化提取高纯度肌醇,降低生产成本与环境污染风险,实现大面积推广与应用。
将肌醇按比例添加到肥料产品中,可实现多靶向协同调控养分利用。探究肌醇与腐植酸、有机酸、微生物代谢物等生物刺激素在植物养分吸收及非生物胁迫响应中的协同效应,解析其是否通过调控根系分泌物组成、激活共生微生物功能或介导激素信号等机制发挥作用。同时,筛选可强化肌醇功能的小分子物质,构建肌醇和其他生物刺激素复合体系,优化剂量配比与施用模式,从而突破单一物质作用的局限性,实现抗逆增效的级联效应。明确不同生物刺激素及增效物质复配到肥料中的最优方案,避免产生不可控的副作用,实现肥料效益最大化,在降低投入成本的前提下建立多靶点协同调控的肥料复配体系[82]。根据实际应用场景,可创制多类型功能化肌醇配方肥。例如,逆境土壤改良型,将药用级肌醇粉末与无机养分复配成颗粒肥料,创制功能性复合肥,适用于盐碱土等障碍土壤,在供给养分的同时,激活土壤微生物群落,活化土壤养分,提高作物抗逆性;水肥一体化型,创制肌醇功能性水溶肥,适配于干旱缺水区,将肌醇母液稀释到水溶肥中,通过水肥一体化系统实现精准补肥与抗逆协同;设施农业专用型,肌醇叶面专用肥可用于设施蔬菜,提高产量和品质,缓解病虫害以及非生物胁迫的不利影响,未来可拓展至草莓、苹果等高值经济作物。因此,肌醇作为一种低成本生物增效物质,在提高作物养分利用效率和品质方面有显著优势,在肥料产业中具有巨大应用潜力。系统性总结肌醇在肥料中的应用方法可以有效推动肌醇肥料产品的产业化发展。
肌醇作为植物体内重要的代谢枢纽分子,通过动态代谢网络调控磷养分的储存和释放、激素信号互作及逆境响应,在植物养分高效利用与抗逆增效中发挥核心作用。本文综述认为,肌醇及其衍生物通过MIOX、MIOX等关键酶介导的氧化代谢途径清除活性氧,并通过磷酸肌醇信号网络整合生长素、茉莉酸等激素信号,形成多维度抗逆调控体系。内源基因调控方面,过表达MIPS、MIOX等关键基因可显著提升作物抗盐碱、抗旱及耐寒能力;养分调控方面,肌醇焦磷酸作为磷信号感受器,通过SPX-PHR模块实现磷稳态的精准调控;另外,肌醇与中微量元素的协同增效作用显著提高养分利用效率。在外源应用中,低成本、高浓度肌醇的绿色制备成为主流趋势,其作为增效物质与其他生物刺激素优化复配到肥料中,可提高肥料利用效率,增强作物抗逆性能,产生级联放大效应,从而保障作物产量和品质,为新型绿色智能肥料开发提供理论依据。未来应重点推进区域适配技术规程的构建、完善主粮作物田间数据的验证、制定含肌醇的功能性肥料增效体系标准,加速技术成果转化,实现肌醇肥料全链条产业化发展。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025275
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 录用日期:2025-08-08
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    中国农业大学资源与环境学院 / 养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室 / 国家农业绿色发展研究院,北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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