Article(id=1284574920705282197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025352, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754582400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1759507200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-04, onlineDate=1784196127343, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196127343, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196127343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196127343, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1110, endPage=1122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574920919191702, articleId=1284574920705282197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Impacts of long-term excessive nitrogen fertilization and sugarcane leaf mulching and returning on soil acidification in lateritic red soil sugarcane fields, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the soil acidification characteristics of sugarcane fields in Guangxi under different fertilization treatments and to provide a theoretical basis for mitigating soil acidification in this region.

Methods

Based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 2008, four treatments were established: no-fertilizer control (CK), recommended fertilization (OPT), increased N application (OPTN, 50% higher nitrogen (N) application rate than OPT) and recommended fertilization combined with sugarcane leaf mulching and returning (OPTS). Soil pH, exchangeable acidity, acidification rate, exchangeable base cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil acid-base buffering capacity (pHBC) and soil nutrients indicators were determined after 16 years under different fertilization treatments.

Results

After 16 years of long-term experiments, compared with the initial soil, soil pH under the CK, OPT, OPTN, and OPTS treatments decreased by 0.04, 1.74, 2.00, and 1.72 units, respectively. The corresponding soil acidification rates were 0.16, 9.62, 10.41, and 9.81 kmol/(hm2·a), respectively. The soil pHBC of the CK treatment was 24.00 mmol/(kg·pH). Compared with CK, the pH buffering capacity under the other fertilization treatments increased by 20.32%−26.77%, with the greatest increase observed in the OPTS treatment. Compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTN treatment increased exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminum (Al3+), and exchangeable hydrogen (H+) by 19.31%, 15.25%, and 54.75% respectively. The total exchangeable base cations of the OPTN decreased by 14.03%, and base saturation decreased by 15.10%. Soil pH decreased by 0.26 units, and the acidification rate increased by 8.22% under OPTN relative to OPT. Compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTS treatment increased exchangeable acidity and exchangeable H+ content by 17.82% and 69.27%, respectively. The total exchangeable base cations increased by 13.45%, mainly due to a 26.22% increase in exchangeable calcium content. CEC increased by 12.67%. However, there were no significant difference in soil pH and acidification rate. Under increased N fertilization, soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and readily available potassium contents decreased by 6.99%, 11.06%, and 27.11%, respectively. Under sugarcane leaf mulching and returning, soil organic matter, total N, and available N contents increased by 9.96%, 12.32%, and 26.40%, respectively, while available phosphorus and readily available potassium contents decreased by 17.15% and 34.65%, respectively. In terms of the 5-year average sugarcane yield, compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTN treatment resulted in a 6.23% reduction, while the OPTS treatment resulted in a 2.68% increase.

Conclusions

Long-term excessive N fertilization increased exchangeable H+ and Al3+ contents while reducing total exchangeable base cations. The increased fertilizer N was not efficiently utilized by sugarcane, further accelerating soil acidification. In contrast, long-term sugarcane leaf mulching and returning effectively increased total exchangeable base cations, CEC, and organic matter content, and improved soil nutrient supply and acid-base regulation capacity. Therefore, rational chemical fertilizer application combined with sugarcane residue mulching and returning can serve as an important strategy for managing soil acidification in lateritic red soil sugarcane fields in Guangxi.

, authors=Jin-sheng HUANG1, Ming-xue SUN1, Jun-jie TAN2, Ming PANG1, Yan ZENG1, Xiong-feng NIE1, Hong-mei LU1, Yan-li CHEN3, Liu-qiang ZHOU1, Xiao-hui ZHU1, *, authorsList=Jin-sheng HUANG, Ming-xue SUN, Jun-jie TAN, Ming PANG, Yan ZENG, Xiong-feng NIE, Hong-mei LU, Yan-li CHEN, Liu-qiang ZHOU, Xiao-hui ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-hui ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574922072625311, articleId=1284574920705282197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=长期过量施氮及蔗叶还田对赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化的影响, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估不同施肥处理下广西蔗地土壤酸化特征,为该地区土壤酸化阻控提供理论依据。

方法

依托始于2008年的长期定位试验,选取不施肥对照(CK)、推荐施肥(OPT)、增施氮肥(OPTN,在OPT基础上增施50%氮)和推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田(OPTS) 4个处理,分析连续16年不同施肥处理下土壤pH、交换性酸、酸化速率、交换性盐基离子、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸碱缓冲容量和土壤养分等指标的变化特征。

结果

经过16年长期定位试验,相较于初始土壤,CK、OPT、OPTN、OPTS处理的土壤pH分别降低了0.04、1.74、2.00、1.72个单位,土壤酸化速率依次为0.16、9.62、10.41和9.81 kmol/(hm2·a)。CK处理的土壤酸碱缓冲容量为24.00 mmol/ (kg·pH),其余施肥处理的酸碱缓冲容量较CK提升20.32%~26.77%,其中OPTS处理提升幅度最大。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的交换性酸、交换性铝及交换性氢含量分别提高19.31%、15.25%和54.75%;交换性盐基总量降低14.03%,盐基饱和度降低15.10%;土壤pH降低0.26个单位,酸化速率提高8.22%。与OPT处理相比,OPTS处理的交换性酸及交换性氢含量分别提高17.82%和69.27%;交换性盐基总量提高13.45%,主要表现为交换性钙含量显著提高26.22%;CEC提高12.67%,但土壤pH和酸化速率无显著差异。增施氮肥处理下土壤全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低了6.99%、11.06%和27.11%。蔗叶还田处理下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别提高9.96%、12.32%、26.40%,但土壤速效磷及速效钾含量分别降低了17.15%和34.65%。从5年平均产量来看,与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理减产6.23%,而OPTS处理增产了2.68%。

结论

长期过量施用氮肥显著增加土壤交换性氢和交换性铝含量,降低交换性盐基总量,增施的氮肥未被甘蔗有效利用,进而加剧土壤酸化。长期蔗叶还田能有效提高交换性盐基总量、CEC和有机质含量,提升全氮和碱解氮含量,改善土壤养分供给水平及酸碱调节能力。合理施用化肥联合蔗叶还田可作为广西赤红壤蔗地酸化管理的重要策略。

, authors=黄金生1, 孙明雪1, 谭俊杰2, 庞明1, 曾艳1, 聂雄峰1, 卢红媚1, 陈燕丽3, 周柳强1, 朱晓晖1, *, authorsList=黄金生, 孙明雪, 谭俊杰, 庞明, 曾艳, 聂雄峰, 卢红媚, 陈燕丽, 周柳强, 朱晓晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱晓晖, authorNote=

黄金生 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱晓晖 E-mail:
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Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013, 21(5): 526−535., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284806477042921773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477051310382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477042921773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Agricultural Resource and Environment Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanning Observation and Experiment Station of National Agricultural Environment, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477072281903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477042921773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广西农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 / 农业农村部华南植物营养与施肥技术科学观测实验站 / 国家农业环境南宁观测实验站,广西南宁 530007)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284806477164556592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477168750897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477164556592, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo, Guangxi 532200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477177139506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477164556592, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广西民族师范学院,广西崇左 532200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284806477319745843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477328134452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477319745843, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Soil and Fertilizer Work Station. Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284806477336523061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, companyId=1284806477319745843, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3广西壮族自治区土壤肥料工作站,广西南宁 530000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284806482571014515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Soil pH under different long-term fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=ySk1aSa8h/EdDc5/mfNOuQ==, figureFileBig=xwUmqrkmXgkAyV6GPlxBRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806482633929076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=图1, caption=长期不同施肥处理下土壤pH

注:CK—不施肥对照;OPT—推荐施肥;OPTN—在OPT基础上增施50%氮;OPTS—推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ySk1aSa8h/EdDc5/mfNOuQ==, figureFileBig=xwUmqrkmXgkAyV6GPlxBRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806482722009461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Soil acidification rate under different long-term fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=c5RkLRK5TXfE14/VCRK/ww==, figureFileBig=Y2n6m/xv0McMAGNZyE1a2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806482784924022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长期不同施肥处理下土壤酸化速率

注:CK—不施肥对照;OPT—推荐施肥;OPTN—在OPT基础上增施50%氮;OPTS—推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=c5RkLRK5TXfE14/VCRK/ww==, figureFileBig=Y2n6m/xv0McMAGNZyE1a2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806482860421495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of exchangeable acidity, and contents and percentages of exchangeable H+ and Al3+ under different long-term fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=90oYkddC1+K8Uy1JxNrw3Q==, figureFileBig=fxaRQp+TzrB2vd5LvRwGvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806482927530360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=图3, caption=长期不同施肥处理下土壤交换性酸含量及交换性氢和交换性铝含量与比例

注:CK—不施肥对照;OPT—推荐施肥;OPTN—在OPT基础上增施50%氮;OPTS—推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05);柱中不同小写字母表示同一指标处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=90oYkddC1+K8Uy1JxNrw3Q==, figureFileBig=fxaRQp+TzrB2vd5LvRwGvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806484546531705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Titration curves of soil acid-base buffering capacity under different long-term fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=YU4OaIF9GsnnlXKEQaQn+Q==, figureFileBig=4TKEOZDnmestLhVdZpF56g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806484613640570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=图4, caption=长期不同施肥处理下土壤酸碱缓冲能力滴定曲线

注:CK—不施肥对照;OPT—推荐施肥;OPTN—在OPT基础上增施50%氮;OPTS—推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田。

, figureFileSmall=YU4OaIF9GsnnlXKEQaQn+Q==, figureFileBig=4TKEOZDnmestLhVdZpF56g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284806484680749435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Annual fertilizer application rates under the recommended fertilization (OPT) treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肥料
Fertilizer
2008200920102011—2012201320142015—2024
N450450300450400450414
P2O5120120120135120135135
K2O300217217257257257240
), ArticleFig(id=1284806484756246908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

推荐施肥(OPT)处理的年施肥量(kg/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肥料
Fertilizer
2008200920102011—2012201320142015—2024
N450450300450400450414
P2O5120120120135120135135
K2O300217217257257257240
), ArticleFig(id=1284806484835938685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Exchangeable base cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation under different long-term fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
交换性钙
Exchangeable Ca2+
(cmol/kg)
交换性镁
Exchangeable Mg2+
(cmol/kg)
交换性钾
Exchangeable K+
(cmol/kg)
交换性钠
Exchangeable Na+
(cmol/kg)
交换性盐基总量
Total exchangeable bases
(cmol/kg)
阳离子交换量
CEC
(cmol/kg)
盐基饱和度
Base saturation
(%)
CK4.32±0.16 a0.64±0.04 a0.17±0.02 c0.11±0.00 a5.24±0.12 a7.77±0.34 b67.46±2.03 a
OPT1.32±0.14 c0.34±0.03 b0.47±0.02 a0.11±0.00 a2.23±0.17 c8.23±0.18 b27.12±1.66 b
OPTN1.17±0.05 c0.29±0.02 b0.36±0.02 b0.09±0.03 a1.92±0.08 d8.36±0.62 b23.02±1.38 c
OPTS1.66±0.05 b0.34±0.02 b0.38±0.03 b0.14±0.11 a2.53±0.17 b9.27±0.35 a27.36±2.32 b
), ArticleFig(id=1284806484911436158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

长期不同施肥处理下交换性盐基离子、阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
交换性钙
Exchangeable Ca2+
(cmol/kg)
交换性镁
Exchangeable Mg2+
(cmol/kg)
交换性钾
Exchangeable K+
(cmol/kg)
交换性钠
Exchangeable Na+
(cmol/kg)
交换性盐基总量
Total exchangeable bases
(cmol/kg)
阳离子交换量
CEC
(cmol/kg)
盐基饱和度
Base saturation
(%)
CK4.32±0.16 a0.64±0.04 a0.17±0.02 c0.11±0.00 a5.24±0.12 a7.77±0.34 b67.46±2.03 a
OPT1.32±0.14 c0.34±0.03 b0.47±0.02 a0.11±0.00 a2.23±0.17 c8.23±0.18 b27.12±1.66 b
OPTN1.17±0.05 c0.29±0.02 b0.36±0.02 b0.09±0.03 a1.92±0.08 d8.36±0.62 b23.02±1.38 c
OPTS1.66±0.05 b0.34±0.02 b0.38±0.03 b0.14±0.11 a2.53±0.17 b9.27±0.35 a27.36±2.32 b
), ArticleFig(id=1284806484978545023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Soil acid-base buffering capacity under different long-term fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理 Treatment
酸碱缓冲曲线
Acid-base buffering curve
R2土壤酸碱缓冲容量 [mmol/ (kg·pH)]
Soil acid-base buffering capacity
CKy=0.042x+5.980.9624.00±0.22 c
OPTy=0.034x+4.870.9229.19±0.68 ab
OPTNy=0.035x+4.740.9128.88±0.41 b
OPTSy=0.033x+4.860.9230.43±0.21 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485083402624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

长期不同施肥处理下土壤酸碱缓冲容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理 Treatment
酸碱缓冲曲线
Acid-base buffering curve
R2土壤酸碱缓冲容量 [mmol/ (kg·pH)]
Soil acid-base buffering capacity
CKy=0.042x+5.980.9624.00±0.22 c
OPTy=0.034x+4.870.9229.19±0.68 ab
OPTNy=0.035x+4.740.9128.88±0.41 b
OPTSy=0.033x+4.860.9230.43±0.21 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485167288705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Changes in soil organic matter and other nutrient contents under different long-term fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter
全氮 (g/kg)
Total N
碱解氮 (mg/kg)
Alkali-hydrolyzable N
全磷 (g/kg)
Total P
速效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P
全钾 (g/kg)
Total K
速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K
CK17.27±0.46 c0.87±0.01 c65.40±1.87 c0.44±0.02 c4.28±0.32 d1.89±0.07 a39.00±2.50 d
OPT18.33±0.22 b0.89±0.02 bc71.41±2.45 b0.82±0.03 a69.34±1.73 a2.01±0.32 a148.17±3.18 a
OPTN18.68±0.39 b0.93±0.02 b76.95±5.10 b0.77±0.02 b61.67±1.14 b2.20±0.22 a108.00±2.00 b
OPTS20.16±0.66 a1.00±0.05 a90.26±2.13 a0.79±0.02 ab57.44±0.66 c2.18±0.32 a96.83±0.29 c
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485238591874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

长期不同施肥处理下土壤有机质及其他养分含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter
全氮 (g/kg)
Total N
碱解氮 (mg/kg)
Alkali-hydrolyzable N
全磷 (g/kg)
Total P
速效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P
全钾 (g/kg)
Total K
速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K
CK17.27±0.46 c0.87±0.01 c65.40±1.87 c0.44±0.02 c4.28±0.32 d1.89±0.07 a39.00±2.50 d
OPT18.33±0.22 b0.89±0.02 bc71.41±2.45 b0.82±0.03 a69.34±1.73 a2.01±0.32 a148.17±3.18 a
OPTN18.68±0.39 b0.93±0.02 b76.95±5.10 b0.77±0.02 b61.67±1.14 b2.20±0.22 a108.00±2.00 b
OPTS20.16±0.66 a1.00±0.05 a90.26±2.13 a0.79±0.02 ab57.44±0.66 c2.18±0.32 a96.83±0.29 c
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485322477955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Sugarcane yield under different fertilization treatments in 2020−2024

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处理 Treatment20202021202220232024平均产量 Average yield
CK57.55±1.22 c56.07±1.07 c55.31±2.51 c58.30±2.60 c57.29±1.04 c56.90±1.05 d
OPT109.78±6.98 ab95.90±2.54 a87.98±1.05 a111.02±4.61 b78.54±2.05 a96.64±0.19 b
OPTN104.87±1.53 b86.58±1.22 b80.07±2.86 b107.67±0.80 b73.96±2.76 b90.63±1.07 c
OPTS111.45±1.06 a103.61±1.56 a84.41±2.20 a118.60±2.61 a78.13±2.76 ab99.24±0.19 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485423141252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2020—2024年不同施肥处理下甘蔗产量(kg/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 Treatment20202021202220232024平均产量 Average yield
CK57.55±1.22 c56.07±1.07 c55.31±2.51 c58.30±2.60 c57.29±1.04 c56.90±1.05 d
OPT109.78±6.98 ab95.90±2.54 a87.98±1.05 a111.02±4.61 b78.54±2.05 a96.64±0.19 b
OPTN104.87±1.53 b86.58±1.22 b80.07±2.86 b107.67±0.80 b73.96±2.76 b90.63±1.07 c
OPTS111.45±1.06 a103.61±1.56 a84.41±2.20 a118.60±2.61 a78.13±2.76 ab99.24±0.19 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485494444421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Sustainable yield index (SYI) and coefficient of variation (CV) of sugarcane yield under different fertilization treatments (2020−2024)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
可持续产量指数
SYI
变异系数
CV
CK0.93±0.03 a0.03±0.01 b
OPT0.72±0.03 b0.15±0.01 a
OPTN0.70±0.02 b0.17±0.02 a
OPTS0.69±0.03 b0.18±0.02 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485578330502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同施肥处理下甘蔗可持续产量指数及产量变异系数(2020—2024)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
可持续产量指数
SYI
变异系数
CV
CK0.93±0.03 a0.03±0.01 b
OPT0.72±0.03 b0.15±0.01 a
OPTN0.70±0.02 b0.17±0.02 a
OPTS0.69±0.03 b0.18±0.02 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485653827975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Correlation analysis among soil acidity, nutrients, base cations and related indicators (except for CK)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 IndexpHAREx.AcidEx.HEx.AlEx.B.CCECpHBCSOMY
pH1
AR−0.87**1
Ex.Acid−0.440.541
Ex.H−0.220.450.93***1
Ex.Al−0.79*0.78*0.77*0.611
Ex.B.C0.85**−0.61−0.020.19−0.481
CEC0.300.010.470.620.060.621
pHBC0.57−0.130.260.49−0.210.79*0.70*1
SOM0.310.010.550.72*0.240.630.600.74*1
Y0.84**−0.74*−0.44−0.30−0.78*0.59−0.010.510.081
), ArticleFig(id=1284806485737714056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574920705282197, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

土壤酸度、养分、盐基离子等指标相关性分析(除CK外)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 IndexpHAREx.AcidEx.HEx.AlEx.B.CCECpHBCSOMY
pH1
AR−0.87**1
Ex.Acid−0.440.541
Ex.H−0.220.450.93***1
Ex.Al−0.79*0.78*0.77*0.611
Ex.B.C0.85**−0.61−0.020.19−0.481
CEC0.300.010.470.620.060.621
pHBC0.57−0.130.260.49−0.210.79*0.70*1
SOM0.310.010.550.72*0.240.630.600.74*1
Y0.84**−0.74*−0.44−0.30−0.78*0.59−0.010.510.081
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长期过量施氮及蔗叶还田对赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化的影响
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黄金生 1 , 孙明雪 1 , 谭俊杰 2 , 庞明 1 , 曾艳 1 , 聂雄峰 1 , 卢红媚 1 , 陈燕丽 3 , 周柳强 1 , 朱晓晖 1, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1110-1122
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1110 -1122
长期过量施氮及蔗叶还田对赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化的影响
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黄金生1 , 孙明雪1, 谭俊杰2, 庞明1, 曾艳1, 聂雄峰1, 卢红媚1, 陈燕丽3, 周柳强1, 朱晓晖1, *
作者信息
  • 1广西农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 / 农业农村部华南植物营养与施肥技术科学观测实验站 / 国家农业环境南宁观测实验站,广西南宁 530007
  • 2广西民族师范学院,广西崇左 532200
  • 3广西壮族自治区土壤肥料工作站,广西南宁 530000
通讯作者:
* 朱晓晖 E-mail:
作者简介:

黄金生 E-mail:

Impacts of long-term excessive nitrogen fertilization and sugarcane leaf mulching and returning on soil acidification in lateritic red soil sugarcane fields
Jin-sheng HUANG1 , Ming-xue SUN1, Jun-jie TAN2, Ming PANG1, Yan ZENG1, Xiong-feng NIE1, Hong-mei LU1, Yan-li CHEN3, Liu-qiang ZHOU1, Xiao-hui ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Agricultural Resource and Environment Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanning Observation and Experiment Station of National Agricultural Environment, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
  • 2Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo, Guangxi 532200, China
  • 3Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Soil and Fertilizer Work Station. Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025352
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目的

评估不同施肥处理下广西蔗地土壤酸化特征,为该地区土壤酸化阻控提供理论依据。

方法

依托始于2008年的长期定位试验,选取不施肥对照(CK)、推荐施肥(OPT)、增施氮肥(OPTN,在OPT基础上增施50%氮)和推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田(OPTS) 4个处理,分析连续16年不同施肥处理下土壤pH、交换性酸、酸化速率、交换性盐基离子、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸碱缓冲容量和土壤养分等指标的变化特征。

结果

经过16年长期定位试验,相较于初始土壤,CK、OPT、OPTN、OPTS处理的土壤pH分别降低了0.04、1.74、2.00、1.72个单位,土壤酸化速率依次为0.16、9.62、10.41和9.81 kmol/(hm2·a)。CK处理的土壤酸碱缓冲容量为24.00 mmol/ (kg·pH),其余施肥处理的酸碱缓冲容量较CK提升20.32%~26.77%,其中OPTS处理提升幅度最大。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的交换性酸、交换性铝及交换性氢含量分别提高19.31%、15.25%和54.75%;交换性盐基总量降低14.03%,盐基饱和度降低15.10%;土壤pH降低0.26个单位,酸化速率提高8.22%。与OPT处理相比,OPTS处理的交换性酸及交换性氢含量分别提高17.82%和69.27%;交换性盐基总量提高13.45%,主要表现为交换性钙含量显著提高26.22%;CEC提高12.67%,但土壤pH和酸化速率无显著差异。增施氮肥处理下土壤全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低了6.99%、11.06%和27.11%。蔗叶还田处理下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别提高9.96%、12.32%、26.40%,但土壤速效磷及速效钾含量分别降低了17.15%和34.65%。从5年平均产量来看,与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理减产6.23%,而OPTS处理增产了2.68%。

结论

长期过量施用氮肥显著增加土壤交换性氢和交换性铝含量,降低交换性盐基总量,增施的氮肥未被甘蔗有效利用,进而加剧土壤酸化。长期蔗叶还田能有效提高交换性盐基总量、CEC和有机质含量,提升全氮和碱解氮含量,改善土壤养分供给水平及酸碱调节能力。合理施用化肥联合蔗叶还田可作为广西赤红壤蔗地酸化管理的重要策略。

长期定位试验  /  甘蔗地  /  增施氮肥  /  蔗叶覆盖还田  /  土壤酸化
Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the soil acidification characteristics of sugarcane fields in Guangxi under different fertilization treatments and to provide a theoretical basis for mitigating soil acidification in this region.

Methods

Based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 2008, four treatments were established: no-fertilizer control (CK), recommended fertilization (OPT), increased N application (OPTN, 50% higher nitrogen (N) application rate than OPT) and recommended fertilization combined with sugarcane leaf mulching and returning (OPTS). Soil pH, exchangeable acidity, acidification rate, exchangeable base cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil acid-base buffering capacity (pHBC) and soil nutrients indicators were determined after 16 years under different fertilization treatments.

Results

After 16 years of long-term experiments, compared with the initial soil, soil pH under the CK, OPT, OPTN, and OPTS treatments decreased by 0.04, 1.74, 2.00, and 1.72 units, respectively. The corresponding soil acidification rates were 0.16, 9.62, 10.41, and 9.81 kmol/(hm2·a), respectively. The soil pHBC of the CK treatment was 24.00 mmol/(kg·pH). Compared with CK, the pH buffering capacity under the other fertilization treatments increased by 20.32%−26.77%, with the greatest increase observed in the OPTS treatment. Compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTN treatment increased exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminum (Al3+), and exchangeable hydrogen (H+) by 19.31%, 15.25%, and 54.75% respectively. The total exchangeable base cations of the OPTN decreased by 14.03%, and base saturation decreased by 15.10%. Soil pH decreased by 0.26 units, and the acidification rate increased by 8.22% under OPTN relative to OPT. Compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTS treatment increased exchangeable acidity and exchangeable H+ content by 17.82% and 69.27%, respectively. The total exchangeable base cations increased by 13.45%, mainly due to a 26.22% increase in exchangeable calcium content. CEC increased by 12.67%. However, there were no significant difference in soil pH and acidification rate. Under increased N fertilization, soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and readily available potassium contents decreased by 6.99%, 11.06%, and 27.11%, respectively. Under sugarcane leaf mulching and returning, soil organic matter, total N, and available N contents increased by 9.96%, 12.32%, and 26.40%, respectively, while available phosphorus and readily available potassium contents decreased by 17.15% and 34.65%, respectively. In terms of the 5-year average sugarcane yield, compared with the OPT treatment, the OPTN treatment resulted in a 6.23% reduction, while the OPTS treatment resulted in a 2.68% increase.

Conclusions

Long-term excessive N fertilization increased exchangeable H+ and Al3+ contents while reducing total exchangeable base cations. The increased fertilizer N was not efficiently utilized by sugarcane, further accelerating soil acidification. In contrast, long-term sugarcane leaf mulching and returning effectively increased total exchangeable base cations, CEC, and organic matter content, and improved soil nutrient supply and acid-base regulation capacity. Therefore, rational chemical fertilizer application combined with sugarcane residue mulching and returning can serve as an important strategy for managing soil acidification in lateritic red soil sugarcane fields in Guangxi.

long-term field-position experiment  /  sugarcane field  /  increased nitrogen application  /  sugarcane leaf mulching and returning  /  soil acidification
黄金生, 孙明雪, 谭俊杰, 庞明, 曾艳, 聂雄峰, 卢红媚, 陈燕丽, 周柳强, 朱晓晖. 长期过量施氮及蔗叶还田对赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1110 -1122 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025352
Jin-sheng HUANG, Ming-xue SUN, Jun-jie TAN, Ming PANG, Yan ZENG, Xiong-feng NIE, Hong-mei LU, Yan-li CHEN, Liu-qiang ZHOU, Xiao-hui ZHU. Impacts of long-term excessive nitrogen fertilization and sugarcane leaf mulching and returning on soil acidification in lateritic red soil sugarcane fields[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1110 -1122 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025352
土壤酸化是指土壤中氢离子浓度增加和盐基离子含量减少的过程,是土壤质量退化的重要表现形式,不仅危害土壤质量安全,还会威胁作物生产。广西地区是我国主要的甘蔗生产地,种植面积一直位居全国第一,蔗糖产量占全国总量的60%以上[1]。据调查,广西甘蔗区土壤pH值平均为4.52,其中pH<4.5的强酸性土壤占比达63.9%[2]。这表明,广西甘蔗区土壤酸化问题严重,亟需采取有效措施以阻控该地区土壤酸化。
化学氮肥对提高作物产量发挥着重要作用,但长期不合理施用氮肥有加剧土壤酸化的风险[3]。如随着化学氮肥施用量的增加,茶园土壤pH呈现持续下降趋势[4]。在甘蔗生产中,农民为了追求更高产量,过度依赖氮肥,不断增加施氮量,导致氮肥施用量过高。在广西地区,甘蔗农田中氮肥施用量较大,达500~700 kg/hm2,远高于巴西、澳大利亚等甘蔗生产国,而氮肥利用率低,仅为25%~35%,甚至更低[57]。长期过量施氮导致氮素损失严重,在氮素转化过程中净氢离子量增多,进而加速土壤酸化[8]。然而,目前在广西赤红壤甘蔗区,关于过量施氮对土壤酸化影响的研究仍较少,缺乏充分、明确的数据支撑,其影响机制亟待系统阐明。
众多学者研究了在施用化肥基础上,通过作物残体还田缓解土壤酸化的效果[911]。一般认为,作物残体还田能提高土壤有机质含量,补充盐基离子,增强土壤酸碱缓冲容量,从而有效改良酸性土壤[1214]。然而,蔡泽江[15]研究表明,长期秸秆还田对土壤pH改善效果不显著,未能缓解红壤酸化。Liang等[16]通过整合性分析发现,在一定条件下,作物残体分解过程中产生的有机酸积累过多,可能会导致土壤酸化加剧。由此可见,受土壤类型、环境条件、还田形式、还田年限等多种因素的影响,秸秆还田对土壤酸化的调控作用尚未形成统一结论[12, 1617]。因此,基于长期定位实验,在特定区域及种植制度下研究不同施肥模式下土壤酸化特征具有重要的实际意义。
在广西地区,蔗叶资源丰富,年蔗叶干物质量约806.8万t,且含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等多种养分,可作为还田原料加以利用,对推动该地区农业可持续发展具有重要意义[18]。为了减少秸秆焚烧所引发的大气污染,国家出台了相关环保政策,限制秸秆露天焚烧,并积极推广蔗叶还田措施[1920]。然而,目前仍缺乏在较长时间尺度下系统评估蔗叶还田对土壤酸化影响的全面研究,多数研究仅关注对土壤pH的影响[14, 2122]。但pH仅仅是表观结果之一,若未考虑土壤缓冲体系对氢离子的中和作用,就无法客观评价土壤酸化状况[2324]
因此,本研究基于长期田间定位试验,通过测定土壤pH、土壤酸化速率及交换性酸等指标,全面评估土壤酸化程度。同时结合土壤有机质、交换性盐基离子及酸碱缓冲容量等指标,探讨土壤酸化调控机制,并评估不同施肥处理对土壤养分及甘蔗产量的影响。本研究旨在揭示长期过量施氮及蔗叶还田模式下土壤酸化特征,为土壤酸化严重地区的甘蔗生产提供合理的施肥策略。
试验位于广西南宁市武鸣区广西农业科学院试验基地,经度107°59′12′′,纬度23°06′39′′,海拔为79 m。该地区为亚热带季风气候,年平均气温21.4℃,年日照时数1695 h,年均降雨量1450 mm,无霜期348天。供试土壤类型为砂页岩母质发育的赤红壤,试验开始前0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量16.22 g/kg,全氮0.64 g/kg,全磷0.49 g/kg,全钾2.04 g/kg,碱解氮72.15 mg/kg,速效磷9.08 mg/kg,速效钾73.32 mg/kg,阳离子交换量(CEC) 9.77 cmol/kg,pH 5.86。
试验始于2008年3月,种植作物为甘蔗,甘蔗品种2008—2010年为新台糖22号,2011—2013年为桂糖28号,2014—2016年为桂糖29号,2017—2024年为柳城05136。甘蔗种植制度采用新植1年并宿根2年。本研究选取长期定位施肥试验中的4个处理,分别为:1)不施肥对照(CK),即不施任何肥料;2)推荐施肥(OPT),即按照表1所示施肥,平衡施肥;3)增施氮肥(OPTN),即氮肥施用量是OPT处理的1.5倍,磷钾肥施用量与OPT处理一致;4)推荐施肥+蔗叶覆盖还田(OPTS),即化肥施用量与OPT处理一致,同时进行蔗叶全量覆盖还田,具体方式为收获时将蔗叶移除小区,施肥盖土后,再将蔗叶覆盖于种植行上。蔗叶还田物料为上一季甘蔗生长产生的蔗叶及其尾梢(以下简称蔗叶)。以干重计,蔗叶还田量约为11 t/hm2,典型蔗叶有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为414.80、7.24、0.86、7.82 g/kg。试验采用完全随机设计,每处理设置3次重复,每个小区面积为24 m2。试验所用氮肥为尿素(N 46%),磷肥为钙镁磷肥(P2O5 18%),钾肥为氯化钾(K2O 60%)。OPT处理在2009—2014年的施肥量根据上茬土壤速效养分水平和甘蔗产量等因素逐年调整,2015—2024年施肥量保持不变(表1),甘蔗种植及施肥方法参照谢如林等[25]的相关研究。其他田间管理按照当地常规方法进行,甘蔗于2024年12月收获。
采用“S”型取样法分别采集试验开始前耕层基础土样和2024年12月甘蔗收获后1周内0—20 cm土层样品。基础土样测定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,以及阳离子交换量(CEC)和pH值。收获后土壤样品测定土壤pH、交换性酸、容重、盐基离子、酸碱缓冲容量、有机质及土壤养分含量。测定方法主要参考《土壤农化分析》[26],具体如下:
土壤pH采用电位法测定,土水比1∶2.5。土壤交换性酸和交换性氢采用氯化钾浸提—中和滴定法测定,两者之差即为交换性铝含量。土壤CEC采用乙酸铵交换—滴定法测定。交换性钙、镁、钾和钠均采用乙酸铵浸提,其中交换性钾、钠含量采用火焰光度法测定,交换性钙、镁采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定。交换性盐基总量为交换性钙、镁、钾和钠含量之和。
酸碱缓冲容量采用酸碱滴定法测定[27]。称取4.00 g风干土分别置于11个50 mL离心管中,1~5号离心管依次加入20 mL 0.0025、0.0050、0.0100、0.0150、0.0200 mol/L NaOH溶液;6号管加入20 mL去离子水;7~11号管分别加入与上述NaOH溶液等浓度等体积的HCl溶液。将土壤悬液振荡1 h后,在室温下静置培养,期间每日充分摇匀1次,平衡7天后用pH计测定离心管中土壤溶液的pH值。分别以土壤pH值和酸碱添加量为纵坐标和横坐标(横坐标>0表示碱加入量,<0表示酸加入量),绘制酸碱缓冲曲线,并对酸碱添加量和土壤pH值进行线性拟合,直线斜率的倒数为土壤酸化缓冲容量(pHBC)。计算公式如下:
$ \text{pHBC}=1/{k} $
式中,pHBC [mmol/(kg·pH)]为土壤酸碱缓冲容量,k为拟合线性方程的斜率。
其他多项土壤基础理化指标均参考《土壤农化分析》[26]方法测定。
于2024年12月收获期将各小区甘蔗全部平地砍收,去掉叶子和尾梢后称蔗茎重量,折算为单位面积甘蔗产量。
土壤酸化速率计算公式[2829]如下:
$ \text{AR}=(\Delta {\mathrm{pH}}\times {\mathrm{pHBC}}\times {\mathrm{BD}}\times {\mathrm{V}})/{\mathrm{T}} $
式中,AR为酸化速率[kmol/(hm2·a)],$ \Delta \text{pH} $为试验开始与试验结束时土壤pH的变化量,pHBC为土壤酸碱缓冲容量[mmol/(kg·pH)],BD为土壤容重(g/cm3),V为某一深度下单位面积土壤体积(m3/hm2),T为试验年限(a)。
盐基饱和度的计算公式如下:
盐基饱和度(%)=交换性盐基总量(cmol/kg)/CEC (cmol/kg)×100 (3)
甘蔗产量稳定性分别采用统计学中的变异系数(CV)和可持续产量指数(SYI)进行评价,计算公式[30]如下:
$ \mathrm{SYI}=(\overline{\mathrm{y}}-\sigma) / \mathrm{y}_{\max } $
$ \mathrm{CV}=\sigma / \overline{\mathrm{y}} $
式(4)及(5)中,σ为标准差(kg/hm2),$ \overline{\mathrm{y}} $为平均产量(kg/hm2),$ {\mathrm{y}}_{\max } $为所有年份中产量的最大值(kg/hm2)。
采用Excel 2016对原始数据进行整理和计算,利用SPSS 27.0软件进行方差分析及相关性分析,除5年平均产量用双因素方差分析外,其他变量均用单因素方差分析。采用LSD法进行多重比较,当P<0.05时,视为差异显著。数据呈现均为平均值±标准差。所有图形均采用Origin 2024软件绘制。
图1所示,与2008年试验初始土壤pH 5.86相比,OPT、OPTN和OPTS处理的土壤pH分别降低了1.74、2.00、1.72个单位,CK处理仅降低了0.04个单位。与CK相比,OPT、OPTN和OPTS处理的土壤pH分别降低1.71、1.96、1.68个单位。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的土壤pH显著降低0.26个单位,而OPTS处理的土壤pH未发生显著变化。表明长期施用化肥能促进土壤酸化,过量施氮会进一步显著降低土壤pH,而化肥施用配合蔗叶还田较推荐施肥不会显著降低土壤pH值。
图2所示,经16年长期定位试验后,CK、OPT、OPTN和OPTS处理的土壤酸化速率依次为0.16、9.62、10.41、9.81 kmol/(hm2·a)。与CK处理相比,各施肥处理均显著提高土壤酸化速率。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的土壤酸化速率提高8.22%,而OPTS处理的土壤酸化速率差异不显著。结果表明,过量施用化学氮肥会加速土壤酸化,而蔗叶还田降低土壤酸化速率的作用不显著。
图3所示,不同施肥处理显著影响土壤交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝的含量,这些指标是导致土壤酸化的重要表征因子。不同施肥处理的交换性酸、交换性氢、交换性铝含量分别是CK处理的11.01~13.14、4.37~7.39、13.34~15.38倍。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的土壤交换性氢、交换性铝及交换性酸含量分别提高了54.75%、15.25%、19.31%。与OPT处理相比,OPTS处理的交换性氢含量提高了69.27%,交换性铝含量无显著变化,交换性酸含量提高了17.82%。不同处理中,交换性酸中主要以交换性铝为主,所占比例在74.53%~89.75%。与CK处理相比,OPT与OPTN处理的交换性氢比例显著降低,交换性铝比例显著提高。OPTS处理与CK处理差异不显著。
土壤盐基离子含量可以反映土壤阳离子的交换性能,进而评估土壤的保肥和供肥能力。交换性盐基离子在缓冲土壤酸化中起重要作用。如表2所示,与CK处理相比,各施肥处理的土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量均显著降低,降低幅度分别为61.49%~72.82%、46.77%~54.30%,其中以OPTS处理的降幅最小。各施肥处理显著提高土壤交换性钾含量,OPT、OPTN、OPTS处理分别提高了175.00%、112.50%、125.00%,而对交换性钠含量无显著影响。相较于OPT处理,OPTS处理的土壤交换性钙含量提高了26.22%,但土壤交换性钾含量降低了18.18%。相较于OPT处理,增施氮肥(OPTN处理)导致交换性盐基总量降低了14.03%,蔗叶还田处理(OPTS处理)下交换性盐基总量提高幅度为13.45%。OPTS处理的CEC含量显著高于其余各处理,较OPT处理提高12.67%,而其余处理之间无显著差异。CK处理的盐基饱和度最大,说明CK处理下交换性盐基量占CEC的比例较大。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的盐基饱和度降低了15.10%,而OPTS处理无显著差异。
酸碱缓冲容量能够反映土壤对酸碱变化的缓冲能力,其大小能反映土壤维持肥力水平和作物生长环境稳定性的能力。如图4所示,不同施肥处理下的土壤缓冲曲线整体呈现S型,在−25~25 cmol/kg范围变化幅度较大。如表3所示,不同处理土壤平均酸碱缓冲容量为24.00~30.43 mmol/(kg·pH)。相较于CK处理,各施肥处理均显著提高土壤酸碱缓冲容量,其中OPT、OPTN和OPTS处理分别提高21.63%、20.32%和26.77%。与OPT处理相比,OPTN和OPTS处理的土壤酸碱缓冲容量差异不显著。
表4所示,长期不同施肥处理对土壤有机质及其他养分有显著影响。各施肥处理均显著提高了有机质、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量,提高幅度分别为6.12%~16.70%、9.19%~38.02%、74.32%~87.41%、1243.18%~1521.28%、148.29%~279.91%。除OPT外,OPTN和OPTS处理分别显著提高土壤全氮含量,增幅分别为8.14%和14.30%。各处理之间全钾含量无显著差异。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量差异均不显著,但土壤全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低了6.99%、11.06%和27.11%。与OPT处理相比,OPTS处理的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别提高了9.96%、12.32%和26.40%,土壤全磷含量无显著变化,但土壤速效磷及速效钾含量分别显著降低了17.15%和34.65%。
表5所示,相较于CK处理,各施肥处理在不同年份均显著提高甘蔗产量。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理在2021、2022和2024年的甘蔗产量分别显著下降9.72%、8.99%和5.84%;OPTS处理仅在2023年显著增产6.83%,其他年份无显著差异。从5年平均产量来看,各施肥处理较CK处理的产量提高幅度为59.27%~74.40%。与OPT处理相比,OPTN处理的平均产量显著下降6.23%,OPTS处理平均产量提高了2.68%。表明在推荐施肥的基础上长期过量施用氮肥反而会降低甘蔗产量,在推荐施肥基础上长期增加蔗叶还田有利于甘蔗产量的提升。表6表明,CK处理的甘蔗可持续产量指数(SYI)最大,变异系数(CV)最小,表明不施肥条件下近5年的产量波动较小。不同施肥处理间的SYI及CV无显著差异。说明蔗叶还田及过量施氮对甘蔗稳产及可持续性无显著作用。
对本研究中3个施肥处理涉及的主要指标进行相关性分析(表7),结果表明,土壤pH与酸化速率和交换性铝含量呈负相关,与交换性盐基离子总量呈正相关。土壤酸碱缓冲容量与交换性盐基离子总量、CEC及有机质含量呈正相关。产量与土壤pH呈正相关,与酸化速率及交换性铝含量呈负相关。
本研究结果显示,长期不施肥条件下土壤pH仅下降0.04个单位,表明仅种植甘蔗而不施肥条件下,土壤酸化进程较为缓慢。连续16年不同施肥处理使土壤pH降低了1.72~2.00个单位,提高了土壤交换性氢与交换性铝的含量,其土壤酸化速率远高于不施肥处理。本研究中OPT处理是根据养分平衡原理设置的,与许庆伟等[31]的研究结果相类似,该研究指出在玉米−榨菜轮作制度下,优化施肥同样会加速紫色土酸化进程。另外有研究表明,中国农田超过55.1%的氢离子产生可归因于氮肥施用[3],长期施用化学氮肥增加了土壤中活性酸度和潜在酸度,加速了土壤酸化[29, 3233]。尽管不施肥对土壤酸化影响较小,但是无法保证甘蔗产量,需要通过施肥补充养分以满足作物生长发育需要。因此,需通过制定合理的施肥策略来平衡作物高产和土壤酸化防控之间的矛盾。
本研究中,尽管各施肥处理每年施用钙镁磷肥,但土壤中交换性钙和交换性镁含量仍低于不施肥的土壤。其原因可能是施肥后土壤中氢离子含量显著增加,使土壤中的钙离子解吸,导致钙离子大量淋失[3435];交换性镁的流失可能与施用氯化钾有关,由于钾离子与镁离子存在竞争吸附点位,施钾肥会加速镁离子的流失[36]。另外,施肥处理相较于不施肥甘蔗生物量更大,植株对土壤中钙、镁盐基离子吸收增加,导致土壤中的交换性钙和镁含量随作物收获移除而降低。尽管不施肥处理的交换性盐基离子总量相对较高,但CEC和有机质含量低于施肥处理,同时,不施肥土壤中微生物活性降低、氮磷钾等大量元素缺乏,这些因素的共同作用可能导致不施肥处理的酸碱缓冲容量低于长期施肥处理[3738]
本研究中,在推荐施肥基础上连续16年增施氮肥降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤酸化速率,并增加了土壤交换性氢和交换性铝的含量,显著加剧了土壤酸化进程,这与我们预期结果一致。过量施用化学氮肥条件下,施氮量远超过作物吸氮量,导致土壤中氮素大量盈余。部分盈余氮以硝态氮形式在土壤中残留或者被淋溶,使土壤中净氢离子含量增多,从而加速土壤酸化进程[8]。并且,在硝酸根淋溶的过程中,基于电荷平衡原理,大量阳离子也随之淋失,这是本研究中增施氮肥导致交换性盐基离子总量和盐基饱和度降低的主要原因[8]
过量施氮导致交换性盐基离子总量降低,意味着土壤胶体吸附致酸离子的能力减弱,从而降低土壤对外源酸的缓冲性能,进一步加速了土壤酸化[31]。本研究相关性分析结果亦表明,土壤酸碱缓冲容量与交换性盐基离子总量呈正相关关系,尽管当前过量施氮条件下土壤酸碱缓冲容量尚未表现出显著下降,但随着时间推移,我们客观预测,增施氮肥将导致酸碱缓冲容量逐渐降低。本研究中,过量施氮处理的土壤pH低于4.2 (图1),根据Ulrich土壤缓冲体系划分标准,该土壤已进入铝缓冲体系阶段,容易导致土壤中铝活化溶出,其毒性会对作物生长产生负面影响[39]。综上,本研究证实合理的施氮水平对降低土壤酸化风险至关重要,而过量施氮则会显著加速土壤酸化进程。
在推荐施肥基础上实施蔗叶还田,未能显著降低土壤pH和酸化速率。这一结果可能与气候条件、土壤类型及还田物料性质等因素密切相关。如姜勇等[40]基于吉林公主岭25年长期定位试验发现,秸秆还田可显著提高黑土有机质含量和交换性盐基总量,提高了土壤pH。而胡天睿等[41]基于湖南省祁阳30年长期定位试验的研究结果表明,秸秆还田对红壤阳离子交换量、有机质含量及酸碱缓冲容量无显著影响,未能显著降低土壤pH及缓解土壤酸化。具体到本研究中的蔗叶还田处理,一方面蔗叶在土壤中分解过程会产生较多有机酸[16],同时蔗叶覆盖可以调节土壤温湿度,使土壤表面温度变化更为稳定,且保持较高的土壤湿度,这可能会促进微生物活动并加速有机酸形成,导致土壤中氢离子浓度升高,进而促进铝离子的释放并增加交换性酸含量[4243]。另一方面,长期施用蔗叶可补充土壤有机质和盐基离子,能够有效缓冲土壤酸化,且蔗叶腐解产物中会产生碱性物质能中和土壤溶液中的氢离子[4445]。可能是由于上述两方面的共同作用,蔗叶还田未显著降低土壤pH及酸化速率。
已有研究表明,作物残体还田可降低土壤交换性酸含量,可能主要通过降低交换性铝含量实现[12, 23],其机制在于活性有机碳能与铝离子结合,降低铝离子的活性,并促进其向土壤下层移动,从而减少耕层土壤交换性铝含量[41, 46]。而本研究中蔗叶还田未能显著降低土壤交换性铝含量,推测与蔗叶碳氮比偏高且体积大,导致腐解速率慢有关,其对交换性铝的调控作用需要更长时间来实现[47]。此外,增加蔗叶还田能够显著提高土壤总交换性盐基含量,且以提高交换性钙为主,这与部分研究[12, 40]结果相一致。但土壤交换性钾含量有所降低,推测因蔗叶还田改善了耕层土壤结构,增强了透水性和通气性[43],促进了钾离子的移动及作物吸收。
土壤酸碱缓冲容量反映了土壤对酸碱变化的稳定能力,其大小直接关系到土壤肥力维持及作物生长环境稳定。本研究结果也显示,蔗叶还田未显著提升土壤酸碱缓冲容量。已有研究显示,在红壤30年定位试验中,化肥加秸秆还田(NPKS)酸碱缓冲容量相较单施化肥(NPK)未增加,推测与秸秆还田量不足以中和化学氮肥硝化作用释放的氢离子有关[37],与本研究结果相类似。在辽东低山丘陵区棕壤上的研究发现,玉米秸秆直接还田较单施化肥提高酸碱缓冲容量达13.69%,其机制在于秸秆还田提高了土壤有机质、交换性盐基及CEC[13]。本研究也证实,在施肥处理中酸碱缓冲容量高低与有机质含量、交换性盐基离子总量呈正相关。综上,蔗叶还田可通过提高交换性盐基离子总量、CEC及有机质含量,保持较高的酸碱缓冲容量,但目前对土壤pH和酸化速率无显著提升作用,需要更长时间的验证。
长期不同施肥对土壤养分含量具有显著影响。与推荐施肥处理相比,增施氮肥降低了土壤全磷、速效磷及速效钾含量,这可能是由于过量施用氮肥打破了土壤养分平衡,作物对磷和钾的需求量增加,加速了土壤中速效磷及速效钾的消耗。另外,本研究中过量施氮条件下加速了土壤酸化,而土壤酸化同样会促进土壤速效养分流失[48]。惠晓丽等[49]研究表明,在连续3年不同施氮水平下,随着施氮量增加,土壤有效磷含量呈下降趋势。本研究中,过量施氮肥导致甘蔗减产,这与Liang等[50]的研究结果一致,即过高施氮量会导致水稻显著减产且氮肥利用率大幅下降。本研究中过量施用氮肥加速了土壤酸化,降低了交换性盐基含量及速效磷和速效钾含量,共同导致了甘蔗减产。Li等[51]的研究也证实,当氮施用量从340 kg/hm2增至500 kg/hm2时,甘蔗产量无显著变化,且温室气体排放增加,进一步表明合理施用氮肥是兼顾作物产量和生态环境安全的关键。
相比之下,蔗叶还田处理显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量。蔗叶中本身富含有机物质和氮素养分,且能为土壤微生物提供丰富碳源,促进蔗叶和土壤有机物质的分解转化,从而提高土壤有机质和氮素养分水平[5253]。通常认为蔗叶本身含磷素和钾素养分,蔗叶还田后,可以补充土壤磷库和钾库[5455]。然而,本研究中蔗叶还田处理未显著提高土壤全磷含量,反而降低了速效磷和速效钾含量。我们推测是由于蔗叶还田后,土壤有机质含量增多,对钾离子的吸附和固定作用增强,导致土壤中速效钾含量下降;有机质在土壤中会分解释放有机酸,这些有机酸又会活化土壤中的铁、铝氧化物,从而增加对磷的固定,导致土壤速效磷含量下降[56]。另一方面,蔗叶还田后土壤有机质和氮素养分协同升高,促进了甘蔗对速效钾和速效磷的吸收,导致土壤速效钾和速效磷含量下降[57]。从产量效应来看,因推荐施肥已考虑到养分供需平衡,另外配合蔗叶还田仅于2023年显著提高了甘蔗产量,从多年平均来看,对产量有小幅度的提升作用,这体现了蔗叶还田对于甘蔗产量的长期累积效应,表明长期蔗叶还田是实现作物稳产甚至增产的有效措施。
本研究较系统地分析了过量施氮及蔗叶还田对土壤酸化相关指标的影响规律,但其各指标之间的相互作用关系尚不清晰,有待进一步系统研究,以期为广西赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化防治提供更全面的理论支撑。此外,本研究已明确蔗叶还田对提升土壤氮素养分有明显优势。但蔗叶还田能否减少化学氮肥施用量及具体减量幅度,仍需进一步通过田间试验量化分析,为进一步优化施肥策略提供科学依据。
经过16年长期定位试验,在推荐施肥基础上增施氮肥后,土壤pH显著下降0.26个单位,土壤酸化速率提高8.22%,同时潜在酸度增加,交换性盐基含量降低,导致甘蔗减产6.23%。表明在广西甘蔗区长期过量施用氮肥会显著加速土壤酸化。在推荐施肥基础上实施蔗叶还田后,土壤pH值、酸化速率及交换性铝含量未发生显著变化,但土壤交换性盐基总量提高13.45%,土壤CEC提高12.67%,土壤有机质含量提高9.96%,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量也有所增加,保持较高的土壤缓冲能力,甘蔗平均产量提高2.68%。综上,蔗叶还田虽未显著缓解土壤酸化,但其与推荐施肥配合可改善土壤肥力及酸碱平衡潜力,可作为广西赤红壤蔗地土壤酸化管理的一个重要策略。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025352
  • 接收时间:2025-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08
  • 录用日期:2025-10-04
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    1广西农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 / 农业农村部华南植物营养与施肥技术科学观测实验站 / 国家农业环境南宁观测实验站,广西南宁 530007
    2广西民族师范学院,广西崇左 532200
    3广西壮族自治区土壤肥料工作站,广西南宁 530000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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