Article(id=1284574911502987981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757606400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768492800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-16, onlineDate=1784196125149, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196125149, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196125149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196125149, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1159, endPage=1169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574911838532303, articleId=1284574911502987981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Research progress on microbial nitrogen use efficiency in farmland soils, columnId=1284574911771423438, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Comment on special topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microbial nitrogen use efficiency (MNUE) reflects the proportion of absorbed nitrogen (N) allocated by microorganisms between growth metabolism and mineralization. As regulators of the conversion of soil organic N to inorganic N, MNUE governs the storage of absorbed N as organic matter within microbial biomass or its release into the soil as inorganic N. This process influences crop uptake and utilization of soil N. Nevertheless, in highly disturbed agricultural systems, the variability characteristics of MNUE and its underlying regulatory mechanisms remain inadequately understood, thereby limiting the scientific development of N management strategies for farmland soils. This review examines MNUE, focusing on the key factors and regulatory mechanisms governing it under different agricultural management practices. Overall, MNUE exhibits high variability within agricultural systems. This heterogeneity is primarily influenced by agricultural management practices (e.g., fertilization and tillage), soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and environmental factors. The combined effects of these factors alter microbial N acquisition strategies by influencing soil pH, nutrient availability, microbial community composition, soil moisture content, oxygen levels, and temperature, ultimately leading to changes in MNUE. Currently, research predominantly focuses on controlled laboratory cultures or short-term field trials, lacking a systematic understanding of how different agricultural management practices affect MNUE across watershed and temporal scales. Future efforts should strengthen long-term observations across diverse soil types and climatic conditions. Integrating techniques such as metagenomics and metabolomics will elucidate the intrinsic linkages between key functional microorganisms, their N allocation strategies, and MNUE, thereby revealing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil microbial N utilization in agricultural fields.

, authors=Xin-lei WANG1, Li-ping YANG1, Jun WANG1, *, He SONG2, Ya-ping HUANG3, Wen-ju ZHANG3, authorsList=Xin-lei WANG, Li-ping YANG, Jun WANG, He SONG, Ya-ping HUANG, Wen-ju ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574912715141847, articleId=1284574911502987981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=农田土壤微生物氮素利用效率研究进展, columnId=1284574911922418384, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微生物氮素利用效率(microbial nitrogen use efficiency,MNUE)反映了微生物将吸收的氮素在生长代谢与矿化分解间分配的比例。作为土壤有机氮向无机氮转化的调节器,MNUE调控微生物吸收的氮素是以有机态存储在微生物生物量中,还是以无机氮的形式释放到土壤中,进而影响作物对土壤氮素的吸收和利用。然而,在人为高度干扰的农业系统中,MNUE的变异特征及其主控机制仍缺乏深入认识,从而限制了农田土壤氮素管理策略的科学制定。本文重点探讨了不同农业管理措施下MNUE的主控因素和调控机制。总体而言,MNUE在农田系统中表现出高度的变异性,这种异质性主要受到施肥和耕作等农业管理措施、土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、环境因子影响。这些因素之间的综合作用通过影响土壤pH、养分有效性、微生物群落组成、土壤含水量、含氧量、温度来改变微生物的氮素获取策略,最终导致MNUE的变化。目前,大多数研究集中在室内培养控制或田间短期试验,缺乏跨流域和时间尺度下不同农业管理措施对MNUE影响的系统认识。未来应加强在不同土壤类型和气候条件下的长期观测,结合宏基因组和代谢组学等技术,解析关键功能微生物及其氮素分配策略与MNUE的内在关联,揭示农田土壤微生物对氮素利用的时空异质性。

, authors=王鑫磊1, 杨丽平1, 王军1, *, 宋贺2, 黄亚萍3, 张文菊3, authorsList=王鑫磊, 杨丽平, 王军, 宋贺, 黄亚萍, 张文菊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王军, authorNote=

王鑫磊 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王军 E-mail:
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Geoderma, 2018, 315: 96−103., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574912929051352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574912937439961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574912929051352, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574912945828570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574912929051352, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,安徽合肥 230036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574913033908955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574913042297564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574913033908955, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574913050686173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574913033908955, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2安徽农业大学农学院,安徽合肥 230036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574913101017822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574913109406431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574913101017822, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilisation of Arable Land in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Northern China / Key Laboratory of Soil Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574913117795040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, companyId=1284574913101017822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 / 北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部耕地质量监测与评价重点实验室,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574919757378314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the soil organic N mineralization process, figureFileSmall=V1r5dYSG8yvhPKwRUB+f6w==, figureFileBig=30o10DD6WYwg4PxmowA+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574919841264395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土壤有机氮矿化过程的框架图

注:①是土壤大分子有机氮在微生物分泌的胞外酶的作用下解聚成小分子有机氮;②是微生物将一部分吸收的有机氮用于自身生长代谢,多余部分以无机氮的形式释放到土壤中,将微生物用于合成自身生长代谢的氮素与总吸收的有机氮比例称为微生物氮素利用率(MNUE)。

, figureFileSmall=V1r5dYSG8yvhPKwRUB+f6w==, figureFileBig=30o10DD6WYwg4PxmowA+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574920030008076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Factors influencing soil microbial nitrogen use efficiency, figureFileSmall=Nt0Ur4GoTF9xmVKtB5sL4A==, figureFileBig=lWFjcHpBQeMxO68194n9MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574920101311245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤微生物氮素利用率的影响因素

注:土壤微生物氮大部分以大分子有机氮形式存在,其中大分子有机氮受到胞外酶作用解聚成小分子有机氮,一部分用于自身代谢生长,一部分以矿物质氮释放到土壤中。内圈表示微生物将吸收的氮素用于生长代谢和矿化分解的比例,为微生物氮利用效率(MNUE)。外圈涵盖了5个关键因素,从上往下顺时针依次为:农业管理措施(免耕深耕、秸秆还田、施肥措施);微生物群落(真菌、细菌);化学计量比(土壤中C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比值);土壤pH值;水热条件(气候变暖、水分和温度的耦合作用)。

, figureFileSmall=Nt0Ur4GoTF9xmVKtB5sL4A==, figureFileBig=lWFjcHpBQeMxO68194n9MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574920168420110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of fertilizers on microbial nitrogen use efficiencies (MNUE), figureFileSmall=6Q3fgKwocJLH6HAooxBy/g==, figureFileBig=ZY0pZgUCfX3+W7QTvcxvvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574920248111887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同施肥处理对微生物氮素利用率的影响

注:18O—18O水氧同位素标记法;EEST—生态酶化学计量模型。CK—不施肥;CF—化学氮肥;OM—有机肥;BF—生物炭加化学氮肥;RF—秸秆加化学氮肥。箱体中间实线表示中位数;箱体上下边缘分别表示第75和第25百分位数;上下须分别表示最大值和最小值。

, figureFileSmall=6Q3fgKwocJLH6HAooxBy/g==, figureFileBig=ZY0pZgUCfX3+W7QTvcxvvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574920311026448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Determining methods for microbial nitrogen use efficiency (MNUE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Methods
15N同位素标记法
15N-labeling technology
18O水氧同位素标记法
18O-H2O labeling method
生态化学计量
EEST
原理
Principle
通过向环境中添加15N 标记的有机氮源,追踪微生物对有机氮的吸收、同化及代谢过程
By introducing 15N-labelled organic N sources into the environment, the uptake, assimilation and metabolic processes of organic N by microorganisms are traced
有机分子在细胞内的短期代谢过程,以及这些分子在分解代谢与合成代谢过程间的分配比例
The short-term metabolic processes of organic molecules within cells, and the distribution ratio of these molecules between catabolic and anabolic processes
根据平衡底物有效性和微生物元素需求来估计资源利用效率
Estimating resource use efficiency based on balancing substrate availability and microbial element requirements
驱动因素
Driving factors
通过改变底物的合成代谢和分解代谢来影响代谢效率
Influencing metabolic efficiency by altering the anabolic and catabolic processes of substrates
通过改变底物的合成代谢和分解代谢来影响代谢效率
Influencing metabolic efficiency by altering the anabolic and catabolic processes of substrates
影响资源组成与微生物需求的匹配程度来影响代谢效率
Influencing the degree of alignment between resource composition and microbial requirements to affect metabolic efficiency
优点
Advantages
定量精度高,可直接反映微生物对氮素的吸收和同化过程
High quantitative precision, directly reflecting the microbial uptake and assimilation of N
克服底物添加效应
Overcoming the substrate addition effect
解决利用游离氨基酸间接计算微生物生长的局限性,计算更加接近实际值
Overcoming the limitations of indirectly calculating microbial growth using free amino acids, the computation yields values closer to actual measurements
参数确定快速、相对便宜、容易进行评估
Parameter determination is rapid, relatively inexpensive, and straightforward to evaluate
避免同位素添加的潜在干扰
Avoid potential interference from isotope addition
缺点
Disadvantages
只考虑微生物对氨基酸的摄取,不是完全的群落MNUE
Considering only microbial uptake of amino acids does not constitute a complete assessment of community MNUE
添加标记氨基酸可能会刺激微生物活动,导致评估MNUE不确定性
The addition of labelled amino acids may stimulate microbial activity, leading to uncertainty in the assessment of MNUE
微生物DNA合成中的氧实际贡献率因微生物类型而异,并且部分氧可能来源于有机物或代谢水
The actual contribution of oxygen to microbial DNA synthesis varies depending on the type of microorganism, and some oxygen may originate from organic matter or metabolic water
易受环境因子 (如pH,温度、湿度) 的影响
Susceptible to environmental factors (such as pH, temperature, humidity)
酶活性与实际MNUE的相关性需通过实验验证,存在间接性
The correlation between enzyme activity and actual MNUE requires experimental validation and is indirect in nature
外源氮输入,会高估MNUE
Exogenous N inputs tend to overestimate MNUE

参考文献
References
[13]、[1617][14]、[1618][14]、[16]、[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1284574920407495441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微生物氮素利用率(MNUE)的测定方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
Methods
15N同位素标记法
15N-labeling technology
18O水氧同位素标记法
18O-H2O labeling method
生态化学计量
EEST
原理
Principle
通过向环境中添加15N 标记的有机氮源,追踪微生物对有机氮的吸收、同化及代谢过程
By introducing 15N-labelled organic N sources into the environment, the uptake, assimilation and metabolic processes of organic N by microorganisms are traced
有机分子在细胞内的短期代谢过程,以及这些分子在分解代谢与合成代谢过程间的分配比例
The short-term metabolic processes of organic molecules within cells, and the distribution ratio of these molecules between catabolic and anabolic processes
根据平衡底物有效性和微生物元素需求来估计资源利用效率
Estimating resource use efficiency based on balancing substrate availability and microbial element requirements
驱动因素
Driving factors
通过改变底物的合成代谢和分解代谢来影响代谢效率
Influencing metabolic efficiency by altering the anabolic and catabolic processes of substrates
通过改变底物的合成代谢和分解代谢来影响代谢效率
Influencing metabolic efficiency by altering the anabolic and catabolic processes of substrates
影响资源组成与微生物需求的匹配程度来影响代谢效率
Influencing the degree of alignment between resource composition and microbial requirements to affect metabolic efficiency
优点
Advantages
定量精度高,可直接反映微生物对氮素的吸收和同化过程
High quantitative precision, directly reflecting the microbial uptake and assimilation of N
克服底物添加效应
Overcoming the substrate addition effect
解决利用游离氨基酸间接计算微生物生长的局限性,计算更加接近实际值
Overcoming the limitations of indirectly calculating microbial growth using free amino acids, the computation yields values closer to actual measurements
参数确定快速、相对便宜、容易进行评估
Parameter determination is rapid, relatively inexpensive, and straightforward to evaluate
避免同位素添加的潜在干扰
Avoid potential interference from isotope addition
缺点
Disadvantages
只考虑微生物对氨基酸的摄取,不是完全的群落MNUE
Considering only microbial uptake of amino acids does not constitute a complete assessment of community MNUE
添加标记氨基酸可能会刺激微生物活动,导致评估MNUE不确定性
The addition of labelled amino acids may stimulate microbial activity, leading to uncertainty in the assessment of MNUE
微生物DNA合成中的氧实际贡献率因微生物类型而异,并且部分氧可能来源于有机物或代谢水
The actual contribution of oxygen to microbial DNA synthesis varies depending on the type of microorganism, and some oxygen may originate from organic matter or metabolic water
易受环境因子 (如pH,温度、湿度) 的影响
Susceptible to environmental factors (such as pH, temperature, humidity)
酶活性与实际MNUE的相关性需通过实验验证,存在间接性
The correlation between enzyme activity and actual MNUE requires experimental validation and is indirect in nature
外源氮输入,会高估MNUE
Exogenous N inputs tend to overestimate MNUE

参考文献
References
[13]、[1617][14]、[1618][14]、[16]、[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1284574920482992914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of fertilization managements on microbial nitrogenuse efficiencies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施肥
Fertilization
条件
Condition
变化趋势
Change
原因
Reason
参考文献
References
化学氮肥
Chemical
N fertilizer
土壤养分含量较高
Higher nutrient content in soil
降低
Reduce
促进微生物活动,氮矿化作用增强
Promoting microbial activity, enhanced N mineralization
[17]
土壤养分含量较低
Lower nutrient content in soil
增加
Increase
缓解氮限制,促进微生物氮吸收、生长速率
Alleviate N limitation, promote microbial N uptake and growth rate
[17]
[26]
有机肥
Organic
manure
短期
Short-term
增加
Increase
减少氮流失,提高微生物对无机氮的固持
Reduce N loss and enhance microbial immobilisation of inorganic N
[29]
长期
Long-term
降低
Reduce
缓解土壤C∶N不平衡
Alleviate soil C∶N imbalance
[8]
生物炭
Biochar
高温分解生物炭
Pyrolysis under
high-temperature
降低
Reduce
碳限制增强,微生物分泌胞外酶分解有机质,促进氮矿化
Enhance C restriction, with microorganisms secreting extracellular
enzymes to degrade organic matter, thereby promoting N mineralisation
[25]
[27]
秸秆
Straw
短期
Short-term
增加
Increase
土壤C∶N增加,微生物氮限制增强
Enhance soil C∶N ratio, intensify microbial N limitation
[30]
长期
Long-term
降低
Reduce
土壤肥力升高,微生物磷限制转变为氮限制
Soil fertility increases, microbial P limitation shifting to N limitation
[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1284574920554296083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574911502987981, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同农业施肥管理对氮素利用率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施肥
Fertilization
条件
Condition
变化趋势
Change
原因
Reason
参考文献
References
化学氮肥
Chemical
N fertilizer
土壤养分含量较高
Higher nutrient content in soil
降低
Reduce
促进微生物活动,氮矿化作用增强
Promoting microbial activity, enhanced N mineralization
[17]
土壤养分含量较低
Lower nutrient content in soil
增加
Increase
缓解氮限制,促进微生物氮吸收、生长速率
Alleviate N limitation, promote microbial N uptake and growth rate
[17]
[26]
有机肥
Organic
manure
短期
Short-term
增加
Increase
减少氮流失,提高微生物对无机氮的固持
Reduce N loss and enhance microbial immobilisation of inorganic N
[29]
长期
Long-term
降低
Reduce
缓解土壤C∶N不平衡
Alleviate soil C∶N imbalance
[8]
生物炭
Biochar
高温分解生物炭
Pyrolysis under
high-temperature
降低
Reduce
碳限制增强,微生物分泌胞外酶分解有机质,促进氮矿化
Enhance C restriction, with microorganisms secreting extracellular
enzymes to degrade organic matter, thereby promoting N mineralisation
[25]
[27]
秸秆
Straw
短期
Short-term
增加
Increase
土壤C∶N增加,微生物氮限制增强
Enhance soil C∶N ratio, intensify microbial N limitation
[30]
长期
Long-term
降低
Reduce
土壤肥力升高,微生物磷限制转变为氮限制
Soil fertility increases, microbial P limitation shifting to N limitation
[31]
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农田土壤微生物氮素利用效率研究进展
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王鑫磊 1 , 杨丽平 1 , 王军 1, * , 宋贺 2 , 黄亚萍 3 , 张文菊 3
植物营养与肥料学报 | 专题综述 2026,32(5): 1159-1169
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植物营养与肥料学报 |专题综述 2026 , 32 (5) : 1159 -1169
农田土壤微生物氮素利用效率研究进展
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王鑫磊1 , 杨丽平1, 王军1, * , 宋贺2, 黄亚萍3, 张文菊3
作者信息
  • 1安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,安徽合肥 230036
  • 2安徽农业大学农学院,安徽合肥 230036
  • 3中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 / 北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部耕地质量监测与评价重点实验室,北京 100081
通讯作者:
* 王军 E-mail:
作者简介:

王鑫磊 E-mail:

Research progress on microbial nitrogen use efficiency in farmland soils
Xin-lei WANG1 , Li-ping YANG1, Jun WANG1, * , He SONG2, Ya-ping HUANG3, Wen-ju ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
  • 2College of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
  • 3Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilisation of Arable Land in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Northern China / Key Laboratory of Soil Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025382
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微生物氮素利用效率(microbial nitrogen use efficiency,MNUE)反映了微生物将吸收的氮素在生长代谢与矿化分解间分配的比例。作为土壤有机氮向无机氮转化的调节器,MNUE调控微生物吸收的氮素是以有机态存储在微生物生物量中,还是以无机氮的形式释放到土壤中,进而影响作物对土壤氮素的吸收和利用。然而,在人为高度干扰的农业系统中,MNUE的变异特征及其主控机制仍缺乏深入认识,从而限制了农田土壤氮素管理策略的科学制定。本文重点探讨了不同农业管理措施下MNUE的主控因素和调控机制。总体而言,MNUE在农田系统中表现出高度的变异性,这种异质性主要受到施肥和耕作等农业管理措施、土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、环境因子影响。这些因素之间的综合作用通过影响土壤pH、养分有效性、微生物群落组成、土壤含水量、含氧量、温度来改变微生物的氮素获取策略,最终导致MNUE的变化。目前,大多数研究集中在室内培养控制或田间短期试验,缺乏跨流域和时间尺度下不同农业管理措施对MNUE影响的系统认识。未来应加强在不同土壤类型和气候条件下的长期观测,结合宏基因组和代谢组学等技术,解析关键功能微生物及其氮素分配策略与MNUE的内在关联,揭示农田土壤微生物对氮素利用的时空异质性。

微生物氮利用效率  /  测定方法  /  农田管理  /  土壤微生物群落  /  养分有效性

Microbial nitrogen use efficiency (MNUE) reflects the proportion of absorbed nitrogen (N) allocated by microorganisms between growth metabolism and mineralization. As regulators of the conversion of soil organic N to inorganic N, MNUE governs the storage of absorbed N as organic matter within microbial biomass or its release into the soil as inorganic N. This process influences crop uptake and utilization of soil N. Nevertheless, in highly disturbed agricultural systems, the variability characteristics of MNUE and its underlying regulatory mechanisms remain inadequately understood, thereby limiting the scientific development of N management strategies for farmland soils. This review examines MNUE, focusing on the key factors and regulatory mechanisms governing it under different agricultural management practices. Overall, MNUE exhibits high variability within agricultural systems. This heterogeneity is primarily influenced by agricultural management practices (e.g., fertilization and tillage), soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and environmental factors. The combined effects of these factors alter microbial N acquisition strategies by influencing soil pH, nutrient availability, microbial community composition, soil moisture content, oxygen levels, and temperature, ultimately leading to changes in MNUE. Currently, research predominantly focuses on controlled laboratory cultures or short-term field trials, lacking a systematic understanding of how different agricultural management practices affect MNUE across watershed and temporal scales. Future efforts should strengthen long-term observations across diverse soil types and climatic conditions. Integrating techniques such as metagenomics and metabolomics will elucidate the intrinsic linkages between key functional microorganisms, their N allocation strategies, and MNUE, thereby revealing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil microbial N utilization in agricultural fields.

microbial nitrogen use efficiency  /  measuring method  /  farmland management  /  soil microbial community  /  nutrient availability
王鑫磊, 杨丽平, 王军, 宋贺, 黄亚萍, 张文菊. 农田土壤微生物氮素利用效率研究进展. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1159 -1169 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025382
Xin-lei WANG, Li-ping YANG, Jun WANG, He SONG, Ya-ping HUANG, Wen-ju ZHANG. Research progress on microbial nitrogen use efficiency in farmland soils[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1159 -1169 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025382
氮(N)素是作物生长和产量形成最主要的限制因子之一。土壤氮素的供应在作物产量形成中发挥重要作用,主要粮食作物(如小麦、玉米、水稻)中的氮素超过60%来自土壤[1]。如何提升耕地的供氮能力,发挥粮食生产潜力,对于支撑“新一轮千亿斤粮食产能提升行动”、保障粮食安全具有重大意义。土壤氮素90%以上都是以大分子有机氮化合物(蛋白质、肽聚糖、几丁质等)形式存在,难以被作物直接利用[2]。这些大分子有机氮需要在多种微生物分泌的胞外酶作用下解聚成小分子有机氮单体(氨基酸、寡肽),才能被微生物吸收同化[34]。在此过程中,微生物吸收的有机氮单体,一部分用于自身生长代谢,其余则以矿质氮的形式释放到土壤中。其中,微生物将吸收的氮素转化为自身生物量的比例称为微生物氮素利用效率(microbial nitrogen use efficiency,MNUE)[5] (图1)。
作为土壤有机氮向无机氮转化的调节器,MNUE的高低会影响土壤无机氮的释放效率,进而影响作物生产力。因此,深入解析农田土壤MNUE的变化特征及其驱动因素,有助于深化对微生物调控土壤氮素供应与保持的理论认识,为农田土壤肥力提升和作物增产提供理论依据。
长期集约化农业管理措施会改变微生物群落结构,进而影响微生物对氮素的代谢策略,导致MNUE的变化。不同施肥管理下土壤理化性状和微生物活性的差异会影响MNUE。一般来说,化学氮肥的施用能够有效缓解微生物与作物之间对氮素的竞争,有利于降低微生物的氮限制及MNUE[6]。然而,长期施用化肥会降低土壤pH值,导致寡营养菌占主导,这会提高群落水平MNUE[67]。与化学氮肥相比,施用有机肥显著提高了土壤可溶性有机氮含量,缓解微生物与土壤之间的碳氮比(C∶N)不平衡,导致MNUE的降低[8]。秸秆等难分解的有机物质的输入会增加土壤团聚体内的氮限制,这可能会增加MNUE[9]。此外,不同的耕作方式也会对MNUE产生不同的影响。与连作相比,作物轮作或者多样化种植模式会增加MNUE[10]。免耕相对于翻耕能更好地保持土壤稳定性,增加MNUE[11]。在空间尺度上,施肥、轮作等管理措施与区域气候条件(如温度和降水)的耦合作用,可能导致其对MNUE的调控效应存在差异[1213]。这些复杂因素之间的相互影响会导致农田土壤MNUE的高度不确定性。截至目前,关于农田土壤MNUE的差异及其主控因素仍缺乏清晰认知,这在一定程度上制约了对微生物参与土壤氮素转化机制的系统理解。
本研究对现有文献进行梳理和分析,概述土壤MNUE的定义和测定方法,重点综述不同农业管理措施下对MNUE的调控机制及其影响因素,并指出未来的研究重点,为农田土壤氮素高效利用提供理论依据。
土壤中普遍存在资源失衡和氮限制[14],微生物对氮素的吸收往往超过其需要量,这种情况下,微生物会将吸收的氮素在生物量形成和矿化之间进行分配。微生物对氮素的代谢效率,即微生物分配给自身生长占微生物摄取总氮素量的比例,通常用MNUE来表征。MNUE为无量纲变量,取值范围为0~1[5],表达式为:
$ \mathrm{MNUE}=\frac{{{\mathrm{U}}}_{\mathrm{N}}-{{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{N}}}{{{\mathrm{U}}}_{\mathrm{N}}}=\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{N}}}{{{\mathrm{U}}}_{\mathrm{N}}}. $
式中,UN是微生物对有机氮的吸收;MN是氮矿化作用;GN是氮生长速率,即微生物将吸收的氮素用于合成自身生物量氮的速率。
MNUE对于估计土壤微生物在土壤中保留氮的能力、氮有效性和生态系统氮损失等方面发挥至关重要作用[5, 13]。当微生物受碳限制时,会将多余的氮素通过矿化作用释放到土壤,以降低自身C∶N,表现为较低的MNUE;当微生物受氮限制时,微生物会固持氮素以满足其生长需求,增加MNUE[5, 7]。因此,MNUE的大小能够有效调节土壤无机氮库。提高MNUE能够增加微生物对土壤氮素的保持能力,缓解硝化、硝酸盐淋溶和反硝化等过程引起的氮素损失[13]
土壤MNUE多采用稳定同位素示踪法和生态化学计量等技术方法进行测定。15N示踪法通过定量氮素在微生物体内的转化与去向,能够精确评估微生物对有机氮的吸收和同化效率;18O-H2O示踪法则依赖DNA合成过程中对18O的摄取,间接反映微生物生物量的形成速率及其对氮的利用效率。生态化学计量方法基于微生物体C∶N的变化,结合土壤氮矿化和微生物生物量氮的动态,估算微生物对输入氮的保留程度,在基质可用性和微生物需求的条件下,这些酶的活性计量达到了最佳资源分配[1415]。这些方法各具优势,从不同角度测定微生物对氮的代谢过程与效率,是当前农田氮素生态学研究的重要技术手段。表1从反映微生物氮吸收、转化效率及实际MNUE等方面,对各MNUE测定方法进行了具体比较。
15N 标记的氨基酸经常用于追踪微生物对有机氮的吸收与转化过程[19]。该分析方法是基于对18种游离氨基酸进行同时标记,并通过气相色谱和质谱联用测量单个氨基酸中N15/N14,来监测微生物对不同氨基酸的吸收速率。除了氨基酸之外,微生物还可以吸收无机氮和氨基糖等其他氮源。因此,该方法仅代表氨基酸利用效率,并不能完全反映MNUE[20]。此外,研究中常结合15N同位素库稀释法来测定微生物的总矿化速率[21]。将微生物吸收的氨基酸减去用于矿化的氮所得的差值占微生物吸收的氨基酸的比例计为MNUE。
$\mathrm{MNUE}=\frac{\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{uptake}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{N}}}{\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{uptake}}} $
其中,AAuptake是氨基酸吸收速率,根据氨基酸标记法,这也表示微生物氮吸收速率。该方法量化了氨基酸对氮同化的贡献,但不包括其他潜在的氮来源,例如氨基糖,氨基糖可以被微生物坏死剂分解,在土壤中可被微生物利用[2223]。这种方法可能会低估有机氮摄取,从而会低估MNUE。Sun等[16]修订了这一方法,减少15N计算误差。
$ \mathrm{MNUE}=\frac{{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{growth}}}{\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{uptake}}+\mathrm{NH}_{4\;\text{uptake}}^+} $
${\mathrm{N}}_{\text{growth}}=\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{uptake}}+\mathrm{NH}_{4\;\text{uptake}}^+-\mathrm{GNM} $
式中,Ngrowth是氮生长速率;NH4+uptake为铵态氮固定率,表示微生物从环境中吸收NH4+并将其转化为自身生物量的速率,它代表微生物对无机氮的固定;GNM (gross N mineralization rate)是总氮矿化速率。
18O-H2O氧同位素标记法强调的是有机分子的短期细胞内代谢及其在分解代谢和合成代谢过程之间的分配[14]。近年来18O-H2O氧同位素标记法被广泛应用于测定微生物生长和MNUE。该方法的原理是18O-H2O中的氧同位素在微生物DNA合成过程中被掺入,根据18O在DNA 双链中的结合程度计算微生物的生长速率[13]。由于微生物能够同化多种氮基质,该方法可避免底物添加对微生物生长的刺激效应[1314]。计算公式如下:
$\mathrm{DN}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{produced}}={\mathrm{O}}_{\text{total}}\times \frac{\text{at}{\text{% }}_{\text{excess}}}{100}\times \frac{100}{\text{at}{\text{% }}_{\text{label}}}\\\times \frac{100}{31.21} $
式中,at%excess是标记样本中18O的原子百分比减去对照样本中18O的原子百分比;31.21是DNA中氧元素的平均重量百分比;Ototal是干燥 DNA 提取物中的氧含量(单位:ng);at%label是培养开始时土壤水中18O的原子百分比,一般为20%。
$ {\mathrm{N}}_{\text{growth}}=\frac{\text{DN}{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{produced}}\times {\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{DNA}-\text{MBN}}}{t\times \text{DW}} $
式中,t是培养时间(单位:h);DW是土壤干质量(单位:g);fDNA-MBN表示换算系数,为微生物生物量氮(MBN)与土壤DNA含量比值。其MNUE计算方法如下:
$ \mathrm{MNUE}=\frac{{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{growth}}}{{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{growth}}+{\mathrm{GNM}}} $
式中,Ngrowth是氮生长速率;GNM是总氮矿化速率。
利用18O法测定MNUE时要注意培养时间、添加18O同位素丰度以及测定总氮矿化中15N的添加浓度等问题,具体应注意以下事项:1)严格把控培养时间(一般为24 h或者48 h),避免时间过长导致18O分布和利用的复杂变化,从而影响结果的准确性;2)添加到土壤的18O-H2O丰度应控制在约20%,以防对微生物生长速率产生影响;3)测定总氮矿化速率时标记15N的浓度不超过环境铵池大小的10%,避免对矿化过程产生激发效应[16]
MNUE还可以通过生态酶化学计量模型(eco-enzymatic stoichiometry models,EEST)进行测定。该模型基于质量平衡原理,综合有机物、微生物生物量和细胞外酶之间C∶N或碳磷比(C∶P)化学计量关系,评估MNUE。Sinsabaugh等[24]提出一种基于EEST和质量平衡原理的新模型,根据有机质和微生物生物量的元素化学计量特征,并结合碳与氮获取酶的活性之比来评估MNUE。
生态酶化学计量理论认为,土壤微生物对资源的需求获取可以通过不同元素的特定细胞外酶的活性反映:β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)用于碳获取,β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖胺酶(NAG)和亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)用于氮获取,酸性磷酸酶(AP)用于磷(P)获取。在基质可用性和微生物养分需求的调控下,这些酶的活性计量达到最佳资源分配。土壤样品的生态酶模型估算MNUE计算公式如下[15]
$ \mathrm{MNUE}={\text{NUE}}_{\max }\left[\frac{{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}}{{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}+{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{C}}}\right] $
$ {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}=\left(\frac{1}{{\text{EEA}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}}\right)\left(\frac{{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}}{{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{C}}}\right) $
式中,SN:C是一个标量,代表酶活性分配在多大程度上平衡了可用资源的元素组成与微生物生物量之间的差异;KC设定在0.5,NUEmax设定在1;EEAN:C是(NAG + LAP)/BG比例;BN:C是MBN/MBC比例,LN:C是土壤TN/SOC比例,MBN为微生物量氮,MBC为微生物量碳,TN为全氮。
在P限制下,根据氮磷比(N∶P)的化学计量法计算微生物的 NUEN∶P如下:
$\mathrm{NU}{\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}=\mathrm{NU}{\mathrm{E}}_{\max }\left[\frac{{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}}{{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}+{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{C}}}\right] $
$ {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}=\left(\frac{1}{\text{EE}{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}}\right)\left(\frac{{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}}{{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{N}:\mathrm{P}}}\right) $
式中,EEAN∶P是(NAG + LAP)/AP 比值,AP为酸性磷酸酶。BN∶P是MBN/MBP比例。LN∶P是土壤TN/OP比例,TN为全氮,OP是有机磷。
研究发现,EEST估计的MNUE远高于18O同位素估计的MNUE。Sun等[18]利用EEST估算的MNUE范围为0.94~0.98,18O标记法测定的MNUE范围为0.07~0.30。这主要是EEST基于底物与微生物元素需求的平衡来估算MNUE。该方法假设酶活性能完全反映微生物对氮的获取和利用效率。然而,实际环境中MNUE不仅受酶活性调控,还受其他因素影响,如养分的添加、微生物群落结构、底物可利用性、环境条件等。当这些因素未被充分考虑时,会导致EEST法高估实际的MNUE[16]
代谢理论认为,MNUE受到土壤环境和微生物群落组成以及自身代谢能力调控[15]。在农业生态系统中,施肥、作物轮作和耕作等管理措施会改变土壤养分的含量及其计量比,导致土壤中细菌和真菌群落的多样性和组成变化,进而影响MNUE。这些变化还与土壤中温度、湿度、氧气含量等环境因子的交互作用共同驱动MNUE的动态变化,导致其响应机制更为复杂(图2)。
长期集约化农业管理措施会改变微生物群落活性,进而影响其代谢策略和MNUE。基于发表的文献[89, 17, 25]发现,不同施肥管理措施显著改变MNUE (EEST估计的MNUE变化范围0.3~0.59,18O法估计的MNUE变化范围0.15~0.65;图3)。
相对于不施肥,化肥和有机肥的施用能够降低MNUE,但不同肥力土壤的MNUE对化学氮肥施用的响应有所差异[8]。在有机质含量较高的土壤中,随着化学氮肥浓度的增加,MNUE呈下降趋势,这主要是由于化学氮肥的输入缓解了微生物的氮限制[17]。然而,在养分含量相对较低的土壤中化学氮肥的添加可以促进微生物对氮的吸收并促进微生物生长速率,从而增加MNUE[17, 26]。并且,高量化学氮肥的添加对MNUE的提升作用更为明显[17, 26]。与施用化学氮肥相比,有机肥的施用还可以促进作物生长和根系分泌物输入,缓解微生物氮限制,导致MNUE降低[8]。此外,也有研究指出施用有机肥会引起MNUE增加,主要是由于有机肥中含有丰富的有机碳,施用后可能加剧微生物的氮限制,导致微生物将吸收的氮素更多分配于自身合成代谢[2728]。Zhang等[29]在亚热带高降雨量地区发现,长期使用化学氮肥加速土壤氮素淋溶和气体排放损失,而施用粪肥改良剂可以有效缓解土壤氮流失,提高土壤微生物对无机氮的固持,增加MNUE。与施用化学氮肥和有机肥相比,短期内作物秸秆的投入会增加土壤C∶N,激发作物与微生物之间对土壤氮素的竞争,进而可能增加MNUE[30]。相比之下,长期生物炭的施用提高土壤氮素有效性,缓解土壤C∶N不平衡,降低MNUE[25, 27]。Li等[31]研究表明,长期秸秆还田可以将微生物从磷限制转变为氮限制,降低MNUE。此外,秸秆还田还会通过土壤团聚体的形成加速矿物质有机氮向颗粒有机氮的转化,提高土壤有机氮的可用性增加农田氮储量,影响MNUE的变化[9]。综上,不同农业施肥管理措施对MNUE的影响具体见表2
不同耕作措施通过改变土壤理化性质,调节微生物活性进而显著影响MNUE。赵有翼等[11]发现,与翻耕相比,免耕能更好地维持土壤结构稳定性,增加土壤有机质含量并显著提高自生固氮能力和细菌数量,增加MNUE。与连作相比,作物轮作通过影响碳和氮有效性调控MNUE。当轮作系统中引入豆科作物等高质量残体时,微生物生物量氮增加而土壤C∶N降低,导致MNUE下降[10]。因此,施肥类型和种植模式对MNUE的影响效应在很大程度上取决于其对土壤养分化学计量特征的改变,以及由此引起的微生物对养分资源获取策略的调节机制。
土壤pH是影响MNUE的关键因素。诸多研究表明,土壤pH的降低会导致微生物丰度和多样性下降,微生物可能会通过提升MNUE来抵御外界酸性环境[67, 32]。Dai等[32]对全球 1997—2017 年持续 2 年以上的农田施肥试验整合分析发现,单施化学氮肥(如尿素、氯化铵、硫酸铵等)使土壤 pH 平均下降 0.53 个单位,并显著降低了土壤细菌的多样性。Li等[17]发现,连续6年施用尿素使森林有机层土壤pH下降0.4~0.5个单位,但同时促进磷循环并缓解土壤N∶P不平衡,进而降低MNUE。相反,土壤pH的提高有利于促进微生物群落生长及其对有机氮的矿化作用,降低群落水平MNUE[8]。研究发现在pH为4.9~5.33的酸性红壤中施用粪肥能够有效提升土壤pH并缓解微生物与土壤之间的养分不平衡,降低MNUE[8]。含碳量较高的有机改良剂会显著提高土壤pH,增强其对养分的吸附作用,这也可能引起MNUE的变化[27]。此外,也有研究发现土壤pH值与MNUE之间不存在显著相关性[13],可能是由于MNUE同时受到养分供给、土壤质地、温度、水分及底物可利用性的调控,这些因素可能掩盖和削弱了pH单一因子的效应。不同生态系统中微生物群落结构和养分获取策略的差异,也会导致pH和MNUE关系的不一致[13, 33]。可见,MNUE对土壤pH的响应会受到多种环境因子和微生物群落变化的影响,这些因素的交互作用可能导致土壤pH与MNUE之间的关系更加复杂。
土壤养分有效性和化学计量比的变化对微生物的生长和MNUE具有显著调控作用,其影响机制主要基于底物与微生物生物量之间的元素平衡关系。基于化学计量学理论,MNUE随着底物C∶N的增加呈非线性上升[5]。当土壤C∶N大于20时,微生物受到N限制,MNUE随着土壤C∶N的增加缓慢上升;当土壤C∶N小于20时,微生物受到C限制,MNUE随着土壤C∶N的降低迅速下降[5]
农业管理方式通过改变土壤底物计量比(C∶N∶P)影响MNUE。研究表明,MNUE与微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及氮、磷相关酶活性呈负相关,这是由于土壤微生物生物量氮和碳、氮相关酶活性对MNUE的影响较大,微生物在酶生产方面的投资增加,减少了微生物的生长[67]。有机肥的施用显著提高了土壤可溶性有机氮含量,缓解微生物与土壤之间的C∶N不平衡,导致MNUE降低[8]。高温热解生产的生物炭会增加土壤中氮、磷有效性并降低氮、磷获取酶活性,导致细胞外酶活性的C∶N和C∶P比率增加,进而降低MNUE[27]。相比之下,化学氮肥的施用会出现复杂的效应。对于有机质含量较高的土壤,低量的化学氮肥投入使用降低土壤与微生物生物量C∶P和N∶P计量平衡,有利于提高MNUE;而高量的化学氮肥施用则加剧土壤养分之间计量的不平衡,随着化学氮肥的添加,土壤化学计量比的不平衡会增加磷限制,微生物为获取有限的磷需消耗更多氮用于合成含磷酶类物质,这也可能降低MNUE[19, 34]。此外,高量的化学氮肥投入的同时会降低土壤C∶N,增加微生物碳限制,促进微生物对土壤有机质的矿化速率,降低MNUE[35]。相比于农田,在C∶N更高的森林矿质层土壤中,随着化学氮肥的添加,MNUE与C∶N和C∶P失衡呈正相关[17]。因此,MNUE受到底物质量以及微生物养分需求的共同调节,其具体响应取决于农业管理方式和土壤肥力背景的复杂相互作用。
土壤温度、湿度、含氧量等环境因子会显著影响微生物代谢过程,进而调控MNUE。一般认为,MNUE随温度升高而增加,这主要是由于增温激活微生物活性并加速土壤氮循环过程[13]。温度的变化还可能会影响土壤底物的可利用性,间接影响MNUE。Xu等[36]发现,微生物C∶N与纬度呈显著的负相关,这也反映了温度升高有助于提高MNUE。然而,MNUE对温度升高的响应在不同肥力土壤上存在差异。在有机碳和粘土含量较高的土壤中MNUE对温度变化的响应较为平稳[13],这是由于温度对土壤总矿化速率影响有限。在土壤肥力较低的土壤中,增温能够显著降低MNUE,这主要是由于温度增加促进了土壤有机质矿化,缓解微生物氮限制,具体而言,Zhang等[37]在青海海北高寒草甸研究站研究发现,增温导致表土(0—30 cm)微生物氮的生长和MNUE降低,但对深层土壤(30—100 cm)中MNUE没有影响。值得注意的是,尽管温度升高通常增强矿化和硝化作用,但其对MNUE的作用机制仍不明确,还有待进一步研究。
土壤水分的变化通过调节微生物代谢,影响MNUE[13]。当土壤水分在最大持水量(WHC)的30%~90%范围,微生物活动和氮循环过程活跃;随着土壤水分的增加,土壤总氮矿化速率增加,MNUE呈降低趋势[13]。在土壤含水量低(30% WHC)的情况下,由于基质的扩散和水分的限制,MNUE会随着水分的增加而增加[13, 38]。Yang等[39]在青藏高原区域研究发现在干旱指数大于0.12时,MNUE随着干旱指数的降低而增加,这是由于MNUE受到氮限制和温度影响更大;但是在干旱指数小于0.12时,水分限制直接抑制微生物的生长,MNUE增长受到阻碍。然而,Sun等[12]研究发现土壤水分含量较低,MNUE反而升高,这可能是干旱诱导的微生物氮限制加剧,微生物通过调整真菌/细菌比例升高,来生产更多的氮获取酶。此外,土壤水分变化还会影响土壤氧气有效性,间接调控微生物过程影响MNUE。在含水率较高的土壤中(90%WHC),土壤中的氧气分压降低,微生物生长速率降低导致MNUE下降[13]。目前许多研究仅关注单个因子对微生物氮代谢的影响,而关于多种环境因子(如温度、湿度)交互作用及其对MNUE综合效应研究仍有待深入。
代谢理论认为,MNUE主要受到微生物群落组成的调控[15]。真菌和细菌在生物量及代谢特征上的差异,影响其对氮素的选择性吸收和同化路径。一般认为,细菌具有较高的MNUE,倾向于固持土壤中无机氮以维持其较快的生物量周转[40]。在稻田土壤中,化学氮肥的施用通常会增加细菌的生物量和多样性,间接提高MNUE;在玉米、小麦种植土壤中,化学氮肥的施用却常伴随着细菌多样性下降,导致MNUE降低[32]。全球的数据整合分析发现,长期施用化学氮肥显著增加了土壤细菌中的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度,但会降低酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度[17, 32]。这可能是因为变形菌门和放线菌门中的许多细菌属于富营养型微生物,它们在资源丰富的环境中能够快速生长,而酸杆菌门则属于寡营养型微生物,通常在资源匮乏的环境中更具竞争力。近期的研究也发现,在有机质含量较低的土壤中,细菌群落与MNUE呈正相关,这是由于长期化学氮肥添加下,贫瘠土壤中细菌群落在微生物组成中逐渐占据主导地位[17]。此外,在短期施用有机肥的水稻土中,细菌群落与MNUE密切相关[41],这是由于有机肥的输入带来大量的碳和氮源,能够快速刺激细菌的生长及其对土壤氮素的利用。这些关键细菌微生物群落组成的改变可能会导致其群落水平MNUE的变化。
与细菌不同,真菌因其自身较高的生物量C∶N以及碳需求量,更偏向于摄取和利用土壤中类似于氨基酸类小分子有机氮,通常具有较低的MNUE[4243]。而且,真菌在分泌降解有机物的酶中占主导地位,这些酶的合成会消耗大量碳和氮,可能会降低MNUE[44]。研究发现,在森林土壤中长期施用化学氮肥主要是通过抑制真菌生物量来增强MNUE[6, 17]。大量研究也证实,微生物群落真菌和细菌的生物量比值与土壤MNUE之间具有显著的相关性[6, 27]。因此,长期不同管理措施下,农田土壤中关键微生物群落组成的变化是导致MNUE变化的重要机制之一。
利用同位素示踪方法和生态酶化学计量模型估算MNUE时在系统性、适用条件和参数敏感性方面均存在差异。未来研究需构建统一的理论或模型框架,将不同方法加以整合,以更准确地表征MNUE,增强其在农田、森林和草地等生态系统中对MNUE变化的解释与预测能力。
目前研究多集中于单一因素(如pH、温度或养分输入)的影响,而现实土壤环境存在多因素的同时变化与交互作用。未来需要系统开展多因子耦合情景试验,明确微生物在氧气供应、水分动态、氮有效性、底物质量等多重因子交互作用下的养分代谢和资源分配机制,揭示复杂环境中驱动MNUE的调控路径,为农田氮素高效利用提供理论依据。
微生物群落差异是决定MNUE变化的关键过程。以往研究多集中于单一田块或短期下施肥管理对微生物群落结构与功能的影响,关于农田生态系统中微生物群落在更大空间尺度和长期尺度上的演替规律及其对MNUE的调控机制仍缺乏认识。未来研究应依托长期定位试验和跨区域联网试验,结合多组学手段(宏基因组、宏转录组、代谢组和稳定同位素探针技术),揭示微生物在不同农业管理措施与环境梯度下,通过调整群落结构、生长速率、胞外酶等策略调控MNUE的机制。同时,将微生物群落长期演替、MNUE动态、土壤氮素转化和作物吸氮等过程耦合起来,构建适用于不同农业生产场景的氮循环理论框架,为精准降低农田生态系统氮素损失提供科学依据。

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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025382
  • 接收时间:2025-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-12
  • 录用日期:2026-01-16
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    1安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,安徽合肥 230036
    2安徽农业大学农学院,安徽合肥 230036
    3中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 / 北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部耕地质量监测与评价重点实验室,北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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