Article(id=1284574868456837861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025370, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768752000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-19, onlineDate=1784196114886, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196114886, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196114886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196114886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1043, endPage=1053, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574868763022054, articleId=1284574868456837861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Continuous fertigation technology automatically controlled by light intensity for sweet maize production in Erhai Lake Basin, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

In Yunnan’s Erhai Lake Basin, maize growing season coincides with the rainy season, conventional fertilization leads to heavy nitrogen leaching and causes serious non-point source pollution. By means of the existing drip irrigation infrastructure, we tried daily fertigation scheme characterized by low-dose water and fertilizer amount during the heavy rainfall period.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted over three consecutive seasons in the Erhai Lake Basin from 2023 to 2024, using sweet maize as the test material. In the first and second seasons, the controls were set at the traditional nitrogen (N) application rate of 400 kg/hm2. The treatments involved reduced nitrogen fertilizer rates under 17 and 30 fertilization practices, respectively, and the optimal nitrogen application rate range was proposed. In the third season, the optimal nitrogen application rate range was further refined according to the daily N absorption of maize, and fertigation was automatically triggered when the light intensity was greater than 10000 lux. The fertilization frequency was recorded, and investigations were carried out on sweet maize yield, nitrogen uptake dynamics, nitrogen use efficiency, and residual mineral nitrogen in the 0−60 cm soil layer.

Results

In the first season, there were no significant differences in maize yield under nitrogen application rates ranging from 200 to 400 kg/hm2. The nitrogen uptake process of sweet maize conformed to the Logistic model, with a peak nitrogen uptake occurring 35−53 days after emergence, a daily uptake rate of 3.38−4.03 kg/(hm2·d), and a total nitrogen removal of 142−152 kg/hm2 over the entire growth period. In the second season, the N application rate was reduced to 180 kg/hm2, and the fertilization frequency was increased to 30 times, resulting in a comparable maize yield to the controls, but a 60% reduction in N losses and a 1.2-fold increase in the apparent nitrogen use efficiency. In the third season, the 180 kg/hm2 of N rate was evenly divided into the daily requirement and applied with a minimum water volume of 4.5 m3/hm2 every day, except on rainy days, and a total of 35 fertigation events were recorded. The scheme significantly enhanced maize dry matter accumulation, yield, and N use efficiency while reducing nitrogen losses. Comprehensive effect analysis revealed that the highest comprehensive score was achieved at a nitrogen application rate of 120 kg/hm2 under a scenario where the weights of yield and environment were at 1∶1.

Conclusions

The optimal nitrogen application rate for sweet maize in the Erhai Lake rainy season is 120−180 kg/hm2. Sweet maize exhibits a distinct Logistic cumulative pattern of nitrogen absorption, with the peak absorption period concentrated between 35 and 53 days after emergence, reaching a rate of 3.38−4.03 kg/(hm2·d), accounting for over 70% of the total nitrogen uptake during the entire growth period. By reducing the nitrogen application rate from the traditional 400 kg/hm2 to 120−180 kg/hm2 and utilizing automatic, small-dose, high-frequency drip irrigation triggered by light radiation intensity, the inorganic nitrogen content in the 0−20 cm surface soil can be significantly increased while maintaining yield. This approach notably improves nitrogen use efficiency, reduces apparent nitrogen loss, and represents the optimal nitrogen management technique for sweet maize in Yunnan, balancing both yield and environmental benefits.

, authors=Wei-wei ZHOU1, Yi-fan FU1, Da-wei FANG1, Hao-feng LÜ1, Wen-feng CONG2, Bin LIANG1, *, authorsList=Wei-wei ZHOU, Yi-fan FU, Da-wei FANG, Hao-feng LÜ, Wen-feng CONG, Bin LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574871342519025, articleId=1284574868456837861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=洱海流域甜玉米基于光照强度自动控制的连续滴灌施肥技术研究, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

针对云南洱海流域玉米生育期与雨季高度重叠,传统施肥方式导致氮素大量淋失、面源污染问题严重的现状。本研究依托现有滴灌设备,探索在降雨集中季节实施高频次、低剂量的每日水肥一体化管理模式,为该区域玉米智慧肥水管理体系的构建提供依据。

方法

2023—2024年,在洱海流域连续开展了3季甜玉米水肥管理田间试验。第1、2季以传统施氮量400 kg/hm2为对照,开展不同幅度的氮肥减施研究,施肥频次分别为17、30次,以此探究最优施氮量范围。第3季在最优施氮量范围内,以光照强度>1万lux (视为晴天)为基准,建立了晴天条件下自动施肥模式,记录施肥频次,并调查了甜玉米产量、氮吸收动态、氮肥利用效率及0—60 cm土壤矿质态氮残留量。

结果

第1季,施氮量为200~400 kg/hm2时,玉米产量无显著差异;甜玉米氮素吸收过程符合Logistic模型,氮吸收高峰出现在出苗后35~53天,日吸收量为3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),全生育期的氮携出量为142~152 kg/hm2。第2季,施氮量由传统的400 kg/hm2降至180 kg/hm2,并将施肥频次增加到30次,玉米产量与氮施用量400 kg/hm2时无显著差异,而氮素损失减少了60%,氮肥表观利用率提高了1.2倍。第3季,在施氮量180 kg/hm2条件下,将氮肥按日需肥量均分,除降雨天外,每日以4.5 m3/hm2的最小水量随水施入,总施肥频次约35次。该施肥方式显著提高了干物质积累量、产量及氮肥利用效率,同时降低了氮素损失。综合效应分析表明,在产量与环境权重比为1∶1的情景下,施氮量为120 kg/hm²时综合得分最高。

结论

洱海流域雨季期间,甜玉米的适宜施氮量为120~180 kg/hm2,其氮吸收呈明显的Logistic累积特征,吸收高峰集中在出苗后35~53天,吸收速率达3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),占全生育期吸氮量的70%以上。将施氮量由传统的400 kg/hm2降低到120~180 kg/hm2,并借助光照辐射强度自动引发小剂量高频次的滴灌施肥,在保证产量的同时,可显著提高0—20 cm表层土壤的无机氮含量及氮肥利用效率,降低氮肥表观损失,是云南甜玉米兼顾产量与环境效益的最优氮肥管理方案。

, authors=周伟伟1, 付一凡1, 方大伟1, 吕昊峰1, 丛汶峰2, 梁斌1, *, authorsList=周伟伟, 付一凡, 方大伟, 吕昊峰, 丛汶峰, 梁斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁斌, authorNote=

周伟伟 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 梁斌 E-mail:
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Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 293: 108708., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574880955863894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei Q, Xu J, Liu Y, et al. Nitrogen losses from soil as affected by water and fertilizer management under drip irrigation[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 296: 108791., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881022972759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨进腊, 温雯雯, 胡潇芮, 等. 云南九大高原湖泊2013—2022年水质变化趋势及其成因分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2025, 38(6): 1300−1310., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881081693016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang J L, Wen W W, Hu X R, et al. Spatio-temporal variations and driving mechanisms of water quality in Nine Plateau Lakes of Yunnan from 2013 to 2022[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2025, 38(6): 1300−1310., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881165579097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He D, Liu X, Fu Y, et al. Field baseflow eluting SOM-rich sandy soil to exacerbate non-point source pollution of Lake Erhai[J]. Horticulturae, 2023, 9(8): 898., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881245270874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Z H, Li S X. Nitrate N loss by leaching and surface runoff in agricultural land: A global issue (a review) [J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2019, 156: 159−217., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881308185435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Ren W, Zhu K, et al. Substituting readily available nitrogen fertilizer with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer improves crop yield and nitrogen uptake[J]. Field Crops Research, 2024, 306: 109221., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881366905692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Naz M Y, Sulaiman S A, Ariwahjoedi B, et al. Controlled-release fertilizer mechanism and application in agriculture[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 350: 131465., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574881450791773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Q Y, Jia Y F, Pang Z J, et al. Intelligent fertigation improves tomato yield and quality and water and nutrient use efficiency in solar greenhouse production[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 298: 108873., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574871539651314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871548039923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, companyId=1284574871539651314, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871556428532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, companyId=1284574871539651314, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛 266109)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574871631926005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871640314614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, companyId=1284574871631926005, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871648703223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, companyId=1284574871631926005, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574875331302176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The temperature, rainfall, and test soil volumetric water content during growing season of maize, figureFileSmall=YuCUq42EW9zbWVkV9Gvm/Q==, figureFileBig=BXvoJTzQHjCqkU9sC7VhtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875385828129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验期间气温、降雨量和土壤体积含水量, figureFileSmall=YuCUq42EW9zbWVkV9Gvm/Q==, figureFileBig=BXvoJTzQHjCqkU9sC7VhtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875574571810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different nitrogen fertilization rates and frequency on dry weight of fresh maize, figureFileSmall=Pkw0eUHui9aqVMTl6hYK/A==, figureFileBig=2aXXkV2ILIvPQEqkgGgFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875629097763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氮肥施用量和施肥频次对甜玉米生物量的影响

注:CK—不施肥;T2、T5、T8、Tn分别表示氮肥分2、5、8、n次追施。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Pkw0eUHui9aqVMTl6hYK/A==, figureFileBig=2aXXkV2ILIvPQEqkgGgFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875700400932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dynamic changes in nitrogen uptake amount and absorption rate of sweet maize in the first season, figureFileSmall=PNfy6+j4tZyqQVQ9hfcIpg==, figureFileBig=qHEGgAra10sI4aAtlxTGKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875754926885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=图3, caption=第1季甜玉米氮素携出量和吸收速率的动态变化, figureFileSmall=PNfy6+j4tZyqQVQ9hfcIpg==, figureFileBig=qHEGgAra10sI4aAtlxTGKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875822035750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of nitrogen application rate in the second season and fertigation frequency in the third season on nitrogen uptake by sweet maize, figureFileSmall=1qltW7mfNVTV+DAKWpTYaA==, figureFileBig=qitSVWvv9ca1JMiEdomFhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875889144615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=图4, caption=第2季不同施氮量和第3季施肥频次对甜玉米氮携出量的影响

注:CK—不施肥;T2、T5、T8、Tn分别表示氮肥分2、5、8、n次追施。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=1qltW7mfNVTV+DAKWpTYaA==, figureFileBig=qitSVWvv9ca1JMiEdomFhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574875981419304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Mineral nitrogen accumulation in soil layers under different nitrogen application amount and fertigation frequencies, figureFileSmall=NCPLTcAiE4ZPryOGxSE8/Q==, figureFileBig=8yiO590fDTy5olNv/fmYNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574876048528169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同施肥量和频次处理下不同土层土壤矿质态氮的累积量

注:CK—不施肥;T2、T5、T8、Tn分别表示氮肥分2、5、8、n次追施。图中不同小写和大写字母分别表示0—20和0—60 cm土层处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=NCPLTcAiE4ZPryOGxSE8/Q==, figureFileBig=8yiO590fDTy5olNv/fmYNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574876115637034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic physical and chemical properties of soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil depth
有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter
有效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P
速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K
硝态氮 (mg/kg)
Nitrate-N
铵态氮 (mg/kg)
Ammonium-N
pH
0—2057.365.2175.467.413.56.1
20—4028.425.482.322.311.76.5
40—6017.18.543.714.28.66.7
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876195328811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤基础理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil depth
有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter
有效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P
速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K
硝态氮 (mg/kg)
Nitrate-N
铵态氮 (mg/kg)
Ammonium-N
pH
0—2057.365.2175.467.413.56.1
20—4028.425.482.322.311.76.5
40—6017.18.543.714.28.66.7
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876279214892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Some information for the three maize growing seasons

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试验季 Season移栽日期
Transplanting date
(y/m/d)
收获日期
Harvest date
(y/m/d)
生长期
Duration of
growth (d)
降雨量
Rainfall
(mm)
灌溉量
Irrigation
(mm)
施肥次数
Number of
fertigation
第1季 1st (2023年春季 Spring of 2023)2023/05/272023/08/056928437.517
第2季 2nd (2024年春季 Spring of 2024)2024/04/092024/06/0257612665.530
第3季 3rd (2024年夏季 Summer of 2024)2024/07/102024/09/227443715.035
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876346323757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3个玉米季试验基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季 Season移栽日期
Transplanting date
(y/m/d)
收获日期
Harvest date
(y/m/d)
生长期
Duration of
growth (d)
降雨量
Rainfall
(mm)
灌溉量
Irrigation
(mm)
施肥次数
Number of
fertigation
第1季 1st (2023年春季 Spring of 2023)2023/05/272023/08/056928437.517
第2季 2nd (2024年春季 Spring of 2024)2024/04/092024/06/0257612665.530
第3季 3rd (2024年夏季 Summer of 2024)2024/07/102024/09/227443715.035
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876438598446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Treatment details of the trials in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
施氮量处理 N rate treatment (kg/hm2)
传统模式
Conventional rate
减肥处理1
Reduced fertilizer 1
减肥处理2*
Reduced fertilizer 2*
减肥处理3
Reduced fertilizer 3
对照处理
Control
第1季 1st4003002502000
第2季 2nd4002701801200
第3季 3rd施肥频次 Fertigation frequency
52n80
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876518290223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同季试验具体处理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
施氮量处理 N rate treatment (kg/hm2)
传统模式
Conventional rate
减肥处理1
Reduced fertilizer 1
减肥处理2*
Reduced fertilizer 2*
减肥处理3
Reduced fertilizer 3
对照处理
Control
第1季 1st4003002502000
第2季 2nd4002701801200
第3季 3rd施肥频次 Fertigation frequency
52n80
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876568621872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Effects of different nitrogen fertilization rate and frequency on nitrogen use efficiency of sweet maize

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
处理
Treatment
氮肥农学效率
(kg/kg)
氮肥利用率
(%)
氮表观利用率
(%)
第1季
Season 1
N20048.1±2.5 a32.5±6.1 a77.9±6.1 a
N25042.5±5.1 b19.4±3.9 b56.3±3.9 b
N30035.6±1.2 c21.4±1.6 b51.7±1.6 b
N40023.7±1.6 d14.6±3.2 c37.3±3.2 c
第2季
Season 2
N12069.2±9.2 a32.0±6.6 a103.3±6.6 a
N18060.4±6.9 a31.6±2.1 ab79.2±2.1 b
N27039.1±2.4 b24.8±1.3 b56.5±1.3 c
N40023.1±1.5 c14.3±2.1 c35.7±2.1 d
第3季
Season 3
T216.0±3.4 d11.7±4.2 d52.4±4.2 d
T528.5±7.1 c21.0±1.2 c61.6±1.2 c
T846.7±6.8 b32.1±0.7 b72.7±0.7 b
Tn59.5±4.8 a42.9±5.2 a83.5±5.2 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876631536433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同施氮量和施肥频次对甜玉米氮肥利用效率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
处理
Treatment
氮肥农学效率
(kg/kg)
氮肥利用率
(%)
氮表观利用率
(%)
第1季
Season 1
N20048.1±2.5 a32.5±6.1 a77.9±6.1 a
N25042.5±5.1 b19.4±3.9 b56.3±3.9 b
N30035.6±1.2 c21.4±1.6 b51.7±1.6 b
N40023.7±1.6 d14.6±3.2 c37.3±3.2 c
第2季
Season 2
N12069.2±9.2 a32.0±6.6 a103.3±6.6 a
N18060.4±6.9 a31.6±2.1 ab79.2±2.1 b
N27039.1±2.4 b24.8±1.3 b56.5±1.3 c
N40023.1±1.5 c14.3±2.1 c35.7±2.1 d
第3季
Season 3
T216.0±3.4 d11.7±4.2 d52.4±4.2 d
T528.5±7.1 c21.0±1.2 c61.6±1.2 c
T846.7±6.8 b32.1±0.7 b72.7±0.7 b
Tn59.5±4.8 a42.9±5.2 a83.5±5.2 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876690256690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Effects of nitrogen application rate and fertigation frequency on sweet maize yield, apparent nitrogen loss, and comprehensive evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
处理
Treatment
果穗产量
Ear yield
(t/hm2)
氮表观损失量
Apparent N loss
(kg/hm2)
综合评价得分
Comprehensive
score
第1季
Season 1
N20025.8±0.5 a30.3±12.2 b0.32±0.04 a
N25026.8±1.3 a21.4±9.7 b0.37±0.07 a
N30026.8±0.4 a33.1±4.8 b0.32±0.02 a
N40025.6±0.6 a94.0±13.0 a0.01±0.01 b
第2季
Season 2
N12024.3±1.1 b12.9±3.7 d0.42±0.04 a
N18026.7±1.2 a92.2±37.7 c0.29±0.09 a
N27026.6±0.6 a161.0±48.2 b0.14±0.10 b
N40025.2±0.6 ab231.0±15.1 a−0.03±0.02 c
第3季
Season 3
T215.4±0.6 d269.6±51.6 a−0.17±0.02 b
T517.6±1.3 c200.2±63.4 ab0.01±0.10 b
T820.9±1.2 b154.8±36.3 b0.16±0.13 a
Tn23.2±0.9 a141.6±29.3 b0.22±0.11 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574876753171251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868456837861, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

施肥量与施肥频率对甜玉米产量、氮表观损失影响及综合评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验季
Season
处理
Treatment
果穗产量
Ear yield
(t/hm2)
氮表观损失量
Apparent N loss
(kg/hm2)
综合评价得分
Comprehensive
score
第1季
Season 1
N20025.8±0.5 a30.3±12.2 b0.32±0.04 a
N25026.8±1.3 a21.4±9.7 b0.37±0.07 a
N30026.8±0.4 a33.1±4.8 b0.32±0.02 a
N40025.6±0.6 a94.0±13.0 a0.01±0.01 b
第2季
Season 2
N12024.3±1.1 b12.9±3.7 d0.42±0.04 a
N18026.7±1.2 a92.2±37.7 c0.29±0.09 a
N27026.6±0.6 a161.0±48.2 b0.14±0.10 b
N40025.2±0.6 ab231.0±15.1 a−0.03±0.02 c
第3季
Season 3
T215.4±0.6 d269.6±51.6 a−0.17±0.02 b
T517.6±1.3 c200.2±63.4 ab0.01±0.10 b
T820.9±1.2 b154.8±36.3 b0.16±0.13 a
Tn23.2±0.9 a141.6±29.3 b0.22±0.11 a
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洱海流域甜玉米基于光照强度自动控制的连续滴灌施肥技术研究
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周伟伟 1 , 付一凡 1 , 方大伟 1 , 吕昊峰 1 , 丛汶峰 2 , 梁斌 1, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1043-1053
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1043 -1053
洱海流域甜玉米基于光照强度自动控制的连续滴灌施肥技术研究
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周伟伟1 , 付一凡1, 方大伟1, 吕昊峰1, 丛汶峰2, 梁斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛 266109
  • 2中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100091
通讯作者:
* 梁斌 E-mail:
作者简介:

周伟伟 E-mail:

Continuous fertigation technology automatically controlled by light intensity for sweet maize production in Erhai Lake Basin
Wei-wei ZHOU1 , Yi-fan FU1, Da-wei FANG1, Hao-feng LÜ1, Wen-feng CONG2, Bin LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
  • 2College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025370
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目的

针对云南洱海流域玉米生育期与雨季高度重叠,传统施肥方式导致氮素大量淋失、面源污染问题严重的现状。本研究依托现有滴灌设备,探索在降雨集中季节实施高频次、低剂量的每日水肥一体化管理模式,为该区域玉米智慧肥水管理体系的构建提供依据。

方法

2023—2024年,在洱海流域连续开展了3季甜玉米水肥管理田间试验。第1、2季以传统施氮量400 kg/hm2为对照,开展不同幅度的氮肥减施研究,施肥频次分别为17、30次,以此探究最优施氮量范围。第3季在最优施氮量范围内,以光照强度>1万lux (视为晴天)为基准,建立了晴天条件下自动施肥模式,记录施肥频次,并调查了甜玉米产量、氮吸收动态、氮肥利用效率及0—60 cm土壤矿质态氮残留量。

结果

第1季,施氮量为200~400 kg/hm2时,玉米产量无显著差异;甜玉米氮素吸收过程符合Logistic模型,氮吸收高峰出现在出苗后35~53天,日吸收量为3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),全生育期的氮携出量为142~152 kg/hm2。第2季,施氮量由传统的400 kg/hm2降至180 kg/hm2,并将施肥频次增加到30次,玉米产量与氮施用量400 kg/hm2时无显著差异,而氮素损失减少了60%,氮肥表观利用率提高了1.2倍。第3季,在施氮量180 kg/hm2条件下,将氮肥按日需肥量均分,除降雨天外,每日以4.5 m3/hm2的最小水量随水施入,总施肥频次约35次。该施肥方式显著提高了干物质积累量、产量及氮肥利用效率,同时降低了氮素损失。综合效应分析表明,在产量与环境权重比为1∶1的情景下,施氮量为120 kg/hm²时综合得分最高。

结论

洱海流域雨季期间,甜玉米的适宜施氮量为120~180 kg/hm2,其氮吸收呈明显的Logistic累积特征,吸收高峰集中在出苗后35~53天,吸收速率达3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),占全生育期吸氮量的70%以上。将施氮量由传统的400 kg/hm2降低到120~180 kg/hm2,并借助光照辐射强度自动引发小剂量高频次的滴灌施肥,在保证产量的同时,可显著提高0—20 cm表层土壤的无机氮含量及氮肥利用效率,降低氮肥表观损失,是云南甜玉米兼顾产量与环境效益的最优氮肥管理方案。

洱海流域  /  高频施肥  /  施氮量  /  氮利用率  /  甜玉米
Objectives

In Yunnan’s Erhai Lake Basin, maize growing season coincides with the rainy season, conventional fertilization leads to heavy nitrogen leaching and causes serious non-point source pollution. By means of the existing drip irrigation infrastructure, we tried daily fertigation scheme characterized by low-dose water and fertilizer amount during the heavy rainfall period.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted over three consecutive seasons in the Erhai Lake Basin from 2023 to 2024, using sweet maize as the test material. In the first and second seasons, the controls were set at the traditional nitrogen (N) application rate of 400 kg/hm2. The treatments involved reduced nitrogen fertilizer rates under 17 and 30 fertilization practices, respectively, and the optimal nitrogen application rate range was proposed. In the third season, the optimal nitrogen application rate range was further refined according to the daily N absorption of maize, and fertigation was automatically triggered when the light intensity was greater than 10000 lux. The fertilization frequency was recorded, and investigations were carried out on sweet maize yield, nitrogen uptake dynamics, nitrogen use efficiency, and residual mineral nitrogen in the 0−60 cm soil layer.

Results

In the first season, there were no significant differences in maize yield under nitrogen application rates ranging from 200 to 400 kg/hm2. The nitrogen uptake process of sweet maize conformed to the Logistic model, with a peak nitrogen uptake occurring 35−53 days after emergence, a daily uptake rate of 3.38−4.03 kg/(hm2·d), and a total nitrogen removal of 142−152 kg/hm2 over the entire growth period. In the second season, the N application rate was reduced to 180 kg/hm2, and the fertilization frequency was increased to 30 times, resulting in a comparable maize yield to the controls, but a 60% reduction in N losses and a 1.2-fold increase in the apparent nitrogen use efficiency. In the third season, the 180 kg/hm2 of N rate was evenly divided into the daily requirement and applied with a minimum water volume of 4.5 m3/hm2 every day, except on rainy days, and a total of 35 fertigation events were recorded. The scheme significantly enhanced maize dry matter accumulation, yield, and N use efficiency while reducing nitrogen losses. Comprehensive effect analysis revealed that the highest comprehensive score was achieved at a nitrogen application rate of 120 kg/hm2 under a scenario where the weights of yield and environment were at 1∶1.

Conclusions

The optimal nitrogen application rate for sweet maize in the Erhai Lake rainy season is 120−180 kg/hm2. Sweet maize exhibits a distinct Logistic cumulative pattern of nitrogen absorption, with the peak absorption period concentrated between 35 and 53 days after emergence, reaching a rate of 3.38−4.03 kg/(hm2·d), accounting for over 70% of the total nitrogen uptake during the entire growth period. By reducing the nitrogen application rate from the traditional 400 kg/hm2 to 120−180 kg/hm2 and utilizing automatic, small-dose, high-frequency drip irrigation triggered by light radiation intensity, the inorganic nitrogen content in the 0−20 cm surface soil can be significantly increased while maintaining yield. This approach notably improves nitrogen use efficiency, reduces apparent nitrogen loss, and represents the optimal nitrogen management technique for sweet maize in Yunnan, balancing both yield and environmental benefits.

Erhai Basin  /  high-frequency fertigation  /  nitrogen application rate  /  nitrogen use efficiency  /  sweet maize
周伟伟, 付一凡, 方大伟, 吕昊峰, 丛汶峰, 梁斌. 洱海流域甜玉米基于光照强度自动控制的连续滴灌施肥技术研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1043 -1053 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025370
Wei-wei ZHOU, Yi-fan FU, Da-wei FANG, Hao-feng LÜ, Wen-feng CONG, Bin LIANG. Continuous fertigation technology automatically controlled by light intensity for sweet maize production in Erhai Lake Basin[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1043 -1053 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025370
洱海流域位于我国西南高原,是典型的湖泊农业生态系统,兼具重要的农业生产与生态保护功能。鲜食玉米是该流域雨季(6—9月)主要种植的经济作物之一,具有生育期短、经济效益高等特点,对农民增收具有重要意义。然而,当地普遍采用的粗放水肥管理模式导致氮肥施用过量与利用率偏低,不仅增加了生产成本,也加剧了氮径流与淋失,成为洱海水体富营养化的主要农业污染源之一[1]。据统计,洱海中68%~75%溶解性无机氮来源于农田施用的肥料[2]。洱海流域蔬菜、玉米与豆类种植占据了53%的种植业氮环境排放[3]。在农业绿色高质量发展与流域生态保护双重目标下,如何在保障鲜食玉米高产优质的同时减少氮素流失,已成为该地区可持续农业发展的关键问题。
智慧水肥管控系统可通过“灌溉量和时间”“施肥量、种类和时间”两个核心决策维度,实现水肥资源的精准协同管理。在雨季条件下,洱海流域土壤含水量长期高于作物适宜水平,甚至接近饱和,作物对灌溉的需求较低。此时,滴灌施肥的主要目的在于施肥而非供水,应以最少的灌水量将肥料精准输送至作物根区。降雨过程是氮流失与农田污染物浓度增加的主要驱动因素,因此在雨季土壤氮流失导致氮含量降低的风险显著增加[4]。在此背景下,合理确定氮肥用量与施肥频次,减少氮素径流与淋溶,是实现控肥减排与提效增产的关键途径。国内外研究表明,水肥一体化是提高玉米产量与养分利用效率的有效技术路径。Li等[5]基于全国数据的统计分析指出,与传统沟灌与撒施方式相比,滴灌施肥可使玉米产量平均提高12.7%,并显著提升水分与氮肥利用效率。在全球范围内滴灌施肥的增产效应约为20%,氮肥利用效率提高26%[6]。在滴灌施肥模式下,施肥次数成为调控产量与氮素利用效率的关键因素[7]。研究表明,在砂质土壤上,2~3次分施氮肥可使玉米产量提高20%~40%,显著提升氮肥利用率[78]。高频施肥(≥5 次)可更好地匹配作物生育期氮素需求,提高光合效率与籽粒灌浆速率[910]。例如,在内蒙古通辽地区,6次追氮延长叶片功能期并显著提高产量与水肥利用率[9];在土默特左旗、右旗及科左中旗,6次追肥处理获得最高产量与经济效益[10]。气候条件亦显著影响水肥一体化的增产效应[11]。Li等[5]的研究表明,与传统灌溉施肥相比,滴灌施肥在半干旱区的增产幅度最高(31%),湿润区(18%)次之,而干旱区(8%)最小,这反映了不同气候带水分与养分限制机制的差异。对洱海流域而言,频繁降雨加剧氮素流失风险,高频、小剂量的施肥策略一方面有助于降低氮肥的淋溶损失,另一方面及时弥补降雨造成的氮亏缺,从而提高氮素利用效率并稳定产量。
在高频施肥管理中,施肥时间是一个重要的策略参数。Rubio-Asensio等[12]在露地菊苣的研究结果表明,中频(每日1次)和高频(每日3次)施肥灌溉显著降低了根区硝酸盐浓度,从而减少了在强降雨情况下发生氮素淋失的风险。Farneselli等[13]在番茄上的研究结果也表明,提高灌溉施肥频率是一种有效提高氮素吸收效率的策略。在一定范围内,作物的生长速率随太阳有效辐射的增加而增加[14]。一方面,太阳辐射的增强会提高作物对氮素的需求速率和需求量;另一方面,氮素供应水平又会影响作物的光合速率[15]。因此,作物生长受太阳辐射与土壤氮素供应强度的共同调节,两者需协同作用才能实现作物高效生长。依据光照强度调节营养液中氮浓度,有助于实现植物的最佳生长和产量[1617]。由于晴天时太阳日辐射量远高于阴天,作物的生长速率和吸氮量也显著提高。因此,在晴朗天气条件下,应该及时、足量地补充氮素,以满足作物进入旺盛生长期后显著提高的养分需求。此外,在降水事件结束后天气转晴时,需特别关注前期降雨引发的氮素淋溶与径流迁移损失,此时适量补充氮肥同样十分必要。
因此,甜玉米的氮肥管理应充分结合品种特性、气候条件和土壤环境,采取分阶段、小剂量、高频次的精准施肥策略,以实现高产、高效和绿色生产。然而,目前国内外相关研究主要集中在干旱和半干旱地区,对于湿润高原湖泊流域雨季条件下的玉米水肥耦合管理研究仍较为缺乏。针对洱海流域降雨过程复杂、氮素迁移特征显著的特点,本研究依托智慧水肥一体化管控平台,系统分析了不同氮肥施用水平和施肥频次对甜玉米产量、氮素利用效率及土壤氮残留的影响,提出适宜该流域的氮肥管理策略,以期为我国多雨地区的甜玉米智慧水肥管理提供理论依据和技术参考,为洱海流域绿色高效农业发展及农业面源污染防控提供科学支撑。
试验于2023—2024年在云南省大理白族自治州湾桥镇古生村试验地(25°48′N,100°8′E)进行。该地区年平均降雨量为1000~1200 mm,主要集中在6—10月,年平均气温15.7℃,海拔1921 m。气候类型属于典型的低纬度高原季风气候,干湿季明显。试验开始前土壤基本化学性质见表1
本试验开展了连续3季的甜玉米种植研究。前两季通过氮肥施用量梯度试验,明确了甜玉米的适宜施氮量范围;第3季则在确定适宜氮肥用量的基础上,进一步探究不同施肥频次对甜玉米生长及产量的影响。3季玉米在移栽、收获及生长期间的降雨与灌溉情况见表2。为明确甜玉米合适的施氮量,第1季在传统施用量400 kg/hm2 (N400)的基础上,降低施氮量分别为300 kg/hm2 (N300)、250 kg/hm2 (N250)、200 kg/hm2 (N200)。根据第1季的结果,第2季将氮肥施用量降低至270 kg/hm2 (N270)、180 kg/hm2 (N180)、120 kg/hm2 (N120)。第3季将前两季确定的氮肥施用量分2次(T2)、5次(T5)、8次(T8)、n次(Tn)追施,探索施肥频次对玉米生长及养分利用的影响,其中T5处理为农户传统施肥处理。T2处理的施肥时间为苗期(施氮量72 kg/hm2)和喇叭口期(施氮量108 kg/hm2),T5和T8处理的施肥时间为苗期(施氮量21 kg/hm2)、拔节期(施氮量30 kg/hm2)、喇叭口期(施氮量42 kg/hm2)、吐丝期(施氮量48 kg/hm2)和灌浆期(施氮量39 kg/hm2),其中T8处理的氮肥在拔节期、喇叭口期和吐丝期开始和中期分两次平均施用。针对6—10月研究区域降雨频发的特点,设置了基于光照判别的自动化滴灌施肥模式(Tn)。该模式以每日上午8—10点的光照度为阈值:大于1万lux时认定为晴天,进行施肥;反之判断为阴天,不施肥。为实现少量多次的施肥目标,3季试验采用了递进式的施肥策略。第1和2季依据经验,将目标氮肥总量分别平均分配至17和30次进行施用。在第3季试验的Tn处理中,基于前两季的甜玉米氮素吸收规律计算每日供肥量,如遇阴天则在后续首个晴天时将阴天期间未施用的肥料一次性补施,每次施肥以4.5 m3/hm2的最小水量将所需肥料精准输送至根区。3季试验在同一试验田进行,不同季试验处理的小区设置情况见表3。3季试验均设置不施肥对照处理(CK)。
3季试验每个处理均重复3次,共15个小区,每个小区长8 m、宽9 m (面积72 m2),采用随机区组排列。供试玉米品种为‘花超SBS902’,种植密度为61500株/hm2,垄宽90 cm,沟宽40 cm,垄面覆膜,一垄两行,株距和行距为25 cm×40 cm。每行玉米铺设一条滴灌带,滴灌带直径16 mm,滴孔流量为1.38 L/h,滴孔间距为20 cm。FDR温湿度传感器埋设于距土壤表层15 cm处的根区附近,用于监测表层土壤温度和含水量的变化。施用氮肥为硝酸钙,磷肥为磷酸二氢钾,钾肥为硫酸钾,上述3种肥料在不同的储肥桶溶解后通过各自对应的施肥通道进行施用,所有肥料以追肥的方式施用。3季玉米生育时期当季温度、降雨量以及土壤体积含水量见图1
试验第1季分别在定植时、拔节期、大喇叭口期与吐丝期,每小区选取5株完整植株进行生物量与含氮量测定。各季玉米收获期在各小区随机采取5株样品,将样品分为果穗与茎叶两部分,称取鲜重后置于烘箱105℃杀青30 min,然后在80℃下烘至恒重,称干重,根据种植密度,计算地上部干物质量。果穗与茎叶样品经烘干粉碎后,用H2SO4−H2O2消煮,采用半微量凯氏法测定植株全氮含量,采用钒钼酸铵比色法测定全磷含量,采用火焰光度计法测定全钾含量[18]。每小区采集120株玉米的果穗,称重,根据种植密度,计算果穗产量。
玉米收获后,使用土钻分别采集0—20、20—40 和40—60 cm土层的土壤样品。新鲜土壤样品分为两部分,一部分用2 mol/L KCl浸提(水土比为5∶1),C采用AA3型连续流动分析仪(SEAL Analytical)测定土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量[19];另一部分采用烘干法测定土壤含水量,用于计算硝态氮和铵态氮含量。矿质态氮含量为硝态氮和铵态氮含量之和。
地上部干物质量、氮累积携出量、氮利用率、矿质态氮累积量、氮素表观损失等指标计算见公式(1)~(7)。利用综合效益评价方法开展产量与氮表观损失的权衡分析,评价指标包括氮表观损失与产量,在兼顾环境效益时,将产量指标与氮表观损失的指标权重按1∶1分配,计算见公式(8)[20]
$ \mathrm{M}=({\mathrm{M}}_{ \mathrm{ear}} +\mathrm{M}_{ \mathrm{sto}} )\times \mathrm{D} $
$ \mathrm{U=(C}_{ \mathrm{ear}} \times \mathrm{ M}_{ \mathrm{ear}} +\mathrm{C}_{ \mathrm{sto}} \times \mathrm{ M}_{ \mathrm{sto}} \mathrm{)\times D\times 10}^{ \mathrm{-6}} $
$ \mathrm{NUE}_{ \mathrm{AE}} = \mathrm{(Y}_{ \mathrm{N}} - \mathrm{Y}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)\times 10}^{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{/F}_{ \mathrm{N}} $
$ \mathrm{NUE}_{ \mathrm{RE}} = \mathrm{(U}_{ \mathrm{N}} - \mathrm{U}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)\times 100\text% /F}_{ \mathrm{N}} $
$ \mathrm{NUE}_{ \mathrm{PE}} = \mathrm{U/F}_{ \mathrm{N}} $
$ \mathrm{N}_{ \mathrm{ac}} = \mathrm{\Sigma T(m)\times R\times C}_{ \mathrm{min}} \times \mathrm{ 10}^{ \mathrm{-2}} $
$ \mathrm{N}_{ \mathrm{lo}} = \mathrm{F}_{ \mathrm{N}} +\mathrm{N}_{ \mathrm{ac,pre}} - \mathrm{U}-{\mathrm{N}}_{ \mathrm{ac,post}} $
$ \mathrm{f(N)=W}_{ \mathrm{1}} \times \mathrm{ Y}_{ \mathrm{N}} \mathrm{/Y}_{ \mathrm{\max }} -\mathrm{W}_{ \mathrm{2}} \times \mathrm{ L}_{ \mathrm{lo}} \mathrm{/L}_{ \mathrm{\max }} $
式中,M为地上部干物质量(t/hm2);Mear为果穗干物质量(kg/plant);Msto为茎叶干物质量(kg/plant);D为定植密度(plants/hm2);U为植株氮累积携出量(kg/hm2);Cear为果穗氮含量(mg/kg);Csto为茎叶氮含量(mg/kg);NUEAE为氮肥农学效率(kg/kg);YN为施氮区果穗产量(t/hm2);Y0为不施氮区果穗产量(t/hm2);FN为施氮量(kg/hm2);NUERE为氮肥利用率(%);UN为施氮区植株氮累积携出量(kg/hm2);U0为不施氮区植株氮累积携出量(kg/hm2);NUEPE为氮肥表观利用率(%);Nac为矿质态氮累积量(kg/hm2);T为土层厚度(m);R为土壤容重(kg/m3);Cmin为对应土层矿质态氮含量(mg/kg);Nlo为氮素表观损失量(kg/hm2);Nac, pre为种植前0—60 cm土壤剖面矿质态氮累积量(kg/hm2);Nac, post为收获时0—60 cm土壤剖面矿质态氮累积量(kg/hm2);f(N)为综合效益评价得分;W1为产量权重(50%);W2为表观损失权重(50%);Ymax为各处理最高产量;Llo为各处理的氮素损失量;Lmax为各处理最高氮素损失量。
试验数据采用DPS统计分析软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),不同处理间的差异显著性采用Duncan法检验(P<0.05),并利用Excel或Origin 2018进行绘图。
在第1季试验中,施氮量200、250、300 kg/hm2处理的玉米生物量与传统施氮量400 kg/hm2处理无显著差异(图2)。在第2季试验中,氮施用量由传统的400 kg/hm2减施至180 kg/hm2对玉米生物量无显著影响,进一步降低氮肥至120 kg/hm2使生物量显著降低10.1%。在第3季180 kg/hm2施氮量下的施肥频率试验中,随施肥频次的增加,玉米生物量逐渐显著提升,与传统5次施肥相比,Tn处理使生物量显著提高16.3%。
第1季试验结果发现,Logistic生长模型高精度模拟了甜玉米生育期氮素吸收的时间动态过程(图3)。在定植前16天(缓苗期),氮肥吸收速率较慢,平均为0.66 kg/(hm2·d);16天之后,氮吸收速率快速上升,第17~34天(拔节期)氮日均吸收速率为2.12 kg/(hm2·d);在41~47天,氮素吸收速率达到最大,为3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),占全生育期施氮量的70%以上;在35~53天(孕穗—抽穗—吐丝—授粉)平均吸收速率为3.34 kg/(hm2·d);在53天之后的灌浆期,吸收平均速率为1.98 kg/(hm2·d);在甜玉米穗收获时,氮素的日平均速率仍然达到了1.2 kg/(hm2·d)。除CK与N120处理外,其他处理的甜玉米氮素携出量为142~152 kg/hm2 (图4)。在施氮量不低于180 kg/hm2时,各施氮量处理的氮携出量无显著差异,氮肥施用量的增加并不会提高作物氮素携出量。在相同的施肥总量下,随着施肥频次的增加,作物氮携出量显著增加,与传统T5处理相比,T8与Tn处理分别显著提高18.1%与35.6%。
第1季和第2季传统施氮处理的氮肥利用率仅分别为14.6%和14.3%,氮表观利用率仅分别为37.3%和35.7%,氮肥农学效率分别为23.7和23.1 kg/kg (表4)。随施氮量的降低,氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥表观利用率呈增加趋势。与传统施氮量400 kg/hm2处理相比,第1季施氮量200 kg/hm2处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥表观利用率分别显著提高1.03、1.23、1.09倍,第2季施氮量180 kg/hm2处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥表观利用率分别显著提高1.61、1.21、1.22倍。第2季中N120处理的氮肥农学效率与氮肥利用率与N180处理无显著差异,但是氮肥表观利用率显著提高,增幅达103.3%。
在第3季施氮量同为180 kg/hm2的情况下,随着施肥频次的增加,氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥表观利用率均呈显著增加的趋势。与传统的T5处理相比,T8处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮肥表观利用率分别提高63.9%、52.9%、18.0%,Tn处理(施肥频次约30~35次)的上述指标分别增加108.8%、104.2%、35.6%,表观利用率提高了1.2倍。
随着施氮量和施肥频次的增加,土壤矿质态氮在0—60 cm土层总累积量和0—20 cm表层累积量均呈逐渐上升趋势,而在20—40和40—60 cm土层无显著差异(图5)。与传统400 kg/hm2氮处理相比,120和180 kg/hm2氮处理的矿质态氮累积量分别显著降低21.1%和25.5% (0—20 cm土层)、32.9%和28.3% (0—60 cm土层)。与传统T5处理相比,T8和Tn处理的矿质态氮累积量分别显著增加69.0%和101.9% (0—20 cm土层)、33.9%和48.2% (0—60 cm土层)。
在第1季试验中,施氮量降至200 kg/hm2时,甜玉米产量与传统处理无显著差异(表5),表明氮肥用量仍具有下调空间。第2季试验结果显示,将施氮量由400 kg/hm2减至180 kg/hm2时不影响产量,而进一步降至120 kg/hm2时,产量较N180处理显著降低9.6%。第3季施肥频率试验表明,随施肥频次增加,产量显著提高;与常规5次施肥处理(N5)相比,高频处理(Tn)使产量提高了31.7%。
第1季和第2季试验中,传统施氮量处理氮素表观损失量分别为94.0和231.0 kg/hm2。在第2季试验中,施氮量180 kg/hm2处理的氮素表观损失量为92.2 kg/hm2,较传统施氮量处理显著降低60.1%。在相同施氮水平(180 kg/hm2)下,随着施肥频次的增加,氮素表观损失呈显著下降趋势。T2、T5、T8、Tn处理的氮素表观损失量分别为269.6、200.2、154.8和141.6 kg/hm2,其中高频施肥处理Tn较传统处理T5显著降低29.3%。
综合评价结果显示,施氮量120 kg/hm2处理得分最高,显著高于传统处理(表5);施氮量180 kg/hm2处理综合得分与N120处理无显著差异,同样显著高于传统施肥量处理。在第3季试验中,高频施肥(Tn)处理显著提高产量、降低氮表观损失,综合得分最高,与传统施肥5次处理差异显著。
确定作物合理的施氮量是实现农业高产与环境友好双重目标的核心问题。施入土壤的氮肥除被作物吸收外,还会通过淋溶、径流、挥发及反硝化等途径发生损失[21]。因此,合理施氮量应综合考虑作物氮吸收需求、不可避免损失量以及区域环境承载能力。现有研究表明,玉米的最佳施氮量因品种类型、生态条件及生产目标而异。Chen等[22]的研究显示,在我国饲用玉米生产中,当施氮量为256 kg/hm2时,产量可达14.2 t/hm2,而氮盈余仅为8 kg/hm2,继续提高施氮量至400 kg/hm2时产量提升有限,却导致氮盈余增至140 kg/hm2,环境风险显著上升。与饲用玉米相比,甜玉米通常在较短的生育期(约70~80天)内完成鲜穗收获,其养分吸收需求较为集中、吸收速率较快[23],因此不宜直接套用饲用玉米的施氮推荐值。Zucareli等[24]研究发现,在甜玉米种子生产中,于拔节期(V6)期追施氮120 kg/hm2可获得最高产量并维持籽粒蛋白含量。Woodruff等[25]的研究表明,施氮112 kg/hm2可实现甜玉米的最优或接近最优产量,而继续提高至施氮224 kg/hm2并未显著增产,反而增加土壤硝态氮残留与流失风险。然而,该研究中11.2~12.0 t/hm2的产量水平显著低于本研究的26.9 t/hm2,这意味着在更高产量目标下,适宜的施氮量可能需要相应提升。洱海流域相关试验也表明,甜玉米最适施氮量为120~180 kg/hm2 [26]。因此,为保障高产,建议在氮淋溶风险高的洱海流域采用180 kg/hm2的施氮量。反之,若以同等权重兼顾产量与环境,根据效益函数分析,120 kg/hm2施氮量则是更优的选择。该研究结果与全球氮肥优化共识一致,进一步表明基于具体生产情景和作物生长阶段进行施氮调控,是实现玉米系统高产高效与环境友好协同发展的有效策略。
农田氮素的淋溶与径流损失与水分输入量直接相关[2728]。在降雨主导的露地系统中,当降雨超过土壤持水能力时,硝态氮会通过渗漏和径流大量流失,成为农业面源污染的重要来源[2931]。研究表明,雨季时洱海水质综合营养指数高于旱季[32],且洱海径流中总氮浓度可达无雨期的2倍[33],显示出强烈的降雨驱动型流失特征。此外,甜玉米生育期短(70~80天),养分需求强度大且集中,根系相对较浅,对土壤养分波动敏感。在此背景下,施肥管理成为减少氮损失的关键可控环节[34]。传统缓释肥料虽能调节氮素释放[35],但其释放节律难以与甜玉米短生育期、高强度的需求动态精准匹配,存在前期供应不足或后期残留的风险[36]。本研究提出的高频次智慧施肥策略,在第1、2、3季实现了17、30、35次的自动高频施肥,这不仅显著提高了甜玉米产量,而且显著降低了矿质态氮在土壤中的向下迁移。本研究采用的智慧滴灌系统本质上是一种 “动态人工控释” ,将总氮量分解为数十次小剂量供应,实现了氮素供应曲线与甜玉米短期、高强度吸收曲线的动态拟合。尤其是结合“晴天施肥”策略,利用晴日较高光合有效辐射促进氮同化酶活性、提升氮吸收效率的生理机制,使每次施肥都能在最佳气候窗口被高效利用。这与国内外相关的研究共识一致,即分次施肥是应对不可控降雨、实现养分供应与作物吸收同步的关键策略。
在雨季或土壤含水量接近饱和的条件下,灌溉对作物养分吸收的直接贡献较小,反而可能增加氮素淋失和径流风险[2930]。此时灌溉的主要功能是作为肥料输送的载体,因此应控制灌水量,通过提高肥液浓度、优化水肥配比,以减少因过量灌水导致的氮素损失。在降雨频繁区域,人工动态调控施肥虽成本较高,但随着智慧水肥一体化技术的发展,基于实时气象与土壤墒情数据的高频、小剂量、按需精准施肥已成为可能[37]。本研究表明,在雨季条件下,智能灌溉系统累计灌水量可控制在15 mm左右,既可满足肥料输送需求,又能显著降低因灌水增加而引发的额外淋溶风险。研究采用的“晴天施肥”策略,有助于缓解雨后土壤氮素浓度下降与晴天作物光合作用强、需肥量大的矛盾。然而,该策略仍存在以下局限:首先,施肥过程伴随的水分输入会提高土壤含水量,可能影响土壤通气性与根系呼吸,尤其在连片灌溉区,为保障肥液输送至管网末端,往往需预先注入清水填充管道,并将肥液完全推送至根区,这一过程可能导致实际灌水量偏高;同时,本研究以上午8:00—9:00的光照强度作为“晴天”判定依据,施肥量则基于间隔天数计算,该方法在实际应用中可能存在偏差。未来研究可结合累积太阳总辐射或光合有效辐射数据,构建施肥时机与用量的定量模型,从而提升施肥策略的准确性与适用性。此外,未来也需开展多季连续试验,以验证该施肥策略的长期效应,并以此为基础建立一套动态优化的智慧水肥管控参数体系,实现参数的动态优化。
甜玉米氮素吸收呈明显的Logistic累积特征,吸收高峰集中在生长的35~53天,吸收速率达3.38~4.03 kg/(hm2·d),占全生育期吸氮量的70%以上。将施氮量由传统的400 kg/hm2降低到120~180 kg/hm2,并借助光照辐射强度自动引发小剂量高频次滴灌施肥,在保证产量的同时可显著提高0—20 cm表层土壤无机氮含量,显著提高氮肥效率,降低氮肥表观损失,是云南甜玉米兼顾产量与环境效益的最优氮肥管理措施。

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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025370
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 录用日期:2026-01-19
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    1青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛 266109
    2中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100091

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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