Article(id=1284574826358620370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754323200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774281600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineDate=1784196104849, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196104849, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196104849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196104849, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=979, endPage=993, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574826601890004, articleId=1284574826358620370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Nutrient resource quantities in major crop straws and their potential for replacing chemical fertilizers through complete return to soil in Jilin Province, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

As the fourth-largest grain-producing province in China, Jilin Province possesses abundant straw resources. Estimating the nutrient resource quantities of major crop straws and their utilization potential under straw return in Jilin Province can provide reference data for the efficient utilization of straw nutrient resources, chemical fertilizer reduction, and green and low-carbon agriculture.

Methods

Based on statistical data and literature, using the straw-to-grain ratio method, the straw biomass, nutrient resource quantities, potential for straw incorporation to substitute nutrient inputs, and economic benefits of four major crops were estimated across different cities of Jilin Province in this study.

Results

The average annual resources of maize, rice, soybean and peanut straw in 2019−2023 were 3225.68×104 t, 585.08×104 t, 70.36×104 t, and 103.89×104 t, respectively. Straw resources were mainly distributed in Changchun City, Songyuan City, Siping City, Jilin City and Baicheng City, accounting for 32.15%, 19.30%, 14.98%, 10.69%, and 10.07% of the total crop straw, respectively. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) resources from the main crop straw resources in the province were 35.79×104 t, 12.21×104 t, and 57.41×104 t. The nutrient resources of maize, rice, soybean and peanut (N+P2O5+K2O) accounted for 77.12%, 17.54%, 2.20%, and 3.14%, respectively. The seasonally available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) from the main crop straw resources in the province were 18.76×104 t, 8.78×104 t, and 48.66×104 t. The seasonally available resources from maize, rice, soybean and peanut (N+P2O5+K2O) accounted for 77.37%, 17.82%, 1.97%, and 2.84%, respectively. In the main planting areas of the province, the substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by rice straw incorporation per unit sown area was N 27.32 kg/hm2, P2O5 12.56 kg/hm2, and K2O 122.06 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by maize straw incorporation per unit sown area were N 33.47 kg/hm2, P2O5 16.12 kg/hm2, and K2O 80.55 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by soybean straw incorporation per unit sown area were N 20.58 kg/hm2, P2O5 5.15 kg/hm2, and K2O 25.97 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by peanut straw incorporation per unit sown area was N 22.01 kg/hm2, P2O5 8.69 kg/hm2, and K2O 36.56 kg/hm2, respectively. The average substitution percentage of chemical fertilizers by rice straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 15.16%, 18.50%, and 11.06%, respectively. The average substitution percentage of chemical fertilizers by maize straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 15.66%, 19.42%, and 78.13%, respectively. The average substitution percent of chemical fertilizers by soybean straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 27.26%, 6.96%, and 43.35%, respectively. The average substitution percent of chemical fertilizers by peanut straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 17.66%, 9.17%, and 30.85%, respectively. Complete straw return to the field could save about 7.91×108 yuan, 6.22×108 yuan, and 33.09×108 yuan based on the prices of urea, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate, respectively, equivalent to a total of 47.22×108 yuan in chemical fertilizer costs.

Conclusions

Jilin Province is abundant in straw resources, with the straw from major crops amounting to 3985.01×104t, among which corn and rice account for 80.95% and 14.68%, respectively. Complete straw return from major crops to the fields can release available resources of N, P2O5, and K2O of 18.76×104 t, 8.78×104 t, and 48.66×104 t, respectively. Complete straw return can replace approximately 65% of chemical potassium fertilizer input and about 13%−15% of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer inputs, saving 4.722 billion yuan in chemical fertilizer costs. Regional and crop-type differences should be taken into account when coordinating straw incorporation practices to achieve efficient utilization of straw resources, reduce chemical fertilizer application, improve efficiency, and achieve considerable economic benefits.

, authors=Hui LIU1, Xue-yi WANG1, Hai-yang JIANG1, Li-juan YANG1, 2, Yu-feng LIU1, 2, Guo-xian ZHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Hui LIU, Xue-yi WANG, Hai-yang JIANG, Li-juan YANG, Yu-feng LIU, Guo-xian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guo-xian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574827570774238, articleId=1284574826358620370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其还田替代化肥潜力, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

吉林省是全国第四大粮食主产区,秸秆资源丰富,估算吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其全量还田替代化肥潜力,为全省秸秆资源高效利用、化肥减施增效、耕地质量提升以及绿色低碳农业提供科学参考。

方法

基于统计年鉴数据和文献资料,利用草谷比法量化吉林省各市玉米、水稻、大豆和花生4种作物秸秆资源量,估算秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量,并对其替代化肥潜力和经济效益进行评估。

结果

2019—2023年,全省玉米、水稻、大豆和花生秸秆年平均资源量分别为3225.68万t、585.08万t、70.36万t和103.89万t,长春市、松原市、四平市、吉林市和白城市秸秆资源量较高,分别占全省作物秸秆总量的32.15%、19.30%、14.98%、10.69%和10.07%。全省主要作物秸秆氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)理论资源量分别为35.79万t、12.21万t和57.41万t,玉米、水稻、大豆和花生作物养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别占全省的77.12%、17.54%、2.20%和3.14%。全省主要作物秸秆全量还田的N、P2O5和K2O当季有效资源量为18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t,玉米、水稻、大豆和花生4种作物秸秆全量还田的当季有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别占全省的77.37%、17.82%、1.97%和2.84%。按单位播种面积计,水稻秸秆还田的N、P2O5、K2O养分替代潜力分别为 27.32、12.56 和 122.06 kg/hm2,玉米分别为 33.47、16.12、80.55 kg/hm2,大豆分别为 20.58、5.15、25.97 kg/hm2;花生分别为 22.01、8.69、36.56 kg/hm2。基于最佳施肥量计算,水稻秸秆全量还田对N、P2O5和K2O的平均替代比例分别为15.16%、18.50%和11.06%,玉米分别为15.66%、19.42%和78.13%,大豆分别为27.26%、6.96%和43.35%,花生分别为17.66%、9.17%和30.85%。主要作物秸秆全量还田可节约氮肥投入7.91亿元、磷肥投入6.22亿元和钾肥投入33.09亿元,全省合计可节约化肥投入47.22亿元。

结论

吉林省秸秆资源量丰富,主要作物秸秆资源量为3985.01万t,其中玉米和水稻的秸秆资源量分别占80.95%和14.68%。主要作物秸秆全量还田可释放的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)有效资源量分别为18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t,可替代约65%的化学钾肥投入及13%~15%的化学氮肥和磷肥投入,节约化肥投入47.22亿元。在统筹秸秆还田利用时,应考虑区域和作物种类差异,以实现秸秆资源的高效利用和化肥减施增效,从而获得显著的经济效益。

, authors=刘慧1, 王雪怡1, 姜海洋1, 杨丽娟1, 2, 刘玉凤1, 2, 张国显1, 2, *, authorsList=刘慧, 王雪怡, 姜海洋, 杨丽娟, 刘玉凤, 张国显, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张国显, authorNote=

刘慧 E-mail:

王雪怡 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张国显 E-mail:
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Straw-grain ratio, straw nutrient contents, seasonal nutrient release rates of straw, and optimum fertilizer rates of major crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农作物
Crop
草谷比
Straw/grain
ratio
秸秆养分含量 (%)
Straw nutrient content
秸秆当季养分释放率 (%)
Seasonal nutrient release rate of straw
最佳施肥量 (kg/hm2)
Optimum fertilizer rate
NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
水稻 Rice0.890.830.272.0647.1966.6984.91180.2067.90109.90
玉米 Maize1.030.870.311.3454.0473.0384.43213.7083.00103.10
大豆 Soybean1.061.630.391.2752.0654.4184.3075.5074.0059.90
花生 Peanut1.241.660.341.1941.0079.0095.00124.6094.70118.50
), ArticleFig(id=1284574836286538011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要作物草谷比、秸秆养分含量、秸秆还田养分当季释放率和最佳施肥量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农作物
Crop
草谷比
Straw/grain
ratio
秸秆养分含量 (%)
Straw nutrient content
秸秆当季养分释放率 (%)
Seasonal nutrient release rate of straw
最佳施肥量 (kg/hm2)
Optimum fertilizer rate
NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
水稻 Rice0.890.830.272.0647.1966.6984.91180.2067.90109.90
玉米 Maize1.030.870.311.3454.0473.0384.43213.7083.00103.10
大豆 Soybean1.061.630.391.2752.0654.4184.3075.5074.0059.90
花生 Peanut1.241.660.341.1941.0079.0095.00124.6094.70118.50
), ArticleFig(id=1284574839797170462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fertilizer substitution potential of major crop straw incorporation in different cities of Jilin Province based on sown area during 2019−2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun28.8437.7923.1924.1013.2618.205.809.51128.8590.9429.2640.03
吉林市 Jilin26.9632.6821.5114.4712.3915.745.385.71120.4378.6427.1424.04
四平市 Siping29.6639.6922.5233.8113.6419.115.6313.34132.5195.5128.4256.17
辽源市 Liaoyuan26.9834.6025.3220.4012.4116.666.338.05120.5583.2631.9433.88
通化市 Tonghua25.4531.7919.9919.3811.7015.315.007.65113.6876.5125.2332.19
白山市 Baishan26.0930.9019.1018.7511.9914.884.787.40116.5574.3524.1031.14
松原市 Songyuan30.7336.0319.6129.7214.1317.354.9011.73137.2986.7024.7449.36
白城市 Baicheng28.4727.7116.3726.0013.0913.344.0910.26127.1766.6820.6543.20
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
22.7230.0717.6211.4510.4414.484.414.52101.4972.3522.2319.03
平均值 Average27.3233.4720.5822.0112.5616.125.158.69122.0680.5525.9736.56
), ArticleFig(id=1284574839885250847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2023年吉林省各市基于单位播种面积的主要作物秸秆全量还田的化肥替代潜力(kg/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun28.8437.7923.1924.1013.2618.205.809.51128.8590.9429.2640.03
吉林市 Jilin26.9632.6821.5114.4712.3915.745.385.71120.4378.6427.1424.04
四平市 Siping29.6639.6922.5233.8113.6419.115.6313.34132.5195.5128.4256.17
辽源市 Liaoyuan26.9834.6025.3220.4012.4116.666.338.05120.5583.2631.9433.88
通化市 Tonghua25.4531.7919.9919.3811.7015.315.007.65113.6876.5125.2332.19
白山市 Baishan26.0930.9019.1018.7511.9914.884.787.40116.5574.3524.1031.14
松原市 Songyuan30.7336.0319.6129.7214.1317.354.9011.73137.2986.7024.7449.36
白城市 Baicheng28.4727.7116.3726.0013.0913.344.0910.26127.1766.6820.6543.20
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
22.7230.0717.6211.4510.4414.484.414.52101.4972.3522.2319.03
平均值 Average27.3233.4720.5822.0112.5616.125.158.69122.0680.5525.9736.56
), ArticleFig(id=1284574839964942624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fertilizer substitution propertion of major crop straw incorporation in different cities of Jilin Province based on optimum fertilizer amounts during 2019−2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun16.0117.6830.7219.3419.5321.937.8410.04117.2488.2148.8433.78
吉林市 Jilin14.9615.2928.4911.6118.2518.967.276.03109.5876.2745.3120.28
四平市 Siping16.4618.5729.8327.1420.0823.037.6114.09120.5792.6347.4447.40
辽源市 Liaoyuan14.9716.1933.5416.3718.2720.078.568.50109.6980.7653.3328.59
通化市 Tonghua14.1214.8826.4815.5517.2318.456.768.08103.4474.2142.1127.17
白山市 Baishan14.4814.4625.3015.0517.6617.936.467.81106.0572.1140.2426.28
松原市 Songyuan17.0516.8625.9823.8520.8120.906.6312.38124.9284.0941.3141.65
白城市 Baicheng15.8012.9721.6820.8719.2716.085.5310.84115.7264.6834.4836.45
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
12.6114.0723.349.1915.3817.445.954.7792.3570.1837.1116.06
平均值 Average15.1615.6627.2617.6618.5019.426.969.17111.0678.1343.3530.85
), ArticleFig(id=1284574840082383137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2023年吉林省各市基于最佳施肥量的主要作物秸秆全量还田的化肥替代比例(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun16.0117.6830.7219.3419.5321.937.8410.04117.2488.2148.8433.78
吉林市 Jilin14.9615.2928.4911.6118.2518.967.276.03109.5876.2745.3120.28
四平市 Siping16.4618.5729.8327.1420.0823.037.6114.09120.5792.6347.4447.40
辽源市 Liaoyuan14.9716.1933.5416.3718.2720.078.568.50109.6980.7653.3328.59
通化市 Tonghua14.1214.8826.4815.5517.2318.456.768.08103.4474.2142.1127.17
白山市 Baishan14.4814.4625.3015.0517.6617.936.467.81106.0572.1140.2426.28
松原市 Songyuan17.0516.8625.9823.8520.8120.906.6312.38124.9284.0941.3141.65
白城市 Baicheng15.8012.9721.6820.8719.2716.085.5310.84115.7264.6834.4836.45
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
12.6114.0723.349.1915.3817.445.954.7792.3570.1837.1116.06
平均值 Average15.1615.6627.2617.6618.5019.426.969.17111.0678.1343.3530.85
), ArticleFig(id=1284574840183046434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Annual economic benefits of major crop straw incorporation in different cities of Jilin Province during 2019−2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun0.212.060.030.010.171.660.010.011.547.980.050.03
吉林市 Jilin0.150.680.030.000.110.550.010.001.072.650.050.00
四平市 Siping0.050.960.020.020.040.770.010.020.393.720.040.07
辽源市 Liaoyuan0.020.290.010.000.020.240.000.000.151.130.010.00
通化市 Tonghua0.070.210.010.000.050.170.000.000.480.830.020.00
白山市 Baishan0.000.050.020.000.000.040.010.000.000.190.040.01
松原市 Songyuan0.171.230.040.210.131.000.020.141.244.790.070.57
白城市 Baicheng0.250.640.020.040.200.520.010.031.832.500.050.12
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
0.030.270.090.000.030.220.040.000.251.030.180.00
合计 Total0.976.400.250.300.755.170.110.206.9624.820.510.80
), ArticleFig(id=1284574840275321123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826358620370, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2019—2023年吉林省各市主要作物秸秆全量还田替代化肥的年均经济效益(×108 yuan)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
NP2O5K2O
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
水稻
Rice
玉米
Maize
大豆
Soybean
花生
Peanut
长春市 Changchun0.212.060.030.010.171.660.010.011.547.980.050.03
吉林市 Jilin0.150.680.030.000.110.550.010.001.072.650.050.00
四平市 Siping0.050.960.020.020.040.770.010.020.393.720.040.07
辽源市 Liaoyuan0.020.290.010.000.020.240.000.000.151.130.010.00
通化市 Tonghua0.070.210.010.000.050.170.000.000.480.830.020.00
白山市 Baishan0.000.050.020.000.000.040.010.000.000.190.040.01
松原市 Songyuan0.171.230.040.210.131.000.020.141.244.790.070.57
白城市 Baicheng0.250.640.020.040.200.520.010.031.832.500.050.12
延边朝鲜族自治州
Yanbian
0.030.270.090.000.030.220.040.000.251.030.180.00
合计 Total0.976.400.250.300.755.170.110.206.9624.820.510.80
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吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其还田替代化肥潜力
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刘慧 1 , 王雪怡 1 , 姜海洋 1 , 杨丽娟 1, 2 , 刘玉凤 1, 2 , 张国显 1, 2, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 979-993
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 979 -993
吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其还田替代化肥潜力
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刘慧1 , 王雪怡1 , 姜海洋1, 杨丽娟1, 2, 刘玉凤1, 2, 张国显1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2设施园艺教育部重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866
通讯作者:
* 张国显 E-mail:
作者简介:

刘慧 E-mail:

王雪怡 E-mail:

Nutrient resource quantities in major crop straws and their potential for replacing chemical fertilizers through complete return to soil in Jilin Province
Hui LIU1 , Xue-yi WANG1 , Hai-yang JIANG1, Li-juan YANG1, 2, Yu-feng LIU1, 2, Guo-xian ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025349
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目的

吉林省是全国第四大粮食主产区,秸秆资源丰富,估算吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其全量还田替代化肥潜力,为全省秸秆资源高效利用、化肥减施增效、耕地质量提升以及绿色低碳农业提供科学参考。

方法

基于统计年鉴数据和文献资料,利用草谷比法量化吉林省各市玉米、水稻、大豆和花生4种作物秸秆资源量,估算秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量,并对其替代化肥潜力和经济效益进行评估。

结果

2019—2023年,全省玉米、水稻、大豆和花生秸秆年平均资源量分别为3225.68万t、585.08万t、70.36万t和103.89万t,长春市、松原市、四平市、吉林市和白城市秸秆资源量较高,分别占全省作物秸秆总量的32.15%、19.30%、14.98%、10.69%和10.07%。全省主要作物秸秆氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)理论资源量分别为35.79万t、12.21万t和57.41万t,玉米、水稻、大豆和花生作物养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别占全省的77.12%、17.54%、2.20%和3.14%。全省主要作物秸秆全量还田的N、P2O5和K2O当季有效资源量为18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t,玉米、水稻、大豆和花生4种作物秸秆全量还田的当季有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别占全省的77.37%、17.82%、1.97%和2.84%。按单位播种面积计,水稻秸秆还田的N、P2O5、K2O养分替代潜力分别为 27.32、12.56 和 122.06 kg/hm2,玉米分别为 33.47、16.12、80.55 kg/hm2,大豆分别为 20.58、5.15、25.97 kg/hm2;花生分别为 22.01、8.69、36.56 kg/hm2。基于最佳施肥量计算,水稻秸秆全量还田对N、P2O5和K2O的平均替代比例分别为15.16%、18.50%和11.06%,玉米分别为15.66%、19.42%和78.13%,大豆分别为27.26%、6.96%和43.35%,花生分别为17.66%、9.17%和30.85%。主要作物秸秆全量还田可节约氮肥投入7.91亿元、磷肥投入6.22亿元和钾肥投入33.09亿元,全省合计可节约化肥投入47.22亿元。

结论

吉林省秸秆资源量丰富,主要作物秸秆资源量为3985.01万t,其中玉米和水稻的秸秆资源量分别占80.95%和14.68%。主要作物秸秆全量还田可释放的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)有效资源量分别为18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t,可替代约65%的化学钾肥投入及13%~15%的化学氮肥和磷肥投入,节约化肥投入47.22亿元。在统筹秸秆还田利用时,应考虑区域和作物种类差异,以实现秸秆资源的高效利用和化肥减施增效,从而获得显著的经济效益。

作物秸秆  /  养分资源量  /  秸秆还田  /  化肥替代  /  吉林省
Objectives

As the fourth-largest grain-producing province in China, Jilin Province possesses abundant straw resources. Estimating the nutrient resource quantities of major crop straws and their utilization potential under straw return in Jilin Province can provide reference data for the efficient utilization of straw nutrient resources, chemical fertilizer reduction, and green and low-carbon agriculture.

Methods

Based on statistical data and literature, using the straw-to-grain ratio method, the straw biomass, nutrient resource quantities, potential for straw incorporation to substitute nutrient inputs, and economic benefits of four major crops were estimated across different cities of Jilin Province in this study.

Results

The average annual resources of maize, rice, soybean and peanut straw in 2019−2023 were 3225.68×104 t, 585.08×104 t, 70.36×104 t, and 103.89×104 t, respectively. Straw resources were mainly distributed in Changchun City, Songyuan City, Siping City, Jilin City and Baicheng City, accounting for 32.15%, 19.30%, 14.98%, 10.69%, and 10.07% of the total crop straw, respectively. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) resources from the main crop straw resources in the province were 35.79×104 t, 12.21×104 t, and 57.41×104 t. The nutrient resources of maize, rice, soybean and peanut (N+P2O5+K2O) accounted for 77.12%, 17.54%, 2.20%, and 3.14%, respectively. The seasonally available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) from the main crop straw resources in the province were 18.76×104 t, 8.78×104 t, and 48.66×104 t. The seasonally available resources from maize, rice, soybean and peanut (N+P2O5+K2O) accounted for 77.37%, 17.82%, 1.97%, and 2.84%, respectively. In the main planting areas of the province, the substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by rice straw incorporation per unit sown area was N 27.32 kg/hm2, P2O5 12.56 kg/hm2, and K2O 122.06 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by maize straw incorporation per unit sown area were N 33.47 kg/hm2, P2O5 16.12 kg/hm2, and K2O 80.55 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by soybean straw incorporation per unit sown area were N 20.58 kg/hm2, P2O5 5.15 kg/hm2, and K2O 25.97 kg/hm2, respectively. The substitution potential of chemical fertilizers by peanut straw incorporation per unit sown area was N 22.01 kg/hm2, P2O5 8.69 kg/hm2, and K2O 36.56 kg/hm2, respectively. The average substitution percentage of chemical fertilizers by rice straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 15.16%, 18.50%, and 11.06%, respectively. The average substitution percentage of chemical fertilizers by maize straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 15.66%, 19.42%, and 78.13%, respectively. The average substitution percent of chemical fertilizers by soybean straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 27.26%, 6.96%, and 43.35%, respectively. The average substitution percent of chemical fertilizers by peanut straw incorporation based on the optimal fertilization rate was 17.66%, 9.17%, and 30.85%, respectively. Complete straw return to the field could save about 7.91×108 yuan, 6.22×108 yuan, and 33.09×108 yuan based on the prices of urea, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate, respectively, equivalent to a total of 47.22×108 yuan in chemical fertilizer costs.

Conclusions

Jilin Province is abundant in straw resources, with the straw from major crops amounting to 3985.01×104t, among which corn and rice account for 80.95% and 14.68%, respectively. Complete straw return from major crops to the fields can release available resources of N, P2O5, and K2O of 18.76×104 t, 8.78×104 t, and 48.66×104 t, respectively. Complete straw return can replace approximately 65% of chemical potassium fertilizer input and about 13%−15% of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer inputs, saving 4.722 billion yuan in chemical fertilizer costs. Regional and crop-type differences should be taken into account when coordinating straw incorporation practices to achieve efficient utilization of straw resources, reduce chemical fertilizer application, improve efficiency, and achieve considerable economic benefits.

crop straw  /  nutrient resource quantity  /  straw incorporation  /  chemical fertilizers substitution  /  Jilin Province
刘慧, 王雪怡, 姜海洋, 杨丽娟, 刘玉凤, 张国显. 吉林省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及其还田替代化肥潜力. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 979 -993 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025349
Hui LIU, Xue-yi WANG, Hai-yang JIANG, Li-juan YANG, Yu-feng LIU, Guo-xian ZHANG. Nutrient resource quantities in major crop straws and their potential for replacing chemical fertilizers through complete return to soil in Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 979 -993 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025349
随着我国农业现代化进程快速推进,我国粮油作物产量大幅提升,同时作物秸秆也大幅增加,成为影响我国农村面源污染和人居环境的重要限制因素之一。作物秸秆富含氮、磷、钾等无机养分和有机质,秸秆还田可起到培肥土壤、增加作物产量、提高养分利用率的作用,从而实现秸秆资源化利用[12]。科学量化农作物秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力,对推进农业投入品减量、化肥控量增效、加强秸秆综合利用和促进区域农业绿色发展具有重要意义。尽管施用化肥保障了国家粮食安全、实现粮食持续增产稳产[3],然而,为追求高产,大量的化肥被施入土壤。据统计,2015年我国化肥施用量高达361 kg/hm2,远超主要发达国家225 kg/hm2的安全上限,主要农作物的化肥利用率仅为35.2%[4]。长期大量不合理的化肥施用导致土壤薄、瘦、馋、硬等问题日益严重,制约着我国农业的绿色转型与高质量发展[5]。因此,自2015年农业农村部启动《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》以来,实现主要农作物化肥施用量零增长便成为一项明确的政策目标。截止到2022年,我国化肥用量为298.8 kg/hm2,与2015年相比化肥用量减少了15.7%[6]。但我国化肥的施用强度仍然较大,距2025年农业农村部发布《关于加快农业发展全面绿色转型促进乡村生态振兴的指导意见》中要求实现主粮化肥利用率达43%以上的重点目标,还有较大提升空间[7]。秸秆中蕴含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等养分和有机质,前人对我国不同生态类型区和省级尺度上秸秆资源量、氮磷钾养分资源量及替代化肥潜力进行了估算[810],研究表明,2017年我国秸秆全量还田产生的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)有效养分总量分别达758.66万t、238.84万t和1316.36万t,其养分替代潜力相当于当年化肥施用量的34.15% (N)、29.95% (P2O5)和212.40% (K2O)[11]。秸秆替代化肥的施用量和作用效果受环境条件、土壤条件、栽培作物、种植制度、秸秆种类等的影响不同,其替代化肥的潜力亦不同[12]。研究发现,秸秆直接还田可减少烤烟−油菜轮作模式下烤烟季钾肥投入量约30%[13]。玉米秸秆直接还田12 t/hm2,可替代氮肥36.80 t/hm2,达到较好的化肥减施效果[14]。刘淑军等[15]研究发现,中国水稻秸秆还田可替代氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)潜力分别为10.9%~12.5%、11.8%~17.1%和116.0%~123.0%。东北−黄淮海平原小麦、玉米和大豆秸秆当季替代化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)潜力分别为188.88、138.71和38.51 kg/hm2[16]。青藏高原玉米秸秆的钾肥替代潜力最大约为419.18%~6967.54%[17]。江西省水稻秸秆替代氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)潜力分别为9.47%~133.56%、4.07%~52.25%和24.39%~437.16%[18]。河北省主要作物秸秆当季全量还田替代氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)潜力分别为104.8%、15.54%和14.52%[19]。辽宁省玉米和水稻秸秆还田后当季释放出的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)可替代尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾分别为26.42万t、40.41万t和69.58万t,可减少约21.21亿元的化肥投入[20]。此外,秸秆还田替代化肥可降低来自肥料的氮投入,增加作物氮携出,在减少氮素损失的同时促进土壤无机氮向有机氮转化,增加土壤氮盈余,实现农田固氮减排[21]。综上可见,农作物秸秆全量还田可为土壤提供大量的养分和有机质,替代大量的化肥,起到节约化肥投入成本的作用。
吉林省是我国粮食大省,主要农作物产量位居全国第四,2023年主要农作物产量为4182.57万t,秸秆资源储量为4290.95万t,秸秆综合利用空间巨大[22]。但目前吉林省不同农作物的秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力不明,限制了秸秆肥料化利用的政策落地,亟需开展相关研究。本研究基于吉林省统计年鉴数据,利用草谷比法量化了吉林省各市玉米、水稻、大豆和花生4类作物秸秆资源量及其蕴含的氮、磷、钾养分资源量;在此基础上,结合秸秆还田当季有效养分释放率,进一步评估了基于单位面积播种量和最佳施肥推荐量的秸秆全量还田替代化肥潜力,并对其经济效益进行评估,以期为吉林省秸秆资源化利用、化肥减施增效和土壤培肥提供数据支撑和决策参考。
吉林省地处我国东北地区中部,毗邻辽宁省、内蒙古自治区和黑龙江省,并与俄罗斯、朝鲜两国接壤,位居东北亚地理中心,处于北纬40°50′~46°19′,东经121°38′~131°19′ (图1),总面积达18.74万 km2,下辖9个地级市。吉林省地势东南高,西北低,以大黑山为界,东部为山地,中西部为平原,松辽分水岭纵贯吉林省,其北侧为松嫩平原,南侧则属辽河平原。该省地处中纬度欧亚大陆东缘,属温带大陆性季风气候区,自东南向西北呈现出湿润、半湿润至半干旱的气候变化特征。全省全年平均气温为5.7℃,全年降水量618.4 mm,日照为2395 h[23]。全省耕地面积为749.85万 hm2,耕地面积位居全国第四。2019—2023年农作物播种面积平均为580.31万 hm2,其中玉米、水稻、大豆和花生分别为432.81万 hm2、81.22万 hm2、31.02万 hm2和24.58万 hm2,各占全省作物播种面积的74.58%、14.00%、5.35%和4.24%,其他作物(薯类、马铃薯、甜菜、向日葵等)仅占1.84%,因此本研究主要量化玉米、水稻、大豆和花生秸秆养分资源量,并对其替代化肥潜力进行分析。
本研究利用草谷比法,量化吉林省主要农作物的秸秆资源量,利用公式(1)将吉林省不同年限不同区域的主要农作物产量换算为秸秆资源[920, 2425]
吉林省主要农作物秸秆资源量计算公式:
$ {W}_{i}={Y}_{i}\times {R}_{i} $
式中,Wi为吉林省第i种农作物理论秸秆量(t);Yi为吉林省第i种农作物产量(t);Ri为吉林省第i种农作物的草谷比(表1)。
利用主要农作物秸秆平均养分含量,采用公式(2)估算吉林省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量[26]
吉林省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量计算公式:
$ S({N}_{i})={W}_{i}\times {N}_{i} $
式中,SNi)为第i种作物秸秆养分资源量(t);Wi同上;Ni为第i种作物秸秆养分含量(%)。
利用秸秆养分资源量和秸秆当季养分释放率,采用公式(3)计算秸秆全量还田的有效养分资源量[27]
吉林省主要农作物秸秆全量还田的有效养分资源量计算公式:
$ E({N}_{i})=S({N}_{i})\times {P}_{N_{i}} $
式中,${E}{(N_{i})} $为第i种作物秸秆全量还田的有效养分资源量(t);${P}_{N_{i}} $为第i种作物秸秆养分当季释放率(%)(表1)。
利用单位播种面积、秸秆全量还田的有效资源量,采用公式(4)估算基于播种面积的吉林省作物秸秆还田的替代化肥潜力[26]
吉林省作物秸秆全量还田的替代化肥潜力计算公式:
$ {R}_{S_{i}}=E({N}_{i})/{{A}_{i}} $
式中,${R}_{S_{i}} $为基于播种面积的第i种作物秸秆全量还田和直接还田的养分替代化肥的潜力(kg/hm2);Ai为第i种作物的播种面积(hm2)。
利用不同作物最佳施肥量、秸秆全量还田的有效资源量,采用公式(5)估算基于作物最佳施肥量的吉林省作物秸秆还田的替代化肥比例[920]
吉林省作物秸秆全量还田的替代化肥潜力计算公式:
$ {R}_{S'_{i}}=\frac{E({N}_{i})}{{n}_{i}\times {A}_{i}} $
式中,${R}_{S'_{i}} $为基于最佳施肥量第i种作物秸秆全量还田的养分替代化肥的比例(%);ni为第i种作物的最佳施肥量(kg/hm2) (表1)。
将秸秆全量还田的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)有效资源量折算为尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾,依据当前化肥市场价格,采用公式(6)核算秸秆全量还田的经济效益[20]
吉林省主要农作物秸秆全量还田的经济效益计算公式:
$ V({N}_{i})=\frac{E({N}_{i})\times p}{k} $
式中,VNi)为吉林省第i种作物秸秆全量还田的经济效益(元);k为肥料的有效养分含量(%);p为尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾的市场价格(元/t)。
本研究采用的数据来源于《吉林省统计年鉴》,为降低主要作物产量的年际变化波动,在估算秸秆资源量及养分资源量及后续分析时采用2019—2023年的均值。本文吉林省主要作物的草谷比[10, 22, 2829]、秸秆养分含量[9, 3031]、秸秆当季养分释放率[10, 32]以及不同作物最佳施肥量[9]表1。尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾中的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)含量分别取46%、12%和50%;尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾的市场价格,分别取1940、850和3400元/t。
试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2010进行整理计算,采用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,采用Origin 2024b及ArcGIS Pro作图。
2019—2023年,吉林省主要作物秸秆年均资源量为3985.01万t,其中玉米、水稻、大豆和花生秸秆年均资源量为3225.68万t、585.08万t、70.36万t和103.89万t,分别占4种作物秸秆资源总量的80.95%、14.68%、1.77%和2.61%。由图2可知,吉林省主要农作物秸秆资源量分布存在着空间差异。玉米秸秆资源主要分布在长春市、松原市、四平市、吉林市和白城市,各市资源量分别为1037.03万t、622.42万t、483.28万t、344.80万t和324.89万t,分别占全省玉米秸秆资源总量的32.15%、19.30%、14.98%、10.69%和10.07%。白城市、长春市、松原市、吉林市的水稻秸秆资源量分别为153.66万t、129.47万t、104.57万t和90.15万t,分别占全省水稻秸秆资源总量的26.31%、22.17%、17.90%和15.43%。大豆秸秆资源主要分布在延边朝鲜族自治州、松原市、吉林市、长春市、白城市和白山市,各市资源量分别为24.30万t、10.00万t、7.50万t、7.20万t、6.50万t和6.08万t,分别占全省大豆秸秆资源总量的34.54%、14.21%、10.66%、10.23%、9.23%和8.64%。松原市、白城市、四平市、长春市的花生秸秆资源量分别为74.25万t、15.47万t、8.71万t和3.96万t,分别占全省花生秸秆资源总量的71.47%、14.90%、8.38%和3.81%。4种作物秸秆资源总量居于前列的地区为长春市、松原市、四平市、白城市和吉林市,年均秸秆资源量分别为1177.66万t、811.25万t、529.41万t、500.52万t和442.91万t,分别占全省主要作物秸秆年均资源总量的29.55%、20.36%、13.29%、12.56%和11.11%。
图3可知,2019—2023年吉林省4种主要作物秸秆氮(N)养分资源总量年均为35.79万t,占比33.96%,水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆可提供的年均氮养分资源量分别为4.85万t (占比13.57%)、28.06万t (占比78.41%)、1.15万t (占比3.20%)和1.72万t (占比4.82%)。主要作物秸秆磷(P2O5)养分资源总量年均为12.21万t,占比11.58%,其中水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆的磷养分资源量分别为1.58万t (占比12.94%)、10.00万t (占比81.90%)、0.27万t (占比2.25%)和0.35万t (占比2.89%)。4种主要作物秸秆钾(K2O)养分资源总量年均为57.41万t,占比54.46%,来自水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆的钾养分资源量分别为12.05万t (占比20.99%)、43.22万t (占比75.29%)、0.89万t (占比1.56%)和1.24万t (占比2.15%)。总体来看,水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆总养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为18.49万t (占比17.54%)、81.29万t (占比77.12%)、2.31万t (占比2.20%)和3.31万t (占比3.14%)。
水稻秸秆养分资源量较高的地区有白城市(N 1.28万t、P2O5 0.41万t、K2O 3.16万t)、长春市(N 1.07万t、P2O5 0.35万t、K2O 2.67万t)、松原市(N 0.87万t、P2O5 0.28万t、K2O 2.15万t)和吉林市(N 0.75万t、P2O5 0.24万t、K2O 1.86万t),总养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为4.86万t、4.09万t、3.30万t和2.85万t,各占32.16%、27.09%、21.88%和18.87%。
玉米秸秆养分资源量较高的地区有长春市(N 9.02万t、P2O5 3.21万t、K2O 13.90万t)、松原市(N 5.42万t、P2O5 1.93万t、K2O 8.34万t)、四平市(N 4.20万t、P2O5 1.50万t、K2O 6.48万t)、吉林市(N 3.00万t、P2O5 1.07万t、K2O 4.62万t)和白城市(N 2.83万t、P2O5 1.01万t、K2O 4.35万t),总养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为26.13万t、15.69万t、12.17万t、8.69万t和8.18万t,各占36.87%、22.13%、17.18%、12.26%和11.55%。
大豆秸秆养分资源量较高的地区有延边朝鲜族自治州(N 0.40万t、P2O5 0.09万t、K2O 0.31万t)、松原市(N 0.16万t、P2O5 0.04万t、K2O 0.13万t)、吉林市(N 0.12万t、P2O5 0.03万t、K2O 0.10万t)和长春市(N 0.12万t、P2O5 0.03万t、K2O 0.09万t),总养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为0.80万t、0.32万t、0.25万t、0.24万t,各占49.66%、20.43%、15.33%和14.71%。
花生秸秆养分资源量较高的地区有松原市(N 1.24万t、P2O5 0.25万t、K2O 0.88万t)、白城市(N 0.26万t、P2O5 0.05万t、K2O 0.18万t)、四平市(N 0.14万t、P2O5 0.03万t、K2O 0.10万t)和长春市(N 0.07万t、P2O5 0.01万t、K2O 0.05万t),总养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为2.37万t、0.49万t、0.28万t和0.13万t,各占72.43%、15.10%、8.49%和3.86%。
图4可知,2019—2023年,吉林省主要作物秸秆全量还田氮(N)有效养分资源总量年均为18.76万t,占比24.62%,水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆全量还田氮有效养分资源量分别为2.29万t (占比12.20%)、15.17万t (占比80.71%)、0.60万t (占比3.18%)和0.71万t (占比3.76%)。磷(P2O5)有效养分资源总量年均为8.78万t,占比11.53%,其中来自水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆全量还田的磷有效养分资源量分别为1.05万t (占比12.00%)、7.30万t (占比83.17%)、0.15万t (占比1.70%)和0.28万t (占比3.18%)。4种主要作物秸秆全量还田钾(K2O)有效养分资源总量年均为48.66万t,占比63.85%,其中来自水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆全量还田的钾有效养分资源量分别为10.24万t (占比21.03%)、36.49万t (占比75.00%)、0.75万t (占比1.55%)和1.17万t (占比2.41%)。综合来看,水稻、玉米、大豆和花生秸秆全量还田总有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为13.58万t (占比17.82%)、58.96万t (占比77.37%)、1.50万t (占比1.97%)和2.16万t (占比2.84%)。
水稻秸秆全量还田有效养分资源量较高的地区有白城市(N 0.60万t、P2O5 0.28万t、K2O 2.67万t)、长春市(N 0.51万t、P2O5 0.23万t、K2O 2.27万t)、松原市(N 0.41万t、P2O5 0.19万t、K2O 1.83万t)和吉林市(N 0.35万t、P2O5 0.16万t、K2O 1.58万t),总有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为3.57万t、3.01万t、2.43万t和2.09万t,各占32.17%、27.10%、21.89%和18.87%。
玉米秸秆全量还田有效养分资源量较高的地区有长春市(N 4.88万t、P2O5 2.35万t、K2O 11.73万t)、松原市(N 2.93万t、P2O5 1.41万t、K2O 7.04万t)、四平市(N 2.27万t、P2O5 1.09万t、K2O 5.47万t)、吉林市(N 1.62万t、P2O5 0.78万t、K2O 3.90万t)和白城市(N 1.53万t、P2O5 0.74万t、K2O 3.68万t),总有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为18.96万t、11.38万t、8.83万t、6.30万t和5.94万t,各占36.87%、22.13%、17.18%、12.26%和11.55%。
大豆秸秆全量还田有效养分资源量较高的地区有延边朝鲜族自治州(N 0.21万t、P2O5 0.053万t、K2O 0.26万t)、松原市(N 0.08万t、P2O5 0.02万t、K2O 0.11万t)、吉林市(N 0.06万t、P2O5 0.02万t、K2O 0.08万t)和长春市(N 0.06万t、P2O5 0.02万t、K2O 0.08万t),总有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为0.52万t、0.21万t、0.16万t、0.15万t,各占49.81%、20.50%、15.37%和14.76%。
花生秸秆全量还田有效养分资源量较高的地区有松原市(N 0.51万t、P2O5 0.20万t、K2O 0.84万t)、白城市(N 0.11万t、P2O5 0.04万t、K2O 0.17万t)、四平市(N 0.06万t、P2O5 0.02万t、K2O 0.10万t)和长春市(N 0.03万t、P2O5 0.01万t、K2O 0.04万t),总有效养分资源量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为1.54万t、0.32万t、0.18万t和0.08万t,各占72.50%、15.11%、8.50%和3.86%。
2019—2023年吉林省各市单位播种面积主要作物秸秆还田当季替代化肥的潜力如表2所示。主要作物秸秆全量还田当季可释放总养分76.20万t,是作物秸秆理论总养分的72.30%。吉林省主要作物秸秆还田氮 (N)、磷 (P2O5) 和钾 (K2O) 的替代潜力分别为 25.85、10.63 和 66.28 kg/hm2。水稻秸秆还田的氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的替代潜力分别为22.72~30.73、10.44~14.13和101.49~137.29 kg/hm2;水稻主要种植区白城市、长春市、松原市和吉林市,播种面积约占80.21%,全省水稻秸秆还田化肥替代潜力平均为N 27.32 kg/hm2、P2O5 12.56 kg/hm2、K2O 122.06 kg/hm2。玉米秸秆还田的氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的替代潜力分别为27.71~39.69、13.34~19.11和66.68~95.51 kg/hm2;玉米主要种植区长春市、松原市、四平市、白城市和吉林市,播种面积约占86.00%,全省玉米秸秆还田化肥替代潜力平均为N 33.47 kg/hm2、P2O5 16.12 kg/hm2、K2O 80.55 kg/hm2,玉米秸秆的氮肥替代潜力<钾肥的替代潜力,玉米秸秆当季替代化肥 (N+P2O5+K2O) 潜力130.14 kg/hm2。大豆秸秆还田的氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的替代潜力分别为16.37~25.32、4.09~6.33和20.65~31.94 kg/hm2;大豆主要种植区延边朝鲜族自治州、松原市、白城市、吉林市、白山市和长春市,播种面积约占89.27%,全省大豆秸秆还田化肥替代潜力平均为N 20.58 kg/hm2、P2O5 5.15 kg/hm2、K2O 25.97 kg/hm2,大豆秸秆当季替代化肥 (N+P2O5+K2O) 潜力51.70 kg/hm2。花生秸秆还田氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的替代潜力分别为11.45~33.81、4.52~13.34和19.03~40.03 kg/hm2;花生主要种植区松原市、白城市、四平市和长春市,播种面积约占97.33%,全省花生秸秆还田化肥替代潜力平均为N 22.01 kg/hm2、P2O5 8.69 kg/hm2、K2O 36.56 kg/hm2
2019—2023年吉林省各市基于最佳施肥量的主要作物秸秆还田当季的化肥替代比例见表3。全省水稻秸秆还田的氮肥替代比例为12.61%~17.05%,磷肥替代比例为15.38%~20.81%,钾肥替代比例为92.35%~124.92%,平均值分别为15.16%、18.50%和111.06%,松原市、四平市、长春市和白城市的替代化肥比例较大。全省玉米秸秆还田的氮肥替代比例为12.97%~18.57%,磷肥替代比例为16.08%~23.03%,钾肥替代比例为64.68%~92.63%,平均值分别为15.66%、19.42%和78.13%,四平市、长春市、松原市和辽源市的替代比例较大。大豆秸秆还田的氮肥替代比例为21.68%~33.54%,磷肥替代比例为5.53%~8.56%,钾肥替代比例为34.48%~53.55%,平均值分别为27.26%、6.96%和43.35%,辽源市、长春市、四平市和吉林市的替代比例较大。花生秸秆还田的氮肥替代比例为9.19%~27.14%,磷肥替代比例为4.77%~14.09%,钾肥替代比例为16.06%~47.40%,平均值分别为17.66%、9.17%和30.85%,四平市、松原市、白城市和长春市的替代比例较大。吉林省主要作物秸秆全量还田的平均氮 (N)、磷 (P2O5) 和钾 (K2O) 养分替代比例分别为18.94%、13.51%和65.85%。
2019—2023年吉林省各市主要作物秸秆还田替代化肥的经济效益分析(表4)显示,全省主要作物秸秆全量还田可节约7.91亿元的氮肥(占比约15%)、6.22亿元的磷肥(占比约13%)和33.09亿元的钾肥(占比约65%)投入,合计全省可节约47.22亿元。作物秸秆全量还田取得经济效益的排名为长春市>松原市>白城市>四平市>吉林市>延边朝鲜族自治州>通化市>辽源市>白山市。全省水稻秸秆还田可节约0.97亿元的氮肥投入、0.75亿元的磷肥投入和6.96亿元的钾肥投入,合计可节约化肥投入8.67亿元。全省玉米秸秆还田可节约6.40亿元的氮肥投入、5.17亿元的磷肥投入和24.82亿元的钾肥投入,合计可节约化肥投入36.38亿元。全省大豆秸秆还田可节约0.25亿元的氮肥、0.11亿元的磷肥和0.51亿元的钾肥投入,合计可节约化肥投入0.87亿元。全省花生秸秆还田可节约0.30亿元的氮肥投入、0.20亿元的磷肥投入和0.80亿元的钾肥投入,合计可节约化肥投入1.30亿元。
吉林省主要作物秸秆资源量为3985.01万t,秸秆资源丰富。从区域分布来看,吉林省秸秆资源量呈现西部平原农业区和中部平原农业区高、中东部半山农业区低的特征。作物播种面积是驱动秸秆资源空间分布格局的关键因素[33]。吉林省中西部农业区(长春市、松原市、白城市、吉林市和四平市)主要为中部台地平原区和西部冲积平原区,约占全省面积的60%,农作物播种面积约为480.92万hm2,约占全省的84.43%。中东部半山农业区(延边朝鲜族自治州、白山市、辽源市、通化市)面积约占全省面积的40%,多为山地和丘陵,主要作物播种面积较小,占全省作物播种面积的15.57%。作物的单位面积产量也是影响作物秸秆资源量的重要因素之一。而作物单产受种植水平、灌溉条件、土壤条件和作物品种等因素的制约[34]。吉林省中西部农业区地处松辽平原,灌溉条件好,作物单产高,水稻和玉米的平均产量约为8.30和7.18 t/hm2,分别比中东部半山农业区的水稻和玉米平均产量高约14.31%和9.24%。
草谷比的选择是作物秸秆资源量准确估算的关键因素[910, 20, 35]。草谷比受作物种类、种植区域、农业气象条件、耕作制度、施肥管理措施等诸多农业生产条件的影响[36]。前人对全国及不同地区的秸秆资源进行估算时采用了不同的草谷比。宋大利等[9]研究中采用全国的玉米、水稻、大豆和花生的草谷比分别为1.2、1.0、1.6和1.5。刘晓永等[10]研究认为我国东北地区玉米、水稻、大豆和花生的草谷比分别为1.11、0.91、1.29和1.24。姜思琦[28]研究认为吉林省玉米、水稻、大豆、油料作物的草谷比分别在1.04~2.00 (平均1.44)、0.62~1.40 (平均0.94)、1.29~1.7 (平均1.51)和1.84~2.91 (平均2.01)。本研究在估算吉林省玉米、水稻、大豆作物秸秆资源量时采用的是祝延立等[29]关于吉林省主要作物草谷比实地测算结果0.89、1.03和1.06,花生的草谷比则选取刘晓永等[10]研究中东北地区的数值1.24,在一定程度上保证了秸秆资源量估算的准确性。在作物产量一致的情况下,本文估算的玉米和大豆秸秆资源量比采用姜思琦[28]研究中的草谷比估算的玉米和大豆的秸秆资源量分别约低38.19%和29.80%,水稻秸秆资源量约高8.74%;与采用刘晓永等[10]研究中的草谷比估算的秸秆资源量相比,本研究中的玉米和大豆的秸秆资源量分别约低24.55%和17.83%,水稻的秸秆资源量则约高13.18%。这主要是种质资源更新、农业气象条件变化、栽培管理技术升级等导致作物产能提升的结果。因此,在未来政策制定和栽培技术推广时应根据当地最新的草谷比进行重新估算。
作物秸秆富含氮、磷、钾等无机养分和有机质,是重要的农业生产资料。本研究结果表明,吉林省主要作物秸秆的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)养分资源量分别为35.79万t、12.21万t和57.41万t,分别占主要秸秆总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)资源量的33.96%、11.58%和54.46%。这表明作物秸秆的钾含量高于氮和磷,这和作物对钾的吸收高于氮磷,且主要赋存于作物秸秆中的养分代谢规律是一致的[37]。宋大利等研究发现,中国主要农作物秸秆养分中氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)养分资源量分别占总养分量的31.50%、10.00%和58.50%[9];李景等[19]研究发现,河北省秸秆养分资源量中钾(K2O)最高,其次为氮(N)和磷(P2O5),分别占总养分资源量的55.30%、33.22%和11.48%。本研究的结果与前人研究相似,但养分占比有所差异,这主要是由于研究的区域、作物种类、种植面积和结构以及采用的秸秆养分含量参数等不同导致的。不同作物秸秆的养分含量是估算作物秸秆养分资源量的重要依据,其受作物类型、气候环境特点以及施肥习惯等多种因素的影响[10]。与大多数研究一致,本研究采用《中国有机肥料养分志》[30]和《中国有机肥料资源》[31]中各种作物的秸秆养分含量来量化秸秆养分资源量,在一定程度上保证了秸秆养分资源量评估的准确性和一致性。
本研究发现,吉林省主要作物秸秆全量还田后当季可提供氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)有效养分资源量高达18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t,分别占总养分资源量的24.62%、11.53%和63.85%。主要作物秸秆全量还田当季可释放总养分76.20万t,是作物秸秆理论总养分的72.30%。作物秸秆还田后在微生物的作用下逐渐腐解,并不断释放出氮、磷、钾等矿质养分,同时合成有机物质,增加土壤肥力,为作物生长提供养分。因此,秸秆腐解速率决定其为下一季作物提供有效养分的量。前人对秸秆还田腐解速率的研究发现,秸秆当季养分释放率呈现为钾>磷>氮的特征[38],这主要是由于钾主要以离子的形态存在,而氮、磷则以有机物的形态存在于作物的秸秆中,分解的难易程度不同导致的[3940]。王玉龙等[41]研究发现,玉米秸秆的腐解速率(56.79%)>油菜秸秆(55.23%)>烟草秸秆(43.44%);赵庆雷等[42]研究发现,基施69 kg/hm2的氮肥结合泡田15天对黄淮稻麦轮作区水稻季小麦秸秆腐解速率提升幅度最大,约为65.84%,比其他处理约提高了27.09%;李泽毅等[43]研究发现,中深翻还田处理的秸秆腐解率显著高于旋耕还田处理,提高幅度为4.36%~6.25%。大量研究表明,秸秆的养分释放速率受作物类型[39, 4445]、土壤条件[4647]、水肥管理措施[48]、气候类型[44, 46, 49]、还田方式[50]等因素的影响。本研究中玉米、水稻和大豆秸秆的养分释放率参照的是刘晓永等[10]基于文献统计的结果,而花生秸秆还田的养分释放率则参照了吕鹏超等[32]的研究结果,这在一定程度上提高了估算准确度。但吉林省不同地区的秸秆养分释放率存在差异,未来需要更精细的测算和研究,以提高秸秆还田有效养分资源量量化的精度。
秸秆还田可替代部分化肥,减少化肥的施用量,达到减施增效,提高土壤质量的作用[26, 5152]。本研究发现,吉林省主要作物秸秆还田氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)的替代潜力分别为25.85、10.63和66.28 kg/hm2,玉米秸秆的氮肥(N)替代潜力<钾肥(K2O)的替代潜力,这与前人的研究结果[17, 53]一致。本研究发现,吉林省单位播种面积水稻和玉米秸秆的氮肥替代潜力分别为22.72~30.73和27.71~39.69 kg/hm2,与汪秋云等[16]研究发现的东北平原玉米秸秆的替代潜力为20.39~39.85 kg/hm2及刘淑军等[15]研究发现的东北地区水稻秸秆的替代潜力为26.38~32.61 kg/hm2相差不大。本研究发现,吉林省玉米和大豆秸秆当季替代化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)潜力分别为130.14和51.70 kg/hm2,与汪秋云等[16]研究发现东北−黄淮海平原玉米和大豆秸秆当季替代化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)潜力分别为138.71和38.51 kg/hm2相一致。秸秆替代化肥的施用量和作用效果受环境条件、土壤条件、栽培作物、种植制度、秸秆种类等的影响不同,其替代化肥的潜力亦不同[12]。李一等[11]研究发现,我国2017年主要作物(水稻、玉米、小麦、油料作物、薯类等)秸秆全量还田分别可替代当年氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)的肥料量平均约为19.38%、23.28%和166.81%。本研究发现,吉林省主要作物秸秆全量还田的平均氮 (N)、磷 (P2O5) 和钾 (K2O)养分替代比例分别为18.94%、13.51%和65.85%,磷钾养分的替代比例低于全国平均值,原因是吉林省大豆和花生的钾肥替代比例分别只有43.35%和30.85%,水稻秸秆还田替代氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)比例分别为12.61%~17.05%、15.38%~20.81%和92.35%~124.92%,也略低于前人研究提出的东北地区水稻秸秆还田可替代氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)潜力18.15%~22.72%、15.08%~21.25%和156.76%~248.30%[15],这可能与吉林省水稻产量高于东北地区水稻的平均产量有关[54]。因此,在全量还田条件下,吉林省大豆、花生较全国其他区域更需注意补充钾肥,水稻也应注意提高氮磷钾肥的用量。
在实际生产中,秸秆还田替代化肥的潜力和效果还深受秸秆还田率[9]、还田方式[5556]、秸秆养分释放速率与作物养分吸收[57]、栽培管理技术[58]等诸多因素的影响。因此,在实际生产过程中,应因地制宜,选择适宜的秸秆资源化利用方式[59]和还田方式[55],合理配施化肥[60]、施用高效秸秆腐熟剂[6061]等,以实现作物秸秆养分资源的高效利用,集成适宜不同区域、不同作物类型、不同栽培制度的秸秆还田技术模式。
吉林省秸秆资源丰富,2019—2023年全省玉米、水稻、大豆和花生秸秆年平均资源量分别为3225.68万t、585.08万t、70.36万t和103.89万t,其中玉米和水稻的秸秆资源量占比较大,约占80.95%和14.68%,是全省秸秆资源的主要组成部分。主要作物秸秆全量还田释放的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)有效资源量分别为18.76万t、8.78万t和48.66万t;基于种植面积和最佳施肥量,替代N、P2O5和K2O养分的潜力分别为20.58~33.47、5.15~16.12和25.97~122.06 kg/hm2,折合约相当于15.16%~27.26%的氮肥、6.96%~19.42%的磷肥和30.85%~111.06%的钾肥,可节约氮肥投入7.91亿元、磷肥投入6.22亿元和钾肥投入33.09亿元。但在实际生产中,还应针对作物提出具体的化肥替代比例。

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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025349
  • 接收时间:2025-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05
  • 录用日期:2026-03-24
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    1沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2设施园艺教育部重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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