Article(id=1284574826551546281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025386, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756915200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764345600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-29, onlineDate=1784196104895, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196104895, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196104895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196104895, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=965, endPage=978, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574827176497578, articleId=1284574826551546281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Synergistic effects of multiple factors on rice yield in Northeast China, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

Northeast China is a vital grain production region of China. By means of Meta analysis, we studied the synergistic effects of agricultural management practices and climatic factors on rice yield in cold regions, to provide a theoretical basis for high and stable rice production in this area.

Methods

Literature published from 2003 to 2024 was searched on Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases using the keywords “cold region” or “Northeast China” and “rice yield” or “straw return” or “nitrogen application” or “nitrogen cycle”. The studies were then screened based on the following criteria: 1) Field experiments conducted in the three northeastern provinces of China; 2) Included straw return or nitrogen fertilization treatments, with corresponding controls (no straw return or no nitrogen application); 3) Reported complete data with means, standard deviations (SD) or standard errors (SE), and had at least three replicates (n≥3); 4) Provided rice yield data and at least one indicator of soil properties and/or the abundance of a nitrogen - cycling gene. A total of 175 pieces of literature were acquired from 61 observation sites across the three northeastern provinces. Among these, 570 datasets were extracted from 154 publications, and the effects of straw return duration, nitrogen application rate, tillage, and irrigation methods on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties were quantified using a Random Forest model. Additionally, 73 datasets were obtained from the remaining 21 pieces of literature to examine the correlation between nitrogen-cycling functional genes and soil factors to elucidate the underlying microbially-mediated mechanisms.

Results

The random forest model identified soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen application rate as the dominant factors influencing rice yield, with contribution rates of 27.05% and 24.14%, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the combination of deep tillage with film mulching and controlled irrigation (PFM-CI) increased SOC content and rice yield by 20.46% and 36.24%, respectively. Under conditions of nitrogen application at 90−180 kg/hm2, straw return rates of 6000−9000 kg/hm2, and a return duration of 5−10 years, medium -maturing rice varieties exhibited higher yield increases compared with early- and late-maturing varieties. The interaction between nitrification and denitrification processes regulated soil nitrogen forms and availability, thereby significantly affecting rice yield in cold regions. Correlation analysis showed that SOC was positively correlated with the abundance of the denitrification gene nosZ (r=0.84), and the abundance of nosZ was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen (TN) content in the anaerobic paddy soils (r=0.85, P<0.001). SOC also showed a positive correlation with the abundance of the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal gene AOA-amoA (r=0.22).

Conclusions

Rice yield in cold regions is jointly regulated by soil carbon and nitrogen contents as well as microbial transformation processes. Adopting the deep tillage combined with film mulching and controlled irrigation (PFM-CI) mode, optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer-to-straw return ratio, and selecting medium-maturing varieties are key strategies for enhancing rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the cold regions of Northeast China.

, authors=Zhao-ran WANG1, Shun-ying YANG2, Hong-wei ZHAI3, Xin WANG4, Yan-hua SU2, Wei QI1, *, authorsList=Zhao-ran WANG, Shun-ying YANG, Hong-wei ZHAI, Xin WANG, Yan-hua SU, Wei QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574832637481409, articleId=1284574826551546281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=多因子协同作用对我国东北地区水稻产量的影响机制, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

东北地区是我国重要的粮食生产基地。本研究采用整合分析方法(Meta 分析),探究农业管理措施与气候因子对寒地水稻产量的协同作用机制,为区域水稻高产稳产提供理论依据。

方法

基于Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普数据库,以“寒地水稻”“水稻产量”“秸秆还田”“施氮量”“氮循环”为关键词,检索了2003—2024年发表的涉及东北寒地水稻种植的中英文文献,纳入标准包括:1) 试验点位于东北三省;2) 研究包含秸秆还田或氮肥施用的田间试验并设有不还田或不施氮的对照;3) 数据完整,提供平均值、标准差 (或标准误)及重复次数(n≥3);4) 报道水稻产量及至少1项土壤理化指标或氮循环基因丰度。最终纳入东北三省61个观测点的175篇相关文献。其中154篇文献的570组数据用于量化秸秆还田年限、施氮量、耕作及灌溉方式对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响 (随机效应模型);21篇文献的73组数据用于分析氮循环功能基因与土壤因子的相关性,以阐明微生物介导机制。

结果

随机森林模型显示,土壤有机碳(SOC)和施氮量是影响水稻产量的主导因子,贡献率分别为27.05%和24.14%。亚组分析结果显示,深耕结合覆膜控制灌溉(PFM-CI)土壤SOC含量和水稻产量分别提升了20.46%和36.24%。在施氮量为90~180 kg/hm2、秸秆还田量为6000~9000 kg/hm2、还田年限5 ~10年条件下,中熟品种的增产效果优于早熟和晚熟品种。硝化与反硝化速率共同调控土壤氮素形态及其有效性,进而影响寒地水稻产量。相关分析表明,SOC与反硝化基因nosZ丰度呈正相关(r=0.84),nosZ丰度与稻田土壤全氮(TN)呈极显著正相关(r=0.85,P<0.001);SOC与氨氧化古菌基因AOA-amoA丰度也呈正相关(r=0.22)。

结论

寒地水稻产量受土壤碳氮含量及微生物转化过程的协同调控。推广深耕结合覆膜控制灌溉模式、优化氮肥与秸秆还田配比,并选用中熟品种,是提升东北寒地水稻产量和氮素利用效率的关键策略。

, authors=王兆然1, 杨顺瑛2, 翟宏伟3, 王欣4, 苏彦华2, 齐伟1, *, authorsList=王兆然, 杨顺瑛, 翟宏伟, 王欣, 苏彦华, 齐伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=齐伟, authorNote=

王兆然 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 齐伟 E-mail:
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Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2019, 33(2): 165−174., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574832889139650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574832893333955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574832889139650, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574832901722564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574832889139650, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东农业大学资源与环境学院,山东泰安 271018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574832964637125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574832973025734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574832964637125, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Nanjing Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211135, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574832981414343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574832964637125, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院南京土壤研究所,江苏南京 211135)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574834596221384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574834604609993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574834596221384, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Rice Research Institute of Fangzheng County, Heilongjiang Province, Fangzheng, Heilongjiang 150899, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574834612998602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574834596221384, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3黑龙江省方正县水稻研究院,黑龙江方正 150899)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574834709467595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574834717856204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574834709467595, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Fujin Agriculture and Rural Bureau / Fujin Rural Revitalization and Development Service Center, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 156199, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574834726244813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, companyId=1284574834709467595, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4黑龙江省佳木斯市富锦市农业农村局 /富锦市乡村振兴发展服务中心,黑龙江富锦 156199)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574841168695802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatial distribution of experimental sites in this study, figureFileSmall=hb19SdVtTlSIcSC1klcV5w==, figureFileBig=06nneE7N0Q7IPOk9krn46A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841235804667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图1, caption=本研究中试验点分布, figureFileSmall=hb19SdVtTlSIcSC1klcV5w==, figureFileBig=06nneE7N0Q7IPOk9krn46A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841445519868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Regression relationships between Logarithm of soil physicochemical properties and the effect size (lnR) of rice yield, figureFileSmall=0+OcsAT+eLcfFfgJGsxXPg==, figureFileBig=V4hwwKceExArXlF/QkPt+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841508434429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤理化性质对数与水稻产量效应值(lnR)的回归关系

注:灰色区域表示效应值的95%置信区间;TN—全氮;AN—碱解氮;C/N—碳氮比;BD—容重;SOC—土壤有机碳;NH4+-N—铵态氮;EC—电导率。

, figureFileSmall=0+OcsAT+eLcfFfgJGsxXPg==, figureFileBig=V4hwwKceExArXlF/QkPt+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841588126206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different straw return duration on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=c+dXlSFbOgKKc6w2LQnf6A==, figureFileBig=5hVaKhs3SCPEz7YxCAw7xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841667817983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同秸秆还田年限对水稻产量及土壤理化指标的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮; SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=c+dXlSFbOgKKc6w2LQnf6A==, figureFileBig=5hVaKhs3SCPEz7YxCAw7xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841739121152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different rice varieties on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=oqgSCR6E66wYCSzr3q4riw==, figureFileBig=Zb/DidXXcQ+gUiDB8oye/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574841831395841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同水稻品种对水稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=oqgSCR6E66wYCSzr3q4riw==, figureFileBig=Zb/DidXXcQ+gUiDB8oye/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843483951618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of rice yield and soil physicochemical properties under different tillage methods, figureFileSmall=cAieuJFcFy5QFL9BmKAW/g==, figureFileBig=OXvqtRNg1cymR1Eh9GYrxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843567837699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同耕作方式下水稻产量及土壤理化性状的变化

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=cAieuJFcFy5QFL9BmKAW/g==, figureFileBig=OXvqtRNg1cymR1Eh9GYrxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843639140868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different irrigation methods on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=AUNTLUfz4iGo+0uwDcmv3g==, figureFileBig=kPCNKT70DOISwfy4L7fUag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843727221253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同灌溉方式对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=AUNTLUfz4iGo+0uwDcmv3g==, figureFileBig=kPCNKT70DOISwfy4L7fUag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843806913030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of straw returning amount (a) and returning method (b) on rice yield and soil physicochemical indices, figureFileSmall=7H7UB0AsFsY60dbD2hzmsQ==, figureFileBig=jfE6B9Saiyv2Fxqjisi2Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843899187719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图7, caption=秸秆还田量(a)与还田方式(b)对水稻产量及土壤理化指标的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=7H7UB0AsFsY60dbD2hzmsQ==, figureFileBig=jfE6B9Saiyv2Fxqjisi2Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574843970490888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different nitrogen application levels on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=HqPVgM83NZtCDZYwtEpULA==, figureFileBig=K6zU0Pw0lWMrr1JLMvaqdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844050182665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同施氮水平对水稻产量及土壤理化指标的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=HqPVgM83NZtCDZYwtEpULA==, figureFileBig=K6zU0Pw0lWMrr1JLMvaqdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844129874442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of different accumulated temperatures on rice yield, soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=NwUnPn1xH4kegfMZ9zn4Ew==, figureFileBig=71U2N050UbxPTjOpeMZBfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844184400395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同活动积温对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响

注:虚线表示效应值为0的参考线。AN—碱解氮;SOC—土壤有机碳;TN—全氮;BD—容重。括号中的数字表示样本量。土壤样品取自0—20 cm深度。

, figureFileSmall=NwUnPn1xH4kegfMZ9zn4Ew==, figureFileBig=71U2N050UbxPTjOpeMZBfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844251509260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Pearson correlation heatmap between the abundance of nitrogen cycling functional genes and soil physicochemical properties, figureFileSmall=ONGYcUo2SLUsX8HS6ejeAQ==, figureFileBig=AH1Zi7D3TTEiRns4QPghfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844339589645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图10, caption=氮循环功能基因丰度与土壤理化因子的Pearson相关性热图

注:SOC—土壤有机碳;C/N—碳氮比;NH4+-N—铵态氮;NO3-N—硝态氮;BD—容重;AN—碱解氮;TN—全氮。*—P<0.05,**—P<0.01,***—P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=ONGYcUo2SLUsX8HS6ejeAQ==, figureFileBig=AH1Zi7D3TTEiRns4QPghfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844402504206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Relative contributions of multiple factors to rice yield (a) and their associated path analysis (b), figureFileSmall=JMckyWNNPGYcY1HOyrU31A==, figureFileBig=bQp45tlM0Lcr5V7HsC+ang==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574844473807375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574826551546281, language=CN, label=图11, caption=影响水稻产量的多因子相对贡献率(a)及其路径分析(b)

注:(a)图中,TN—全氮;AN—碱解氮;MAP—年平均降雨量;C/N—碳氮比;MAT—年平均温度;SOC—土壤有机碳;SV—土壤理化因子指标,包括有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、全氮(TN)和碳氮比(C/N);MP—田间管理措施,包括施氮量、灌溉方式、耕作方式、秸秆还田量与还田方式;CF—气候因子,包括年平均温度和降水量;Other—其他因素,包括土壤类型、水稻品种。(b)图描述了主要变量之间及其与水稻产量的关系,红色箭头表示变量间的路径系数,箭头旁的数字为标准化路径系数。*—P<0.05;**—P<0.01;***—P<0.001。

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多因子协同作用对我国东北地区水稻产量的影响机制
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王兆然 1 , 杨顺瑛 2 , 翟宏伟 3 , 王欣 4 , 苏彦华 2 , 齐伟 1, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 965-978
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 965 -978
多因子协同作用对我国东北地区水稻产量的影响机制
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王兆然1 , 杨顺瑛2, 翟宏伟3, 王欣4, 苏彦华2, 齐伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东农业大学资源与环境学院,山东泰安 271018
  • 2中国科学院南京土壤研究所,江苏南京 211135
  • 3黑龙江省方正县水稻研究院,黑龙江方正 150899
  • 4黑龙江省佳木斯市富锦市农业农村局 /富锦市乡村振兴发展服务中心,黑龙江富锦 156199
通讯作者:
* 齐伟 E-mail:
作者简介:

王兆然 E-mail:

Synergistic effects of multiple factors on rice yield in Northeast China
Zhao-ran WANG1 , Shun-ying YANG2, Hong-wei ZHAI3, Xin WANG4, Yan-hua SU2, Wei QI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
  • 2Nanjing Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211135, China
  • 3Rice Research Institute of Fangzheng County, Heilongjiang Province, Fangzheng, Heilongjiang 150899, China
  • 4Fujin Agriculture and Rural Bureau / Fujin Rural Revitalization and Development Service Center, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 156199, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025386
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目的

东北地区是我国重要的粮食生产基地。本研究采用整合分析方法(Meta 分析),探究农业管理措施与气候因子对寒地水稻产量的协同作用机制,为区域水稻高产稳产提供理论依据。

方法

基于Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普数据库,以“寒地水稻”“水稻产量”“秸秆还田”“施氮量”“氮循环”为关键词,检索了2003—2024年发表的涉及东北寒地水稻种植的中英文文献,纳入标准包括:1) 试验点位于东北三省;2) 研究包含秸秆还田或氮肥施用的田间试验并设有不还田或不施氮的对照;3) 数据完整,提供平均值、标准差 (或标准误)及重复次数(n≥3);4) 报道水稻产量及至少1项土壤理化指标或氮循环基因丰度。最终纳入东北三省61个观测点的175篇相关文献。其中154篇文献的570组数据用于量化秸秆还田年限、施氮量、耕作及灌溉方式对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响 (随机效应模型);21篇文献的73组数据用于分析氮循环功能基因与土壤因子的相关性,以阐明微生物介导机制。

结果

随机森林模型显示,土壤有机碳(SOC)和施氮量是影响水稻产量的主导因子,贡献率分别为27.05%和24.14%。亚组分析结果显示,深耕结合覆膜控制灌溉(PFM-CI)土壤SOC含量和水稻产量分别提升了20.46%和36.24%。在施氮量为90~180 kg/hm2、秸秆还田量为6000~9000 kg/hm2、还田年限5 ~10年条件下,中熟品种的增产效果优于早熟和晚熟品种。硝化与反硝化速率共同调控土壤氮素形态及其有效性,进而影响寒地水稻产量。相关分析表明,SOC与反硝化基因nosZ丰度呈正相关(r=0.84),nosZ丰度与稻田土壤全氮(TN)呈极显著正相关(r=0.85,P<0.001);SOC与氨氧化古菌基因AOA-amoA丰度也呈正相关(r=0.22)。

结论

寒地水稻产量受土壤碳氮含量及微生物转化过程的协同调控。推广深耕结合覆膜控制灌溉模式、优化氮肥与秸秆还田配比,并选用中熟品种,是提升东北寒地水稻产量和氮素利用效率的关键策略。

水稻产量  /  Meta分析  /  秸秆还田  /  施氮量  /  碳氮循环  /  功能基因  /  东北寒地
Objectives

Northeast China is a vital grain production region of China. By means of Meta analysis, we studied the synergistic effects of agricultural management practices and climatic factors on rice yield in cold regions, to provide a theoretical basis for high and stable rice production in this area.

Methods

Literature published from 2003 to 2024 was searched on Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases using the keywords “cold region” or “Northeast China” and “rice yield” or “straw return” or “nitrogen application” or “nitrogen cycle”. The studies were then screened based on the following criteria: 1) Field experiments conducted in the three northeastern provinces of China; 2) Included straw return or nitrogen fertilization treatments, with corresponding controls (no straw return or no nitrogen application); 3) Reported complete data with means, standard deviations (SD) or standard errors (SE), and had at least three replicates (n≥3); 4) Provided rice yield data and at least one indicator of soil properties and/or the abundance of a nitrogen - cycling gene. A total of 175 pieces of literature were acquired from 61 observation sites across the three northeastern provinces. Among these, 570 datasets were extracted from 154 publications, and the effects of straw return duration, nitrogen application rate, tillage, and irrigation methods on rice yield and soil physicochemical properties were quantified using a Random Forest model. Additionally, 73 datasets were obtained from the remaining 21 pieces of literature to examine the correlation between nitrogen-cycling functional genes and soil factors to elucidate the underlying microbially-mediated mechanisms.

Results

The random forest model identified soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen application rate as the dominant factors influencing rice yield, with contribution rates of 27.05% and 24.14%, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the combination of deep tillage with film mulching and controlled irrigation (PFM-CI) increased SOC content and rice yield by 20.46% and 36.24%, respectively. Under conditions of nitrogen application at 90−180 kg/hm2, straw return rates of 6000−9000 kg/hm2, and a return duration of 5−10 years, medium -maturing rice varieties exhibited higher yield increases compared with early- and late-maturing varieties. The interaction between nitrification and denitrification processes regulated soil nitrogen forms and availability, thereby significantly affecting rice yield in cold regions. Correlation analysis showed that SOC was positively correlated with the abundance of the denitrification gene nosZ (r=0.84), and the abundance of nosZ was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen (TN) content in the anaerobic paddy soils (r=0.85, P<0.001). SOC also showed a positive correlation with the abundance of the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal gene AOA-amoA (r=0.22).

Conclusions

Rice yield in cold regions is jointly regulated by soil carbon and nitrogen contents as well as microbial transformation processes. Adopting the deep tillage combined with film mulching and controlled irrigation (PFM-CI) mode, optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer-to-straw return ratio, and selecting medium-maturing varieties are key strategies for enhancing rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the cold regions of Northeast China.

rice yield  /  meta-analysis  /  straw return  /  nitrogen application rate  /  C-N cycle  /  functional genes  /  cold region of Northeast China
王兆然, 杨顺瑛, 翟宏伟, 王欣, 苏彦华, 齐伟. 多因子协同作用对我国东北地区水稻产量的影响机制. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 965 -978 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025386
Zhao-ran WANG, Shun-ying YANG, Hong-wei ZHAI, Xin WANG, Yan-hua SU, Wei QI. Synergistic effects of multiple factors on rice yield in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 965 -978 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025386
东北地区是我国重要的粮食生产基地,其中黑龙江省粮食总产量连续15年位居全国第一,被称为“中国粮食安全的压舱石”。黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省寒地水稻的种植面积和总产均居全国首位,在保证口粮安全战略中具有不可替代的地位[1]。然而,该地区气候寒冷、积温不足、土壤冻结期长等自然条件,严重限制了土壤养分转化与水稻高产潜力的发挥[23]。土壤有机碳(SOC)和氮素是衡量土壤肥力的核心指标,二者通过影响土壤结构、养分供应及微生物活性,共同调控作物的生长发育[45]。研究表明,在寒地生态系统中,低温不仅抑制土壤微生物活性,还显著降低SOC矿化和氮转化速率,进一步加剧了水稻高产与水肥资源高效利用之间的矛盾[67]
秸秆还田与氮肥施用是改善土壤肥力、提升作物产量的重要农业管理措施[8]。然而,其效应受到还田方式、氮肥用量、耕作制度及气候因子等多重因素的交互影响[910]。近年来,黑土有机质下降问题已得到广泛关注;而秸秆还田被认为是阻控黑土有机质退化、维系农田可持续性的必要措施。在积温限制的寒地稻作区,秸秆还田条件下多因子协同作用机制、土壤−微生物−作物系统的级联响应与反馈机制,以及这一模式对水稻产量的中−长期效应等都是亟待明晰的科学问题[11]
Meta分析作为一种高效的统计方法,能够整合大量独立研究结果以揭示潜在规律,尤其适用于多因子互作与非线性响应等复杂农业生态问题的研究[12]。目前,针对东北寒地水稻生产系统中碳氮循环阈值效应及其微生物驱动机制的研究仍存在不足。为此,本研究进一步分析氮循环功能基因丰度及其与土壤理化因子的关系,以深化微生物对碳氮协同作用驱动机制的认识[13]
本研究通过整合2003—2024年东北寒地水稻区公开发表的文献数据,运用Meta分析、随机森林模型及结构方程模型等方法,旨在:1)量化秸秆还田、施氮量、耕作与灌溉方式等对水稻产量及土壤肥力的综合效应;2)阐明氮循环关键功能基因与土壤因子的耦合关系,从微生物途径揭示碳氮协同机制;3)明确多因子互作对寒地水稻产量的贡献,并提出优化调控路径,梳理适合寒地水稻可持续高产和养分高效利用的综合管理模式。
基于Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普数据库,系统检索2003—2024年发表的涉及东北寒地水稻种植的中英文文献。中英文检索词分别包括:“寒地水稻”“水稻产量”“秸秆还田”“施氮量”“氮循环”,英文检索式为(“cold region” OR“Northeast China”) AND (“rice yield” OR “straw return” OR “nitrogen application” OR “nitrogen cycle”)。文献筛选遵循预设的纳入与排除标准[14]。纳入标准包括:1) 试验位于东北三省;2) 研究包含秸秆还田或氮肥施用的田间试验并设有不还田或不施氮的对照;3) 数据完整,提供平均值、标准差(或标准误)及重复次数(n≥3);4) 报道水稻产量及至少一项土壤理化指标或氮循环基因丰度。排除标准包括:1)重复发表的文献;2) 数据不全或无法获取有效数据的文献;3) 非田间试验或研究类型不符的文献(如综述、会议摘要等);4) 未设置合理对照或样本量不足(n<3)的研究。
关键词初级检索共获得文献943篇。经逐层筛选,最终纳入175篇符合上述检索标准的文献用于Meta分析。其中,154篇文献 (570组数据)用于分析管理措施对产量及土壤理化性质的影响,21篇文献(73组数据)用于分析功能基因与土壤理化指标间的相关性。
从符合要求的文献中提取以下信息:1)文献基本信息 (作者、发表年份);2)试验点信息 (地点、年份);3)田间管理措施 (秸秆还田量及年限、施氮量、耕作方式、灌溉模式、水稻品种);4)结果数据,水稻产量(yield),土壤理化指标包括有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、容重(BD)、pH、碳氮比(C/N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、电导率(EC),及功能基因丰度的均值、标准差(SD)或标准误(SE)和重复次数(n)。所有原始数据优先从文献表格中直接获取。图表数据采用GetData Graph digitizer 软件(http://www.getdata-graph-digitizer.com/)提取,该软件提取数值与原始数据的平均相对误差通常可控制在1%以内,具有较好可靠性。若文献仅提供标准误(SE),则通过公式$ S D\text{=SE}\sqrt{n} $转化为标准差(SD)[15]。对于n>3但未报告变异信息的文献,使用R语言“metagear”包估算标准差。
根据处理组和对照组的均值计算响应比(response ratio,R),并以其自然对数(lnR)作为效应值。效应值的正、负则分别代表正面和负面效应。计算公式[16]如下:
$ {\mathrm{R}}=\frac{{X}_{t}}{{X}_{c}} $
$ \ln {\mathrm{R}}=\ln\left(\frac{{X}_{t}}{{X}_{c}}\right)=\ln{{(X}}_{t})-\ln{X}_{c}) $
式中,$ {X}_{t}\text{和}{X}_{c} $ 分别表示处理组和对照组的均值。效应值(lnR)的方差($ {v}_{i} $)基于重复数(n)和标准差(SD)计算,计算公式如下:
$ {v}_{i}=\frac{S D_{t}^{\text{2}}}{{n}_{t}\text{×}X_{t}^{\text{2}}}\text+\frac{S D_{c}^{\text{2}}}{{n}_{c}\text{×}X_{c}^{\text{2}}} $
式中,$ S D_{t}^{\text{2}} $$ S D_{c}^{\text{2}} $分别为处理组和对照组的标准差,$ {n}_{t} $$ {n}_{c} $分别为处理组和对照组的重复数(样本量)。每个效应量的权重($ \omega $)由其方差的倒数决定。使用方程式(4)计算效应值的权重[17]
$ \omega =\frac{\text{1}}{{v}_{i}} $
首先采用MetaWin 2.1软件对效应量进行合并,并计算95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)[18]。随后利用GraphPad Prism 10软件基于上述结果绘制森林图。若95% CI不包含0,表明处理效应在0.05水平上显著[19]
通过Q统计量(及其对应的组间异质性统计量Qb)和I2指数评估异质性。若I2>50%且Q检验P<0.05,表明存在显著异质性。其中,Qb统计量用于亚组分析,其显著性(P<0.05)表明不同亚组间效应量存在统计学差异,即该分组因素是异质性的重要来源。本研究基于秸秆还田年限、施氮量、耕作方式及灌溉方式等因子进行亚组分析,以探寻异质性来源。
使用R语言“Random Forest”包进行随机森林分析,以评估各环境因子对水稻产量的相对贡献率。采用结构方程模型(SEM,Amos Graphics软件)综合分析田间管理措施与土壤SOC、AN和TN及其水稻产量间的路径关系,模型拟合优度通过多个统计指标进行评价:卡方检验的P值为0.361 (>0.05),表明模型与观测数据的协方差矩阵无显著差异;Tucker-Lewis 指数(TLI)和比较拟合指数(CFI)分别为0.98和0.99 (均>0.90的理想标准),说明模型拟合优良;拟合优度指数(GFI)为0.97 (>0.90),表明模型能解释绝大部分数据方差;近似均方根误差(RMSEA)为0.039 (<0.05),反映模型的近似误差极低。综上所述,所有拟合指标均达到理想标准,表明模型拟合良好。
本研究数据集涵盖了东北三省主要水稻种植区(图1),包括黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省的61个观测点,其地理分布具有良好的区域代表性。
基于570组数据的随机效应Meta回归分析结果(图2)表明,土壤碱解氮与水稻产量呈极显著正相关 (P<0.001),土壤有机碳与水稻产量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。全氮、碳氮比和铵态氮与产量均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤容重与产量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);电导率与产量呈极显著负相关 (P<0.001)。进一步分析发现,土壤pH与产量之间存在非线性关系(图2f)。回归模型拟合结果表明,当pH值在6.5~7.5范围内时,对产量的促进效应最为明显;而超出该范围,无论过酸或过碱均对产量产生不利影响。尽管东北黑土区农田土壤pH普遍处于该适宜范围,但本研究进一步明确,即使在普遍适宜的pH背景下,寻求更优的微域pH值对于寒地水稻产量的进一步提升仍具有重要意义。
秸秆还田是保证土壤有机碳收支平衡和提高土壤有机质含量的重要措施。本研究基于276组有效数据,分析了不同秸秆还田年限下的水稻产量及土壤碱解氮、有机碳、全氮和容重等土壤理化因子效应值的变化(图3)。异质性检验结果显示,组间异质性显著(Qb=12.6326,P<0.05),表明秸秆还田年限是调控产量和相关土壤指标响应差异的重要因子。具体而言,在3~5年与5~10年两个阶段,秸秆还田对水稻产量及土壤碱解氮、有机碳和全氮含量均表现出显著正效应,各指标效应值的95%置信区间(CI)均不包含0。从各亚组效应值的变化趋势看,响应程度随还田年限增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在5~10年时段达到峰值。该时段各指标的效应值分别为:水稻产量,0.2532 [95%CI (0.2072, 0.2992)];碱解氮,0.0894 [95%CI (0.0382, 0.1406)];土壤有机质,0.1101 [95%CI (0.0999, 0.2189)];全氮,0.1017 [95%CI (0.0551, 0.1583)]。
与养分指标不同,长期秸秆还田(>10年)对土壤容重的效应值为负,表明长期秸秆还田显著降低土壤容重,故有利于改善土壤物理结构。然而短期还田(<5年)对土壤容重的影响并不显著,表明秸秆还田对土壤物理性质的改良效应可能需要更长时间才能显现。综上所述,秸秆还田年限对土壤物理性质的影响存在显著阈值效应:5~10年的秸秆还田可显著提升土壤养分有效性并促进水稻增产;而土壤物理结构的改善则需较长的秸秆还田期限(>10年)。
基于95%置信区间(CI)的合并效应值分析表明,秸秆还田处理可显著提高不同熟期水稻品种的产量及土壤理化指标(碱解氮、有机碳、全氮)含量(各指标效应值的95% CI均不包含0),并显著降低土壤容重 (效应值的95%CI不包含0)。这表明,连续秸秆还田对改善土壤肥力具有显著的促进作用。具体来看,中熟品种产量对秸秆还田的响应最为显著,效应值为0.2846 [95%CI (0.2451,0.3141)],且土壤容重效应值为−0.0478 [95%CI (−0.1196,−0.0121)],变化相对较大(图4)。土壤肥力指标同步改善,秸秆还田通过驱动土壤有机碳积累,增强了土壤阳离子交换能力,进而提升了氮素供应能力及其缓冲性能。是秸秆还田促进水稻增产的重要机制。
耕作方式通过调控土壤理化性质而间接影响水稻产量。分析秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式对水稻产量及土壤理化指标的影响(图5),包括深耕、旋耕与免耕3种耕作方式。从效应值来看,深耕模式在水稻产量及土壤碱解氮、土壤有机碳和全氮方面均表现出最高的正效应,其效应值分别为0.2726 [95%CI (0.1977, 0.3475)]、0.0836 [95%CI (0.0709, 0.0963)]、0.0954 [95%CI (0.0717, 0.1191)]和0.2726 [95%CI (0.1969, 0.3483)]。旋耕次之,免耕的效应值最低。从土壤容重效应值的变化来看,旋耕显著降低土壤容重,效应值为−0.0319 [95%CI (−0.0410, −0.0199)];而深耕和免耕对土壤容重的影响不显著,效应值分别为−0.0415 [95%CI (−0.1553,0.0412)]和−0.0112 [95%CI (−0.0811, 0.0412)]。综合以上分析,深耕模式在提升秸秆还田的增产和土壤培肥效应方面潜力最大。
为探究不同灌溉方式下水稻产量及土壤理化性质对秸秆还田措施的响应,本研究整合了229组长期定位试验数据,对传统淹水灌溉(continuous flooding irrigation, CFI′)、控制灌溉(controlled irrigation, CI, 70%~80% CFI′)、覆膜控制灌溉(plastic film mulching with controlled irrigation, PFM-CI)和干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and drying, AWD) 4种方式进行分析(图6)。其中PFM-CI的产量效应值最高,为0.2595 [95%CI (0.1586, 0.3975)],对土壤碱解氮、有机碳、全氮的促进效应也最高,其效应值分别为0.1227 [95%CI (0.0819, 0.1435)]、0.2101 [95%CI (0.1758, 0.2444)]、0.1610 [95%CI (0.1100, 0.2070)],具体而言,深耕结合覆膜控制灌溉(PFM-CI)土壤 SOC含量和水稻产量分别提升了20.46%和36.24%。AWD和CI次之,均显著优于传统CFI′灌溉模式。同时,PFM-CI和CI有助于降低土壤容重(BD),而传统淹水灌溉则表现出一定的土壤压实效应。由以上分析可知,不同灌溉方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力属性的总体效应规律为:PFM-CI>CI≈AWD>CFI′。
基于276组长期定位试验数据,分析秸秆还田量及还田方式对水稻产量和土壤理化性质的影响。从总体效应看,秸秆还田对水稻产量和土壤碱解氮、有机碳、全氮含量均表现出正向效应,同时对土壤容重表现为负效应(即降低容重)。在不同还田量水平下,当还田量为6000~9000 kg/hm2时,各指标的效应值最高(图7a),分别为:水稻产量,0.3163 [95%CI (0.2609, 0.3413)];土壤碱解氮,0.0894 [95%CI (0.0722, 0.1066)];有机碳,0.1313 [95%CI (0.1032, 0.1594)];全氮,0.1736 [95%CI (0.1311, 0.2161)];土壤容重,−0.0237 [95%CI (−0.0396, −0.0078)]。秸秆还田量>9000 kg/hm2时,效应值反而有所降低,可能是由于秸秆量过大,C/N比失衡,而发生微生物与水稻“争氮”现象,消耗了土壤中的碱解氮和全氮,不利于水稻增产。由(图7b)可见,在不同还田方式中,经堆沤或家畜过腹后的秸秆间接还田(IR),提升水稻产量及土壤碱解氮、有机碳、全氮和容重(负值)的效应均优于传统的翻压还田(SI)和覆盖还田(MR)。其中覆盖还田的效果最差。因此,通过堆沤或过腹处理等的秸秆还田是提高其增碳和补充矿质养分的必要措施。
通过对289组数据分析发现,氮肥施用是保证水稻产量和维持土壤肥力的重要措施。在东北稻田中,施氮量为90~180 kg/hm2时,水稻产量及土壤碱解氮、有机碳、全氮和容重的效应值均为最高(图8),分别为0.2767 [95%CI (0.2617, 0.2917)]、0.0875 [95%CI (0.0711, 0.1039)]、0.0977 [95%CI (0.0642, 0.1312)]、0.1242 [95%CI (0.0681, 0.1803)]和−0.0280 [95%CI (−0.0478, −0.0082)]。当施氮量低于90 kg/hm2时,水稻产量和土壤指标的效应值均未达到最优,说明氮素供应不足限制了水稻产量和土壤养分的提升。当施氮量>180 kg/hm2时,东北水稻的产量效应值降至0.2021 [95%CI (0.1835, 0.2207)],表明较高的施氮量并不利于寒地水稻产量的进一步提高。
活动积温是指作物在某一生长时段或整个生长季内逐日平均温度≥10℃的温度累积总和。该气候因子对区域作物布局和熟制起决定作用[20]。东北寒地水稻生产通常需满足最低活动积温>2100℃,基于289组相关数据,分析水稻产量及土壤指标在3个不同活动积温梯度(2100℃~2500℃、2500℃~2800℃和>2800℃)下对秸秆还田措施的响应特征(图9)。积温对土壤容重的影响不显著。在2500℃~2800℃积温范围内,各项指标(除土壤容重外)均表现出最为显著的正效应,效应值分别为:水稻产量,0.2004 [95%CI (0.1801, 0.2207)];碱解氮,0.1605 [95%CI (0.1448, 0.1762)];有机碳,0.1030 [95%CI (0.0570, 0.1490)]和全氮,0.1636 [95%CI (0.0995, 0.2277)]。表明积温并非越高越好,在2500℃~2800℃积温条件下的东北寒地稻作区,实施秸秆还田最有利于实现高产与培肥土壤的协同目标。
nirKnirSnosZ基因是影响反硝化速率的关键基因,丰度受NO3-N、全氮及土壤pH等环境因素的调控。由相关性分析结果(图10)可知,NO3-N含量与nirK基因的表达呈显著正相关(r=0.42,P<0.05),全氮含量与nirS基因丰度呈显著正相关(r=0.16,P<0.05),全氮含量与nirZ基因丰度呈显著正相关 (r=0.85,P<0.001),优化反硝化速率,而土壤pH对nirS基因丰度呈负相关(r=−0.45)。土壤有机碳与nosZ基因丰度呈正相关(r=0.84),有机碳的增加通过为反硝化细菌提供充足的碳源,促进nosZ基因表达,从而减少氮素损失,提高水稻产量[21]。已有研究表明,nirSnosZ基因丰度与反硝化速率呈显著正相关,全氮通过调节nosZ基因丰度间接影响反硝化速率[22]
另外,AOA-amoA和AOB-amoB是影响硝化速率的关键基因[23],其丰度受土壤NH4+-N、碱解氮、C/N和pH等因素的影响[24]。结果显示,土壤容重与AOA-amoA和AOB-amoB的基因丰度均呈负相关(r=−0.08;r=−0.72),而有机碳与AOA-amoA丰度呈正相关(r=0.22),表明低土壤容重和高有机碳协同作用,能够增强AOA-amoA和AOB-amoB基因的活性,从而加速铵态氮转化为硝态氮。AOA-amoA基因丰度与NH4+-N呈显著正相关(r=0.65,P<0.01),而AOB-amoB的基因丰度与碱解氮呈显著正相关(r=0.62,P<0.001)。土壤pH在一定范围内对硝化速率亦有重要调控作用。
通过随机森林模型对上述秸秆还田(包括还田量和方式)、品种、灌溉方式、年平均活动积温(MAT)、土壤有机碳、土壤碱解氮、全氮、pH、C/N比、施氮量以及土层深度等因子对水稻产量的相对贡献率(relative importance, RI)进行综合分析(图11a)。结果表明,土壤有机碳对水稻产量的影响最大(RI=27.05%),其次为施氮量(RI=24.14%),二者共解释了51.19%的产量变异,是驱动水稻产量变化的主要因素。这与刘俊杰等[25]的研究结论一致。进一步分析表明,土壤理化因子(soil variables, SV;RI=39.57%)是影响水稻产量的首要因素,其次为管理措施(RI=24.17%)和气候因素(RI=17.39%)。土壤类型和水稻熟制类型(早、中、晚熟水稻)等其他因素对水稻产量也有一定影响(RI=14.14%)。
采用结构方程模型分析耕作、秸秆还田、灌溉和氮肥施用等管理措施与土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮及水稻产量间的路径关系(图11b)。从拟合参数来看,模型拟合结果良好(RMSEA=0.039, GFI=0.97, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98),表明模型较好地解释了各变量之间的路径关系,各路径系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。具体而言,耕作、秸秆还田和灌溉对土壤SOC具有显著正向影响,其路径系数分别为0.38、0.36和0.25。秸秆还田也显著影响全氮和碱解氮,路径系数分别为0.31和0.18。此外,灌溉对碱解氮也有显著影响(路径系数0.16)。施氮是调控全氮 (0.41)和碱解氮 (0.28)的关键因素。最终在水稻产量形成过程中,碱解氮的贡献最大 (0.31),其次为全氮 (0.18)和有机碳 (0.14)。综合分析表明,优化耕作、秸秆还田及灌溉等措施对维持与提升黑土稻田土壤有机碳有重要作用。在此基础上,合理施用氮肥可进一步优化氮素供应,从而促进水稻生长与增产。
基于文献中试验数据的整合分析,本文系统评估了农田管理、土壤理化性质和气候因子对寒地水稻产量的综合影响,揭示了土壤有机碳和氮素管理是驱动该区水稻增产的主导因子(图11)。这一发现与陈晓波等[26]在温带稻区的研究结论一致,但本研究中有机碳的贡献率(27.05%)更高,凸显了其在低温限制养分矿化的寒地生态系统中的重要性。氮素有效性及其缓冲能力是影响作物生长和产量形成的核心要素。在寒地水稻生产中,由于积温的限制,氮素管理更为复杂。过量施氮,尤其是后期施氮过多,如“前氮后移”氮素管理模式,均会对水稻产量造成负面影响。施氮量在90~180 kg/hm2范围内可实现最佳增产效果(图8),体现了寒地水稻氮素管理的显著区域特征。因此在该区域,优化碳氮协同,通过以碳控氮,提高氮素供应的缓冲性和均衡供应,对水稻的增产尤为重要。秸秆还田和有机碳积累还通过激发微生物活性,促进氮的固持与转化,进一步增强氮素供应的缓冲性,提高氮素利用效率及其增产效应[2728]
土壤碱解氮是连接土壤氮库与作物吸收的关键中间库[29]。过量秸秆还田或高氮投入均会引起C/N失衡,表明秸秆还田量和施氮量都有其“阈值效应”。在土壤中,通过优化秸秆还田和氮肥施用实现有机碳与全氮的协同扩容,进而调控碱解氮的供应强度和缓冲性,是发挥其增产潜力的关键[3032]
基于亚组分析和路径解析结果,本研究结果为优化管理提供了明确的方向。与何立谦等[33]在华北平原的研究发现不同,在本研究中覆膜控制灌溉(PFM-CI)模式在寒地表现出更为显著的增产(36.24%)与固碳(20.46%)效应。其优势主要体现在对秸秆还田模式下有机碳和碱解氮的调控(图11b)。本研究明确了寒地稻田秸秆还田的技术阈值:还田年限5~10年、还田量6000~9000 kg/hm2,结合深耕和适宜施氮量90~180 kg/hm2。这与李勇等[34]提出的“C/N平衡阈值”理论相符,也与相关的研究[3536]结果相一致。关于施氮量,本研究发现氮肥用量90~180 kg/hm2是东北地区水稻增产的最佳阈值[37]。施氮量高于>180 kg/hm2时,增产效应反而下降,可能与寒地有效积温限制有关。不同气候条件下的适应性对产量提升至关重要[38]。中熟品种在2500℃~2800℃活动积温下响应最强,说明在气候变暖背景下,合理选用中熟品种可充分利用光热资源,规避后期低温冷害,是实现高产稳产的重要适应策略[39]。这也从另外一个侧面反映了寒地稻区秸秆还田、氮素管理和品种熟制选用的特殊性[40]
从微生物功能基因角度,本研究为寒地稻田碳氮协同机制提供了新证据[41]。我们发现反硝化基因nosZ丰度与有机碳和全氮显著正相关(r=0.84,r=0.85),说明秸秆还田驱动的有机碳积累可通过促进反硝化微生物及其功能基因nosZ活性,是减少N2O温室气体排放、提高氮素留存率的重要过程[4244]。同时,SOC与氨氧化古菌AOA-amoA基因丰度呈正相关(r=0.22),暗示寒地稻田土壤中碱解氮的形态趋于多样化,表现为硝态氮占比提升[4547]。总体而言,寒地稻田中由秸秆还田驱动有机碳积累,通过调控反硝化和硝化微生物功能基因网络(nosZ为核心),实现了氮素转化过程的优化[48]
本研究主要基于已发表文献开展Meta分析,所得结论仍有待进一步的田间试验验证。尤其土壤微生物方面,由于文献数据量相对较少,还不足以全面解析寒地稻田中碳氮协同和氮素转化的微生物驱动机制。未来研究可结合长期定位试验以及与生产实际更为接近的大田试验,重点验证最优管理模式及其作用机制。重点聚焦于稻田固碳、碳氮协同、氮肥增效等与东北寒地稻区的积温等气候因子的耦合机制,为实现水稻生产的气候韧性与可持续发展提供前瞻性对策。
土壤有机碳库容与氮肥管理的协同效应是水稻增产的核心驱动因子,其贡献度超过了品种和气候等因子。在综合分析的基础上,我们提出了适用于寒地稻田的优化模式:秸秆还田(5~10年,还田量6000~9000 kg/hm2) —适宜施氮量(90~180 kg/hm2) —深耕—控制灌溉,并结合中熟品种。本研究从构建“土壤—管理—微生物”协同优化系统的角度,为实现寒地水稻高产稳产和可持续发展提供了技术支撑。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025386
  • 接收时间:2025-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-04
  • 录用日期:2025-11-29
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    1山东农业大学资源与环境学院,山东泰安 271018
    2中国科学院南京土壤研究所,江苏南京 211135
    3黑龙江省方正县水稻研究院,黑龙江方正 150899
    4黑龙江省佳木斯市富锦市农业农村局 /富锦市乡村振兴发展服务中心,黑龙江富锦 156199

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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