Article(id=1284574868846915911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025375, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768752000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-19, onlineDate=1784196114979, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196114979, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196114979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196114979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1096, endPage=1109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574869148905800, articleId=1284574868846915911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Effects of combined application of N-Zn fertilizers and exogenous winter wheat root exudates on transformation of zinc forms in calcareous soil, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer or a combination of nitrogen and zinc (Zn) can significantly increase the availability of soil Zn, improve the Zn nutrition and grain yield of winter wheat. Root exudates have been widely recognized for their critical role in mobilizing and activating nutrients within the rhizosphere, thereby facilitating their uptake by plants. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of nitrogen-zinc (N-Zn) fertilizer application and exogenous winter wheat root exudates on the transformation of different Zn forms in calcareous soils.

Methods

A hydroponic culture trial was carried out, using winter wheat cultivar Bainong 207 as the test material. Two Zn application levels (0, 10 µmol/L) and two N application levels (0.5, 7.5 mmol/L) were set up to compose 4 treatments. The root exudates were collected, and the composition and concentration of organic acids in the root exudates were analyzed. Subsequently, a rhizobox experiment was carried out using the same wheat cultivar. Each treatment was then divided into two parts: one was added with 50 mL distilled water, and the other with 50 mL root exudates collected in the hydroponic trial. The biomass, N and Zn concentration of various parts of the wheat plant, and the pH, available Zn content, and the contents of Zn fractions in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were determined.

Results

Compared with the low-nitrogen, zinc-free treatment (N0.5Zn0), co-application of N-Zn fertilizers (N7.5Zn10) markedly elevated the concentrations of aconitic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid in root exudates, whereas it significantly depressed the levels of pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and succinic acid. Irrespective of root exudate addition, N-Zn application notably boosted grain yield, Zn concentrations in roots, stems, leaves, and grains, as well as N concentrations in glumes and grains. In both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, this combined application significantly increased available Zn concentrations, along with the contents and proportions of exchangeable Zn, carbonate-bound Zn, and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn, while dramatically reducing the concentration and proportion of residual Zn. Under the regime of combined N-Zn application, the supplementation of root exudates further increased grain yield and Zn content, as well as N content in roots, stems, leaves, and glumes. It significantly elevated available Zn and exchangeable Zn concentrations in non-rhizosphere soil, raised the content and proportion of carbonate-bound Zn in rhizosphere soil, but significantly lowered the pH and decreased the content and proportion of residual Zn in rhizosphere soil.

Conclusions

Under conditions of combined N and Zn application, exogenous root exudates from winter wheat facilitate the conversion of residual Zn to carbonate-bound Zn in rhizosphere soils, increase the contents of carbonate-bound Zn and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, thereby effectively improving soil Zn bioavailability and enhancing Zn uptake by winter wheat.

, authors=Ying-xin HOU1, Ling-lu WANG1, Shi-yu QIN1, 3, 4, Hai-yang LIU1, 3, 4, Zhao-jun NIE1, 3, 4, *, Jia-yang XU1, 3, 4, Yong-fei MA1, 3, 4, Fu-qing SUI1, Yu-peng ZHANG1, Chang LI1, Peng ZHAO1, 2, 3, Hong-en LIU1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Ying-xin HOU, Ling-lu WANG, Shi-yu QIN, Hai-yang LIU, Zhao-jun NIE, Jia-yang XU, Yong-fei MA, Fu-qing SUI, Yu-peng ZHANG, Chang LI, Peng ZHAO, Hong-en LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhao-jun NIE, Hong-en LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574871720014163, articleId=1284574868846915911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=氮锌配施下冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

小麦作为重要的粮食作物,施用氮(N)肥或者氮锌(Zn)配施能明显改善冬小麦的产量和籽粒锌含量,促进冬小麦吸收土壤锌,但其机制尚不完全明确。根系分泌物与土壤锌有效性关系密切。因此,研究氮锌配施条件下外源添加冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响,探明氮锌配施通过调控冬小麦根系分泌物提高石灰性土壤锌有效性的机制,为科学施肥改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养提供理论依据。

方法

以冬小麦(百农207)为供试材料,首先进行水培试验,设置2个Zn水平(0、10 μmol/L)和2个N水平(0.5、7.5 mmol/L)共4个处理,分析根系分泌物中有机酸的组成及含量;然后进行根箱试验,设置2个Zn水平(0、10 mg/kg)、2个N水平(0、0.2 g/kg)以及2个根系分泌物水平(50 mL清水、50 mL上述水培采集的根系分泌物收集液)共8个处理,测定冬小麦籽粒产量、各部位锌含量、根际/非根际土壤pH、有效锌含量及锌形态分级。

结果

与低氮无锌处理(N0.5Zn0)相比,氮锌配施(N7.5Zn10)处理显著提高了冬小麦根系分泌物中乌头酸、延胡索酸和苹果酸的含量,显著降低了丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸及琥珀酸的含量。无论是否添加根系分泌物,氮锌配施均显著增加了冬小麦籽粒产量,根系、茎叶和籽粒锌含量,颖壳和籽粒氮含量,根际/非根际土壤有效锌、交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量及比例,显著降低了残渣态锌含量及比例。在施用氮锌条件下,添加根系分泌物进一步显著提高了小麦籽粒产量及锌含量,根系、茎叶和颖壳氮含量,非根际土壤有效锌含量和交换态锌含量,根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌含量及比例,显著降低了根际土壤pH值、残渣态锌的含量及比例。

结论

在氮锌配施条件下,外源添加冬小麦根系分泌物可促进根际土壤中残渣态锌向碳酸盐结合态锌转化,提高根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌和铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量,提高土壤锌的有效性,促进冬小麦对锌的吸收,改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养。

, authors=侯莹欣1, 王灵璐1, 秦世玉1, 3, 4, 刘亥扬1, 3, 4, 聂兆君1, 3, 4, *, 许嘉阳1, 3, 4, 马永飞1, 3, 4, 睢福庆1, 张玉鹏1, 李畅1, 赵鹏1, 2, 3, 刘红恩1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=侯莹欣, 王灵璐, 秦世玉, 刘亥扬, 聂兆君, 许嘉阳, 马永飞, 睢福庆, 张玉鹏, 李畅, 赵鹏, 刘红恩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=聂兆君, 刘红恩, authorNote=

侯莹欣 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 聂兆君 E-mail:
刘红恩 E-mail:
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3Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
4Soil Pollution Control and Remediation Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1284574872839893360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, authorId=1284574872659538283, language=CN, stringName=秦世玉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, 4, address=1河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州 450046
3农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室,河南郑州 450046
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3Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
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New Phytologist, 2015, 207(4): 1097−1109., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574890950898207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin Y F, Liang H M, Yang S Y, et al. Arabidopsis IRT3 is a zinc-regulated and plasma membrane localized zinc/iron transporter[J]. 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Plant and Cell Physiology, 2004, 45(12): 1749−1758., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574891101893153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=94, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hanikenne M, Talke I N, Haydon M J, et al. Evolution of metal hyperaccumulation required cis-regulatory changes and triplication of HMA4[J]. 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Biology, 2025, 14(8): 985., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574891290636835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=96, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu B, Yu H, Yang Q, et al. Zinc transporter ZmLAZ1-4 modulates zinc homeostasis on plasma and vacuolar membrane in maize[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022, 13: 881055., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574892943192612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=97, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nie Z, Zhao P, Shi H, et al. Nitrogen supply enhances zinc uptake and root-to-shoot translocation via up-regulating the expression of TaZIP3 and TaZIP 7 in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)[J]. Plant and Soil, 2019, 444(1): 501−517., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574893039661605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=98, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sadeghzadeh B, Rengel Z . Zinc in soils and crop nutrition[A]. Hawkesford M J, Barraclough P. The molecular and physiological basis of nutrient use efficiency in crops[M]. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574871938117972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871946506581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574871938117972, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574871954895190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574871938117972, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州 450046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574872009421143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872017809752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872009421143, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872026198361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872009421143, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2小麦玉米两熟高效生产全国重点实验室,河南郑州 450046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574872080724314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872084918619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872080724314, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872093307228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872080724314, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室,河南郑州 450046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574872156221789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872164610398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872156221789, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Soil Pollution Control and Remediation Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574872172999007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, companyId=1284574872156221789, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4河南省土壤污染控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574877281661365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of exogenous root exudates on the grain yield of winter wheat under N and Zn combination, figureFileSmall=prgqlsV49FRIq915r+lpDQ==, figureFileBig=6SeCw0MYEuVMxJTTPjFqzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574877558485430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同氮锌配施处理下外源添加根系分泌物对冬小麦籽粒产量的影响

注:CK为不施氮锌肥;G为根系分泌物。数据为3次重复平均值。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5% 显著水平。***表示变量效应达到0.001显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=prgqlsV49FRIq915r+lpDQ==, figureFileBig=6SeCw0MYEuVMxJTTPjFqzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574877717868983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Zn contents in various parts of winter wheat under combined application of N, Zn, and exogenous root exudates, figureFileSmall=FglIRTDY8g6YP0/HmMr+Iw==, figureFileBig=qAzZcZe+rJ2mFUfk6TvQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574877789172152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氮锌和外源根系分泌物配合施用对冬小麦各部位锌含量的影响

注:CK为不施氮锌肥;G为根系分泌物。数据为3次重复平均值。 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5% 显著水平。*、**、***分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01、0.001显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=FglIRTDY8g6YP0/HmMr+Iw==, figureFileBig=qAzZcZe+rJ2mFUfk6TvQgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574877856281017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of exogenous root exudates on N content in various parts of winter wheat under N and Zn combination, figureFileSmall=2TWhMDk/daN/nWBVgClY/Q==, figureFileBig=yYzv2uZuf76UYG/t2K8dsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574877910806970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=图3, caption=氮锌配施条件下外源添加根系分泌物对冬小麦各部位氮含量的影响

注:CK为不施氮锌肥;G为根系分泌物。数据为3次重复平均值。 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5% 显著水平。**、***分别表示变量效应达到0.01、0.001显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=2TWhMDk/daN/nWBVgClY/Q==, figureFileBig=yYzv2uZuf76UYG/t2K8dsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574879550779835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of exogenous root exudates on pH and available Zn content of rhizosphere/non-rhizosphere soil of winter wheat under N and Zn combination, figureFileSmall=yUEsg4qJtk6VqXsRzJSgzw==, figureFileBig=fYq5NUGwX+duJmoaAZT4kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574879659831740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氮锌配施条件下外源添加根系分泌物对冬小麦根际和非根际土壤pH和有效锌含量的影响

注:CK为不施氮锌肥;G为根系分泌物。数据为3次重复平均值。 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5% 显著水平。*、**、***分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01、0.001显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=yUEsg4qJtk6VqXsRzJSgzw==, figureFileBig=fYq5NUGwX+duJmoaAZT4kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574879764689341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of exogenous root exudates on the ratio of Zn forms in the rhizosphere/non-rhizosphere soil of winter wheat under N and Zn combination, figureFileSmall=h996fphepbeZaSlKp6yhOg==, figureFileBig=715CE57DsTJZb59+DFTPuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574880062484926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氮锌配施条件下外源添加根系分泌物对冬小麦根际/非根际土壤锌形态比例的影响

注:CK为不施氮锌肥;G为根系分泌物。数据为3次重复平均值。

, figureFileSmall=h996fphepbeZaSlKp6yhOg==, figureFileBig=715CE57DsTJZb59+DFTPuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574880133788095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Effects of N and Zn combination on the organic acids contents in root exudates of winter wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
丙酮酸
Pyruvate
柠檬酸
Citric acid
乌头酸
Aconitine
α-酮戊二酸
α-Ketoglutaric acid
琥珀酸
Succinic acid
延胡索酸
Corydalis acid
苹果酸
Malic acid
草酰乙酸
Grass acid
N0.5Zn021.43 a82.73 bc0.16 c82.33 a24.10 a20.50 d22.83 b814.33 b
N7.5Zn020.90 a121.60 a0.26 b65.67 b8.53 b47.93 c11.93 c1689.43 a
N0.5Zn105.37 b96.46 b0.34 a17.37 c4.97 c65.86 b4.67 c1349.90 a
N7.5Zn100.43 c67.13 c0.29 b23.87 c1.00 d228.57 a40.83 a868.16 b
方差分析FF value for ANOVA
N4.670.673.256.09*96.22***343.14***30.48***2.14
Zn208.87 ***12.22**81.25***671.28***179.32***484.81***5.50*1.13
N×Zn3.0334.27***35.56***31.61***33.93***173.67***105.77***25.43***
), ArticleFig(id=1284574880192508352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同氮锌配施处理下冬小麦根系分泌物中的有机酸含量 (μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
丙酮酸
Pyruvate
柠檬酸
Citric acid
乌头酸
Aconitine
α-酮戊二酸
α-Ketoglutaric acid
琥珀酸
Succinic acid
延胡索酸
Corydalis acid
苹果酸
Malic acid
草酰乙酸
Grass acid
N0.5Zn021.43 a82.73 bc0.16 c82.33 a24.10 a20.50 d22.83 b814.33 b
N7.5Zn020.90 a121.60 a0.26 b65.67 b8.53 b47.93 c11.93 c1689.43 a
N0.5Zn105.37 b96.46 b0.34 a17.37 c4.97 c65.86 b4.67 c1349.90 a
N7.5Zn100.43 c67.13 c0.29 b23.87 c1.00 d228.57 a40.83 a868.16 b
方差分析FF value for ANOVA
N4.670.673.256.09*96.22***343.14***30.48***2.14
Zn208.87 ***12.22**81.25***671.28***179.32***484.81***5.50*1.13
N×Zn3.0334.27***35.56***31.61***33.93***173.67***105.77***25.43***
), ArticleFig(id=1284574880423195073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Zn content in different forms in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil under combined application of N, Zn, and exogenous root exudates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
交换态锌
Exchangeable Zn
碳酸盐结合态锌
Carbonate-bound Zn
有机结合态锌
Organically bound Zn
铁锰氧化物结合态锌
Fe/Mn oxide-bound Zn
残渣态锌
Residual Zn
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
CK1.03 d1.75 e0.98 e2.55 c3.25 b4.02 a4.50 c4.37 c103.70 a86.54 b
N1.08 d2.08 cd0.82 e2.41 c3.12 b2.95 b4.00 cd3.74 c67.29 c62.09 c
Zn1.34 bc3.07 a3.04 d10.57 a3.30 b3.52 ab5.78 ab6.95 a91.14 b100.43 a
N×Zn1.51 ab2.35 bc5.28 b8.20 b2.97 b4.17 a6.33 a5.97 b87.31 b96.87 ab
G1.15 cd2.09 cd1.04 e2.85 c3.22 b4.11 a4.16 cd4.09 c100.55 a91.39 ab
N×G1.12 d1.95 de0.49 e2.61 c3.29 b3.55 ab3.68 d4.05 c99.06 a97.37 ab
Zn×G1.58 a2.31 c4.04 c7.47 b4.18 a4.26 a5.83 ab5.91 b87.21 b98.01 ab
N×Zn×G1.56 a2.64 b6.70 a10.91 a3.60 ab3.83 a5.57 b6.78 a63.11 c58.29 c
方差分析FF value for ANOVA
N0.770.4857.03***0.312.433.561.211.2761.84***26.39***
Zn64.27***77.94***800.59***462.57***3.412.40134.42***176.65***24.97***1.82
N×Zn0.304.32101.92***1.371.876.12*4.240.621.444.24
G5.02*0.8214.78**0.006.92*2.104.84*0.080.000.00
N×G1.724.230.0020.94***0.000.571.6811.90**3.060.22
Zn×G0.425.70*23.55***0.524.68*0.150.000.1445.88***45.50***
N×Zn×G0.2628.86***2.1222.64***0.514.451.703.1243.53***30.72***
), ArticleFig(id=1284574880536441282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574868846915911, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

氮锌和外源添加根系分泌物配施条件下冬小麦根际和非根际土壤各形态锌的含量 (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
交换态锌
Exchangeable Zn
碳酸盐结合态锌
Carbonate-bound Zn
有机结合态锌
Organically bound Zn
铁锰氧化物结合态锌
Fe/Mn oxide-bound Zn
残渣态锌
Residual Zn
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
根际
Rhizosphere
非根际
Bulk
CK1.03 d1.75 e0.98 e2.55 c3.25 b4.02 a4.50 c4.37 c103.70 a86.54 b
N1.08 d2.08 cd0.82 e2.41 c3.12 b2.95 b4.00 cd3.74 c67.29 c62.09 c
Zn1.34 bc3.07 a3.04 d10.57 a3.30 b3.52 ab5.78 ab6.95 a91.14 b100.43 a
N×Zn1.51 ab2.35 bc5.28 b8.20 b2.97 b4.17 a6.33 a5.97 b87.31 b96.87 ab
G1.15 cd2.09 cd1.04 e2.85 c3.22 b4.11 a4.16 cd4.09 c100.55 a91.39 ab
N×G1.12 d1.95 de0.49 e2.61 c3.29 b3.55 ab3.68 d4.05 c99.06 a97.37 ab
Zn×G1.58 a2.31 c4.04 c7.47 b4.18 a4.26 a5.83 ab5.91 b87.21 b98.01 ab
N×Zn×G1.56 a2.64 b6.70 a10.91 a3.60 ab3.83 a5.57 b6.78 a63.11 c58.29 c
方差分析FF value for ANOVA
N0.770.4857.03***0.312.433.561.211.2761.84***26.39***
Zn64.27***77.94***800.59***462.57***3.412.40134.42***176.65***24.97***1.82
N×Zn0.304.32101.92***1.371.876.12*4.240.621.444.24
G5.02*0.8214.78**0.006.92*2.104.84*0.080.000.00
N×G1.724.230.0020.94***0.000.571.6811.90**3.060.22
Zn×G0.425.70*23.55***0.524.68*0.150.000.1445.88***45.50***
N×Zn×G0.2628.86***2.1222.64***0.514.451.703.1243.53***30.72***
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氮锌配施下冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响
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侯莹欣 1 , 王灵璐 1 , 秦世玉 1, 3, 4 , 刘亥扬 1, 3, 4 , 聂兆君 1, 3, 4, * , 许嘉阳 1, 3, 4 , 马永飞 1, 3, 4 , 睢福庆 1 , 张玉鹏 1 , 李畅 1 , 赵鹏 1, 2, 3 , 刘红恩 1, 2, 3, 4, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1096-1109
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1096 -1109
氮锌配施下冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响
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侯莹欣1 , 王灵璐1, 秦世玉1, 3, 4, 刘亥扬1, 3, 4, 聂兆君1, 3, 4, * , 许嘉阳1, 3, 4, 马永飞1, 3, 4, 睢福庆1, 张玉鹏1, 李畅1, 赵鹏1, 2, 3, 刘红恩1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州 450046
  • 2小麦玉米两熟高效生产全国重点实验室,河南郑州 450046
  • 3农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室,河南郑州 450046
  • 4河南省土壤污染控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450046
通讯作者:
* 聂兆君 E-mail:
刘红恩 E-mail:
作者简介:

侯莹欣 E-mail:

Effects of combined application of N-Zn fertilizers and exogenous winter wheat root exudates on transformation of zinc forms in calcareous soil
Ying-xin HOU1 , Ling-lu WANG1, Shi-yu QIN1, 3, 4, Hai-yang LIU1, 3, 4, Zhao-jun NIE1, 3, 4, * , Jia-yang XU1, 3, 4, Yong-fei MA1, 3, 4, Fu-qing SUI1, Yu-peng ZHANG1, Chang LI1, Peng ZHAO1, 2, 3, Hong-en LIU1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
  • 4Soil Pollution Control and Remediation Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025375
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目的

小麦作为重要的粮食作物,施用氮(N)肥或者氮锌(Zn)配施能明显改善冬小麦的产量和籽粒锌含量,促进冬小麦吸收土壤锌,但其机制尚不完全明确。根系分泌物与土壤锌有效性关系密切。因此,研究氮锌配施条件下外源添加冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响,探明氮锌配施通过调控冬小麦根系分泌物提高石灰性土壤锌有效性的机制,为科学施肥改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养提供理论依据。

方法

以冬小麦(百农207)为供试材料,首先进行水培试验,设置2个Zn水平(0、10 μmol/L)和2个N水平(0.5、7.5 mmol/L)共4个处理,分析根系分泌物中有机酸的组成及含量;然后进行根箱试验,设置2个Zn水平(0、10 mg/kg)、2个N水平(0、0.2 g/kg)以及2个根系分泌物水平(50 mL清水、50 mL上述水培采集的根系分泌物收集液)共8个处理,测定冬小麦籽粒产量、各部位锌含量、根际/非根际土壤pH、有效锌含量及锌形态分级。

结果

与低氮无锌处理(N0.5Zn0)相比,氮锌配施(N7.5Zn10)处理显著提高了冬小麦根系分泌物中乌头酸、延胡索酸和苹果酸的含量,显著降低了丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸及琥珀酸的含量。无论是否添加根系分泌物,氮锌配施均显著增加了冬小麦籽粒产量,根系、茎叶和籽粒锌含量,颖壳和籽粒氮含量,根际/非根际土壤有效锌、交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量及比例,显著降低了残渣态锌含量及比例。在施用氮锌条件下,添加根系分泌物进一步显著提高了小麦籽粒产量及锌含量,根系、茎叶和颖壳氮含量,非根际土壤有效锌含量和交换态锌含量,根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌含量及比例,显著降低了根际土壤pH值、残渣态锌的含量及比例。

结论

在氮锌配施条件下,外源添加冬小麦根系分泌物可促进根际土壤中残渣态锌向碳酸盐结合态锌转化,提高根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌和铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量,提高土壤锌的有效性,促进冬小麦对锌的吸收,改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养。

氮锌配施  /  冬小麦根系分泌物  /  石灰性土壤  /  有效锌  /  锌形态转化
Objectives

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer or a combination of nitrogen and zinc (Zn) can significantly increase the availability of soil Zn, improve the Zn nutrition and grain yield of winter wheat. Root exudates have been widely recognized for their critical role in mobilizing and activating nutrients within the rhizosphere, thereby facilitating their uptake by plants. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of nitrogen-zinc (N-Zn) fertilizer application and exogenous winter wheat root exudates on the transformation of different Zn forms in calcareous soils.

Methods

A hydroponic culture trial was carried out, using winter wheat cultivar Bainong 207 as the test material. Two Zn application levels (0, 10 µmol/L) and two N application levels (0.5, 7.5 mmol/L) were set up to compose 4 treatments. The root exudates were collected, and the composition and concentration of organic acids in the root exudates were analyzed. Subsequently, a rhizobox experiment was carried out using the same wheat cultivar. Each treatment was then divided into two parts: one was added with 50 mL distilled water, and the other with 50 mL root exudates collected in the hydroponic trial. The biomass, N and Zn concentration of various parts of the wheat plant, and the pH, available Zn content, and the contents of Zn fractions in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were determined.

Results

Compared with the low-nitrogen, zinc-free treatment (N0.5Zn0), co-application of N-Zn fertilizers (N7.5Zn10) markedly elevated the concentrations of aconitic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid in root exudates, whereas it significantly depressed the levels of pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and succinic acid. Irrespective of root exudate addition, N-Zn application notably boosted grain yield, Zn concentrations in roots, stems, leaves, and grains, as well as N concentrations in glumes and grains. In both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, this combined application significantly increased available Zn concentrations, along with the contents and proportions of exchangeable Zn, carbonate-bound Zn, and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn, while dramatically reducing the concentration and proportion of residual Zn. Under the regime of combined N-Zn application, the supplementation of root exudates further increased grain yield and Zn content, as well as N content in roots, stems, leaves, and glumes. It significantly elevated available Zn and exchangeable Zn concentrations in non-rhizosphere soil, raised the content and proportion of carbonate-bound Zn in rhizosphere soil, but significantly lowered the pH and decreased the content and proportion of residual Zn in rhizosphere soil.

Conclusions

Under conditions of combined N and Zn application, exogenous root exudates from winter wheat facilitate the conversion of residual Zn to carbonate-bound Zn in rhizosphere soils, increase the contents of carbonate-bound Zn and Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, thereby effectively improving soil Zn bioavailability and enhancing Zn uptake by winter wheat.

combined nitrogen-zinc application  /  winter wheat root exudates  /  calcareous soil  /  available zinc  /  zinc fraction transformation
侯莹欣, 王灵璐, 秦世玉, 刘亥扬, 聂兆君, 许嘉阳, 马永飞, 睢福庆, 张玉鹏, 李畅, 赵鹏, 刘红恩. 氮锌配施下冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤锌形态转化的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1096 -1109 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025375
Ying-xin HOU, Ling-lu WANG, Shi-yu QIN, Hai-yang LIU, Zhao-jun NIE, Jia-yang XU, Yong-fei MA, Fu-qing SUI, Yu-peng ZHANG, Chang LI, Peng ZHAO, Hong-en LIU. Effects of combined application of N-Zn fertilizers and exogenous winter wheat root exudates on transformation of zinc forms in calcareous soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1096 -1109 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025375
锌(Zn)是人体必需微量元素,在免疫调节、蛋白质合成及核酸代谢等关键生理过程中发挥重要作用[1]。锌对人体内淋巴细胞及中性粒细胞等免疫细胞的正常发育至关重要,缺锌会直接削弱细胞免疫和体液免疫应答,导致人体感染疾病,如腹泻、肺炎、味觉障碍及食欲不振等[2]。植物缺锌会降低植物体内生长素含量,抑制茎端和根端的伸长生长,导致植株矮化、节间缩短[3]。缺锌还会破坏植物细胞膜的完整性,严重时导致叶脉间失绿或黄化,甚至坏死[4]。因此,充足的锌供给是保证动植物机体正常生理机能的必要条件[5]。作为全球主要粮食作物,小麦为人类提供了约20%的能量和25%的蛋白质,同时也是重要的膳食锌来源[6]。当前全球小麦籽粒锌含量普遍偏低,平均含量仅为27.3 mg/kg,远低于生物强化目标值40~60 mg/kg[7]。我国冬小麦主产区河南的小麦籽粒锌平均含量仅为30 mg/kg,低于人体营养健康推荐值[89]。因此,亟需研究小麦籽粒锌含量低的原因和提升技术。
土壤有效锌缺乏是限制作物锌营养水平的主要因素,全球有近一半的耕地面临缺锌或严重缺锌问题[10]。我国部分耕地缺锌,土壤有效锌含量整体呈现由南向北、由东向西逐渐降低的趋势[11]。我国北方粮食主产区广泛分布着石灰性土壤,由于其pH值和碳酸钙含量高,锌主要以难溶的碳酸锌(ZnCO3)和氢氧化锌[Zn(OH)2]的形态存在,有效性普遍偏低[1213]。河南省农田土壤整体处于潜在性缺锌状态,尤其在豫北和豫西北的石灰性土壤区域最为普遍[14]
施用锌肥是改善土壤锌供应最常用的技术措施[15],由于外源锌肥在石灰性土壤中易被固定或形成难溶态锌,导致其移动性和生物有效性显著降低[1617]。研究表明,在缺锌土壤上施氮或氮锌配施,能有效改善作物生长状况,并显著提高作物产量[18]。氮锌配施可促进小麦对土壤锌的吸收,显著改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养[1920]。其原因从作物角度是氮锌配施能够刺激根系发育,并上调根系及地上部锌吸收转运相关蛋白如TaZIP3TaZIP7的基因表达[2122],增强冬小麦根系对锌的吸收与转运能力,特别是促进锌向籽粒的高效转运与积累[2324];从土壤角度看,氮肥可降低土壤pH,促进土壤中难溶态锌向交换态、松结有机态和碳酸盐结合态等有效形态转化,提高土壤锌的有效性,氮锌配施可减少锌在土壤中的固定[20]
根系分泌物作为植物–土壤–微生物互作的关键媒介,其所含的低分子量有机酸、氨基酸、糖、酚等和高分子量的蛋白质、酶和激素等,在调控根际微域养分有效性方面扮演重要角色[2527]。有机酸是根系分泌物中的重要组分,其羧基官能团能螯合锌、铁、锰等金属离子,形成可溶性络合物,促使这些元素从土壤固相中解吸,并通过酸化根际环境进一步增强其溶解度[28]。Maqsood等[29]指出,柠檬酸和苹果酸能有效活化土壤中被固定的锌,提高其生物有效性。这可能与有机酸对根际pH、氧化还原电位及微生物群落结构的调控有关,从而促进碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态锌的溶解[26, 30]。禾本科植物分泌的植物铁载体也能协同促进锌、铜等元素的活化与吸收[31]。根系主动分泌的质子可直接降低根际pH,对锌、铁、锰等元素的溶解具有普遍的促进作用[3233]。但根系分泌物对养分有效性的影响并非总是正向的,根系分泌的氨基酸等有机物能螯合微量元素,从而降低其有效性[34]
已有研究表明,单施氮、施锌及氮锌配施均能显著影响植物根系分泌物的组成和含量。廖李容[35]研究表明,施氮显著提高了白羊草分泌物中醇类、氨基酸类、糖酸类和短链有机酸类等组分的相对含量。Taheri等[36]也发现,施锌可促进玉米根系分泌柠檬酸、丙二酸、苹果酸等有机酸。目前关于氮锌配施通过调控根系分泌物影响石灰性土壤锌有效性方面的研究较少。因此,本研究旨在探究氮锌配施条件下外源添加冬小麦根系分泌物对石灰性土壤中锌有效性的影响,并分析其可能机制,为科学施肥及根际定向调控以改善冬小麦籽粒锌营养提供理论支撑。
本试验供试冬小麦品种为‘百农207’,所用土壤为石灰性潮土,其主要理化性质为:pH 8.04、有机质13.77 g/kg、碱解氮21.01 mg/kg、速效磷8.20 mg/kg、速效钾106.70 mg/kg、有效锌0.4 mg/kg
采用双因素完全随机区组设计,设置2个锌水平(0和10 μmol/L)和2个氮水平(0.5和7.5 mmol/L),共4个处理,包括N0.5Zn0、N7.5Zn0、N0.5Zn10和N7.5Zn10,每个处理重复3次。分别以Ca(NO3)2·4H2O和ZnSO4·7H2O作为氮源和锌源,用CaCl2·2H2O补充低氮处理造成的Ca2+差异。
选取籽粒饱满、健康的小麦种子,经3% H2O2溶液消毒15 min后,用蒸馏水和去离子水各冲洗3次。随后,将种子置于去离子水中浸泡12 h,以促进其萌发。种子萌发后,将种子胚部朝上等距离排列于育苗盆的隔网上,在25℃的光照培养箱中培养5天。待幼苗生长至4~5 cm时,选取20株长势一致的幼苗,移栽至盛有4 L营养液的塑料盆中,并在21天内定期更换营养液。营养液采用霍格兰–阿农配方,具体配比如下:1 mmol/L KH2PO4、2.5 mmol/L K2SO4、46 µmol/L H3BO3、2 mmol/L MgSO4·7H2O、0.3 µmol/L CuSO4·5H2O、100 µmol/L EDTA-Fe、9 µmol/L MnCl2·4H2O和0.2 µmol/L (NH4)6Mo7O24·2H2O。为适应幼苗生长,采用梯度营养液培养方法:第1周使用1/4浓度营养液,第2周提高至1/2浓度,之后转为全营养液培养直至收获。培养期间,光照培养室环境条件设置为:温度25℃、相对湿度70%、光照强度400 μmol/(m2·s)、光周期14 h/d。冬小麦培养30天后收集幼苗根系分泌物,采用超高效液相色谱–质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定有机酸含量,所得分泌物用于后续根箱试验。
本研究采用三因素完全随机区组设计,设置锌(0、10 mg/kg)、氮(0、0.2 g/kg)和根系分泌物(50 mL清水、50 mL根系分泌物收集液)共8个处理,每个处理重复3次,锌肥和氮肥分别选用硫酸锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)和硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2·4H2O],低氮处理通过CaCl2·2H2O调节钙含量,另施0.15 g/kg P2O5 (KH2PO4)和0.20 g/kg K2O (KCl)满足冬小麦生长的需要。氮素分次施用,其中50%作基肥施用,其余部分在返青期施用。
采用PVC材质的根箱,长×宽×高为15 cm×10 cm×16 cm (内室为2 cm,外室为4 cm)。供试土壤风干后过20目(孔径0.85 mm)筛,按照3.5 kg/盆的量,将各类肥料与土壤拌匀后装入根箱,按照田间持水量的60%补充水分,静置2天。然后分别采集上述水培试验中N0.5Zn0、N7.5Zn0、N0.5Zn10和N7.5Zn10处理对应的根系分泌物溶液50 mL,另以50 mL清水作为对照,添加至根箱内室。在每个根箱内室均匀撒播10粒饱满小麦种子后覆土(覆盖土层厚度控制在2~3 mm),2周后每盆定植5株小麦。为确保小麦获取足够的水分,苗期至拔节期每5天浇水200 mL,孕穗期每3天浇水200 mL,整个生育期浇水200天共9000 mL。于冬小麦成熟期分别采集植株和土壤样品,植株样品分为茎叶、颖壳、籽粒和根系,测定籽粒产量。将样品在105℃杀青,65℃烘干粉碎后测定锌含量;土壤样品按根箱内室、外室分离,去除根系后混匀,四分法取样,风干后过20目(0.85 mm)和100目(0.15 mm)筛,用于测定根际/非根际土壤pH值、有效锌含量及锌化学形态。
参照《土壤农化分析》[37]中的方法,土壤pH值采用pH计法测定,水土比为2.5∶1;有机质采用重铬酸钾–外加热法测定;碱解氮采用碱解扩散法测定;速效钾采用NH4OAc溶液浸提—火焰光度法测定;速效磷采用NaHCO3溶液浸提—钼蓝比色法测定。土壤有效锌采用DTPA提取—原子吸收分光光度法测定。
参考Suzuki等[38]和Wang等[39]描述的方法,从各处理选取5株长势基本一致的植株样本,依次用自来水与去离子水冲洗3~5次,随后置于0.2 mmol/L的硫酸亚铁溶液中浸泡2 h,再于30 mg/L氯霉素液中浸泡30 min,之后用无菌超纯水彻底冲洗植物,并转移至盛有200 mL无菌水的棕色玻璃瓶中,于25℃恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h。
参考Pan等[40]的方法检测有机酸含量,100 mL根系分泌物收集液冷冻干燥后,加入1 mL预冷的去离子水复溶,振摇5 min后,在4℃条件下1000 r/min离心5 min,将上清液和400 μL 去离子水加入2 mL离心管中,涡旋10 s后12000 r/min离心5 min,使用MF-MilliporeTM滤膜(No.GSWP04700,0.22 μm)进行过滤。采用超高效液相色谱–串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定有机酸。进样5 µL,使用WatersXevoTQXS质谱仪和电喷雾离子化源ESI对样品进行分析,检测模式为负离子模式下多重反应监测(MRM)。色谱条件为:Acquity UPLC HSS T3色谱柱,颗粒度为1.8 μm,内径为2.1 mm,长为100 mm,流动相为溶剂A (0.1%甲酸水)和溶剂B (甲醇),流速为0.2 mL/min。各个有机酸的含量通过标准曲线进行定量。
参考《土壤农化分析》[37]中的方法,对采集到的植物样品进行烘干、粉碎,采用H2SO4–H2O2消解样品,使用凯氏定氮仪(德国BRANLUEBBA3)测定氮含量;另将部分样品采用HNO3–HClO4 (v/v,4∶1)混合酸消解后,使用原子吸收分光光度计(德国YANAZEEnit700)测定锌含量。
锌形态分析采用Tessier等[41]五步提取法,交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机态锌分别采用1 mol/L MgCl2 (pH 7.0)、1 mol/L NaOAc–HOAc (pH 5.0)、0.04 mol/L NH.2OH·HCl (pH 2.0)和30%H2O2 (pH 2.0)+3.2 mol/L NH4OAc浸提,所得浸提液采用原子吸收分光光度法测定锌含量。残渣态锌采用HCl–HNO3–HClO4–HF酸熔,原子吸收分光光度法测定。试验条件为室温 (约25°C),水土比为10∶1。
采用Excel 2021、SPSS 27.0完成数据处理、统计分析,用Origin 2021制作各类图,处理间采用双因素、三因素方差分析,采用最小显著差异法(LSD)对组间均值进行多重比较。
表1所示,氮锌配施显著改变了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量。与低氮无锌(N0.5Zn0)处理相比,高氮处理(N7.5)提高了柠檬酸、乌头酸、延胡索酸和草酰乙酸的含量,高锌处理(Zn10)则显著抑制了丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸的含量,氮锌配施处理(N7.5 Zn10)显著提高了乌头酸、延胡索酸和苹果酸含量,降低了丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸的含量。方差分析结果表明,氮锌交互对除丙酮酸以外的其他有机酸含量产生了极显著(P<0.001)的影响,说明氮锌配施并非简单叠加效应,而是协同调控了根系有机酸的分泌谱。
图1所示,氮、锌、根系分泌物均对冬小麦籽粒产量具有极显著影响(P<0.01),氮、锌肥对产量具有显著互作效应(P<0.001)。氮锌配施(N+Zn)的小麦籽粒产量显著高于不施氮锌肥加入清水处理(CK)和氮、锌单施处理,外源添加根系分泌物不同程度地提升了各施肥处理的增产效果,尤其N+Zn处理的产量显著高于不添加根际分泌物处理(图1)。
图2显示,施用氮肥、锌肥对小麦植株各部位锌含量的效应不同,外源根系分泌物与氮、锌肥的交互效应各部位间也不相同,可能受锌在体内的运转以及不同处理该部位的生物量的高低影响,但是N-Zn交互效应、N-Zn与根际分泌物三者的交互效应对籽粒中锌含量影响达到0.001、0.01显著水平,N-Zn+根际分泌物处理的籽粒含锌量显著高于其他处理(图2d)。表明氮锌配施与根系分泌物在促进锌向籽粒转运方面存在协同效应。
图3可知,与不施氮锌肥加入清水处理(CK)相比,单施氮肥及氮锌配施处理在不添加根系分泌物时显著提高了冬小麦根系、颖壳和籽粒氮含量;在添加根系分泌物时,单施氮和氮锌配施处理下的冬小麦茎叶、颖壳和籽粒氮含量显著高于不施氮锌肥处理。在氮锌配施处理下,添加根系分泌物显著提高了根系、茎叶和颖壳氮含量。方差分析结果表明,氮锌交互对冬小麦根系和颖壳氮含量达到极显著影响(P<0.001);氮、锌与根系分泌物交互对冬小麦根系氮含量达到极显著影响(P<0.001),表明氮锌配施与根系分泌物在提高冬小麦根系氮含量方面存在协同效应。
图4所示,与不施氮锌肥加入清水处理相比,单施氮处理在不添加根系分泌物时显著提高了根际和非根际土壤的pH值,氮锌配施处理在不添加根系分泌物时显著提高了非根际土壤pH值;与不施氮锌肥只添加根系分泌物处理相比,单施氮和氮锌配施处理在添加根系分泌物时也显著提高了非根际土壤的pH值;在氮锌配施处理下,添加根系分泌物显著降低了根际土壤的pH值。与不施氮锌肥处理相比,无论是否添加根系分泌物,单施锌和氮锌配施处理显著提高了根际/非根际土壤有效锌含量;在氮锌配施条件下,外源添加根系分泌物显著提高了非根际土壤有效锌含量。方差分析结果表明,氮锌交互对根际/非根际土壤pH值和根际土壤有效锌含量达到极显著影响(P<0.01);施氮、施锌与根系分泌物交互对非根际土壤有效锌含量达到极显著影响(P<0.01),表明氮锌配施与根系分泌物在降低土壤pH值、提高有效锌含量方面存在协同效应。
表2结果可知,与不施氮锌肥加入清水处理相比,单施氮肥在不添加根系分泌物时显著提高了非根际土交换态锌含量,显著降低了根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。单施锌在不添加根系分泌物时显著提高了根际和非根际土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量以及非根际土壤残渣态锌含量,显著降低了根际土壤残渣态锌含量,在添加根系分泌物时提高了根际土壤交换态和有机结合态锌含量,以及根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量,显著降低了根际土壤残渣态锌含量。无论是否添加根系分泌物,氮锌配施处理显著提高根际和非根际土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态以及铁锰氧化物结合态锌含量,显著降低了根际土壤残渣态锌含量。在氮锌配施条件下,添加根系分泌物显著提高了根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌含量,显著降低了根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。方差分析结果表明,氮锌交互对根际土碳酸盐结合态锌含量产生极显著影响(P<0.001),对非根际土壤有机结合态锌含量产生显著影响(P<0.05);施氮、施锌与根系分泌物交互对非根际土壤交换态和碳酸盐结合态锌含量产生显著影响(P<0.05),对根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌含量产生极显著影响(P<0.001),表明氮锌配施与根系分泌物在提高交换态和碳酸盐结合态锌含量、降低残渣态锌含量方面存在协同效应。
图5可知,与不施氮锌肥处理相比,在不添加根系分泌物时,单施氮显著提高了根际/非根际土壤铁锰氧化物结合态锌的比例,单施锌提高了根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌比例,氮锌配施提高了根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌比例,施氮、施锌和氮锌配施均降低了根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌比例。在添加根系分泌物时,单施锌提高了根际/非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌比例,氮锌配施提高了根际/非根际土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌比例,单施锌和氮锌配施均降低了根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌比例。在氮锌配施条件下,外源添加根系分泌物提高了根际/非根际土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌比例,降低了根际/非根际土壤残渣态锌比例。
在植物–土壤互作系统中,根系分泌物作为关键的化学信息介体,其组成与浓度特征直接反映了植物在不同养分条件下的生理响应机制[42]。根系分泌物的变化受多种环境因子调控,既响应于光照、污染、气候等非生物因子,也显著受到施肥管理措施的影响[4344]。研究表明,施肥能改变植物根系分泌物的组成,并显著提高次生代谢产物的相对含量[45]。本试验中,氮锌配施显著提高了根系分泌物中乌头酸、延胡索酸和苹果酸的含量,同时降低了丙酮酸、柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸的含量(表1),表明氮锌配施能改变根系分泌物的组成和含量,这可能与施氮或施锌调控植物体内有机酸的合成与代谢有关。Mishra等[46]研究表明,施氮主要通过上调磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)和苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase,MDH)基因表达,促进三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)循环中草酰乙酸和苹果酸的合成。Kania等[47]研究表明,施用磷肥可增强柠檬酸合酶(CS)的活性以提高TCA循环通量,并特异性地诱导线粒体中乌头酸酶(aconitase,ACO)基因表达,从而促进乌头酸的合成。Rose等[48]研究表明,缺锌会抑制延胡索酸酶(fumarase)的活性,导致延胡索酸在根细胞中积累并减少其分泌,这可能是植物对缺锌的响应信号。有机酸的合成与分泌还受其他关键调控转录因子与激素信号分子的调控。在缺锌条件下,水稻中锌指转录因子OsbZIP48的表达被强烈诱导,该因子能够直接结合多种药物与毒素挤出转运蛋白(multidrug and toxic compound extrusion,MATE)基因的启动子区域,激活其转录,从而促进有机酸的外排[49]。养分缺乏会促进生长激素关键信号分子茉莉酸的生物合成,上调铝活化苹果酸转运蛋白(aluminum-activated malate transporter,ALMT)基因表达,促进苹果酸的分泌[50]。因此,氮锌配施可能是通过多层次调控有机酸的合成、代谢与转运等相关蛋白的基因表达,影响植物体内有机酸的合成与代谢,最终改变根系分泌物中有机酸的组成和含量。
土壤锌的有效性主要受其形态及pH、有机质含量、碳酸钙含量和水分状况等因素的调控[51]。根据形态划分,土壤中的锌可分为交换态、松结有机态、碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态、紧结有机态和残渣态6类[20]。白玲玉等[52]指出,交换态锌的生物有效性最高,而有机结合态锌是锌与有机质通过吸附、交换和络合形成的形态,决定了锌在土壤中的迁移和对植物的有效性。碳酸盐结合态锌在高pH和高碳酸钙土壤中可作为重要的锌缓冲库,在石灰性土壤中所占比例较高[5354]。土壤pH与有效锌含量的关系极为密切,通常认为,随着pH的升高,土壤锌的有效性显著降低,一方面土壤pH的升高会增强锌与有机物络合,有机结合态锌含量增加,同时铁、锰等阳离子会与OH形成沉淀,导致铁锰氧化物结合态含量增多[55];另一方面随着pH的提高,土壤中胶体表面的H+趋于解离,负电荷数量和表面电荷密度增加,从而增强土壤胶体对可交换态锌的吸附,降低土壤可交换态锌含量[56]。本试验中,在氮锌配施条件下,外源添加根系分泌物显著降低了根际土壤pH值(图4),这与提高非根际土壤有效锌含量的结果一致(图4),但根系分泌物对根际土壤有效锌含量影响不大,这可能与根系分泌物促进冬小麦吸收转运锌有关(图2)。土壤pH值降低可能与植物根系分泌的有机酸有关,有机酸可能通过羧基释放质子(H+)提高土壤溶液中H+浓度,直接导致土壤pH值下降[57],同时激活土壤原生碳酸酐酶活性,加速碳酸盐矿物风化,提高锌等微量元素在碱性土壤中的溶解度[58]。除此之外,根系分泌的有机物还通过络合与螯合作用调控土壤养分有效性。本试验中,外源添加根系分泌物显著提高根际土壤碳酸盐结合态锌的含量及比例,降低残渣态锌的含量及比例(表2图5),说明根系分泌物可促进锌从难溶态向有效态锌转化。有机酸可破坏土壤中磷酸盐矿物晶格结构,释放金属离子,其羧基官能团还能与金属离子形成可溶性络合物[59]。有机酸与金属离子形成的络合物存在动态转化机制,在解离与络合的平衡状态下金属离子既能保持有效性又能避免被重新固定[60]。而有机酸通过与碳酸钙共沉淀的方式可将金属离子包裹在次生矿物中,形成缓释型金属离子库[61]。除直接化学作用外,有机酸还通过调控根际微生物间接活化土壤养分。作为微生物代谢底物,有机酸可特异性富集溶磷微生物,通过调控碱性磷酸酶和微生物等功能基因phoDpqqC的表达,活化难溶性磷[62]。有机酸还能促进细菌嗜铁素合成,增强其对铁、锌等微量元素的螯合能力[63]。根系分泌物可为根际微生物提供碳源与营养,促进其定殖与活动,间接影响植物生长[64]。在“植物–微生物–土壤”共生体中,根系分泌物作为关键介导者,不仅直接参与养分的活化,还通过招募有益微生物在根际富集,增强有机物的释放,协同提升植物对养分的吸收[6566]
本试验中,氮锌配施可显著提高冬小麦根系、茎叶和籽粒中的锌含量(图2),这与氮锌配施促进冬小麦锌吸收有关。邵运辉等[67]研究表明,氮锌配施有助于增强小麦籽粒中锌的累积;常红等[68]指出在土壤有效锌水平较低时,氮锌配施对提高小麦籽粒锌含量的效果最为显著,这与本研究结论一致。氮锌配施协同互作效应不仅源于养分的叠加供应,还与其多层次协同调控锌吸收、转运及再分配相关蛋白的基因表达有关。位于质膜上的锌铁调控转运蛋白家族(ZRT-/ IRT-like protein family,ZIP)通过调控锌离子跨膜流动,转运多种金属离子,促进植物对锌的吸收[6970]。Tiong等[71]和Lin等[72]研究发现,不同植物的ZIP同源基因,如大麦锌/铁调控转运蛋白基因(HvZIP3HvZIP5HvZIP7)以及拟南芥锌/铁调控转运蛋白基因(AtZIP3AtZIP4AtZIP7)均在锌缺乏条件下被诱导表达,进而介导锌离子流入根细胞,促进锌在根系中的积累。Kobae等[73]发现,拟南芥金属耐受蛋白(metal tolerance proteins,MTP)通过将锌离子隔离至液泡中富集,在缺锌条件下为植物提供锌营养。Hanikenne等[74]也发现,重金属ATP酶(heavy metal ATPase, HMA)作为一种P1B-型ATP酶,通过将锌离子泵入木质部,驱动锌从根部向地上部运输。Zhu等[75]研究发现,水稻中液泡铁转运蛋白(vacuolar iron transporters,VIT)基因OsVIT1OsVIT2功能缺失会阻滞锌向液泡转运,降低旗叶中锌含量,因此锌元素被更多地再分配至种子,从而促进了籽粒中锌的积累。Liu等[76]研究也发现,玉米 DUF300蛋白家族成员ZmLAZ1-4在转录因子ZmBES1BZR1-11的负调控下,通过质膜和液泡膜转运锌离子,调节锌的平衡,促进锌在玉米中的累积。已有研究表明,施氮、施锌及氮锌配施均可显著上调冬小麦根系中锌/铁调控转运蛋白(ZIP)家族中TaZIP3TaZIP7基因表达[77],从而促进冬小麦锌的吸收和转运。本试验中,氮锌配施条件下籽粒锌含量显著提高(图2),可能与植株体内锌运输相关基因的表达调控有关。同时,氮锌配施条件下外源添加根系分泌物可显著提高冬小麦籽粒锌含量(图2),可能是因为根系分泌的有机物与锌形成复合物,被运输至根表后通过跨膜转运蛋白被吸收并转运到细胞[78]。Arnold等[23]发现,植物铁载体如麦根酸可与锌形成络合物,并通过黄色条纹蛋白(yellow stripe-like protein,YSL)进入植物根细胞。Tauris等[25]也发现,小麦根系分泌的麦根酸含量显著增加,可协同调控TaYSL基因的上调表达,进一步促进锌的吸收。
施锌或氮锌配施显著提高了根际与非根际土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态锌的含量,并降低了残渣态锌含量。在添加根系分泌物的情况下,锌肥进一步促进了根际与非根际土壤中交换态和碳酸盐结合态锌的累积,提高了根际土壤有机结合态锌和非根际土壤铁锰氧化物结合态锌的含量;氮锌配施则显著提升了根际土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌的含量,同时显著降低了根际与非根际土壤中残渣态锌的比例。因此,氮锌肥配合施用外源冬小麦根系分泌物能进一步显著提升小麦产量和锌吸收量,这是因为根际分泌物可促进根际和非根际土壤中残渣态锌向碳酸盐结合态锌的转化,提高碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态锌的有效性,进而促进冬小麦吸收土壤锌及向籽粒中锌的转运。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025375
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    1河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州 450046
    2小麦玉米两熟高效生产全国重点实验室,河南郑州 450046
    3农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室,河南郑州 450046
    4河南省土壤污染控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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