Article(id=1284574899373052914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025365, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768752000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-19, onlineDate=1784196122257, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196122257, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196122257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196122257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1123, endPage=1134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574899624711155, articleId=1284574899373052914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Construction of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve of flue-cured tobacco based on accumulated temperature, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

Critical nitrogen dilution curves (CNDCs) have been constructed for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis in many crops. However, the acquisition of the main variable factor, biomass, requires destructive sampling, which significantly reduces the practical feasibility of these curves. We attempted to construct a critical nitrogen dilution curve for flue-cured tobacco using accumulated growing degree days (AGDD, referred to as the “AGDD curve”) and compared the parameter values with those of the curve using shoot dry matter accumulation (referred to as the “dry matter curve”).

Methods

The field experiment was conducted in Linqu County, Shandong Province, in 2023, using the flue-cured tobacco cultivar Zhongchuan 208. The experiment employed a two-factor (planting date and nitrogen application rate) complete block design. The two transplanting dates were April 30 and May 10. The nitrogen application rates included five levels: N1 (0 kg/hm2), N2 (45 kg/hm2), N3 (90 kg/hm2), N4 (135 kg/hm2), and N5 (180 kg/hm2). Aboveground dry matter accumulation in tobacco plants was measured at key growth stages, including the rosette, vigorous growth, bud emergence, topping, and maturity stages. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework model and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, two critical nitrogen dilution curves for the aboveground dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco were constructed. One curve was driven by accumulated temperature (T-curve), and the other by aboveground dry matter accumulation (M-curve). The ability of the two curves to differentiate between nitrogen-limited and non-nitrogen-limited conditions was compared. The critical nitrogen concentration and nitrogen nutrition index were calculated using measured data and fitted using the two curves to test the accuracy of the two curves.

Results

Both planting date and N application rate significantly affected the aboveground dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco. The critical nitrogen dilution curves constructed with aboveground dry matter accumulation (PDM) and accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) as driving variables, were Nc = 3.00 PDM−0.18 and Nc = 2.32 AGDD−0.33, respectively. For the M-curve, the 95% posterior distribution ranges for parameters A1 and A2 were 2.71−3.40 and 0.10−0.29, with mean values of 3.00 and 0.18, respectively. The curve’s uncertainty level ranged from 0.14% to 1.76%, with relative uncertainties for A1 and A2 being 0.23% and 1.12%, respectively. The discrimination ability between the nitrogen surplus group and the nitrogen deficit group was 75%. The normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of the nitrogen nutrition index was 23%. For the T-curve: the 95% posterior distribution ranges for parameters A1 and A2 were 2.23−2.41 and 0.23−0.44, with mean values of 2.32 and 0.33, respectively. The curve’s uncertainty level ranged from 0.12% to 1.12%, with relative uncertainties for A1 and A2 being 0.08% and 0.62%, respectively. The discrimination ability between the nitrogen surplus group and the nitrogen deficit group was 82%. The normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of the nitrogen nutrition index was 13%.

Conclusions

Compared to the dry matter-based curve, the accumulated temperature-based curve offers clearer differentiation between nitrogen deficit and nitrogen surplus conditions. The fitted nitrogen nutrition index demonstrates a stronger linear correlation with the actual nitrogen nutrition index, evidenced by a lower normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of 13%, indicating higher simulation accuracy. Given the practicality and accessibility of accumulated temperature data, the critical nitrogen dilution curve developed using accumulated temperature as the driving variable is well-suited for non-destructive diagnosis of nitrogen status in flue-cured tobacco.

, authors=Li-wei LIU1, Yang ZHANG2, Yang LIU3, Yu-hai DU3, Yu ZHANG1, Chen-yang SUO1, Qiang-wen WU1, Jiu-zhou LI1, Quan-she WANG1, Hui-feng YAN1, *, authorsList=Li-wei LIU, Yang ZHANG, Yang LIU, Yu-hai DU, Yu ZHANG, Chen-yang SUO, Qiang-wen WU, Jiu-zhou LI, Quan-she WANG, Hui-feng YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui-feng YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574902518780926, articleId=1284574899373052914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=基于积温的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的构建与应用, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

临界氮稀释曲线 (CNDCs)已被用于多种作物的氮素营养诊断。然而,获取其主要变量—生物量,需要进行破坏性取样,这大大降低了这些曲线的实际可行性。为此,本研究尝试构建以积温(AGDD)为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线(简称积温曲线),并对比分析了其与以干物质积累量为驱动变量的临界氮稀释曲线(简称干物质曲线)之间的差异。

方法

田间试验于2023年在山东临朐县进行,供试烤烟品种为‘中川208’。试验采用移栽期与氮肥用量双因素完全区组设计,移栽时期设两个日期:4月30日和5月10日;氮肥用量包括5个水平:N1 (0 kg/hm2)、N2 (45 kg/hm2)、N3 (90 kg/hm2)、N4 (135 kg/hm2)、N5 (180 kg/hm2)。在烤烟团棵、旺长、现蕾、平顶、成熟等时期取样调查烤烟地上部干物质积累量。运用分层贝叶斯架构模型,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)算法,分别构建以积温为驱动变量和以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线。比较了两条曲线预测的不同处理对受氮限制和不受氮限制的区分度;并利用已有试验数据拟合计算临界氮浓度和氮营养指数,将其与实测值进行了比较。

结果

栽期和氮肥量均显著影响烤烟地上部干物质积累量。以地上部干物质积累量和积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线,分别为Nc=3.00PDM−0.18和Nc=2.32AGDD−0. 33。干物质曲线参数A1和A2的95%后验分布范围分别为2.71~3.40和0.10~0.29,平均值分别为3.00和0.18,曲线的不确定性水平为0.14%~1.76%,A1和A2的相对不确定性分别为0.23%、1.12%,氮盈余组和氮亏缺组的区分度为75%,氮营养指数的标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为23%;积温曲线参数A1和A2的95%后验分布范围分别为2.23~2.41和0.23~0.44,平均值分别为2.32和0.33,曲线的不确定性水平为0.12%~1.12%;积温曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定性分别为0.08%、0.62%,对氮盈余组和氮亏缺组的区分度为82%,积温曲线氮营养指数的标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为13%。

结论

相比于干物质曲线,积温曲线可以更好地区分氮亏缺与氮盈余,拟合的氮营养指数与实际氮营养指数线性吻合度更高,其标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为13%,相对较低,因而模拟结果显示了更高的准确性。综合考虑积温的易获得性,以积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线可用于烤烟氮营养无损诊断。

, authors=刘力玮1, 张杨2, 刘洋3, 杜玉海3, 张玉1, 索晨阳1, 吴强文1, 李久洲1, 王全社1, 闫慧峰1, *, authorsList=刘力玮, 张杨, 刘洋, 杜玉海, 张玉, 索晨阳, 吴强文, 李久洲, 王全社, 闫慧峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫慧峰, authorNote=

刘力玮 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 闫慧峰 E-mail:
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Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 19: 2−18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574920172605587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王小龙. 小麦临界氮稀释曲线的构建与不确定性分析研究[D]. 江苏南京: 南京农业大学博士学位论文, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574920248103060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X L. Construction and uncertainty analysis of critical nitrogen dilution curves for wheat[D]. Nanjing, Jiangsu: PhD Dissertation of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574902741079039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574902749467648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574902741079039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Tobacco, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574902757855232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574902741079039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业科学院烟草研究所 / 农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574902971764737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574902980153346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574902971764737, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574902984347651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574902971764737, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东中烟工业有限责任公司,山东济南 250014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574903059845124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574903068233733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574903059845124, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Weifang Tobacco Co., Ltd., Weifang, Shandong 261205, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574903080816646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, companyId=1284574903059845124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3山东潍坊烟草有限公司,山东潍坊 261205)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574908348862533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=A posteriori distribution of parameters A1 and A2, figureFileSmall=qt9kaQARux4MboeTKdicog==, figureFileBig=JF6x8owTzuMHxy6ffh+/JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908420165702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=图1, caption=参数A1、A2后验分布

注:图a、b分别为驱动变量为地上部干物质积累量时参数A1、A2后验分布频率,图c、d分别为驱动变量为积温(AGDD)时参数A1、A2后验分布频率。

, figureFileSmall=qt9kaQARux4MboeTKdicog==, figureFileBig=JF6x8owTzuMHxy6ffh+/JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908608909383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of differentiation between nitrogen deficit group and nitrogen surplus group, figureFileSmall=YjWPfkSlh+BKiu/OCE7jPQ==, figureFileBig=mwv8GT0qdJMJ6fT+6vK0LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908667629640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氮亏缺组与氮盈余组区分度比较

注:实线为地上部临界氮稀释曲线,两条虚线间为曲线正负95% 置信区间宽度。

, figureFileSmall=YjWPfkSlh+BKiu/OCE7jPQ==, figureFileBig=mwv8GT0qdJMJ6fT+6vK0LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908747321417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dynamics of nitrogen nutrition indices of the nitrogen treatments calculated by two curves, figureFileSmall=GlOp4qfHaExIA9dF09k3fQ==, figureFileBig=0fYDe9sYGcUmppZzkTQDrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908814430282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两个临界氮稀释曲线计算的氮肥处理氮营养指数

注:N1、N2、N3分别表示氮肥施用量0、45、90 kg/hm2。图a、b分别以干物质量曲线和积温曲线计算的结果。

, figureFileSmall=GlOp4qfHaExIA9dF09k3fQ==, figureFileBig=0fYDe9sYGcUmppZzkTQDrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908894122059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitness of the actual and calculated critical nitrogen concentrations by the two curves, figureFileSmall=NEu9rpPhVcfbXk9L6GeIhA==, figureFileBig=fBH4nTscbCUZAxWanlr3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574908969619532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两条曲线预测值与实际临界氮浓度的拟合度

注:图a、b分别以干物质量曲线和积温曲线计算的结果。

, figureFileSmall=NEu9rpPhVcfbXk9L6GeIhA==, figureFileBig=fBH4nTscbCUZAxWanlr3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574909049311309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Agreement of measured and fitted nitrogen nutrient indices using the two curves, figureFileSmall=ElpBlpBPU9uttdRckiv63Q==, figureFileBig=2CBRu2Ag6ytHUlx9o+kSpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574909116420174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氮营养指数实测值和模拟值的吻合度

注:图a、b分别以干物质量曲线和积温曲线计算的结果。

, figureFileSmall=ElpBlpBPU9uttdRckiv63Q==, figureFileBig=2CBRu2Ag6ytHUlx9o+kSpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574910735421519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Accumulated growth degree days (AGDD) at monitoring date under the two transplanting dates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测日期
Monitoring date
(month-day)
移栽日期 Transplanting date (month-day)
TR1 (4−30)TR2 (5−10)
6−130.37
6−280.570.51
7−050.680.62
7−130.830.76
7−180.910.85
7−241.020.96
8−021.49
), ArticleFig(id=1284574910827696208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同移栽日期检测时的积温(×103℃·d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测日期
Monitoring date
(month-day)
移栽日期 Transplanting date (month-day)
TR1 (4−30)TR2 (5−10)
6−130.37
6−280.570.51
7−050.680.62
7−130.830.76
7−180.910.85
7−241.020.96
8−021.49
), ArticleFig(id=1284574910907387985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Shoot dry matter accumulation of tobacco under different treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
移栽时间
Transplanting
date
施氮量
N level
取样时间 Sampling date (momth/day)
6−136−287−057−137−187−248−20
TR1N10.30±0.05 b0.76±0.09 c0.89±0.11 c1.26±0.04 d2.46±0.29 b2.43±0.04 c
N20.45±0.13 b0.98±0.07 b1.47±0.14 b1.87±0.21 cd2.38±0.32 b4.23±0.45 b
N30.80±0.05 a1.22±0.02 a1.61±0.02 a2.49±0.69 bc2.63±0.34 b4.73±0.45 ab
N40.83±0.05 a1.30±0.07 a1.63±0.38 a3.23±0.18 ab3.87±0.30 a4.73±0.25 ab
N50.80±0.15 a1.34±0.09 a2.26±0.11 a3.62±0.30 a4.27±0.60 a5.26±0.55 a
TR2N10.25±0.02 c0.34±0.01 b0.48±0.02 c1.51±0.27 c1.59±0.01 c2.87±0.08 b
N20.28±0.08 b0.51±0.01 b0.86±0.17 bc1.76±0.08 bc1.92±0.62 bc3.33±0.10 b
N30.34±0.01 ab0.50±0.08 b1.16±0.28 b2.73±0.29 abc2.91±0.13 ab4.24±0.89 a
N40.39±0.01 ab0.77±0.12 a1.63±0.09 a3.18±0.30 a3.60±0.19 ab3.99±0.56 ab
N50.41±0.08 a0.86±0.17 a1.63±0.22 a3.04±0.90 ab4.04±0.35 a4.62±0.32 a
方差分析 ANOVAFF-value
移栽时间 (TR)
Transplanting date
657.73**176.60**111.74**8.94*77.63**
施氮量 N level (N)20.56**18.81**26.29**9.79**27.34**
TR×N6.44*3.32*2.86ns0.98 ns2.67 ns
), ArticleFig(id=1284574910974496850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574899373052914, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理烤烟地上部干物质积累量(t/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
移栽时间
Transplanting
date
施氮量
N level
取样时间 Sampling date (momth/day)
6−136−287−057−137−187−248−20
TR1N10.30±0.05 b0.76±0.09 c0.89±0.11 c1.26±0.04 d2.46±0.29 b2.43±0.04 c
N20.45±0.13 b0.98±0.07 b1.47±0.14 b1.87±0.21 cd2.38±0.32 b4.23±0.45 b
N30.80±0.05 a1.22±0.02 a1.61±0.02 a2.49±0.69 bc2.63±0.34 b4.73±0.45 ab
N40.83±0.05 a1.30±0.07 a1.63±0.38 a3.23±0.18 ab3.87±0.30 a4.73±0.25 ab
N50.80±0.15 a1.34±0.09 a2.26±0.11 a3.62±0.30 a4.27±0.60 a5.26±0.55 a
TR2N10.25±0.02 c0.34±0.01 b0.48±0.02 c1.51±0.27 c1.59±0.01 c2.87±0.08 b
N20.28±0.08 b0.51±0.01 b0.86±0.17 bc1.76±0.08 bc1.92±0.62 bc3.33±0.10 b
N30.34±0.01 ab0.50±0.08 b1.16±0.28 b2.73±0.29 abc2.91±0.13 ab4.24±0.89 a
N40.39±0.01 ab0.77±0.12 a1.63±0.09 a3.18±0.30 a3.60±0.19 ab3.99±0.56 ab
N50.41±0.08 a0.86±0.17 a1.63±0.22 a3.04±0.90 ab4.04±0.35 a4.62±0.32 a
方差分析 ANOVAFF-value
移栽时间 (TR)
Transplanting date
657.73**176.60**111.74**8.94*77.63**
施氮量 N level (N)20.56**18.81**26.29**9.79**27.34**
TR×N6.44*3.32*2.86ns0.98 ns2.67 ns
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基于积温的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的构建与应用
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刘力玮 1 , 张杨 2 , 刘洋 3 , 杜玉海 3 , 张玉 1 , 索晨阳 1 , 吴强文 1 , 李久洲 1 , 王全社 1 , 闫慧峰 1, *
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1123-1134
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1123 -1134
基于积温的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的构建与应用
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刘力玮1 , 张杨2, 刘洋3, 杜玉海3, 张玉1, 索晨阳1, 吴强文1, 李久洲1, 王全社1, 闫慧峰1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院烟草研究所 / 农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266101
  • 2山东中烟工业有限责任公司,山东济南 250014
  • 3山东潍坊烟草有限公司,山东潍坊 261205
通讯作者:
* 闫慧峰 E-mail:
作者简介:

刘力玮 E-mail:

Construction of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve of flue-cured tobacco based on accumulated temperature
Li-wei LIU1 , Yang ZHANG2, Yang LIU3, Yu-hai DU3, Yu ZHANG1, Chen-yang SUO1, Qiang-wen WU1, Jiu-zhou LI1, Quan-she WANG1, Hui-feng YAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Tobacco, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
  • 2China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 3Weifang Tobacco Co., Ltd., Weifang, Shandong 261205, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025365
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目的

临界氮稀释曲线 (CNDCs)已被用于多种作物的氮素营养诊断。然而,获取其主要变量—生物量,需要进行破坏性取样,这大大降低了这些曲线的实际可行性。为此,本研究尝试构建以积温(AGDD)为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线(简称积温曲线),并对比分析了其与以干物质积累量为驱动变量的临界氮稀释曲线(简称干物质曲线)之间的差异。

方法

田间试验于2023年在山东临朐县进行,供试烤烟品种为‘中川208’。试验采用移栽期与氮肥用量双因素完全区组设计,移栽时期设两个日期:4月30日和5月10日;氮肥用量包括5个水平:N1 (0 kg/hm2)、N2 (45 kg/hm2)、N3 (90 kg/hm2)、N4 (135 kg/hm2)、N5 (180 kg/hm2)。在烤烟团棵、旺长、现蕾、平顶、成熟等时期取样调查烤烟地上部干物质积累量。运用分层贝叶斯架构模型,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)算法,分别构建以积温为驱动变量和以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线。比较了两条曲线预测的不同处理对受氮限制和不受氮限制的区分度;并利用已有试验数据拟合计算临界氮浓度和氮营养指数,将其与实测值进行了比较。

结果

栽期和氮肥量均显著影响烤烟地上部干物质积累量。以地上部干物质积累量和积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线,分别为Nc=3.00PDM−0.18和Nc=2.32AGDD−0. 33。干物质曲线参数A1和A2的95%后验分布范围分别为2.71~3.40和0.10~0.29,平均值分别为3.00和0.18,曲线的不确定性水平为0.14%~1.76%,A1和A2的相对不确定性分别为0.23%、1.12%,氮盈余组和氮亏缺组的区分度为75%,氮营养指数的标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为23%;积温曲线参数A1和A2的95%后验分布范围分别为2.23~2.41和0.23~0.44,平均值分别为2.32和0.33,曲线的不确定性水平为0.12%~1.12%;积温曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定性分别为0.08%、0.62%,对氮盈余组和氮亏缺组的区分度为82%,积温曲线氮营养指数的标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为13%。

结论

相比于干物质曲线,积温曲线可以更好地区分氮亏缺与氮盈余,拟合的氮营养指数与实际氮营养指数线性吻合度更高,其标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为13%,相对较低,因而模拟结果显示了更高的准确性。综合考虑积温的易获得性,以积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线可用于烤烟氮营养无损诊断。

烤烟  /  临界氮稀释曲线  /  积温  /  地上部干物质积累量  /  氮营养诊断  /  贝叶斯统计
Objectives

Critical nitrogen dilution curves (CNDCs) have been constructed for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis in many crops. However, the acquisition of the main variable factor, biomass, requires destructive sampling, which significantly reduces the practical feasibility of these curves. We attempted to construct a critical nitrogen dilution curve for flue-cured tobacco using accumulated growing degree days (AGDD, referred to as the “AGDD curve”) and compared the parameter values with those of the curve using shoot dry matter accumulation (referred to as the “dry matter curve”).

Methods

The field experiment was conducted in Linqu County, Shandong Province, in 2023, using the flue-cured tobacco cultivar Zhongchuan 208. The experiment employed a two-factor (planting date and nitrogen application rate) complete block design. The two transplanting dates were April 30 and May 10. The nitrogen application rates included five levels: N1 (0 kg/hm2), N2 (45 kg/hm2), N3 (90 kg/hm2), N4 (135 kg/hm2), and N5 (180 kg/hm2). Aboveground dry matter accumulation in tobacco plants was measured at key growth stages, including the rosette, vigorous growth, bud emergence, topping, and maturity stages. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework model and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, two critical nitrogen dilution curves for the aboveground dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco were constructed. One curve was driven by accumulated temperature (T-curve), and the other by aboveground dry matter accumulation (M-curve). The ability of the two curves to differentiate between nitrogen-limited and non-nitrogen-limited conditions was compared. The critical nitrogen concentration and nitrogen nutrition index were calculated using measured data and fitted using the two curves to test the accuracy of the two curves.

Results

Both planting date and N application rate significantly affected the aboveground dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco. The critical nitrogen dilution curves constructed with aboveground dry matter accumulation (PDM) and accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) as driving variables, were Nc = 3.00 PDM−0.18 and Nc = 2.32 AGDD−0.33, respectively. For the M-curve, the 95% posterior distribution ranges for parameters A1 and A2 were 2.71−3.40 and 0.10−0.29, with mean values of 3.00 and 0.18, respectively. The curve’s uncertainty level ranged from 0.14% to 1.76%, with relative uncertainties for A1 and A2 being 0.23% and 1.12%, respectively. The discrimination ability between the nitrogen surplus group and the nitrogen deficit group was 75%. The normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of the nitrogen nutrition index was 23%. For the T-curve: the 95% posterior distribution ranges for parameters A1 and A2 were 2.23−2.41 and 0.23−0.44, with mean values of 2.32 and 0.33, respectively. The curve’s uncertainty level ranged from 0.12% to 1.12%, with relative uncertainties for A1 and A2 being 0.08% and 0.62%, respectively. The discrimination ability between the nitrogen surplus group and the nitrogen deficit group was 82%. The normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of the nitrogen nutrition index was 13%.

Conclusions

Compared to the dry matter-based curve, the accumulated temperature-based curve offers clearer differentiation between nitrogen deficit and nitrogen surplus conditions. The fitted nitrogen nutrition index demonstrates a stronger linear correlation with the actual nitrogen nutrition index, evidenced by a lower normalized root mean square error (n-RMSE) of 13%, indicating higher simulation accuracy. Given the practicality and accessibility of accumulated temperature data, the critical nitrogen dilution curve developed using accumulated temperature as the driving variable is well-suited for non-destructive diagnosis of nitrogen status in flue-cured tobacco.

flue-cured tobacco  /  critical nitrogen dilution curve  /  accumulated growth degree days  /  shoot dry matter accumulation  /  nitrogen nutrition diagnosis  /  Bayesian statistics
刘力玮, 张杨, 刘洋, 杜玉海, 张玉, 索晨阳, 吴强文, 李久洲, 王全社, 闫慧峰. 基于积温的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的构建与应用. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1123 -1134 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025365
Li-wei LIU, Yang ZHANG, Yang LIU, Yu-hai DU, Yu ZHANG, Chen-yang SUO, Qiang-wen WU, Jiu-zhou LI, Quan-she WANG, Hui-feng YAN. Construction of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve of flue-cured tobacco based on accumulated temperature[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1123 -1134 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025365
氮肥施用过量会导致烤烟减产、品质下降、生产成本上升,并破坏生态环境等[12]。因此,精准氮素管理对于烟区可持续发展至关重要。精准氮素管理需对烤烟氮营养状态进行动态评估,根据临界氮稀释曲线(CNDC)计算的氮营养指数(NNI)是判断烤烟氮营养状况的重要方法之一,作物临界氮稀释曲线被广泛应用于作物精准氮素管理等方面[3]
典型作物临界氮稀释曲线为氮浓度—干物质积累量间的关系方程[4],前人以作物地上部干物质积累量或者叶片干物质积累量为驱动变量构建了多个不同作物的临界氮稀释曲线,如小麦[57]、玉米[8 -10]、辣椒[11]、水稻[1213]、番茄[1415]等。在烤烟的研究中,以叶片干物质积累量为驱动变量构建的叶片临界氮稀释曲线,可更好地将不同氮肥用量试验叶片氮营养指数区分开,较烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的指导意义更强[16]。不同地区烤烟的临界氮稀释曲线存在差异,黄淮烟区临界氮稀释曲线[17]相较于东南烟区临界氮稀释曲线[16]呈现出氮稀释速率更慢的情况。临界氮稀释曲线的构建方法同样非常重要,Justes等[18]提出了顺序架构模型构建临界氮稀释曲线的方法,并得到广泛的应用,但仍有大量的田间试验数据因计算方法的限制无法用于构建临界氮稀释曲线。Makowski等[19]提出基于分层贝叶斯架构模型的曲线构建方法,通过不确定性分析实现一步拟合,提高了模型精度。基于分层贝叶斯架构模型构建的临界氮稀释曲线较顺序架构模型构建的临界氮稀释曲线可以更好地区分生长受氮限制组与不受氮限制组,且可更简单、准确地用于评价烤烟氮营养状况[20]
现有基于不同驱动变量和不同方法构建的临界氮稀释曲线[1617],仍需要对田间作物进行定期采样测定生物量和氮浓度,这限制了其在大规模生产实践中的应用。与传统的破坏性和依赖实验室分析的方法相比,快速和非破坏性的氮营养指数(NNI)评估更为简单和经济,在氮的诊断和管理中具有更大的应用潜力[21]。无损NNI获取大致基于叶片、基于树冠、基于无人机(UAV)和基于卫星的遥感[21],然而,由于地域差异和每年天气变化,所挑选指标可能不能精准反映特定阶段的作物实际状态[22],这要求我们在进行无损诊断时应尽量选取考虑环境调节的指标或具有地域适应性的指标[23],从而更好地进行氮营养管理。现临界氮稀释曲线常见的驱动变量(地上部或者叶片干物质积累量)缺乏快速无损监测技术[515],同时由于同一次取样时不同处理间可能存在生育进程的差异,不同生育期会对应不同的最佳干物质积累量[24],从而造成以干物质量为驱动变量的临界氮浓度差异较大[4, 25]。Yao等[26]利用61种不同的水稻种植情景,对影响临界氮浓度(Nc)稀释曲线的不确定性和驱动因素进行分析,结果表明,不同基因型、生长环境和管理的差异会导致氮稀释曲线的变化,单一干物质量曲线在不同条件下存在局限性。温度条件作为影响烤烟干物质累积的关键限制因子[27],作物干物质的积累与积温密切相关[16],与移栽后干物质量相比,积温(AGDD)是一个相对更加稳定的时间驱动因素,其包括生长天数和温度信息,在不同品种、年份和环境条件下更具适应性[28]。Fu等[29]通过对品种、年份、地区和作物管理的影响因素进行重要性分析,发现水稻分蘖期末的积温是与临界氮稀释曲线参数A2高度相关的因素之一,可通过随机森林算法模拟临界氮稀释曲线参数。在后续研究中[30]又基于积温时间序列变化特征与冠层归一化差异红边指数构建了氮营养指数关系模型,实现了利用积温特征进行作物氮营养诊断,以有效积温为驱动变量进行氮营养诊断,还可忽略生育时期的影响,从而提高氮营养诊断方法的稳定性[31]。因此,本研究以山东烟区烟草主栽品种为研究对象,通过田间氮肥用量试验,利用分层贝叶斯架构模型,构建以有效积温为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线(以下简称积温曲线),比较其与以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线(以下简称干物质曲线)的差别,分析其进行氮营养诊断的可行性,以期为烤烟氮营养无损诊断提供进一步的技术支撑。
田间试验于2023年5月至9月在山东省潍坊市临朐县寺头镇桥沟村(36°32′17″N,118°52′85″E)进行。该地属温带季风气候,2023年度烤烟生育期间(5月—9月)降水量和日均温分别为411.4 mm和26.5°C。供试土壤为褐土,前茬作物为烤烟,土壤基础理化性质:pH值6.37,有机质含量9.14 g/kg,碱解氮含量72.5 mg/kg,有效磷含量33.4 mg/kg,速效钾含量121 mg/kg。
供试烤烟品种为‘中川208’。采用双因素完全随机区组设计,两个因素分别为移栽期和氮肥施用量。移栽期设置2个处理,分别为4月30日移栽(TR1)和5月10日移栽(TR2);氮肥施用量设置5个处理,分别为N1 (0 kg/hm2)、N2 (45 kg/hm2)、N3 (90 kg/hm2)、N4 (135 kg/hm2)、N5 (180 kg/hm2)。所有处理的磷肥和钾肥用量相同,分别为P2O5 90 kg/hm2和K2O 270 kg/hm2,肥料全部作为基肥以条施方式进行施肥。试验小区面积均为48 m2,种植密度均为行距1.2 m、株距0.5 m,设置3次重复。田间管理措施均参照当地生产方案执行。
分别于6月13日对TR1处理进行采样,分别于6月28日、7月5日、7月13日、7月18日和7月24日对TR1、TR2处理进行取样,于8月20日对TR2处理进行采样。每个处理选择长势一致的烟株3株,采集叶片、茎,于105℃杀青30 min,65℃烘干至恒重,分别称量叶片和茎的干物质量,磨细过60目(0.25 mm)筛,经H2SO4−H2O2法联合消煮后,采用流动分析仪测定叶片和茎的氮浓度,计算得出烤烟地上部氮浓度。
本试验使用的气象数据来源于国家气象科学数据中心(http://data.cma.cn/),AGDD根据公式(1)进行计算:
$ {\mathrm{AGDD}}=\sum\limits_{{{i=1}}}^{{{N}}}\left(\left({T}_{max}+{T}_{min}\right)/{2}-{T}_{base}\right) $
式中,N为天数,TmaxTmin分别为日最高和最低气温。Tbase为温度基础,是维持烤烟生理活性的最低温度,本研究中温度基础为10℃。不同移栽处理不同取样时期的AGDD数据如表1所示。
$ {\mathrm{PDM}}={\mathrm{SDM}}+{\mathrm{LDM}} $
$ {{\mathrm{N}}}_{{\mathrm{PDM}}}=\left({{\mathrm{N}}}_{{\mathrm{SDM}}}\times {\mathrm{SDM}}+{{\mathrm{N}}}_{{\mathrm{LDM}}}\times {\mathrm{LDM}}\right)/{{\mathrm{PDM}}} $
式中, PDM为地上部干物质积累量(g/株),SDM为茎干物质积累量(g/株),LDM为叶片干物质积累量(g/株),NPDM为地上部氮浓度(%),NSDM为茎氮浓度(%),NLDM为叶片氮浓度(%)。
以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线和以有效积温为驱动变量的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线的公式分别为:
$ {\mathrm{{N}{c}}}={\mathrm{A1}}\times {{\mathrm{PDM}}}^{{\mathrm{-A2}}} $
$ {\mathrm{{N}{c}}}={\mathrm{A1}}\times {{\mathrm{AGDD}}}^{{\mathrm{-A2}}} $
按照Makowski等[19]提出的分层贝叶斯架构模型构建理论,拟合烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线。使用R包rjags实现马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)算法估算曲线参数A1和A2的后验分布范围。参数A1为截距参数,即当PDM、AGDD为1时植株的临界氮浓度(%);参数A2为曲线斜率,反映了作物在生长过程中氮稀释速率。其中公式(4)和公式(5)中参数A1、A2的先验分布区间根据已有的烤烟临界氮稀释曲线[1617, 20]确定,分别为2~6、0~0.5。
氮营养指数(NNI)用于定量评价作物氮营养状况,其公式为:
$ {\mathrm{NNI}}={{\mathrm{N}}}{{\mathrm{b}}}/{{\mathrm{N}}}{{\mathrm{c}}} $
式中,NNI为氮营养指数;Nb为烤烟地上部氮浓度的实测值(%);Nc为由临界氮稀释曲线求得的临界氮浓度值(%)。当NNI=1,表明作物氮平衡;NNI>1,表明作物氮富裕;NNI<1,表征作物氮亏缺。
根据已公开发表的试验数据[17]对两条曲线的临界氮浓度和氮营养指数的拟合情况进行独立验证。试验数据包括地上部干物质积累量与氮浓度,共设6个氮肥梯度:N1 (0 kg/hm2)、N2 (30 kg/hm2)、 N3 (60 kg/hm2)、N4 (90 kg/hm2)、N5 (120 kg/hm2) 和N6 (150 kg/hm2),5次取样(分别于移栽后47、61、71、83和93天取样)。田间试验移栽时间为5月4日。
通过计算均方根误差(RMSE)和标准化均方根误差(n-RMSE)来校验曲线的拟合度,其公式为:
$ {\mathrm{RMSE}}=\sqrt{\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{{\mathrm{i}}=1}^{{\mathrm{n}}}{({\mathrm{Pi-Oi}})}^{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{\mathrm{n}}}} $
$ {\mathrm{n}}\text-{\mathrm{RMSE}}={\mathrm{RMSE}}/{{\mathrm{S}}}\times 100\% $
模型的验证采用标准化均方根误差n-RMSE来检测模型的拟合度。式中,Pi和Oi分别代表临界氮浓度和氮营养指数的实际测定值和模型模拟值;n代表样本量;S代表实测数据的平均值。
采用Excel 2021进行数据整理与分析,使用R软件进行方差分析(LSD法),用Excel 2021绘制图形。
表2所示,烤烟地上部干物质积累量随着生长发育进程呈持续增加趋势,同一取样时期,随着施氮量的增加,烤烟地上部干物质积累量增加,施氮效果因氮肥用量有所差异。在N1、N2、N3处理间,烤烟地上部干物质量随着施氮量增加而显著增加,不同施氮量下,地上部干物质积累量差异显著,其中N3较N1平均增加42%;而N4和N5处理地上部干物质积累量差异不明显,这说明过量施氮会减弱氮肥对干物质量增长的促进效应。对施氮量(N)与移栽时间(TR)进行双因素分析,结果表明,6月28日、7月5日、7月13日和7月24日取样时,施氮量和移栽时间均对烤烟地上部干物质积累量有极显著影响;7月18日取样时,施氮量对烤烟地上部干物质积累量有极显著影响,移栽时间对烤烟地上部干物质积累量有显著影响;在6月28日和7月5日取样施氮量和移栽时间交互作用对烤烟地上部干物质积累量存在显著影响。参考何仲秋等[16]提出的方法,根据地上部干物质积累量的多重比较结果将不同处理分为氮亏缺组和氮盈余组。TR1移栽处理中,在6月13日、6月28日、7月5日和7月24日取样时,N1、N2处理为氮亏缺组,N3、N4、N5处理为氮盈余组;在7月13日和7月18日取样时,N1、N2、N3处理为氮亏缺组,N4、N5处理为氮盈余组。TR2移栽处理中,在6月28日、7月18日、7月24日和8月20日取样时,N1、N2处理为氮亏缺组,N3、N4、N5处理为氮盈余组;在7月5日和7月13日取样时,N1、N2、N3处理为氮亏缺组,N4、N5处理为氮盈余组。
随着地上部干物质量的增加,烤烟地上部氮浓度随时间逐渐降低,参考Makowski等[19]提出的基于分层贝叶斯架构模型的构建方法,估计公式(4)和公式(5)中参数A1、A2的后验分布,得到参数A1、A2后验分布频率 (图1)。以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量时,参数A1后验分布平均值、中值分别为3.00和2.98,分布范围为2.71~3.40 (图1a),参数A2后验分布平均值、中值均为0.18,分布范围为0.10~0.29(图1b);以积温为驱动变量时,参数A1后验分布平均值、中值均为2.32,分布范围为2.23~2.41 (图1c),参数A2后验分布平均值、中值均为0.33,分布范围为0.23~0.44 (图1d)。参数A1和A2的相对不确定度定义为曲线参数95%置信区间宽度与中位数之比,积温曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定度(0.08%、0.62%)低于干物质积累量曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定度(0.23%、1.12%)。
应用分层贝叶斯架构模型分别构建了干物质量曲线和积温曲线 (图2),其中图中实线为根据参数A1和A2后验分布的平均值代入公式(4)和公式(5)构建的曲线,虚线间为曲线95%置信区间宽度,定义为曲线的不确定性水平。曲线的不确定性水平随着驱动变量的增加先减小后轻微增加,当驱动变量为地上部干物质积累量时,在较低地上部干物质积累量(0.3~1 t/hm2)水平下,曲线的不确定性水平在0.68%~1.76%,在地上部干物质积累量大于1 t/hm2时,曲线的不确定性水平在0.14%~0.61%;当驱动变量为积温时,在积温为0.3×103~2×103℃·d时,曲线的不确定性水平为0.12%~1.12%,在积温为0.8×103℃·d时降到最低。
利用TR1、TR2移栽处理氮亏缺与氮盈余组数据,对干物质量曲线和积温曲线进行验证,分析两条曲线区分氮亏缺组和氮盈余组的效果。由图2可知,干物质量曲线对氮亏缺组的区分效果优于对氮盈余组的区分效果,氮亏缺组数据基本全部位于氮稀释曲线之下,占氮亏缺组总观测数据的93%,而氮盈余组数据仅有部分数据位于曲线之上,占氮盈余组总观测数据的57%。积温曲线对氮盈余组区分效果优于干物质量曲线,氮盈余组大部分数据位于曲线之上,占氮盈余组总观测数据的80%;对氮亏缺组数据的验证效果也较优,仅有个别氮亏缺组数据位于曲线上方,占氮亏缺组总观测数据17%,积温曲线总区分度为82%,优于干物质量曲线的总区分度75%。
利用公式(2)、(3)计算地上部氮浓度Nb,根据干物质量曲线和积温曲线分别求得临界氮浓度值Nc,利用公式(6)计算氮营养指数,并绘制氮营养指数动态变化图 (图3)。干物质量曲线和积温曲线计算的氮营养指数NNI变化趋势基本一致。在移栽第48天时,不同氮处理NNI未表现出明显差异,均小于1,随着施氮水平的提高,氮营养指数逐步升高;不同处理氮营养指数随移栽后时间的增加整体呈先上升后下降趋势。在生育期前期,NNI都小于1可能是由于在作物生育前期,作物的根系系统尚未充分发育,吸收土壤中氮素的能力相对较弱。即使土壤中存在高浓度的可利用氮素,作物也可能无法高效吸收,导致其体内氮浓度未能达到满足最大生长的临界水平,从而表现为NNI小于1。另一方面驱动变量低时,响应曲线是垂直的(氮浓度高,驱动变量非常低),确定临界氮浓度值的精度非常低,从而导致计算的NNI具有很高的不确定性[19]。且不同的驱动变量可能会在作物不同生育阶段对NNI的计算产生影响,两条曲线计算的氮营养指数相比,积温曲线计算的氮营养指数在更早的移栽后天数(移栽后65天)出现NNI大于1的情况,这表明积温曲线相较于干物质量曲线可以更早地对氮营养状况进行诊断。
为了评估本研究所构建的基于地上部干物质量和基于有效积温的两条临界氮稀释曲线的可靠性与应用价值,利用本课题组已发表论文数据[17]对两条曲线计算的临界氮浓度分别进行验证 (图4),其中实际临界氮浓度为已发表论文中采用顺序架构模型构建的临界氮稀释曲线计算的临界氮浓度,拟合临界氮浓度为本研究中每次取样时将最大地上部干物质积累量分别带入两条曲线拟合的临界氮浓度。临界氮浓度是稀释曲线的核心输出,其拟合精度直接决定了模型的准确性,两条曲线拟合的临界氮浓度与实际临界氮浓度相关性如图4所示,其中干物质量曲线拟合的临界氮浓度 (图4a)拟合效果尚可,但误差较大,与实际临界氮浓度间线性方程的决定系数为0.68,均方根误差 RMSE为0.60,标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为30%,这表明拟合值与实际值之间稳定度低,可能是由于本身受到除氮素以外其他环境因子(如水分、光照)的瞬时影响,从而在拟合临界氮浓度时带来较高不确定性;积温曲线拟合的临界氮浓度 (图4b)表现出更优的拟合效果,与实际临界氮浓度间线性方程的决定系数为0.78,均方根误差RMSE为0.36,标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为18%。两个驱动变量之间相比,以积温为驱动变量的曲线拟合临界氮浓度效果要优于以地上部干物质积累量为驱动变量的曲线。
氮营养指数是将临界氮浓度应用于田间诊断的直接工具,其准确性关乎模型的实际效用。利用本课题组已发表论文数据[17]对两条曲线计算的氮营养指数进行验证 (图5),实际氮营养指数为已发表论文中的氮营养指数,拟合氮营养指数为根据本研究中两条曲线拟合临界氮浓度计算的氮营养指数。结果表明根据两条临界氮稀释曲线计算得到的氮营养指数均与实际氮营养指数呈线性相关,方程决定系数R2均为0.93,两条曲线在判断烤烟氮素营养状况方面均具有高度可靠性。然而,在预测稳定性上两条曲线存在差异。干物质量曲线对应的NNI均方根误差RMSE为0.20, 标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为23% (图5a),稳定度较高;而积温曲线对应的NNI误差显著更低,均方根误差RMSE为0.12,标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为13%(图5b),达到高稳定度水平。13%的n-RMSE意味着基于积温的氮素诊断结果与实际高度一致,波动性极小,这表明,将积温这一时序性环境驱动因子引入氮素营养模型,不仅可行,而且在诊断的稳定性和一致性上可能优于传统的静态干物质量指标。
临界氮稀释曲线作为一种动态的基于作物氮吸收与生物量积累之间的作物氮诊断标准,为氮素营养诊断和氮营养状况评估提供理论依据[32]。但研究表明,临界氮稀释曲线受到作物品种、气候条件及管理措施等影响,导致构建的临界氮稀释曲线存在差异,这些差异使得我们建立通用性临界氮稀释曲线难以满足应用要求[3334],因此需要根据产区生产条件,分析氮稀释曲线的具体参数。本试验应用分层贝叶斯模型,拟合不同驱动变量下参数A1和A2的后验分布,结果表明,当驱动变量为AGDD时,曲线参数A1和A2后验分布平均值分别为2.32和0.33,与当驱动变量为地上部干物质积累量时参数A1和A2后验分布平均值(A1=3.00,A2=0.18)相比,A1值较低,A2值较高。由此可见,虽然基于不同器官的临界氮稀释曲线可以满足氮素营养诊断的需求,但由于胁迫效应会改变植物不同部位干物质的分配,不同指标构建的临界氮稀释曲线存在差异[35]。且以往研究对不同指标建立的临界氮稀释曲线进行比较,不同作物不同品种构建的临界氮稀释曲线最优指标不同[3638]。利用TR1、TR2移栽处理氮亏缺与氮盈余组数据,分别对干物质量曲线和积温曲线进行验证,结果表明,积温曲线对氮盈余、氮亏缺组数据区分效果整体优于干物质量曲线。由于烤烟作物特性,相同时间内干物质增加速率偏低可能导致氮稀释特征不明显,尤其是生长前期烤烟干物质量迅速增加时,干物质量曲线整体偏上,这导致虽然氮亏缺组数据基本全部位于氮稀释曲线之下,但对氮盈余组区分效果较差,区分准确度仅有57%。同时有研究表明烤烟地上部干物质积累量更容易受到积温的影响[16],这意味着即使在同一移栽后天数采样也会因为积温的不同,而对临界氮稀释曲线的精度造成影响。
作物生育期氮素状况的估算对农业生产中实施精准氮素管理具有重要意义,基于临界氮稀释曲线计算的氮营养指数(NNI)已成为评估作物氮状态诊断、肥料推荐、粮食产量和品质的重要指标。然而,临界氮稀释曲线的构建进而计算NNI的过程是繁琐的[39]。这限制了其在大规模生产实践中的应用,因而我们需要快速、无损地评估作物NNI。传统快速无损估算NNI的方法主要分为两类:直接法和间接法。直接法通过建立NNI与现有光谱指数之间的回归模型来估计NNI,有学者利用红边拐点指数(REIP)直接估算了冬小麦的NNI[40]。间接法通过植被指数预测实际氮浓度和生物量来估算NNI,Chen等[41]在加拿大利用双峰冠层氮指数(DCNI)估算氮浓度,利用红边三角形植被指数(RTVI)估算生物量,预测春玉米的NNI。然而,两种方法仍存在一定的局限性,首先植被指数的光谱波段仅对特定的生长指数(如氮浓度或生物量)敏感,这些指数可能不适合监测含有两种农艺信息(干物质积累量和氮浓度)的NNI,针对多个生长期构建的模型准确率一般较低。其次可能不同作物适宜的植被指数、光谱波段不同,这就需要在每个生育期都有足够的肥料对照组,这在农田中可能不容易实现。另外间接法是在反演干物质积累量、氮浓度等中间变量后构建的,即NNI的表达基于一个或多个植被指数,这会导致在多次反演过程中,增加模型误差源,从而导致错误的结果[42]。Zhao等[43]尝试通过构建基于新植被指数的临界氮稀释曲线,该方法相较于间接法减少了多次反演过程中的随机误差,相较于直接法增加了NNI在多个生长期的适用性,在反演结果的精度方面高于其他两种遥感NNI反演方法,但构建的临界氮稀释曲线驱动变量、因变量均为通过遥感测定的植被指数,可能会降低计算NNI的准确性。
上述关于无损氮营养诊断方法的尝试在便捷性方面有所提升,然而受制于植被指数测定的不确定性和多次反演过程增加的误差源,所进行的氮营养诊断仍存在精度不够的问题,因而现阶段需寻找一个既可快速无损测定指标,又可达到较高准确度与稳定性的方法,基于其进行氮营养诊断。Fu等[29]通过对影响氮稀释曲线参数A1、A2指标进行重要性分析,筛选出高度相关的指标,研究结果表明参数A2与积温和降雨等环境条件有关并通过机器学习的方法很好地预测了A1、A2值,与常规干物质量方法相比简化了复杂步骤,提高了操作效率,具有较强的适用性。后续研究中,Fu等[30]又通过对6个经典植被指数进行筛选,挑选出与氮营养诊断强相关指标指数—归一化差异红边指数 (normalized difference red edge index,NDRE),并将积温作为时间驱动变量,通过双s型函数方法拟合临界NDRE值,建模精度超过0.70,在实时评估小麦、水稻氮状态中达到较高精度。这表明将积温作为驱动变量在无损氮营养诊断中可达到很好的效果,在烤烟生长过程中,温度同样是影响烤烟干物质累积的关键限制因子,能有效描述作物在不同发育阶段的形态建成和生物量分配[24]。通过积温构建的干物质积累模型可实现地上部干物质积累量的有效拟合[27],积温曲线类型与简单的干物质积累量的原理是一致的,并且还解释了受气温影响干物质积累的过程,使用积温能更好统一不同生态区域作物生育进程,并能更好地消除不同生态区域温度差异带来的对氮肥效应的干扰[44]。基于不同地区和季节热条件的差异,积温能更好地将氮稀释曲线与作物的生理年龄和发育状态联系起来,从而提高氮营养诊断的准确性。因而本研究将驱动变量变更为积温,减少变动参数导致的误差,同时在前人研究的基础上,应用分层贝叶斯架构模型,构建基于地上部干物质积累量和积温两个变量的烤烟临界氮稀释曲线,减少构建临界氮稀释曲线的误差。研究结果表明,积温曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定度(0.08%、0.62%)低于干物质量曲线参数A1和A2的相对不确定度(0.23%、1.12%)。同时,积温曲线在NNI的验证中表现出更优的情况,其拟合的氮营养指数 (图5b)标准化均方根误差 n-RMSE为13%,较干物质量曲线低,以积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线可用于烤烟氮营养无损诊断。
建立通用的临界氮稀释曲线来进行氮营养诊断是现阶段热点问题,积温结合了生长天数和温度信息,与其他时间参数相比,具有更高的适用性。通过将作物生长发育进程与积温相结合有利于减少年度间温度波动以及不同气候区域对诊断结果的影响,提高模型的稳定性。在气候、地区变化下,可对不同生态区域进行通用性评估,更好地进行作物氮营养诊断,实现跨区域的精准氮肥推荐。该方法使得模型的应用更加便捷,积温作为易于获取的气象数据,结合无人机遥感与气象数据,基于积温曲线可集成到智慧农业系统中,通过本课题组建立烤烟氮含量预测模型[23],预测因变量(氮浓度)可进一步实现NNI的无损评估,构建更高效的氮素营养实时监测系统。但另一方面,曲线参数A1、A2在作物不同基因型、环境和管理(G×E×M)条件下会表现出显著变异[26],在涉及极端环境条件或不同种植制度的场景中,可能需要基于经验历史数据进行重新建模,并进行多因素、多地点田间试验比较不同生态和管理因子组合下参数的差异,识别敏感参数。采用贝叶斯分层模型等统计方法,量化作物基因型、环境和管理交互作用对氮稀释曲线参数不确定性的影响,从而进一步提升开发利用氮稀释曲线的潜力。
相比于地上部干物质曲线,积温曲线可以更好的区分氮亏缺与氮盈余,拟合的氮营养指数与实际氮营养指数线性吻合度更高,其标准化均方根误差n-RMSE为13%,相对较低,因而模拟结果显示了更高的准确性。综合考虑积温的易获得性,以积温为驱动变量构建的烤烟地上部临界氮稀释曲线可用于烤烟氮营养无损诊断。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025365
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 录用日期:2026-01-19
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    1中国农业科学院烟草研究所 / 农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266101
    2山东中烟工业有限责任公司,山东济南 250014
    3山东潍坊烟草有限公司,山东潍坊 261205

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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