Article(id=1284574909179347840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025361, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741363200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-08, onlineDate=1784196124596, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196124596, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196124596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196124596, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1080, endPage=1095, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574910907401089, articleId=1284574909179347840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Bentonite and straw amendments enhance water-nutrient retention and yield of oat in Loess Plateau drylands, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

The dry-farming soil of the Loess Plateau is characterized by poor structure and weak water and nutrient retention capacity. The application of exogenous organic and inorganic substances is a key technology for improving soil quality and increasing crop yield in this area. This study explored the synergistic effects of the combined application of bentonite and straw on enhancing soil structure, water and nutrient retention capacity, and crop yield in oat fields within this region.

Methods

A long-term field experiment was established in 2019 in the dryland farming region of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia. It comprised four treatments: no bentonite or straw application (CK), bentonite application alone (OB), straw application alone (OS), and combined application of bentonite and straw (H). Soil samples were collected from the soil profile after oat harvest in 2023 to determine soil aggregate composition, bulk density, porosity, available nutrient content, soil water storage, and crop yield and its components. Correlation and principal component analyses were conducted to identify the factors influencing yield.

Results

Compared with CK, the other three treatments significantly improved soil structure, water and nutrient retention capacity, and oat yield, with the following order of effectiveness H>OS>OB (P<0.05). The H treatment significantly increased the content of >2 mm and 0.25−2 mm macroaggregates by 33.06% and 37.54%, respectively, reduced bulk density by 6.43%, and increased porosity by 7.86%. These improvement effect extended to the 20−40 cm soil layer. In addition, the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly increased by 6.89%, 17.28%, and 30.82%, respectively. The H treatment exhibited the highest water-use efficiency and rainfall-use efficiency, increasing them by 36.84% and 35.25%, respectively, compared with CK, both at a significant level. Panicle number per unit area, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, and grain yield were all significantly higher than those of the control. The increase in biological yield reached 34.42%. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with >2 mm and 0.25−2 mm aggregate content, aggregate stability, and nutrient content, with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and 0.25−2 mm aggregate as the main positive influencing factors.

Conclusions

In dryland oat fields on the Loess Plateau, a one-time basal application of bentonite (18000 kg/hm2) combined with annual straw incorporation (6000 kg/hm2) can synergistically enhance the content of macroaggregates in the 0−40 cm soil layer, improve soil structural stability, reduce bulk density in deeper soil layers, increase porosity, and significantly elevate soil available nutrient content and soil water storage. This ultimately increases oat yield and water-use efficiency, achieving a synergistic effect of soil structure improvement, enhanced water and nutrient retention capacity, and increased oat yield. This approach can serve as an effective technical pathway for enhancing regional farmland productivity and resource-use efficiency.

, authors=Xin-hui BAI, Jun-zhen MI*, Jing-hui LIU, Jin-jin WANG, Bao-ping ZHAO, Lan-ying ZHANG, Yu-jia CAO, Xin-yi ZHANG, authorsList=Xin-hui BAI, Jun-zhen MI, Jing-hui LIU, Jin-jin WANG, Bao-ping ZHAO, Lan-ying ZHANG, Yu-jia CAO, Xin-yi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-zhen MI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574911909839754, articleId=1284574909179347840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=膨润土配施秸秆协同提升黄土高原旱作农田土壤水肥保蓄及燕麦产量, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

黄土高原旱作区土壤结构差、水肥保蓄能力弱,施用外源有机无机物是该区域改良土壤、提升作物产量的关键技术。本研究探讨了膨润土与秸秆配施提升该区域燕麦田土壤结构、水肥保蓄能力及作物产量的协同效应。

方法

定位试验于2019年在内蒙古黄土高原旱作区进行,设置4个处理:不施膨润土和秸秆(CK)、单施膨润土(OB)、单施秸秆(OS)、膨润土配施秸秆(H)。于2023年燕麦收获后,采集土壤剖面土样,测定土壤团聚体组成、容重、孔隙度、速效养分含量、土壤贮水量及作物产量与构成因素,通过相关性及主成分分析明确产量影响因子。

结果

与CK相比,其余3个处理均显著改善了土壤结构、保水保肥能力及燕麦产量,效果依次为H>OS>OB (P<0.05)。与CK相比,H处理使>2和0.25~2 mm大团聚体含量分别显著提高33.06%和37.54%,土壤容重降低6.43%,孔隙度增加7.86%,且改良效果延伸至20—40 cm土层;同时碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量分别显著提升6.89%、17.28%和30.82%。H处理的水分利用效率与降雨利用效率最高,较CK分别显著提高36.84%和35.25%,其单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物产量及籽粒产量均显著高于CK,生物产量增幅达34.42%。相关性与主成分分析表明,产量与>2及0.25~2 mm团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性及养分含量呈极显著正相关,其中碱解氮和0.25~2 mm团聚体为主要正向影响因子。

结论

在黄土高原旱作燕麦田,一次性基施膨润土(18000 kg/hm2)并配合每年秸秆还田(6000 kg/hm2),可协同提升0—40 cm土层土壤大团聚体含量,提高土壤结构的稳定性,降低深层土壤容重,提高孔隙度,进而显著增加土壤速效养分含量和土壤水分储量,最终提高燕麦产量和水分利用效率,实现土壤结构改良、水肥保蓄能力增强与燕麦产量增长的协同效应。该措施可作为提升区域农田生产力与资源利用效率的有效技术途径。

, authors=白新慧, 米俊珍*, 刘景辉, 王金金, 赵宝平, 张兰英, 曹宇嘉, 张欣怡, authorsList=白新慧, 米俊珍, 刘景辉, 王金金, 赵宝平, 张兰英, 曹宇嘉, 张欣怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=米俊珍, authorNote=

白新慧 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 米俊珍 E-mail:
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Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2020, 57(2): 435−445., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574912186663819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574912195052428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, companyId=1284574912186663819, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574912207635341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, companyId=1284574912186663819, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古农业大学农学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574916905255874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Precipitation and temperature during experimental period in 2023, figureFileSmall=f3qmoFnQqXE6pJXOObZrKQ==, figureFileBig=byMn0EUPXenznQuvsi5uIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574916980753347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2023年试验期降水量及温度

注:2023年生育期降雨量172.1 mm,生育期日均气温20.6℃,属干旱年。

, figureFileSmall=f3qmoFnQqXE6pJXOObZrKQ==, figureFileBig=byMn0EUPXenznQuvsi5uIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917190468548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of bentonite and straw application on soil aggregate distribution, figureFileSmall=seYHW6+yAkONrAUZGXEw6A==, figureFileBig=HjgzKZ6ahi4XKiwR15q51A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917249188805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=图2, caption=施用膨润土和秸秆对土壤团聚体分布的影响

注:CK—不施膨润土与秸秆;OS—单施秸秆;OB—单施膨润土;H—膨润土配施秸秆。不同小写字母表示同一粒径下不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示相同处理下团聚体粒级间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=seYHW6+yAkONrAUZGXEw6A==, figureFileBig=HjgzKZ6ahi4XKiwR15q51A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917328880582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation analysis of oat grain yield with soil structure, moisture and available nutrient indicators, figureFileSmall=dDIdNvsPGWgXh3TQXP1AYA==, figureFileBig=iA6wnyabU4hWZlcN9bsd/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917391795143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=图3, caption=燕麦籽粒产量与土壤结构、土壤水分及土壤速效养分的相关性分析

注: Y—产量;BD—容重;Por—孔隙度;SA1—>2 mm团聚体;SA2—0.25~2 mm团聚体;SA3—0.053~0.25 mm团聚体;SA4—<0.053 mm团聚体;GMD—几何平均直径;MWD—平均重量直径;R0.25—直径>0.25 mm团聚体含量。AN—碱解氮含量;AK—速效钾含量;AP—有效磷含量;SWS(PS)—播前贮水量;SWS(MT)—收获后贮水量;ET—耗水量;WUE—水分利用效率;PUE—生育期降水利用效率。*、**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上相关性显著。

, figureFileSmall=dDIdNvsPGWgXh3TQXP1AYA==, figureFileBig=iA6wnyabU4hWZlcN9bsd/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917479875528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principal component analysis of oat yield and soil physical and chemical indexes, figureFileSmall=+m1lFUvF1cY/CA1benOnbg==, figureFileBig=EXNUXm3PGZAp8SHPKmY26g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917538595785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=图4, caption=燕麦产量与土壤理化指标的主成分分析

注:CK—不施膨润土与秸秆;OS—单施秸秆;OB—单施膨润土;H—膨润土配施秸秆。GMD—几何平均直径,MWD—平均重量直径,R0.25—直径>0.25 mm团聚体含量。 Y—产量;BD—容重;Por—孔隙度;SA1—>2 mm团聚体;SA2—0.25~2 mm团聚体;SA3—0.053~0.25 mm团聚体;SA4—<0.053 mm团聚体;AN—碱解氮含量;AK—速效钾含量;AP—有效磷含量。

, figureFileSmall=+m1lFUvF1cY/CA1benOnbg==, figureFileBig=EXNUXm3PGZAp8SHPKmY26g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574917639259082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Detailed method for treatments in the localized experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代号
Code
处理
Treatment
膨润土用量
Bentonite amount
(kg/hm2)
秸秆还田量
Straw return amount
(kg/hm2)
投入量依据
Reference for the input amount
CK对照 Control00膨润土施用量参考米俊珍[14],此用量显著改善黄绵土容重和持水性。小区燕麦秸秆全部移走,等面积相邻农田玉米秸秆全量还入试验小区
The application rate of bentonite was shown to significantly improve loessial soil bulk density and water-holding capacity, as reported by Mi [14]. All oat straw was removed from the plots, while all maize straw from an adjacent field of equal area was returned
OB单施膨润土
Single application of bentonite
18,0000
OS单施秸秆 Straw return only06,000
H膨润土配施秸秆
Combined application of bentonite and straw return
18,0006,000
), ArticleFig(id=1284574917760893899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定位试验处理设置方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代号
Code
处理
Treatment
膨润土用量
Bentonite amount
(kg/hm2)
秸秆还田量
Straw return amount
(kg/hm2)
投入量依据
Reference for the input amount
CK对照 Control00膨润土施用量参考米俊珍[14],此用量显著改善黄绵土容重和持水性。小区燕麦秸秆全部移走,等面积相邻农田玉米秸秆全量还入试验小区
The application rate of bentonite was shown to significantly improve loessial soil bulk density and water-holding capacity, as reported by Mi [14]. All oat straw was removed from the plots, while all maize straw from an adjacent field of equal area was returned
OB单施膨润土
Single application of bentonite
18,0000
OS单施秸秆 Straw return only06,000
H膨润土配施秸秆
Combined application of bentonite and straw return
18,0006,000
), ArticleFig(id=1284574917857362892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of bentonite combined with straw on soil aggregate stability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil layer
处理
Treatment
MWD (mm)GMD (mm)R0.25 (%)
0—10CK0.87±0.04 a0.34±0.01 c31.63±0.47 c
OB1.03±0.01 a0.42±0.00 b40.38±0.38 b
OS1.12±0.02 a0.43±0.00 b40.49±0.91 b
H1.15±0.05 a0.47±0.03 a44.10±2.53 a
10—20CK0.67±0.06 a0.30±0.01 c30.66±1.48 c
OB0.75±0.00 a0.36±0.01 b36.33±0.51 b
OS0.78±0.03 a0.36±0.01 b37.47±1.01 b
H0.83±0.02 a0.38±0.01 a40.25±0.34 a
20—40CK0.57±0.04 a0.25±0.01 c21.83±0.96 c
OB0.60±0.01 a0.26±0.01 bc24.00±0.73 bc
OS0.64±0.05 a0.27±0.02 b25.00±2.56 b
H0.70±0.02 a0.30±0.01 a29.78±1.00 a
平均
Average
CK0.70±0.04 c0.30±0.01 c28.04±0.95 c
OB0.79±0.00 b0.35±0.01 b33.57±0.36 b
OS0.85±0.02 a0.35±0.01 b34.32±0.95 b
H0.89±0.02 a0.39±0.01 a38.04±0.73 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574917941248973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膨润土配施秸秆对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil layer
处理
Treatment
MWD (mm)GMD (mm)R0.25 (%)
0—10CK0.87±0.04 a0.34±0.01 c31.63±0.47 c
OB1.03±0.01 a0.42±0.00 b40.38±0.38 b
OS1.12±0.02 a0.43±0.00 b40.49±0.91 b
H1.15±0.05 a0.47±0.03 a44.10±2.53 a
10—20CK0.67±0.06 a0.30±0.01 c30.66±1.48 c
OB0.75±0.00 a0.36±0.01 b36.33±0.51 b
OS0.78±0.03 a0.36±0.01 b37.47±1.01 b
H0.83±0.02 a0.38±0.01 a40.25±0.34 a
20—40CK0.57±0.04 a0.25±0.01 c21.83±0.96 c
OB0.60±0.01 a0.26±0.01 bc24.00±0.73 bc
OS0.64±0.05 a0.27±0.02 b25.00±2.56 b
H0.70±0.02 a0.30±0.01 a29.78±1.00 a
平均
Average
CK0.70±0.04 c0.30±0.01 c28.04±0.95 c
OB0.79±0.00 b0.35±0.01 b33.57±0.36 b
OS0.85±0.02 a0.35±0.01 b34.32±0.95 b
H0.89±0.02 a0.39±0.01 a38.04±0.73 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574918016746446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effects of bentonite combined with straw on soil bulk density and porosity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil layer
处理
Treatment
容重 (g/cm3)
Bulk density
孔隙度 (%)
Porosity
0—10CK1.40±0.02 a47.30±2.21 b
OB1.37±0.02 a48.05±0.58 b
OS1.33±0.02 b49.81±0.87 a
H1.31±0.01 b50.69±0.22 a
10—20CK1.39±0.01 a47.55±0.79 c
OB1.36±0.02 ab48.81±1.15 b
OS1.33±0.02 b49.69±1.64 ab
H1.30±0.03 c51.07±0.22 a
20—40CK1.43±0.02 a45.91±0.58 c
OB1.40±0.02 ab47.30±0.79 bc
OS1.37±0.03 bc47.80±0.95 ab
H1.34±0.01 c50.06±0.58 a
平均
Average
CK1.40±0.01 a46.92±0.33 d
OB1.37±0.01 b48.05±0.25 c
OS1.34±0.01 c49.10±0.19 b
H1.31±0.01 d50.61±0.51 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574918092243919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

膨润土配施秸秆对土壤容重和孔隙度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层 (cm)
Soil layer
处理
Treatment
容重 (g/cm3)
Bulk density
孔隙度 (%)
Porosity
0—10CK1.40±0.02 a47.30±2.21 b
OB1.37±0.02 a48.05±0.58 b
OS1.33±0.02 b49.81±0.87 a
H1.31±0.01 b50.69±0.22 a
10—20CK1.39±0.01 a47.55±0.79 c
OB1.36±0.02 ab48.81±1.15 b
OS1.33±0.02 b49.69±1.64 ab
H1.30±0.03 c51.07±0.22 a
20—40CK1.43±0.02 a45.91±0.58 c
OB1.40±0.02 ab47.30±0.79 bc
OS1.37±0.03 bc47.80±0.95 ab
H1.34±0.01 c50.06±0.58 a
平均
Average
CK1.40±0.01 a46.92±0.33 d
OB1.37±0.01 b48.05±0.25 c
OS1.34±0.01 c49.10±0.19 b
H1.31±0.01 d50.61±0.51 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574919707050960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Effects of bentonite combined with straw on water use efficiency of oat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
土壤贮水量 Soil water storage (mm)ET
(mm)
WUE
[kg/(hm2·mm)]
PUE
[kg/(hm2·mm)]
播前 Pre-sowing收获后 Post-harvest
CK126.66±5.86 a62.52±0.78 b236.24±5.41 a4.18±0.15 b5.73±0.09 b
OB125.69±3.02 a62.96±0.51 b234.83±5.84 a5.43±0.46 a7.39±0.49 a
OS127.59±2.64 a63.85±0.96 b235.84±3.55 a5.60±0.25 a7.67±0.32 a
H129.74±2.12 a68.30±0.02 a233.54±7.71 a5.72±0.18 a7.75±0.14 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574919795131345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

膨润土配施秸秆对燕麦水分利用效率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
土壤贮水量 Soil water storage (mm)ET
(mm)
WUE
[kg/(hm2·mm)]
PUE
[kg/(hm2·mm)]
播前 Pre-sowing收获后 Post-harvest
CK126.66±5.86 a62.52±0.78 b236.24±5.41 a4.18±0.15 b5.73±0.09 b
OB125.69±3.02 a62.96±0.51 b234.83±5.84 a5.43±0.46 a7.39±0.49 a
OS127.59±2.64 a63.85±0.96 b235.84±3.55 a5.60±0.25 a7.67±0.32 a
H129.74±2.12 a68.30±0.02 a233.54±7.71 a5.72±0.18 a7.75±0.14 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574919870628818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Effects of combined application of bentonite and straw on soil available nutrients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层
Soil layer
(cm)
处理
Treatment
碱解氮
Alkaline-hydrolyzale N
(mg/kg)
速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)
有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)
0—10CK41.71±2.53 a87.84±1.45 d6.73±0.11 d
OB43.67±1.98 a95.21±0.58 c7.01±0.12 c
OS43.83±1.96 a101.58±1.06 b8.50±0.17 b
H44.66±1.73 a105.36±0.57 a8.73±0.03 a
10—20CK41.35±1.99 a95.87±0.58 c6.09±0.06 b
OB43.62±1.97 a101.85±0.57 b6.59±0.09 b
OS43.70±1.61 a109.33±0.78 a8.02±0.67 a
H44.37±1.66 a110.99±1.53 a8.07±0.10 a
20—40CK41.12±0.87 b82.07±0.44 d5.91±0.47 b
OB42.95±1.04 ab90.86±1.16 c6.24±0.40 b
OS43.05±1.07 ab92.59±0.20 b7.24±0.49 a
H43.70±0.98 a95.34±0.75 a7.65±0.39 a
平均 AverageCK41.39±1.40 b88.59±0.81 d6.23±0.21 c
OB43.41±0.29 ab95.97±0.39 c6.62±0.09 b
OS43.52±1.43 ab101.17±0.69 b7.92±0.25 a
H44.24±1.18 a103.9±0.38 a8.15±0.14 a
土层深度 Soil depth (SL)283.501***765.482***27.418***
改良措施 Treatment (Tre)2649.718***509.481***74.616***
SL×Tre13.880***9.147***0.554NS
), ArticleFig(id=1284574919946126291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

膨润土配施秸秆对土壤速效养分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层
Soil layer
(cm)
处理
Treatment
碱解氮
Alkaline-hydrolyzale N
(mg/kg)
速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)
有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)
0—10CK41.71±2.53 a87.84±1.45 d6.73±0.11 d
OB43.67±1.98 a95.21±0.58 c7.01±0.12 c
OS43.83±1.96 a101.58±1.06 b8.50±0.17 b
H44.66±1.73 a105.36±0.57 a8.73±0.03 a
10—20CK41.35±1.99 a95.87±0.58 c6.09±0.06 b
OB43.62±1.97 a101.85±0.57 b6.59±0.09 b
OS43.70±1.61 a109.33±0.78 a8.02±0.67 a
H44.37±1.66 a110.99±1.53 a8.07±0.10 a
20—40CK41.12±0.87 b82.07±0.44 d5.91±0.47 b
OB42.95±1.04 ab90.86±1.16 c6.24±0.40 b
OS43.05±1.07 ab92.59±0.20 b7.24±0.49 a
H43.70±0.98 a95.34±0.75 a7.65±0.39 a
平均 AverageCK41.39±1.40 b88.59±0.81 d6.23±0.21 c
OB43.41±0.29 ab95.97±0.39 c6.62±0.09 b
OS43.52±1.43 ab101.17±0.69 b7.92±0.25 a
H44.24±1.18 a103.9±0.38 a8.15±0.14 a
土层深度 Soil depth (SL)283.501***765.482***27.418***
改良措施 Treatment (Tre)2649.718***509.481***74.616***
SL×Tre13.880***9.147***0.554NS
), ArticleFig(id=1284574920017429460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Effects of bentonite combined with straw on oat yield and its components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
有效穗数
Effective panicle number
(×104/hm2)
穗粒数
Grain number
per spike
千粒重
1000-Grain weight
(g)
籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)
生物产量
Biomass yield
(kg/hm2)
CK242.44±7.86 c14.4±0.59 c21.12±0.32 b987.00±15.28 b3100.00±100.00 c
OB252.56±12.17 bc23.3±0.34 a21.72±0.24 b1273.00±84.39 a3400.00±173.21 bc
OS264.00±1.20 b22.3±0.48 b24.47±1.48 a1320.00±55.34 a3500.00±300.00 b
H289.22±3.08 a23.7±0.44 a24.92±0.38 a1334.00±24.52 a4167.00±152.75 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574920088732629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574909179347840, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

膨润土配施秸秆对燕麦产量及其构成因素的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
有效穗数
Effective panicle number
(×104/hm2)
穗粒数
Grain number
per spike
千粒重
1000-Grain weight
(g)
籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)
生物产量
Biomass yield
(kg/hm2)
CK242.44±7.86 c14.4±0.59 c21.12±0.32 b987.00±15.28 b3100.00±100.00 c
OB252.56±12.17 bc23.3±0.34 a21.72±0.24 b1273.00±84.39 a3400.00±173.21 bc
OS264.00±1.20 b22.3±0.48 b24.47±1.48 a1320.00±55.34 a3500.00±300.00 b
H289.22±3.08 a23.7±0.44 a24.92±0.38 a1334.00±24.52 a4167.00±152.75 a
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膨润土配施秸秆协同提升黄土高原旱作农田土壤水肥保蓄及燕麦产量
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白新慧 , 米俊珍 * , 刘景辉 , 王金金 , 赵宝平 , 张兰英 , 曹宇嘉 , 张欣怡
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1080-1095
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膨润土配施秸秆协同提升黄土高原旱作农田土壤水肥保蓄及燕麦产量
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白新慧 , 米俊珍* , 刘景辉, 王金金, 赵宝平, 张兰英, 曹宇嘉, 张欣怡
作者信息
  • 内蒙古农业大学农学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010019
通讯作者:
* 米俊珍 E-mail:
作者简介:

白新慧 E-mail:

Bentonite and straw amendments enhance water-nutrient retention and yield of oat in Loess Plateau drylands
Xin-hui BAI , Jun-zhen MI* , Jing-hui LIU, Jin-jin WANG, Bao-ping ZHAO, Lan-ying ZHANG, Yu-jia CAO, Xin-yi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010019, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025361
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目的

黄土高原旱作区土壤结构差、水肥保蓄能力弱,施用外源有机无机物是该区域改良土壤、提升作物产量的关键技术。本研究探讨了膨润土与秸秆配施提升该区域燕麦田土壤结构、水肥保蓄能力及作物产量的协同效应。

方法

定位试验于2019年在内蒙古黄土高原旱作区进行,设置4个处理:不施膨润土和秸秆(CK)、单施膨润土(OB)、单施秸秆(OS)、膨润土配施秸秆(H)。于2023年燕麦收获后,采集土壤剖面土样,测定土壤团聚体组成、容重、孔隙度、速效养分含量、土壤贮水量及作物产量与构成因素,通过相关性及主成分分析明确产量影响因子。

结果

与CK相比,其余3个处理均显著改善了土壤结构、保水保肥能力及燕麦产量,效果依次为H>OS>OB (P<0.05)。与CK相比,H处理使>2和0.25~2 mm大团聚体含量分别显著提高33.06%和37.54%,土壤容重降低6.43%,孔隙度增加7.86%,且改良效果延伸至20—40 cm土层;同时碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量分别显著提升6.89%、17.28%和30.82%。H处理的水分利用效率与降雨利用效率最高,较CK分别显著提高36.84%和35.25%,其单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物产量及籽粒产量均显著高于CK,生物产量增幅达34.42%。相关性与主成分分析表明,产量与>2及0.25~2 mm团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性及养分含量呈极显著正相关,其中碱解氮和0.25~2 mm团聚体为主要正向影响因子。

结论

在黄土高原旱作燕麦田,一次性基施膨润土(18000 kg/hm2)并配合每年秸秆还田(6000 kg/hm2),可协同提升0—40 cm土层土壤大团聚体含量,提高土壤结构的稳定性,降低深层土壤容重,提高孔隙度,进而显著增加土壤速效养分含量和土壤水分储量,最终提高燕麦产量和水分利用效率,实现土壤结构改良、水肥保蓄能力增强与燕麦产量增长的协同效应。该措施可作为提升区域农田生产力与资源利用效率的有效技术途径。

旱作燕麦  /  秸秆还田  /  膨润土  /  土壤理化性质  /  产量
Objectives

The dry-farming soil of the Loess Plateau is characterized by poor structure and weak water and nutrient retention capacity. The application of exogenous organic and inorganic substances is a key technology for improving soil quality and increasing crop yield in this area. This study explored the synergistic effects of the combined application of bentonite and straw on enhancing soil structure, water and nutrient retention capacity, and crop yield in oat fields within this region.

Methods

A long-term field experiment was established in 2019 in the dryland farming region of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia. It comprised four treatments: no bentonite or straw application (CK), bentonite application alone (OB), straw application alone (OS), and combined application of bentonite and straw (H). Soil samples were collected from the soil profile after oat harvest in 2023 to determine soil aggregate composition, bulk density, porosity, available nutrient content, soil water storage, and crop yield and its components. Correlation and principal component analyses were conducted to identify the factors influencing yield.

Results

Compared with CK, the other three treatments significantly improved soil structure, water and nutrient retention capacity, and oat yield, with the following order of effectiveness H>OS>OB (P<0.05). The H treatment significantly increased the content of >2 mm and 0.25−2 mm macroaggregates by 33.06% and 37.54%, respectively, reduced bulk density by 6.43%, and increased porosity by 7.86%. These improvement effect extended to the 20−40 cm soil layer. In addition, the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly increased by 6.89%, 17.28%, and 30.82%, respectively. The H treatment exhibited the highest water-use efficiency and rainfall-use efficiency, increasing them by 36.84% and 35.25%, respectively, compared with CK, both at a significant level. Panicle number per unit area, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, and grain yield were all significantly higher than those of the control. The increase in biological yield reached 34.42%. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with >2 mm and 0.25−2 mm aggregate content, aggregate stability, and nutrient content, with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and 0.25−2 mm aggregate as the main positive influencing factors.

Conclusions

In dryland oat fields on the Loess Plateau, a one-time basal application of bentonite (18000 kg/hm2) combined with annual straw incorporation (6000 kg/hm2) can synergistically enhance the content of macroaggregates in the 0−40 cm soil layer, improve soil structural stability, reduce bulk density in deeper soil layers, increase porosity, and significantly elevate soil available nutrient content and soil water storage. This ultimately increases oat yield and water-use efficiency, achieving a synergistic effect of soil structure improvement, enhanced water and nutrient retention capacity, and increased oat yield. This approach can serve as an effective technical pathway for enhancing regional farmland productivity and resource-use efficiency.

dryland oat  /  returning straw to the field  /  bentonite  /  soil physical and chemical properties  /  yield
白新慧, 米俊珍, 刘景辉, 王金金, 赵宝平, 张兰英, 曹宇嘉, 张欣怡. 膨润土配施秸秆协同提升黄土高原旱作农田土壤水肥保蓄及燕麦产量. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1080 -1095 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025361
Xin-hui BAI, Jun-zhen MI, Jing-hui LIU, Jin-jin WANG, Bao-ping ZHAO, Lan-ying ZHANG, Yu-jia CAO, Xin-yi ZHANG. Bentonite and straw amendments enhance water-nutrient retention and yield of oat in Loess Plateau drylands[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1080 -1095 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025361
黄土高原是我国北方重要的旱作农业区,广泛分布的黄绵土因其粉粒含量高、粘粒含量低,存在土壤结构松散、团聚体稳定性差等固有缺陷[1]。该地区年降水量少且分布集中,加剧了水土流失风险。此外,长期过度耕作、有机肥投入不足及化肥施用不合理等农业管理措施,进一步导致土壤结构退化、保水保肥能力下降[2]。因此,探索有效的土壤改良策略以提升土壤蓄水保墒与培肥地力能力,已成为保障该区域旱作农业可持续发展的关键。燕麦作为当地主栽作物,其生长与产量显著受限于干旱胁迫与土壤质量低下[34]
土壤改良是提升土壤质量的重要途径。膨润土作为一种矿物性黏土改良剂,在改善土壤结构和水肥功能方面展现出良好潜力。研究表明,施用膨润土能显著降低沙化地土壤容重、改善团聚体分布[5],并随施用量增加有效提高土壤持水量[6]。另一方面,秸秆还田作为一项重要的有机培肥措施,可通过增加土壤养分和优化孔隙结构来提高水分利用效率[7],长期施用有助于降低砂壤土容重,提高养分含量[8],从而促进作物增产[9]。基于二者在持水增效与培肥改土方面的互补潜力,已有研究尝试将膨润土与秸秆配施。例如,崔立莉[10]通过盆栽试验发现,20%膨润土配施玉米秸秆可有效提高砂土持水性并促进有机质矿化;另有研究报道,膨润土−秸秆−沙蒿胶复合材料可在短期内改善风沙土的水分保持与养分供应能力[11]。然而,现有研究仍存在明显局限:第一,多数研究聚焦于砂土、沙化土或砂壤土,针对黄土高原旱作区典型黄绵土的相关研究较为缺乏;第二,研究手段多为短期盆栽试验,缺乏大田条件下的长期定位观测;第三,现有配施研究多关注水分或养分的单一响应,未能系统揭示“土壤结构—水肥保蓄—作物产量”的协同提升机制。尤其是膨润土与秸秆长期配施如何通过影响团聚体稳定性、孔隙分布及水肥耦合效应,最终驱动旱地作物产量形成的机制路径尚不明确。
因此,基于内蒙古地区丰富的膨润土与秸秆资源[1213],本研究依托2019年建立的长期定位试验,重点探究膨润土与秸秆配施对旱作燕麦田土壤物理结构、水分利用及养分供应的影响,并提出如下假设:膨润土与秸秆配施可通过促进大团聚体形成、增强团聚体稳定性、优化孔隙结构,从而协同提高土壤水肥保蓄能力,进一步通过改善水分利用效率和养分供应,最终提升燕麦产量。本研究旨在系统解析有机无机肥配施模式下土壤结构改良与水肥保蓄能力的协同机制,以期为黄土高原旱作农业区土壤质量提升与作物增产提供理论依据和技术途径。
试验地位于黄土高原丘陵旱作区的内蒙古清水河县,平均海拔1374 m,温带半干旱大陆性季风气候,近5年(2019—2023)年均降雨量287.5 mm,降雨集中在7至9月,年蒸发量2577 mm;年均气温7.1℃,全年≥10℃积温达2370℃,2023年试验期降水量与气温见图1。试验地土壤类型为黄绵土,土壤质地为粉砂质黏壤土(48.3%粉砂、39.4%砂、12.3%粘粒)。试验开始前耕层0—20 cm土壤的理化性质:土壤容重1.45 g/cm3,有机质6.07 g/kg,碱解氮42.2 mg/kg,有效磷7.2 mg/kg,速效钾106 mg/kg,pH 7.62,CaCO3 85.7 g/kg。
定位试验于2019年开始,采用随机区组设计。试验设4个处理,分别为不施膨润土与秸秆(CK)、单施膨润土(OB)、单施秸秆(OS)、膨润土配施秸秆(H),每个处理重复3次,共12个小区(长×宽为15 m × 8 m),小区随机排列。具体处理方法见表1
燕麦秸秆为优质饲草,收获后被完全移走,田间留茬高度为5~10 cm。本地区玉米秸秆资源丰富,为避免焚烧等浪费现象,根据生产经验,特利用另一块农田的玉米秸秆(有机碳含量44.4%,全氮含量0.87%,碳氮比约51∶1)于每年燕麦收获后进行全量还田,将风干秸秆切碎至<5 cm后均匀撒施。膨润土(由内蒙古三岩矿业有限公司提供,其主要化学组成为73% SiO2、11% Al2O3、0.3% Na2O、3% CaO、1% MgO、3% K2O、0.3% Fe2O3),仅于2019年春季试验开始时作为基肥一次性均匀撒施于地表。所有处理撒施完毕后,进行一次性翻耕(深度20~30 cm),使膨润土和秸秆与耕层土壤充分混匀。
燕麦(品种为坝莜1号)于每年5月底播种,播种量为150 kg/hm2,行距25 cm,播种深度3~5 cm,9月底收获。所有小区均于播种前基施尿素(N 46.4%)和磷酸二铵(P2O5 46.0%),结合整地作为底肥一次性施入土壤,氮、磷(P2O5)施用量分别为69.44、47.61 kg/hm2。生育期内无灌溉,其他田间管理措施同当地大田生产。
2023年燕麦收获后(10月1日),采用“S”形5点取样法,用不锈钢铲采集0—10、10—20、20—40 cm土层原状土样,去除植物残体和石子后,将5个取样点土样装入硬质塑料盒,尽量保持土壤原状运回实验室,按自然结构轻轻剥离后自然阴干,分两部分处理:过10 mm筛用于土壤团聚体组成测定,过2 mm筛测定速效养分。燕麦播前(5月25日)和成熟期(9月24日),选择连续3天内无降雨、无灌溉的晴天,用不锈钢土钻采集0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60、60—80、80—100 cm土层土样,用于土壤含水量测定。每个小区随机选取3个点位,采用环刀法采集0—10、10—20、20—40 cm土层不扰动原状土样,测定土壤容重和孔隙度。
采用干筛法[15]测定>2、0.25~2、0.053~0.25和<0.053 mm粒径团聚体质量。首先,称取200 g风干土壤样品依次通过孔径为2、0.25、0.053 mm的筛子,分别称量各粒级团聚体质量,并计算各粒径团聚体含量及团聚体稳定性,公式如下:
$ S A\;\text{(\%)}={M}_{i}\text{/}{M}_{T}\times {100} $
$ {{\mathrm{R}}}_{\text{0.25}}\;\text{(\%)}={M}_{r\text{>0.25}}\text{/}{M}_{T}\times {100} $
$ {\mathrm{MWD}}\;\left({\mathrm{mm}}\right)\text=\sum\limits_{i\text{=1}}^{n}{x}_{i}SA $
${\mathrm{ GMD}}\;\left({\mathrm{mm}}\right)=\text{Exp}\left[\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i\text{=1}}^{n}SA{Inx}_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i\text{=1}}^{n}SA}\right] $
式中,SA为团聚体质量分数(%);MT为土壤总质量(g),Mi为某一粒径团聚体质量,R0.25为直径>0.25 mm的团聚体含量(%);Mr>0.25为>0.25 mm粒径团聚体质量(g);MWD为团聚体平均重量直径(mm);GMD为团聚体几何平均直径(mm);xi为任一级别范围内团聚体的平均直径(mm),i=1, 2, ···, n
土壤容重采用环刀法[16]测定。通过测烘干土质量m (g)和环刀体积v (cm3),计算土壤容重(ρ):
$ {\rho}\;\text{(g/cm}^{\text{3}})=m/v $
土壤含水量相关指标[16]采用烘干称重法测量土壤含水量,公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{SWC{(PS)}}\;(\text%)=(}{{\mathrm{M}_{PS1}-{M}_{PS2})/{M}_{PS2}}}\times 100 $
${\mathrm{ SWC{(MT)}}\;(\text%)=(}{\mathrm{{M}_{MT1}-{M}_{MT2})/M_{MT2}}}\times {100} $
$ {\mathrm{SWS (PS)}}\;({\mathrm{mm}})=h\times\rho\times {\mathrm{SWC (PS}}) \times {10} $
${\mathrm{ SWS (MT)\;(mm)}}=h\times \rho \times {\mathrm{SWC (MT)}} \times {10} $
$ {\mathrm{ET}}\;({\mathrm{mm}})=\Delta {\mathrm{W+P+M+K}} $
${\mathrm{ WUE}}\;\text{[kg/(}{{\mathrm{hm}}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{mm}})]={\mathrm{Y/ET}} $
$ {\mathrm{PUE}}\;\text{[kg/(}{{\mathrm{hm}}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{mm}})]={\mathrm{Y/P}} $
式中,SWC(PS)、SWC(MT)分别为播前、收获后土壤含水量(%),MPS1、MMT1分别为播前、收获后鲜土重量(g),MPS2、MMT2分别为播前、收获后土样烘干后干土重量(g)。SWS(PS)、SWS(MT)分别为土壤播前、收获后土壤贮水量(mm),h为土层深度(cm),$ \rho $为土壤容重(g/cm3),ET为燕麦生育期总耗水量(mm),ΔW为整个生育期土壤贮水量变化量(mm),是100 cm土体播前土壤贮水量SWS (PS)与100 cm土体收获后土壤贮水量SWS (MT)的差值,P为降雨量(mm),M为各生育阶段灌水量(mm),K为阶段内地下水补给量(mm),本试验中地下水埋深在10 m以下,K值可以忽略不计,且生育时期均无灌溉;PUE为生长期降水利用效率[kg/(hm2·mm)];Y为籽粒产量(kg/hm2);WUE为水分利用效率[kg/(hm2·mm)]。
土壤速效养分含量测定[16]:采用碱解扩散法测定土壤碱解氮含量,用NH4OAc浸提—火焰光度法测定土壤速效钾测定,用NaHCO3浸提—钼锑抗比色法测定土壤有效磷测定。
于燕麦成熟期,每个处理选取植株长势均匀一致样方1 m2 (长×宽为1 m × 1 m),每个小区选3个点,选取30株进行考种,测定有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物产量等指标。
采用Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA)收集和整理数据并进行表格的绘制。采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)检验土层和处理及其交互作用对土壤各项指标(团聚体、容重、孔隙度、养分等)影响的显著性。对于不涉及土层因素的指标(如产量、水分利用效率等),采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检验处理间的差异显著性。使用LSD法进行多重比较,显著性水平为0.05。采用Pearson相关系数法分析燕麦产量与各土壤理化指标间的相关性。采用主成分分析来降维和可视化不同处理下土壤理化指标的综合特征,并分析这些指标与燕麦产量的关系。采用Origin 2025 (OriginLab Corp., Northampton, MA, USA)软件进行相关性分析、主成分分析以及作图。
供试土壤以0.053~0.25 mm微团聚体为主,占比64.98%,可见该区域土壤结构松散、团聚化程度低(图2)。随土层加深,0.25~2和>2 mm大团聚体逐渐减少,而0.053~0.25和<0.053 mm微团聚体逐渐增加,这与旱作区深层土壤通气性差、团聚体形成条件不足的特点一致。与CK相比,其余3个处理不同程度促进了微团聚体向大团聚体的转化,改善效果总体表现为H处理大于OS和OB处理。H处理0—40 cm土层中0.053~0.25 mm微团聚体含量显著降低,>2 mm和0.25~2 mm大团聚体含量较CK显著分别提高了33.06%和37.54%。此外,结构改良效应具有明显的土层差异性。在0—10 cm表层,各处理均能快速响应,显著提升大团聚体占比,其中H处理对0.25~2 mm团聚体的提升效果显著优于单施处理。在10—20 cm中层,OB与H处理显著提高了0.25—2 mm团聚体含量,且H处理对<0.053 mm团聚体的降低幅度更大,表明膨润土的加入有助于增强中层土壤团聚体的稳定性。在20—40 cm深层,单施OB或OS处理对大团聚体的改善效果不显著,而H处理仍能显著提高>2和0.25~2 mm团聚体含量,增幅分别达26.76%和42.72%,显示出配施方式在改良深层土壤结构方面的独特优势。综上分析,膨润土与秸秆配施不仅可进一步促进土壤微团聚体向大团聚体的转化,且影响能持续至深层土壤,为作物生长创造深厚的优质土壤结构。
表2可知,随土层加深,MWD、GMD、R0.25呈现逐渐降低趋势,反映出深层土壤团聚结构稳定性降低的普遍规律。各处理均显著提升了土壤团聚体稳定性,改良措施主要通过优化团聚体粒径分布,提升R0.25和GMD来增强稳定性,而对MWD的影响相对有限。H处理各层土壤的GMD和R0.25值均达到最高值,GMD和R0.25值均显著高于OS和OB处理。OS处理各土层GMD和R0.25值也显著高于CK,而OB处理的GMD和R0.25值在0—20 cm土层显著高于CK,在20—40 cm土层与CK无显著差异。综上,膨润土能有效提升各土层土壤团聚体的稳定性,膨润土与秸秆配施可进一步显著提升膨润土的效应。
表3可知,随土层加深,土壤容重逐渐增加,而孔隙度呈相反趋势。与CK相比,OS与H分别处理显著降低了各层次土壤容重4.29%和6.43%,提高了孔隙度4.65%和7.86%,且H处理降低各土层容重、提高孔隙度的平均效果显著高于OS处理。而OB处理对各土层容重和孔隙度多没有显著影响。综上,秸秆与膨润土配施进一步显著提升了秸秆降低土壤紧实度、改善孔隙结构的效果。
表4可知,各处理播前土壤贮水量差异不显著,视为墒情一致。OB和OS处理收获后土壤贮水量与CK的差异均不显著,H处理则显著增加了9.25%,且显著高于OB、OS处理,表明配施处理可有效提升土壤保水能力。
表4还可看出,各处理间土壤耗水量 (ET) 差异不显著,OB、OS、H处理水分利用效率(WUE)和降水利用率(PUE)分别较CK显著增加了29.90%、33.97%、36.84%和28.97%、33.86%、35.25%,但三者间差异均不显著。虽然如此,H处理显著增加收获后土壤贮水量,印证了膨润土与秸秆配施增强土壤保蓄水能力的效果,可为旱作区水资源高效利用提供参考。
表5可知,相比于CK,3个处理对0—20 cm土层碱解氮均没有显著的提升效果,但H处理提升20—40 cm土层碱解氮含量的效果达到了显著水平;在0—10 cm土层,各处理提升速效钾与有效磷的效果显著,且表现为H>OS>OB (P<0.05)。在10—20 cm土层,OS与H处理对速效钾和有效磷的提升效果显著,且二者效果相当,均显著高于OB处理。OB处理对有效磷的提升不显著,表明秸秆是中层土壤速效养分提升的关键,膨润土的协同作用在此土层未明显凸显。20—40 cm,在速效钾方面,H处理显著提升了速效钾含量,提升效果也显著高于OB与OS处理。对于有效磷,H和OS处理的提升效果显著高于OB处理,而OB处理在此土层对有效磷无显著提升效果。综上,膨润土和秸秆处理能够显著提升各土层速效钾与有效磷含量,且显著增加20—40 cm土层碱解氮的含量,与CK相比,H处理碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量分别显著提升 6.89%、17.28% 和 30.82%,这是单一施用膨润土(OB)或秸秆(OS)所未能实现的。
表6可知,各处理对燕麦产量及其构成因素的影响不同。与CK相比,OS和H处理分别显著增加了单位面积有效穗数8.89%和19.30%,且H处理的增幅显著高于OS处理;与CK相比,另3个处理均显著增加了穗粒数,且H、OB处理的增幅显著高于OS处理;OS和H处理分别显著增加了千粒重15.86%和18.00%,OS和H处理间差异不显著;与CK相比,3个处理均显著增加了籽粒产量28.99%~35.20%,但这3个处理间差异不显著;与CK相比,另3个处理均增加了生物产量,且H处理的增幅显著高于OS和OB处理,H处理生物产量较CK增幅达34.42%。综上,H处理通过协同提升单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重三大核心构成因素,实现了生物产量的显著优势和籽粒产量的最大增幅,体现了配施处理对产量形成的综合调控效应。
图3所示,燕麦产量与孔隙度、>2 mm团聚体比例(SA1)、0.25~2 mm团聚体比例(SA2)、MWD、GMD、R0.25、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)、水分利用效率(WUE)和生育期降雨利用效率(PUE)呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重(BD)、0.053~0.25 mm团聚体比例(SA3)和<0.053 mm团聚体比例(SA4)呈显著极显著负相关。此外,土壤容重(BD)与SA3、SA4呈极显著正相关,与孔隙度、SA1、SA2、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AK、AP、WUE、PUE呈极显著负相关,与AN、SWS (MT) (收获后贮水量)呈显著、极显著负相关;孔隙度与SA1、SA2、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP、SWS (MT)、WUE、PUE呈显著、极显著正相关,与SA3、SA4呈极显著负相关;SA1与SA2、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP、WUE、PUE呈显著、极显著正相关,与SA3、SA4呈显著、极显著负相关;SA2与MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP、SWS (MT)、WUE、PUE呈显著、极显著正相关,与SA3、SA4呈极显著正相关;SA3与SA4呈显著正相关,与MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP、SWS (MT)、WUE、PUE呈显著、极显著负相关;SA4与MWD、GMD、R0.25、AK、AP、SWS (MT)、WUE、PUE呈显著、极显著负相关;MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP之间均呈显著、极显著正相关;WUE与PUE呈极显著正相关。
基于图3的相关性分析结果,进一步通过PCA分析(图4)发现,燕麦产量与SA1、SA2、孔隙度、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP位于PC1正坐标轴上,呈显著正相关,且各环境指标对产量的影响程度由大到小依次为AN、SA2、GMD、R0.25、MWD、SA1、AK、孔隙度、AP;燕麦产量与BD、SA3、SA4位于PC1负坐标轴上,呈显著负相关,各环境指标对产量的影响程度由大到小依次为SA3、BD、SA4。对于各处理,OS和H处理在PC1上为正值,受SA1、SA2、孔隙度、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP的正向影响,OB处理在PC1上有正值也有负值,而CK在PC1上为负值,受BD、SA3、SA4的影响较大。
土壤团聚体稳定性、容重及孔隙度的协同优化,本质是土壤颗粒−有机胶结剂−无机改良剂相互作用的结果,其核心在于有机−无机复合胶结网络的构建,而非单一颗粒的物理排列[17]。本研究在典型的粉砂质黄绵土上进行,该土壤即使经过多年耕作,仍以0.053~0.25 mm微团聚体为主(图2),表明其结构不稳定,易分散,保肥蓄水能力本质较弱[18]。5年定位试验结果表明,膨润土与秸秆配施对土壤结构产生了显著的协同改良效应,这一长期效果对于理解脆弱生态区土壤的定向培育至关重要。随着土层的加深,大团聚体比例逐渐减小,而微团聚体逐渐增加,团聚体稳定性(MWD、GMD、R0.25)逐渐下降(图2表2),这可能是因为表层土富含较多的有机质和生物活动而易形成稳定的大团聚体,而下层土则因有机质匮乏、生物活动稀少且承受上层静压而多以微团聚体形式存在,稳定性明显下降[19]。此外,本研究中单施膨润土(OB)、单施秸秆(OS)以及膨润土配施秸秆(H)有利于显著提升大团聚体(>2 mm和0.25~2 mm)含量,降低微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm和<0.053 mm)含量,提高了团聚体稳定性相关指标(MWD、GMD、R0.25),且以H处理变化幅度最大(图2表2)。分析其原因,膨润土作为无机改良剂,其强吸附性和高阳离子交换量(CEC)使其能有效胶结土壤颗粒,促进微团聚体的形成,其吸水膨胀特性还能缓冲土壤干湿交替过程中的体积变化,降低团聚体破碎风险[20]。秸秆作为有机物料,在土壤中矿化分解,不仅为微生物提供了充足的能源,刺激其分泌大量多糖、黏液等有机胶结物质[21],其分解产物本身也是形成团聚体的关键“胶水”。当二者配施时产生协同效应,膨润土改善的微域环境(如湿度、pH)促进了秸秆的腐解和腐殖质的形成;同时,秸秆分解产生的活性有机组分与膨润土提供的层状硅酸盐片层相互结合,共同构建起更为稳固的有机−无机复合胶结体系。这一体系是驱动微团聚体向大团聚体定向重组和稳定的核心机制,因此配施处理在提升大团聚体含量和稳定性指标(MWD,GMD,R0.25)上表现最优[22]。在谭文峰等[23]秸秆还田研究中指出还田秸秆能促进土壤颗粒和小粒级团聚体黏结成大团聚体,薛斌[24]也指出秸秆还田能促使微团聚体(<0.25 mm)向大粒径(>2 mm)团聚体结构定向重组,这与我们秸秆还田有改善农田团聚体分布及其稳定性的结论一致。在舒晓晓等[25]有关膨润土的研究中得出,施用膨润土后分散的膨润土颗粒可作为“胶体桥梁”,将砂粒、粉粒等粗颗粒相互粘结,缓冲了土壤干湿交替带来的体积变化,降低团聚体因剧烈收缩或膨胀而破碎的风险,进一步加强了团聚体的稳定程度[2627],支持本研究施用膨润土后团聚体分布及其稳定性得到有效改善的结论。有关二者配施的研究中,王训等[28]指出秸秆分解产生的有机酸能增强膨润土的阳离子交换能力;此外,有机无机配施研究也表明,相比于单施膨润土和单施秸秆,配施处理更有利于保持土壤水分,潮湿的环境促进了秸秆的腐解[29],进而稳定了土壤团粒结构[25],从不同角度有力地支持了我们的结论。然而,于博等[30]在秸秆还田相关研究中指出,4年秸秆持续深翻还田降低了团聚体稳定性,可能原因在于过量秸秆还田导致土壤酸化,降低了土壤胶体的负电荷密度,削弱了颗粒间的静电吸附作用,使>0.25 mm团聚体解体,酸性条件抑制了钙、镁等阳离子对黏土颗粒的桥接作用,进一步加剧分散分解[31]
土壤容重与孔隙度共同决定了土壤的松紧程度和通透性,是衡量土壤结构优劣的核心指标。本研究中,土壤容重随土层加深逐渐增加,而孔隙度呈相反趋势(表3),这可能是上层土壤受生物活动与耕作扰动而疏松,下层土壤则因自重压密且缺乏疏松作用,最终导致容重增大、孔隙度减小[32]。与对照相比,连续5年单施膨润土处理在各土层的土壤容重和孔隙度没有显著差异(表3),王本龙等[33]通过室内盆栽试验也发现,膨润土施用量为25 t/hm2以上土壤容重和孔隙度有显著差异。这可能是本试验仅于2019年施用一次膨润土,膨润土长期施用存在老化作用,随时间增长降低土壤容重效果逐步衰减[27]。Rollins等[34]在干旱区细砂土田间试验中发现,单施膨润土的保水效果年衰减率达14%~20%,3~4年后效果明显减弱,5年后基本失效,其核心原因是反复干湿循环导致蒙脱石层间水脱附、晶层结构不可逆破坏,而蒙脱石结构完整性直接影响土壤孔隙优化效果,进而导致降低土壤容重的作用同步衰减;Ma等[35]研究表明,干旱年份会加剧膨润土保水效果的衰减,膨润土−腐殖酸复合改良剂的0—60 cm土层水分存储量,在降水量为320 mm的年份,增幅达18%~25%,而在降水量为190 mm的年份,增幅仅为9%~15%。由图1可知,2023年属于极端干旱年,燕麦生育期降雨量仅172.1 mm,远低于区域多年平均水平,与Ma等[35]研究中“降水量190 mm”的干旱场景高度契合,进一步印证干旱会加剧膨润土改良效果衰减。土壤处于水分不足环境,膨润土无法充分吸水膨胀,难以撑开土壤孔隙或减少容重[36]。此外,本研究中各处理土壤容重由高到低依次为CK、OB、OS、H,而土壤孔隙度均值正好相反,以H处理差异最为显著(表3)。膨润土吸水膨胀后能有效撑开土壤颗粒[3738],而低密度的秸秆则降低了土壤的压实风险[39]。相较于单施膨润土(OB)、单施秸秆(OS),配施处理(H)在0—40 cm各土层均显著提升大团聚体占比,降低了土壤容重,提高了孔隙度,尤其在20—40 cm深层土壤中,H处理>2和0.25~2 mm 团聚体含量较CK增幅分别达26.76%和42.72% (图2),并显著降低土壤容重(表3),这也证实了配施措施对土壤结构的改良效应可纵向延伸至深层,从根本上扩大土壤的“库容”,为水肥保蓄奠定物理基础。
土壤水肥保蓄能力是作物生产力的基础,它通过协调水、肥、气、热供应,直接决定作物生长发育和产量形成[40]。本研究中,与CK相比,单施膨润土、单施秸秆以及配施处理可显著提高燕麦生育期水分利用效率以及降雨利用效率,配施处理显著提高了收获后土壤贮水量(表4表5)。分析其原因,膨润土通过吸水膨胀特性,有效填充土壤大孔隙,从而降低水分渗漏风险,有效扩大了土壤水库的“库容”,增强了土壤持水能力;长期秸秆深翻还田有效抑制了土壤水分的无效蒸发[41],且在土壤中腐解释放了大量养分,进一步增加了土壤养分来源,两者配施产生了显著的协同增效效应,通过“库−源”调节机制减少水分流失,从而增强了土壤养分含量,大幅提高了对降雨的蓄存能力和土壤水分的稳定性,为作物生长提供了更优越的水分和养分环境,从而显著提高了水分利用效率。收获后土壤贮水量的增加,表明膨润土与秸秆配施通过促进大团聚体形成、降低容重、优化孔隙分布(表2表3),从根本上扩大了土壤的“库容”。同时,秸秆还田减少了地表无效蒸发,而膨润土强大的吸持水能力则减少了水分的深层渗漏,二者协同实现了“开源”与“节流”并举。因此,更高的收获后贮水量不仅代表了本季燕麦耗水后土壤仍能保持更多的水分,更意味着土壤水库的蓄水能力得到了长期性的提升,这为作物生长创造了更优越的水分环境,也是其水分利用效率(WUE)得以显著提高的物理基础,是土壤结构改良和水肥保蓄能力增强的最直接体现。王怀苹等[42]和Wang等[43]研究也支持这一结果。然而在董亮等[44]的研究中秸秆还田会导致土壤容重过低,孔隙结构密集,作物根系附近土壤保水保肥能力变差,这与本研究的结果不一致,可能是由于还田秸秆量不一致,本研究玉米秸秆为全量还田但较少(6000 kg/hm2),且采取连年深翻模式,适量秸秆还田利于降低土壤容重,配施膨润土更提高了土壤保水能力。本研究中,WUE和PUE与孔隙度、SA1、SA2、MWD、GMD、R0.25、AN、AK、AP呈正相关,与BD、SA3、SA4呈负相关(图3),也证实了该结果,良好的土壤结构是水分高效利用的关键。较高的大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性构成了疏松多孔的土壤环境,显著提升了土壤的降雨入渗、蓄贮保墒和供水能力;同时,丰富的速效养分通过促进作物生长,发挥了“以肥调水”的协同效应,共同提高了水分利用效率。反之,微团聚体含量高通常意味着土壤结构较差,易形成地表结皮,增加水分蒸发和径流损失,故与水分利用效率呈负相关。
本研究中碱解氮和有效磷随土层加深逐渐降低,速效钾以10—20 cm土层较高(表5)。土壤养分垂直分布受土壤类型、施肥和作物吸收共同影响。氮、磷易被土壤固定且有机质是其主要来源,故随有机质锐减而表聚性明显。钾离子易淋溶至10—20 cm土层后被粘土矿物固定,加之该层为根系活跃区,吸收与保存达成平衡,故呈现中层富集特征[45]。各土层不同处理的碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量均值由高到低为H、OS、OB、CK (表5)。CK因无外源物补充,养分含量最低。单施秸秆主要依靠矿化作用开源提供养分,但保肥能力有限。膨润土凭借其强大的吸附性能和阳离子交换量,像一个“养分缓存库”,能有效减少速效养分的淋溶损失。秸秆矿化则直接向土壤“银行”中输入了氮、磷、钾等营养元素。配施处理将二者的优势最大化:秸秆提供的养分被膨润土有效吸附保存,而膨润土营造的稳定微环境又促进了秸秆的持续、稳定矿化,从而实现了养分库容与供应强度的同步提升[11]。此外,良好的土壤结构是养分有效性的关键。本研究中AN、AK、AP与大团聚含量及其稳定性指标呈正相关(图3),大团聚体含量高和稳定性好,形成了多孔的优良结构,既促进了微生物活性和有机质矿化,提升养分供应,又增强了土壤保肥能力,减少养分流失。相反,微团聚体含量高通常意味着结构分散,易导致养分被固定或水土流失,故与有效养分呈负相关。
优化土壤物理构型与水肥有效性协同作用驱动作物产量提升[4647]。配施处理在产量及其构成因素的各项指标上均表现出较好的效果,尤其能显著提升单位面积有效穗数,可能得益于其营造的优异水肥环境促进了有效分蘖。各处理对穗粒数的提升幅度最大,均超过50%,分析其原因可能是有机无机改良措施可显著优化穗分化期的养分供应,保障了小花发育与结实,其中膨润土的保水保肥特性与配施处理效果相当。千粒重的提高则主要依赖于秸秆还田与配施处理,这表明光合产物的积累与转运更依赖于秸秆提供的有机营养和持续的地力支撑。最终,所有处理均显著提升籽粒产量,且处理间差异不显著,说明单一措施即可有效增产,但配施处理通过协同效应实现了生物产量的最大化,证明了其全方位改善土壤理化生物性状、提升农田综合生产能力的巨大潜力。配施处理之所以能实现生物产量的最大化,可能是由于它为燕麦生长创建了一个“水、肥、气、热”协调的根区微环境。稳固的团聚体结构保证了根系的顺畅伸展和呼吸;优化的孔隙结构协调了水分和空气的分配;膨润土的保水保肥特性与秸秆的持续供肥能力相结合,确保了作物在关键生育期(如穗分化期)不受水肥胁迫。因此,配施处理在提升单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数及生物量上均表现出优势,这并非单一因素作用的结果,而是土壤物理、化学性质协同改善后产生的“协同增产效应”。此外,本研究中燕麦产量均值为1228 kg/hm2 (表6),与该区域近3年年均产量1459 kg/hm2[4850]相比降低了231 kg/hm2,这可能归因于本试验过程中无灌溉,且年生育期降雨量少(图1),达到极端干旱气候限制,而区域农田有1~2次干旱期补充灌溉[51];另外,本试验田5年连作燕麦引起轻微的黑穗病也是导致产量偏低的重要因素。主流研究已证实秸秆还田有助于作物增产[5253],而关于膨润土的增产效应已有不少报道[54],崔雪梅等[55]认为膨润土配施腐熟秸秆可显著提高黄土高原旱作区作物产量,且比单施膨润土和腐熟秸秆增产效果好;张世洁等[56]也认为秸秆还田配施无机氮肥能显著提高水稻产量,这与我们的结果一致。
本研究通过相关性分析及主成分分析,发现燕麦产量与>2 mm 团聚体比例(SA1)、0.25~2 mm团聚体比例(SA2)、孔隙度、MWD、GMD、R0.25、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)呈显著正相关,且各环境指标对产量的影响程度由大到小依次为AN、SA2、GMD、R0.25、MWD、SA1、AK、孔隙度、AP;燕麦产量与容重(BD)、0.053~0.25 mm团聚体比例(SA3)、<0.053 mm团聚体比例(SA4)呈显著负相关,各环境指标对产量的影响程度由大到小依次为SA3、BD、SA4 (图3图4)。燕麦产量主要受土壤氮素供应和结构稳定性的正向驱动。碱解氮(AN)是首要限制因子,直接制约产量形成。大团聚体比例(SA1、SA2)及团聚体稳定性指标(R0.25、GMD、MWD)通过构建适宜孔隙,优化水气协调与根系生长环境,增强养分有效性,从而显著促进增产。与之相反,微团聚体(SA3、SA4)比例过高意味着土壤结构退化,易导致通气不良、养分固定及根系受阻,进而抑制产量提升。容重(BD)与产量呈负相关则揭示本研究增产的核心在于增加土壤孔隙,提高水分利用效率,配施处理通过提升土壤持水保肥能力,实现了“以水促产”到“以构节水促产”的转变。综上,在结构脆弱的黄绵土区,仅需在初始年份一次性施用膨润土并配合连年秸秆还田,即可通过形成有机−无机复合胶结体系这一核心机制,产生持续多年的协同改良效应。该措施能纵向改善土壤结构、扩大水肥库容,最终通过水肥耦合驱动作物增产,为提升黄土高原旱作农田生产力与资源利用效率提供了一条经济且可持续的技术途径。
通过5年的定位试验,证实了膨润土与秸秆配施可协同提升黄土高原旱作区土壤质量与燕麦产量,但仍有若干局限性需在今后工作中予以关注与完善。首先,本研究结论基于一次性施用膨润土并配合4年秸秆还田后的数据得出,其改良效果的持久性、膨润土是否存在钝化效应以及最佳的重复施用周期尚不明确,亟待通过长期定位观测予以明确。其次,本研究主要聚焦于土壤理化性质和产量响应等宏观表现,对于膨润土与秸秆如何协同调控土壤微生物群落结构、激发关键功能微生物活性、驱动有机质转化与稳定,以及促进团聚体形成等内在生物学与生物化学机制揭示不足,未来应结合分子生物学技术与同位素示踪等手段深入探究其微观机理。最后,本研究采用了固定的物料施用量,未来需设置膨润土与秸秆的梯度配比,以明确实现生态与经济效益最大化的最优用量,并开展系统的成本效益分析,评估其大规模推广的经济可行性。
在黄土高原旱作区,秸秆还田与膨润土配合施用,充分发挥了有机与无机物料吸附、粘结微小土壤颗粒的协同作用,显著提高了大团聚体比例及其稳定性,优化了土壤孔隙结构,降低了土壤容重。同时,二者的协同施用还促进了深层土壤结构的改良,大幅提升了土壤蓄水保墒与养分供应能力,进而显著提高了燕麦籽粒产量。 因此,该技术模式可作为黄绵土旱区土壤改良的有效举措。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025361
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
  • 录用日期:2025-03-08
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    内蒙古农业大学农学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010019

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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