Article(id=1284574854355599771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025351, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754582400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764345600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-29, onlineDate=1784196111525, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196111525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196111525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196111525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1019, endPage=1029, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574854569509276, articleId=1284574854355599771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Response of maize yield and nutrient use efficiency to combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments under different rotation systems, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

Oilseed rape-maize (OM) and wheat-maize (WM) are typical rotation patterns in the Yangtze River Basin in China. This study investigated the effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials on maize yield and nutrient use under OM and WM rotation systems, aiming to provide a scientific basis for nutrient management in high-yielding maize production.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted in Shayang County, Hubei Province in 2020 and 2021. Four fertilization treatments were set up under the OM and WM rotations: no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizers (NPK), chemical fertilizers+straw return (NPK+S), chemical fertilizers+straw return+manure (NPK+S+M). Maize yield, aboveground biomass, nutrient utilization efficiency and nutrient apparent balance were analyzed.

Results

The average results of the two-year experiment showed that there was a significant difference in maize yield among four treatments under two rotation patterns, and the order from high to low was NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05). The maize yield of OM was significantly higher than that of WM under CK and NPK treatments, but not significantly different from that of WM under NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments. The N, P and K nutrient accumulation of maize shoots were significantly different among the four treatments in both the rotation patterns, showing an order of NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05), and the N, P, and K nutrient accumulation of OM maize were 9.6%−52.7%, 9.9%−28.7% and 9.2%−36.2% higher than those of WM, respectively. The input of organic materials reduced the nutrient use efficiency of maize in the four treatments. Compared with NPK treatment, the physiological utilization rates of N, P and K in NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments decreased by 12.7%−25.4% and 9.1%−28.3%, respectively. Under CK and NPK treatments, the nutrient harvest index and nutrient physiological utilization rate of OM were higher than those of WM, but lower than those of WM under NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments. Under the two rotation patterns, the apparent surplus of nutrients among the four treatments was significantly different. The apparent surplus of N and P from high to low was NPK+S+M>NPK>NPK+S>CK, and the apparent surplus of K was in order of NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK. Under the four treatments, the apparent surplus of N, P and K was WM>OM.

Conclusions

Applying chemical fertilizer alone resulted in significantly higher maize yield and nutrient accumulation under the oilseed rape-maize rotation pattern than under the wheat-maize rotation. However, the combined application of chemical fertilizer with straw return or organic fertilizer significantly increased maize yield and nutrient accumulation. In the wheat–maize rotation system, maize yield and nutrient accumulation could be raised to levels comparable to those in the oilseed rape–maize rotation, and the apparent nutrient surplus was also improved. In the wheat–maize rotation system, it is recommended to apply both chemical and organic fertilizers combined with straw return to fully meet the nutrient demands for high maize yields. In contrast, in the oilseed rape–maize rotation system, considering the organic fertilizer effect of oilseed rape itself, the combined application of chemical fertilizer with straw return is recommended to ensure maize yield and nutrient use efficiency, thereby achieving high and stable yields of both grain and oil crops.

, authors=Tao LI1, Ya-ting FANG1, *, Si-yao DU1, Qian-nan SHENG1, Jian ZHAO1, Kai-xu LI2, Wei-ming XU2, Jun ZHU1, Tao REN1, Jian-wei LU1, authorsList=Tao LI, Ya-ting FANG, Si-yao DU, Qian-nan SHENG, Jian ZHAO, Kai-xu LI, Wei-ming XU, Jun ZHU, Tao REN, Jian-wei LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya-ting FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574857014788517, articleId=1284574854355599771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=不同轮作模式下玉米产量及养分利用效率对化肥与有机物料配施模式的响应, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

油菜−玉米(oilseed rape-maize, OM)和小麦−玉米(wheat-maize, WM)轮作是长江流域典型的玉米轮作模式,研究化肥和有机物料投入对OM和WM轮作体系玉米产量和养分利用的影响及其差异,以期为玉米高产栽培养分管理提供依据。

方法

2020—2021年在湖北省沙洋县开展田间试验,在OM和WM轮作模式下,分别设置不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、化肥+秸秆(NPK+S)和化肥+秸秆+有机肥(NPK+S+M) 4个施肥处理,调查了玉米产量、地上部生物量、养分利用效率和养分表观平衡。

结果

两年试验的平均结果表明,两个轮作模式下,4个处理间玉米产量相差显著,由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05);在CK和NPK处理下,OM和WM的玉米产量差异显著,而在NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下,两个轮作体系玉米产量差异不显著。两个轮作模式下,4个处理间玉米地上部养分积累量差异显著,氮、磷、钾积累量由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05);4个处理下,OM玉米地上部养分积累量显著高于WM,氮、磷、钾积累量分别高出9.6%~52.7%、9.9%~28.7%和9.2%~36.2%。两个轮作模式下,有机物料的投入降低了玉米养分利用效率,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理的玉米氮磷钾生理利用率分别降低12.7%~25.4%和9.1%~28.3%;在CK和NPK处理下,OM的玉米养分收获指数和养分生理利用率高于WM,而在NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下则低于WM。两个轮作模式下,4个处理间养分表观盈余相差显著,氮、磷表观盈余由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK>NPK+S>CK,钾表观盈余由高到低表现为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK;4个处理下,氮磷钾表观盈余均表现为WM>OM。

结论

单施化肥油玉轮作的玉米产量和养分积累量显著高于麦玉轮作,而化肥配合秸秆还田和有机肥可显著提高玉米产量和养分积累量,麦玉轮作下玉米产量和养分积累量可增加到与油玉轮作相当的水平,并提高养分表观盈余量。在麦玉轮作体系中,提倡同时施用化肥和有机肥并结合秸秆还田,以充分满足玉米高产对养分的需求,而在油玉轮作模式下,可考虑油菜作为有机肥的效应,推荐化肥配合秸秆还田来保证玉米产量和养分利用效率,从而实现粮油兼丰。

, authors=李涛1, 方娅婷1, *, 杜思垚1, 盛倩男1, 赵剑1, 李凯旭2, 徐维明2, 朱俊1, 任涛1, 鲁剑巍1, authorsList=李涛, 方娅婷, 杜思垚, 盛倩男, 赵剑, 李凯旭, 徐维明, 朱俊, 任涛, 鲁剑巍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方娅婷, authorNote=

李涛 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 方娅婷 E-mail:
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农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉 430070, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574857354527142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857371304359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, companyId=1284574857354527142, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857379692968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, 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Research on absorption and utilization characteristics of N, P and K under different fertilization modes[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2017, 25(5): 128−135., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574870923100718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang S T, Lu J W, Zhu Y, et al. Rapeseed as a previous crop reduces rice N fertilizer input by improving soil fertility[J]. 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Advantage of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in land use and conservation and its application for winter fallow field[J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2022, 44(6): 1139−1147., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284574871090872881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye X F, Liu H E, Li Z, et al. Effects of green manure continuous application on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2014, 37(4): 498−508., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574857354527142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857371304359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, companyId=1284574857354527142, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857379692968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, companyId=1284574857354527142, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574857455190441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857459384746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, companyId=1284574857455190441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shayang County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574857471967659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, companyId=1284574857455190441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2沙洋县农业技术推广中心,湖北荆门 448000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574862601601514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Monthly average temperature and total precipitation in the 2020–2021 maize season, figureFileSmall=4tZyzRohUoUnhfe79Uk70g==, figureFileBig=d+9Ce7Bm2LuEN5NFBMsQqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574862668710379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2020—2021年玉米季月平均气温和总降水量, figureFileSmall=4tZyzRohUoUnhfe79Uk70g==, figureFileBig=d+9Ce7Bm2LuEN5NFBMsQqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574862874231276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Shoot dry matter biomass and harvest index of maize as affected by fertilization treatments and rotation patterns (two-year average), figureFileSmall=3a/7n6y2zmg4j/dsLXVfmg==, figureFileBig=cdu02KbSpBK4fVSDPMaYmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574862953923053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同施肥处理和轮作模式下玉米地上部生物量和收获指数(两年平均)

注:CK—不施肥;NPK—化肥;NPK+S—化肥+秸秆;NPK+S+M—化肥+秸秆+有机肥。OM—油菜−玉米轮作;WM—小麦−玉米轮作。柱上不同小写字母表示同一轮作模式不同施肥处理间差异达0.05显著水平;不同大写字母表示同一施肥处理不同轮作间的差异达0.05显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=3a/7n6y2zmg4j/dsLXVfmg==, figureFileBig=cdu02KbSpBK4fVSDPMaYmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574863029420526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Nutrient uptake and allocation in different parts of maize as affected by fertilization treatments and rotation patterns (two-year average), figureFileSmall=fl75BckkfGz3ZxWDwZ4IXQ==, figureFileBig=UhUZU73OJ0KPv+xT1r1c3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574863125889519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同施肥处理和轮作模式下玉米地上部各部位养分吸收和分配(两年平均)

注:CK—不施肥;NPK—化肥;NPK+S—化肥+秸秆;NPK+S+M—化肥+秸秆+有机肥。OM—油菜−玉米轮作;WM—小麦−玉米轮作。柱上不同小写字母表示同一轮作模式不同施肥处理间差异达0.05显著水平;不同大写字母表示同一施肥处理不同轮作间的差异达0.05显著水平。

, figureFileSmall=fl75BckkfGz3ZxWDwZ4IXQ==, figureFileBig=UhUZU73OJ0KPv+xT1r1c3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574863205581296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis between maize yield and aboveground nutrient accumulation under oilseed rape-maize and wheat-maize rotation, figureFileSmall=gmGjnZX0bziSU7lJIAItOw==, figureFileBig=seqA9XLi273yYc1UfrfuAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574863272690161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=图4, caption=油玉和麦玉轮作模式下玉米产量与地上部养分积累量相关分析

注:OM—油菜−玉米轮作;WM—小麦−玉米轮作。k表示线性拟合的斜率,代表单位养分积累量所产生的产量增量;R2代表线性拟合精度。

, figureFileSmall=gmGjnZX0bziSU7lJIAItOw==, figureFileBig=seqA9XLi273yYc1UfrfuAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574863331410418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Yield of maize as affected by fertilization treatments and rotation patterns

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作 Rotation处理 Treatment20202021平均 Average
油菜−玉米
Oilseed rape-maize
CK1562±225 dA1141±124 dA1352
NPK4559±205 cA4600±220 cA4580
NPK+S5961±124 bA5850±213 bA5906
NPK+S+M6744±272 aA6630±338 aA6687
小麦−玉米
Wheat-maize
CK872±77 dB525±80 dB698
NPK4001±192 cB4107±133 cB4054
NPK+S5390±384 bA5747±326 bA5569
NPK+S+M6351±399 aA6412±282 aA6382
方差分析 ANOVAFF-value
处理 Treatment (T)1176.105***
轮作 Rotation (R)41.221***
年份 Year (Y)0.569ns
T×R3.338*
R×Y1.893ns
T×Y2.606ns
T×R×Y0.442ns
), ArticleFig(id=1284574863436268019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同施肥处理和轮作模式下玉米产量 (kg/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作 Rotation处理 Treatment20202021平均 Average
油菜−玉米
Oilseed rape-maize
CK1562±225 dA1141±124 dA1352
NPK4559±205 cA4600±220 cA4580
NPK+S5961±124 bA5850±213 bA5906
NPK+S+M6744±272 aA6630±338 aA6687
小麦−玉米
Wheat-maize
CK872±77 dB525±80 dB698
NPK4001±192 cB4107±133 cB4054
NPK+S5390±384 bA5747±326 bA5569
NPK+S+M6351±399 aA6412±282 aA6382
方差分析 ANOVAFF-value
处理 Treatment (T)1176.105***
轮作 Rotation (R)41.221***
年份 Year (Y)0.569ns
T×R3.338*
R×Y1.893ns
T×Y2.606ns
T×R×Y0.442ns
), ArticleFig(id=1284574863499182580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Maize nutrient utilization efficiency as affected by fertilization treatments and rotation patterns (two-year average)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作
Rotation
处理
Treatment
养分收获指数 (%)
Nutrient harvest index
养分生理利用率 (kg/kg)
Nutrient physiological efficiency
NPKNPK
油菜−玉米
Oilseed rape-maize
CK58.3 cA62.4 bA13.1 bA48.1 bA215.6 bA35.3 bA
NPK67.9 aA79.1 aA18.7 aA54.3 aA265.4 aA51.2 aA
NPK+S58.5 cA56.2 cB11.9 bA44.7 cA189.8 cB35.1 bA
NPK+S+M62.7 bB57.3 cB13.5 bB46.8 bA174.8 dB36.1 bA
小麦−玉米
Wheat-maize
CK46.1 bB38.1 bB7.1 bB38.1 bB138.6 dB24.8 dB
NPK63.4 aA72.7 aB17.2 aA53.1 aB261.9 aA50.5 aA
NPK+S64.1 aA71.9 aA16.9 aA49.1 aA233.3 bA40.8 bA
NPK+S+M69.8 aA69.6 aA19.7 aA50.7 aA203.1 cA37.2 cA
), ArticleFig(id=1284574863587262965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同施肥处理和轮作模式下玉米养分利用效率(两年平均)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作
Rotation
处理
Treatment
养分收获指数 (%)
Nutrient harvest index
养分生理利用率 (kg/kg)
Nutrient physiological efficiency
NPKNPK
油菜−玉米
Oilseed rape-maize
CK58.3 cA62.4 bA13.1 bA48.1 bA215.6 bA35.3 bA
NPK67.9 aA79.1 aA18.7 aA54.3 aA265.4 aA51.2 aA
NPK+S58.5 cA56.2 cB11.9 bA44.7 cA189.8 cB35.1 bA
NPK+S+M62.7 bB57.3 cB13.5 bB46.8 bA174.8 dB36.1 bA
小麦−玉米
Wheat-maize
CK46.1 bB38.1 bB7.1 bB38.1 bB138.6 dB24.8 dB
NPK63.4 aA72.7 aB17.2 aA53.1 aB261.9 aA50.5 aA
NPK+S64.1 aA71.9 aA16.9 aA49.1 aA233.3 bA40.8 bA
NPK+S+M69.8 aA69.6 aA19.7 aA50.7 aA203.1 cA37.2 cA
), ArticleFig(id=1284574863671149046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Apparent nutrient balance of maize as affected by fertilization treatments and rotation patterns (two-year average)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作模式
Rotation
处理
Treatment
N (kg/hm2)P (kg/hm2)K (kg/hm2)
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
油菜−玉米
Oilseed
rape-maize
CK00028.2−28.20006.3−6.300039.1−39.1
NPK1800084.395.7600017.342.7750089.5−14.5
NPK+S18025.20132.372.9604.2031.233.175152.40168.558.9
NPK+S+M18025.2180142.9242.3604.2254.638.3280.575152.4171.1189.3209.2
小麦−玉米
Wheat-
maize
CK00018.5−18.50005.1−5.100028.7−28.7
NPK1800076.9103.1600015.744.3750081.1−6.1
NPK+S18029.40115.793.7604.8024.240.675154.80137.492.4
NPK+S+M18029.4180126.6262.8604.8254.631.6287.875154.8171.1173.3227.6
), ArticleFig(id=1284574863759229431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574854355599771, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同施肥处理和轮作模式下玉米季养分表观平衡(两年平均)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮作模式
Rotation
处理
Treatment
N (kg/hm2)P (kg/hm2)K (kg/hm2)
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
投入 Input支出
Output
平衡
Balance
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
化肥
CF
秸秆
Straw
有机肥
Manure
油菜−玉米
Oilseed
rape-maize
CK00028.2−28.20006.3−6.300039.1−39.1
NPK1800084.395.7600017.342.7750089.5−14.5
NPK+S18025.20132.372.9604.2031.233.175152.40168.558.9
NPK+S+M18025.2180142.9242.3604.2254.638.3280.575152.4171.1189.3209.2
小麦−玉米
Wheat-
maize
CK00018.5−18.50005.1−5.100028.7−28.7
NPK1800076.9103.1600015.744.3750081.1−6.1
NPK+S18029.40115.793.7604.8024.240.675154.80137.492.4
NPK+S+M18029.4180126.6262.8604.8254.631.6287.875154.8171.1173.3227.6
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不同轮作模式下玉米产量及养分利用效率对化肥与有机物料配施模式的响应
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李涛 1 , 方娅婷 1, * , 杜思垚 1 , 盛倩男 1 , 赵剑 1 , 李凯旭 2 , 徐维明 2 , 朱俊 1 , 任涛 1 , 鲁剑巍 1
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1019-1029
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1019 -1029
不同轮作模式下玉米产量及养分利用效率对化肥与有机物料配施模式的响应
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李涛1 , 方娅婷1, * , 杜思垚1, 盛倩男1, 赵剑1, 李凯旭2, 徐维明2, 朱俊1, 任涛1, 鲁剑巍1
作者信息
  • 1华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉 430070
  • 2沙洋县农业技术推广中心,湖北荆门 448000
通讯作者:
* 方娅婷 E-mail:
作者简介:
Response of maize yield and nutrient use efficiency to combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments under different rotation systems
Tao LI1 , Ya-ting FANG1, * , Si-yao DU1, Qian-nan SHENG1, Jian ZHAO1, Kai-xu LI2, Wei-ming XU2, Jun ZHU1, Tao REN1, Jian-wei LU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 2Shayang County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025351
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目的

油菜−玉米(oilseed rape-maize, OM)和小麦−玉米(wheat-maize, WM)轮作是长江流域典型的玉米轮作模式,研究化肥和有机物料投入对OM和WM轮作体系玉米产量和养分利用的影响及其差异,以期为玉米高产栽培养分管理提供依据。

方法

2020—2021年在湖北省沙洋县开展田间试验,在OM和WM轮作模式下,分别设置不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、化肥+秸秆(NPK+S)和化肥+秸秆+有机肥(NPK+S+M) 4个施肥处理,调查了玉米产量、地上部生物量、养分利用效率和养分表观平衡。

结果

两年试验的平均结果表明,两个轮作模式下,4个处理间玉米产量相差显著,由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05);在CK和NPK处理下,OM和WM的玉米产量差异显著,而在NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下,两个轮作体系玉米产量差异不显著。两个轮作模式下,4个处理间玉米地上部养分积累量差异显著,氮、磷、钾积累量由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05);4个处理下,OM玉米地上部养分积累量显著高于WM,氮、磷、钾积累量分别高出9.6%~52.7%、9.9%~28.7%和9.2%~36.2%。两个轮作模式下,有机物料的投入降低了玉米养分利用效率,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理的玉米氮磷钾生理利用率分别降低12.7%~25.4%和9.1%~28.3%;在CK和NPK处理下,OM的玉米养分收获指数和养分生理利用率高于WM,而在NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下则低于WM。两个轮作模式下,4个处理间养分表观盈余相差显著,氮、磷表观盈余由高到低均为NPK+S+M>NPK>NPK+S>CK,钾表观盈余由高到低表现为NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK;4个处理下,氮磷钾表观盈余均表现为WM>OM。

结论

单施化肥油玉轮作的玉米产量和养分积累量显著高于麦玉轮作,而化肥配合秸秆还田和有机肥可显著提高玉米产量和养分积累量,麦玉轮作下玉米产量和养分积累量可增加到与油玉轮作相当的水平,并提高养分表观盈余量。在麦玉轮作体系中,提倡同时施用化肥和有机肥并结合秸秆还田,以充分满足玉米高产对养分的需求,而在油玉轮作模式下,可考虑油菜作为有机肥的效应,推荐化肥配合秸秆还田来保证玉米产量和养分利用效率,从而实现粮油兼丰。

轮作  /  化肥  /  秸秆  /  有机肥  /  玉米产量  /  养分利用效率
Objectives

Oilseed rape-maize (OM) and wheat-maize (WM) are typical rotation patterns in the Yangtze River Basin in China. This study investigated the effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials on maize yield and nutrient use under OM and WM rotation systems, aiming to provide a scientific basis for nutrient management in high-yielding maize production.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted in Shayang County, Hubei Province in 2020 and 2021. Four fertilization treatments were set up under the OM and WM rotations: no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizers (NPK), chemical fertilizers+straw return (NPK+S), chemical fertilizers+straw return+manure (NPK+S+M). Maize yield, aboveground biomass, nutrient utilization efficiency and nutrient apparent balance were analyzed.

Results

The average results of the two-year experiment showed that there was a significant difference in maize yield among four treatments under two rotation patterns, and the order from high to low was NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05). The maize yield of OM was significantly higher than that of WM under CK and NPK treatments, but not significantly different from that of WM under NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments. The N, P and K nutrient accumulation of maize shoots were significantly different among the four treatments in both the rotation patterns, showing an order of NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK (P<0.05), and the N, P, and K nutrient accumulation of OM maize were 9.6%−52.7%, 9.9%−28.7% and 9.2%−36.2% higher than those of WM, respectively. The input of organic materials reduced the nutrient use efficiency of maize in the four treatments. Compared with NPK treatment, the physiological utilization rates of N, P and K in NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments decreased by 12.7%−25.4% and 9.1%−28.3%, respectively. Under CK and NPK treatments, the nutrient harvest index and nutrient physiological utilization rate of OM were higher than those of WM, but lower than those of WM under NPK+S and NPK+S+M treatments. Under the two rotation patterns, the apparent surplus of nutrients among the four treatments was significantly different. The apparent surplus of N and P from high to low was NPK+S+M>NPK>NPK+S>CK, and the apparent surplus of K was in order of NPK+S+M>NPK+S>NPK>CK. Under the four treatments, the apparent surplus of N, P and K was WM>OM.

Conclusions

Applying chemical fertilizer alone resulted in significantly higher maize yield and nutrient accumulation under the oilseed rape-maize rotation pattern than under the wheat-maize rotation. However, the combined application of chemical fertilizer with straw return or organic fertilizer significantly increased maize yield and nutrient accumulation. In the wheat–maize rotation system, maize yield and nutrient accumulation could be raised to levels comparable to those in the oilseed rape–maize rotation, and the apparent nutrient surplus was also improved. In the wheat–maize rotation system, it is recommended to apply both chemical and organic fertilizers combined with straw return to fully meet the nutrient demands for high maize yields. In contrast, in the oilseed rape–maize rotation system, considering the organic fertilizer effect of oilseed rape itself, the combined application of chemical fertilizer with straw return is recommended to ensure maize yield and nutrient use efficiency, thereby achieving high and stable yields of both grain and oil crops.

rotation  /  chemical fertilizer  /  straw  /  organic fertilizer  /  maize yield  /  nutrient utilization
李涛, 方娅婷, 杜思垚, 盛倩男, 赵剑, 李凯旭, 徐维明, 朱俊, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 不同轮作模式下玉米产量及养分利用效率对化肥与有机物料配施模式的响应. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1019 -1029 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025351
Tao LI, Ya-ting FANG, Si-yao DU, Qian-nan SHENG, Jian ZHAO, Kai-xu LI, Wei-ming XU, Jun ZHU, Tao REN, Jian-wei LU. Response of maize yield and nutrient use efficiency to combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments under different rotation systems[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1019 -1029 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025351
玉米作为我国重要的粮食作物、饲料作物和工业原料[1],其优质高产对于保障国家粮食安全和缓解能源危机具有重要意义[2]。油菜−玉米和小麦−玉米轮作是长江流域典型的复种轮作制度。施用化肥是实现作物高产的有效途径[3],但长期过量施肥不仅导致肥料利用率下降、农户生产成本增加,还引起了严重的环境问题,如温室气体排放[4]和地下水污染[5]等。近年来,我国出台了一系列农业绿色发展政策,旨在通过有机物料替减化肥实现绿色高效施肥[6]。我国有机物料资源丰富,其氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分含量较高,但利用率较低,若处置不当,极易成为农业环境污染的根源[7]。因此,探究化肥和有机物料投入对油玉和麦玉轮作模式下玉米产量的影响,对于保障粮食安全和实现农业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。目前,关于秸秆、有机肥等有机物料调控作物养分利用与改善土壤养分供应的研究已较多。如Ma等[8]研究表明,秸秆还田提高了玉米籽粒氮素积累量和氮收获指数,且增幅与秸秆还田量成正比;Li等[9]研究表明,秸秆还田可以提高土壤全磷和有效磷含量,并提高土壤磷储存量;Ye等[10]研究表明,长期施用有机肥可以通过提高固氮细菌和硝化细菌的相对丰度,降低反硝化细菌的相对丰度,进而增加土壤有效氮供应。合理的有机无机配施可以维持健康的叶片生理特性,促进作物生长进而提高产量[11]。前人围绕有机物料在麦玉轮作体系中的应用开展了大量研究。 如Wang等[12]研究表明,与单施化肥相比,有机肥替代50%氮肥可以提高麦玉轮作体系玉米产量7%;Li等[13]通过麦玉轮作定位试验研究发现,有机物料与化肥联合施用较单施化肥可显著改善土壤养分供应并增加玉米产量。油菜作为我国重要的冬季油料作物,将其纳入轮作体系,有利于合理充分利用土地,更有利于促进粮油共同发展[14]。刘哲辉等[15]研究表明,与小麦茬后玉米相比,油菜茬后玉米产量显著提高。油玉和麦玉轮作作为长江流域玉米的主要种植模式,前人不乏关于化肥和有机物料对玉米产量和养分吸收影响的报道,但这些研究多基于单一轮作模式,忽略了不同轮作模式中玉米产量和养分利用对不同化肥和有机物料投入的响应及其差异特征。因此,本研究通过为期两年的油玉和麦玉轮作田间试验,分析玉米季的产量和养分利用特征,以期为轮作体系下玉米种植的养分管理提供理论依据与实践参考。
该定位试验位于湖北省荆门市沙洋县华中农业大学沙洋实验站(30°43′5′′N,112°18′25′′E),于2014年10月建成,经过一年匀地处理后于2015年9月正式开展试验。本研究于2020年5月至9月和2021年5月至9月进行。供试土壤类型为粉砂质粘壤土,土壤基础理化性质为:pH 6.84、有机质11.78 g/kg、全氮0.74 g/kg、有效磷3.48 mg/kg、速效钾212.0 mg/kg和有效硼0.58 mg/kg。该地区为亚热带季风气候,试验期间主要气象要素如图1所示,整体来看,2021年6—7月平均降水量和气温较2020年分别下降275 mm和1.1℃。
本研究采用裂区试验设计,主处理为不同轮作模式,包括油菜−玉米(oilseed rape-maize,OM)和小麦−玉米(wheat-maize,WM)。副处理分别为:1)不施肥(CK)处理;2)化肥(NPK)处理,根据《中国主要作物施肥推荐》[16],化肥施用量分别为N 180 kg/hm2、P2O5 60 kg/hm2、K2O 75 kg/hm2,其中氮肥分为40%基肥、40%拔节肥、20%穗肥,磷肥和钾肥全部基施;3)化肥+秸秆(NPK+S)处理,在NPK处理基础上配施前季油菜/小麦秸秆,采用粉碎覆盖还田方式,还田量为6 t/hm2,还田油菜秸秆N含量为0.42%、P含量为0.07%、K含量为2.54%;还田小麦秸秆N含量为0.49%、P含量为0.08%、K含量为2.58%;4)化肥+秸秆+有机肥(NPK+S+M)处理,在NPK+S处理的基础上增施有机肥,有机肥施用量由其中氮含量确定,供氮量为N180 kg/hm2,有机肥全部基施,有机肥用量约为8 t/hm2。供试化肥品种分别为尿素(46% N)、过磷酸钙(12% P2O5)、氯化钾(60% K2O);供试有机肥为生物有机肥,含水率30%、有机质含量34.6%、N含量2.22%、P2O5含量3.14%、K2O含量2.11%。各小区面积24.75 m2,每个处理3次重复,随机区组排列。
2020年供试玉米品种为‘濮单6号’,2021年为‘蠡玉166’。采取育苗移栽的种植方式,移栽密度为6×104株/hm2,行距45 cm,株距24 cm。两季育苗播种时间分别为2020年5月12日和2021年5月19日,移栽时间分别为2020年5月28日和2021年6月5日,收获时间分别为2020年9月1日和2021年8月20日。田间管理和病虫草害防治均采用当地农业技术推广部门推荐的方法。
于试验布置前,以整个试验田为采样单元,采用“S”形采样法,均匀布点采集15个点的耕层(0—20 cm)土壤,按常规方法测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硼等指标[17]
玉米收获前1~2天,在各试验小区内随机选取6株代表性植株,齐地收割其地上部,装入网袋悬挂风干后脱粒。将植株分为茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴和籽粒5个部分,于65 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,计算各部位干物质比例。小区茎秆、叶片、苞叶和穗轴生物量由小区实产乘以样方各部位干物质比例换算而得。样品经粉碎机磨碎并过1 mm筛备用。采用H2SO4−H2O2消煮,以流动注射分析仪(AA3,SEAL,Germany)测定氮、磷含量,火焰光度计测定钾含量[18]
待玉米成熟(籽粒乳线消失,籽粒变硬,苞叶呈黄白色,叶片变黄干枯),各小区单独收割,晾干后人工脱粒并称取籽粒总重。取约1000 g籽粒装入网袋,悬挂风干至恒重,根据水分散失量换算各小区实际产量。
作物氮素吸收量(kg/hm2)=籽粒氮含量×籽粒干物质量+穗轴氮含量×穗轴干物质量+苞叶氮含量×苞叶干物质量+叶片氮含量×叶片干物质量+茎秆氮含量×茎秆干物质量,磷素和钾素吸收量同样如此,本研究所有养分均以N、P2O5、K2O形式计算。
养分收获指数(nutrient harvest index,NHI)=籽粒养分积累量/地上部养分积累量。
养分生理利用率(Nutrient physiological efficiency,NPUE)=籽粒产量/地上部养分吸收量。
养分表观平衡(kg/hm2)=施肥处理养分投入量−玉米地上部养分积累量。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)软件进行描述性统计分析,以评估每个参数的平均值和标准差,使用混合模型并选择“年份”作为随机效应进行多重比较。图形均使用Origin 2024 (Origin Lab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA)绘制。
不同施肥处理和轮作模式对玉米产量影响显著,且存在交互作用(表1)。两种轮作模式下,与不施肥(CK)处理相比,化肥和有机物料施用显著提高玉米产量(产量为CK处理的4.6~7.1倍,P<0.05),其中,与化肥(NPK)处理相比,化肥+秸秆(NPK+S)处理和化肥+秸秆+有机肥(NPK+S+M)处理的玉米产量分别平均提高33.2%和51.7% (P<0.05)。此外,不同施肥处理下不同轮作玉米产量差异显著,油玉轮作玉米产量高于麦玉轮作,其中,CK和NPK处理油玉轮作体系玉米产量较麦玉轮作体系分别增加93.7%和12.9% (P<0.05)。
化肥与有机物料施用显著提升玉米地上部生物量(图2)。在两种轮作模式中,与CK处理相比,化肥与有机物料施用提升玉米地上部生物量(地上部生物量为CK处理的2.8~4.6倍,P<0.05);与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理玉米地上部生物量分别平均增加53.6%和63.3% (P<0.05)。在所有施肥处理中,油玉轮作玉米地上部生物量均显著高于麦玉轮作,平均高出5.3%~61.1% (P<0.05),不同施肥处理玉米生物量依次为NPK+S>NPK+S+M>CK>NPK,可见施肥处理会影响轮作模式对地上部生物量的提升效果,NPK+S处理下油玉轮作的生物量优势最显著,而NPK处理下该优势最小。玉米地上部各部位生物量表现为籽粒>叶片>茎秆>穗轴>苞叶。其中,CK和NPK处理的玉米收获指数在油玉轮作下较高,NPK+S和NPK+S+M的玉米收获指数在麦玉轮作下较高。
玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量受不同施肥处理和轮作体系的显著影响(图3)。综合两种轮作模式,与CK处理相比,NPK处理玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别增加2.6、1.9和1.6倍(P<0.05);有机无机肥结合处理(NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理)分别增加4.5~5.1、3.9~5.2、3.5~4.4倍(P<0.05)。与NPK处理相比,两种轮作模式下NPK+S处理玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别平均增加53.7%、67.3%和78.8% (P<0.05);NPK+S+M处理分别平均增加66.9%、111.3%和112.6% (P<0.05)。化肥和有机物料的投入降低了苞叶和穗轴的养分分配比例。与CK处理相比,NPK处理苞叶和穗轴氮分配比例分别平均降低57.1%和31.9%,磷分配比例分别平均降低45.3%和57.4%;有机无机肥结合处理(NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理)氮分配比例分别平均降低33.7%~61.3%和32.1%~49.3%,磷分配比例分别平均降低37.8%~51.3%和36.4%~51.3%。整体来看,相同施肥处理下,油玉轮作体系玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量高于麦玉轮作,油玉轮作体系玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量较麦玉轮作在CK处理下分别增加52.7%、24.3%和36.2% (P<0.05);在NPK处理下分别增加9.6%、9.9%和10.4% (P<0.05);在NPK+S处理下分别增加14.3%、28.7%和22.7% (P<0.05);在NPK+S+M处理下分别增加12.9%、21.2%和9.2% (P<0.05)。
不同施肥处理能够提高玉米养分收获指数和养分生理利用率(表2)。在两种轮作模式下,与CK处理相比,化肥和有机物料施用处理的玉米氮、磷和钾养分收获指数分别平均提升19.6%~29.4%、37.3%~58.9%和63.8%~92.1%;氮、磷和钾养分生理利用率分别平均提升10.7%~26.1%、13.8%~56.1%和24.9%~72.6%。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的玉米氮、磷和钾养分收获指数分别平均降低6.4%、14.9%和19.1%;氮、磷和钾养分生理利用率分别平均降低12.7%、19.7%和25.4%。NPK+S+M处理的氮、磷和钾养分生理利用率较NPK处理分别平均降低9.1%、28.3%和27.1%。不同轮作模式间养分利用效率的差异在不同施肥处理下并不一致,油玉轮作体系玉米养分收获指数和养分生理利用率在CK和NPK处理下均高于麦玉轮作体系,在NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下则低于麦玉轮作体系。
化肥和有机物料的投入增加了油玉和麦玉轮作模式下玉米季的土壤养分表观盈余(表3)。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理下的氮和磷养分表观盈余分别平均降低16.1和6.7 kg/hm2,钾养分表观盈余则扭亏为盈;NPK+S+M处理下的氮、磷和钾养分表观盈余分别平均增加153.2、240.7和228.7 kg/hm2。整体来看,麦玉轮作体系玉米季的养分盈余量高于油玉轮作。CK处理下,油玉和麦玉轮作模式下玉米季氮、磷和钾素均有亏缺。NPK处理下,麦玉轮作玉米季氮和磷素盈余量较油玉轮作分别增加7.7%和3.7%,而钾素在两种轮作体系下均有亏缺。NPK+S处理下,麦玉轮作体系玉米季氮、磷和钾素盈余量分别较油玉轮作体系增加28.5%、22.7%和56.9%;NPK+S+M处理下,麦玉轮作体系玉米季氮、磷和钾素盈余量分别较油玉轮作增加8.5%、2.6%和8.8%。
玉米地上部养分积累量与产量的拟合结果显示两者呈正相关关系(图4),表明玉米产量随地上部养分积累量的增加呈现上升趋势。从单位养分积累所产生的产量增量(拟合斜率k值)来看,油玉轮作中单位氮和钾积累对应的产量增加速率均高于麦玉轮作,而单位磷积累的产量增加速率则略低。这表明在获得相同产量时,油玉轮作相比麦玉轮作需要更少的地上部氮和钾积累量,但需要更多的磷积累量。
合理利用秸秆、有机肥等有机物料是促进农业可持续发展的重要方式,有机物料的投入可以显著提高作物产量[12]。Wang等[19]研究表明,秸秆还田可促进全球作物产量增产约5.5%。有机无机肥相结合可以促进作物干物质积累,进而提高产量[20]。在本试验中,化肥或化肥与有机物料相结合均显著提高玉米产量。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理玉米产量平均提高33.2%,从植物生理角度来看,可能是由于有机无机肥配施能够持续供应玉米生长所需养分,有利于延长吐丝期后叶片持绿性,促进光合生产,进而提高产量[11];从土壤养分供应角度来看,这可能是由于有机物料的投入有利于土壤大团聚体的形成和保持,改善了土壤水肥调控能力和肥力水平[2122],从而为植株提供充足的养分供应,进而促进植株生长发育,实现增产。与NPK+S处理相比,NPK+S+M处理的产量提升作用更强,首先是因为化肥提供了速效养分,而有机物料分解则通过微生物的矿化作用,养分释放较为持续且稳定,可以更好地匹配作物全生育期的养分需求,尤其是维持了生育后期的养分供应,提高了地上部氮磷钾养分积累量,促进了干物质积累,为产量的提升打好了基础[23];其次,有机肥富含玉米生长发育所需的各类养分,保证养分供应更全面、更充足,加大光合产物向籽粒输送,进而提高产量[24]。值得注意的是,CK处理下2021年玉米产量较2020年明显下降,而其他处理年际间差异较小,这可能是由于2021年玉米季苗期温度较低且降雨较少,削弱了苗期根系活力和叶片光合能力[2526],而有机物料可能通过增强土壤保温保水性能促进玉米生长[27],进而提高玉米幼苗应对极端气候的抵抗力。
近年来,我国持续推进中低产田改造,推动耕地质量保护与产能提升,其中有机物料因其富含作物所需的各类营养元素被广泛施用,不仅可以提升土壤肥力,还可以有效减替化肥、促进养分吸收转运[8]。本研究结果表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理显著提升了玉米地上部氮、磷、钾积累量,其中与NPK+S处理相比,NPK+S+M处理磷素积累量显著增加,一方面因为有机肥中本身含有较多的可溶性磷,另一方面有机肥的添加提高了土壤中溶磷微生物的活性,进而促进了磷酸酶等物质的分泌,加快了土壤中有机磷化合物向无机磷转化,从而提高了作物磷吸收[28]。养分收获指数反映了成熟期作物籽粒养分的相对分配状况,养分生理利用率表征了作物吸收养分形成产量的潜力。有机物料的投入改变了玉米养分利用效率,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理降低了玉米氮、磷、钾收获指数,这是因为秸秆投入增加土壤养分,促进植株生长发育,进而使生物量增加,但生物量增加并不意味着籽粒中养分积累量增加,反而导致养分向非籽粒部位分配,使茎秆中养分积累量占作物整体养分积累量的比例增加,从而降低养分收获指数[29]。NPK+S和NPK+S+M处理下玉米氮、磷、钾养分生理利用率显著低于NPK处理,这是由于秸秆和有机肥的投入增加了玉米氮、磷、钾总积累量,且更多的氮、磷、钾储存于茎秆和叶片等营养器官中(图3),籽粒养分积累量占比相对较低。因此,未来可进一步通过研究有机物料投入下各生育时期土壤养分供应和作物养分吸收状况探明作物养分吸收利用规律,以充分发挥有机无机肥配施增产潜力。
土壤养分表观平衡对作物增产稳产和农业生态环境具有重要作用[30],通过计算“土壤−植物”系统养分盈余或亏缺状况可以更好地指导施肥。养分表观平衡主要受养分投入和作物养分吸收的影响,本研究结果表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理油玉和麦玉轮作模式下氮和磷盈余量均下降。尽管秸秆还田增加了氮和磷养分输入,但NPK+S较NPK处理的玉米地上部氮和磷养分积累量差值高于养分投入量差值,因此NPK+S处理下土壤氮和磷盈余量均下降。秸秆养分释放缓慢可以避免作物生育后期养分供应不足的情况,有利于作物后期干物质的积累,进而提高养分积累量,这可能是NPK+S处理较NPK处理氮和磷积累量显著增加的原因。本研究结果还表明,与单施化肥相比,配施秸秆使土壤钾平衡扭亏为盈,这进一步说明了秸秆还田有助于改善土壤养分平衡,进而可以避免土壤养分过度消耗造成减产。本研究结果表明,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S+M处理在油玉和麦玉轮作模式下玉米季氮、磷和钾盈余量均增加,这与NPK+S+M处理是在NPK处理化肥用量不变的基础上增施有机肥,从而导致系统总养分输入量显著增加有关。当外界养分供应超过作物养分需求时,会使养分在土壤中盈余。NPK+S+M处理通过有机质的调节作用使养分的释放和供给更加均匀,可以避免出现养分供应过量和不足的情况,同时有机质分解释放的生长促进物质既有利于提高微生物活性促进养分分解,提高土壤养分含量,也可以通过刺激作物生长,提高产量[31]。长期有机物料的施入可以通过显著提高土壤养分盈余以提高作物养分吸收的潜力,进而可以适量减少化肥的施用。另外,由于本研究在计算养分表观平衡时并未考虑挥发、淋溶和径流等途径的养分损失,进而可能高估了NPK+S+M处理的养分盈余量。因此,在后续的研究中建议使用更加精准的研究方法,如同位素示踪等,以便准确评估不同施肥处理对土壤养分平衡的影响。同时本研究只针对轮作系统玉米季进行研究,并未涉及轮作系统周年的养分表观平衡,因此未来需要综合评估周年养分输入与输出的动态关系,并基于多年试验来深入解析“土壤−植物”系统养分状况。
合理的轮作制度可以提高作物产量。本试验结果表明,油玉轮作的玉米产量高于麦玉轮作,其中CK和NPK处理下油玉轮作较麦玉轮作玉米产量分别增加654和526 kg/hm2 (表1),这与前人关于在同等肥力土壤条件下油菜茬口玉米产量高于小麦茬口的研究结果[15, 32]保持一致。Fang等[33]研究表明,油稻轮作较麦稻轮作的水稻产量更高,尤其是在不施肥和不施氮处理下。这表明油菜种植不仅在水旱轮作体系中促进后茬作物增产,旱旱轮作体系也表现出相似的规律。油菜为主根系作物,与小麦相比,根系发达、扎入土壤较深,其残体与根系分泌物有助于增强通气持水性,改善土壤结构[34],且落叶与根系分泌物为土壤微生物提供了重要的营养物质,提高微生物活性[35],这些过程共同增强了土壤养分循环与供应能力,为后茬玉米的生长创造了有利的土壤环境[36]。油玉和麦玉轮作体系玉米养分积累量差异趋势与产量差异相似,相同施肥处理下,玉米地上部氮、磷和钾积累量均表现为油玉轮作高于麦玉轮作,相关性分析表明,油玉和麦玉轮作产量与地上部氮、磷和钾养分积累量均呈正相关关系,且获得相同产量时,油玉轮作地上部较麦玉轮作需要更少的氮和钾素积累,养分积累是玉米物质生产的基础[37],与籽粒产量密切相关,进一步验证了与小麦相比,油菜作为前茬作物促进后茬作物养分吸收,进而实现增产。此外,两个轮作模式玉米氮素积累量在CK处理差异最大,这说明油菜茬口土壤本底氮素供应能力优于小麦茬口。Zhang等[38]研究发现,与前茬小麦相比,前茬油菜显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量。油菜收获后,土壤固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌和氨化细菌等数量显著增加,有利于土壤中有机氮向铵态氮和硝态氮转化,从而增加土壤速效氮含量[39]。轮作玉米磷素积累量在NPK+S处理差异最大,这可能是因为油菜秸秆还田改善了土壤微生物群落组成[40],且其粗长的根系对土壤具有天然的深耕作用,改善了土壤结构,提高了土壤呼吸速率与酶活性。肥料利用效率受不同轮作制度的影响,低养分投入下(CK和NPK处理),油玉轮作玉米养分生理利用率显著高于麦玉轮作,这意味着在有限的养分投入条件下,相较于小麦茬口,油菜茬口提升后茬作物产量的潜力更大。
施用化肥与有机物料有助于提升轮作玉米产量和养分积累量,且化肥、秸秆、有机肥三者配施较化肥与秸秆两者配施,不仅在增产和促进养分吸收方面更具优势,还可提高养分表观盈余量。整体来看,油玉轮作下玉米产量和养分积累量均高于麦玉轮作,且轮作模式间玉米养分利用效率的差异受施肥处理调控。可见,在化肥与秸秆配施基础上增施有机肥可显著提高玉米产量,将油菜纳入轮作体系可进一步提升后茬作物产量,从而实现粮油兼丰。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025351
  • 接收时间:2025-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08
  • 录用日期:2025-11-29
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    1华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉 430070
    2沙洋县农业技术推广中心,湖北荆门 448000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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